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Asiltendon rupturleri yaygin kas-iskelet sistemi yaralanmalaridir. Genellikle tek tarafli olarak aktif orta yas bireylerde meydana gelir. Herhangi bir yatkinlik olusturan risk faktoru olmadan olusan spontan rupturler nadirdir ve bunun da bilateral olmasi oldukca nadirdir. Biz, herhangi bir risk faktoru olmayan spontan bilateralasiltendonrupturu olan 32 yasindaki erkek olguyu sunuyoruz. Ruptur halter kaldirma sonrasi agirliga bagli olarak bilateralgastroknemiuskompleksinde meydana gelen asiri stres ve uzamaya bagli olarak meydana gelmisti. Klinik tani konduktan sonra ultrasonografi ile bilateralruptur gosterildi. Hastaya bilateral cerrahi tamir uygulandi. Rehabilitasyon 6 hafta sonra baslandi. Ameliyattan 8 hafta sonra kismi, 12 hafta sonra tam yuk vererek mobilize olan hasta yaralanma oncesi is ve sosyal yasantisina sorunsuz dondu. Bilateralasiltendonrupturleri cok nadirdir fakat yuksek farkindalik karsi taraf rupturlerinin gozden kacmasini onleyebilecektir.\n

Aim: We aimed to determine types and locations of deep-seated soft tissue foreign bodies (FB) and to evaluate the differences between gender and age groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 310 patients operated due to deep-seated FB penetration between January 2011 and January 2018 were included in the study. Patients were divided into three groups as under 18 years, 18-45 years, and over 45 years. FB were divided into five groups. Locations of the FB were divided into five region in the upper extremities and into six region in the lower extremities. FB type and location were analyzed according to the gender and age groups. Results: The most common FB was metal piece in men by 48.4%, and needle in women by 77.3% (P

This study aimed to define the medial meniscus posterior base angle (MMPBA) and the lateral meniscus posterior base angle (LMPBA) measured in the medial and lateral meniscus posterior horns and examine the biomechanical and morphological relationship between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and posterior meniscus horns using these parameters.The retrospective study was conducted with 32 patients with ACL rupture and 40 control patients, for a total of 72 patients (40 males, 32 females; mean age: 36.3±9.9 years; range, 18 to 57 years), between January 2016 and January 2018. The posterior tibial slope (PTS) was measured in standard radiographs, and MMPBA and LMPBA values were assessed by standard knee magnetic resonance imaging. The MMPBA was defined as the angle between the line passing through the medial meniscus' tibial side border and the line passing through the capsular side border in the sagittal section's medial meniscus posterior horn. The LMPBA was defined as the angle between the line passing through the lateral meniscus' tibial side border and the line passing through the capsular side border on the sagittal section's lateral meniscus posterior horn. Groups were compared for PTS, MMPBA, and LMPBA.When both groups were compared in terms of MMPBA and LMPBA, patients with ACL rupture had significantly higher base angles (p0.001 and p=0.031, respectively). The mean MMPBA was 84.27º±12.59º (range, 62º to 106.1º) in patients with ACL rupture, while it was 70.75º±7.85º (range, 55.1º to 88.6º) in the control group. The mean LMPBA was 83.62º±11.4º (range, 62.3º to 105.9º) in patients with ACL rupture, while it was 76.94º±11.46º (range, 30.8º to 96.5º) in the control group. In the receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, the cut-off value of MMPBA was 84.5, and values above this showed a 58.5% sensitivity and a 97.6% specificity for ACL rupture, whereas for LMPBA, the cut-off value was 93.15, and values above this showed a 27.3% sensitivity and a 95.1% specificity for ACL rupture. The PTS and MMPBA were significantly correlated with each other (p=0.047). The MMPBA and LMPBA were also significantly correlated with each other (p=0.011). However, there was no significant correlation between PTS and LMPBA (p=0.56).Medial meniscus posterior base angle and LMPBA values above 84.5º and 93.15º, respectively, are new indirect magnetic resonance imaging findings of ACL injury.

Aim: Distal femoral fractures are common seen both elderly and young population. These fractures are % 7 of all femoral fractures. Providing of alingment after distal femoral diaphyseal fractures is important for the development of deformity and shortness. In this study, it was aimed to determine whether the effect of intramedullary nail method applied in the treatment of distal femoral diaphyseal fractures that do not extend into the joint to the femoral alignment. Patients and Methods : 62 patients were evaluated who were treated with intramedullary nail with the diagnosis of distal femoral diaphyseal fracture between 2010 and 2016. Patients has at least 1 year of follow-up. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to fracture joint distance (130 mm). Nail-joint distance (NJD), fracture line-joint distance (FJD), fracture-nail distance (FND), and the translation and alignment of the fracture line were evaluated for each group. Results: In group 1; NJD 17,1±6,8 mm, FJD 78,4±17,6 mm, FND 60,8±15,9 mm, translation 4±1,3 mm, and the malalignment was 2,9±1,7°. In Group 2; NJD 19±6,8 mm, FJD 119,5±8 mm, FND 100,6±8 mm, translation 3,9±1,7 mm, and malalignment 3±1,7°. In group 3; NJD 25,2±8,7 mm, FJD 143,3±7,8 mm, FND 118,1±11,7 mm, translation 3,5±1,8 mm, and malalignment was 2,5±1,4°. Conclusion: In our study, we found that as the distance between the fracture and the joint decreased, the degree of malalignment and translation increased, and when the distance between the nail and the joint was kept below 20 mm, the amount of malalignment and translation decreased. If distal femur fractures near the joint line will be treated with intramedullary nailing attention must be taken for the malalignment and translation. Especially when the fracture-joint distance is less than 100 mm, keeping the distance between the nail and the joint below 20 mm will keep the translation and malalingment at a minimum level.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı eklem uzanımı olmayan distal tibia kırıklarının tedavisinde intramedüller çivi (İMÇ) ve minimal invaziv perkütan plak osteosentez (MİPPO) uygulamaları sonuçlarının karşılaştırılmasıdır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Ocak 2016 ve Nisan 2017 tarihleri arasında eklem uzanımı olmayan distal tibia kırığı nedeniyle İMÇ uygulanan 38 hasta ve MİPPO uygulanan 31 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Ortalama takip süresi 20,12±3,93 aydı. Hastalarda; yaş, cinsiyet, taraf, yaralanma mekanizması, açık kırık varlığı, fibula kırığı varlığı, kaynama oranları, enfeksiyon oranları, Olerud-Molander ayak bileği skoru (OMAS) ve dizilim bozuklukları değerlendirilerek gruplar arasında karşılaştırma yapıldı. Bulgular: İMÇ uygulanan grupta; eşlik eden fibula kırığı oranı %18.4 bulunurken, %7.9 fibula kırığına yönelik plak uygulanmıştı. MİPPO uygulanan grupta ise eşlik eden fibula kırığı oranı %58 hastada bulunurken, %54.8 fibula kırığına yönelik plak uygulanmıştı. Cerrahi sonrası 6. ayda kaynama oranı İMÇ uygulanan grupta % 92,1 olarak bulunurken, MİPPO uygulanan grupta % 90,3 olarak bulundu. Takip OMAS skoru İMÇ uygulanan grupta 85±16.56 olarak bulunurken, MİPPO uygulanan grupta 84.19±17.08 olarak bulundu.Sonuç: Çalışmamız; eklem uzanımı olmayan distal tibia kırıklarında, İMÇ ve MİPPO uygulamalarının birbirine belirgin bir üstünlüğünün olmadığını, her iki tekniğin düşük komplikasyon, yüksek kaynama oranları ve iyi fonksiyonel sonuçlar ile başarılı bir şekilde uygulanabileceğini desteklemektedir., Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the results of intramedullary nail (IMN) and minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) applications in the treatment of extra-articular distal tibia fractures.Materials and Methods: Thirty eight patients who underwent IMN and 31 patients who underwent MIPPO for extra-articular distal tibia fracture between January 2016 and April 2017 were included in the study. The mean follow-up period was 20.12 ± 3.93 months. In patients, a comparison was made between groups by evaluating age, sex, side of injury, injury mechanism, presence of open fracture, presence of fibular fracture, union rates, infection rates, Olerud-Molander ankle score (OMAS) and malunion. Results: In the IMN group; the rate of concomitant fibula fracture was 18.4% and a plate was applied to 7.9% of all group. In the MIPPO group, the rate of concomitant fibula fracture was found in 58% of the patients, and a plate application was performed for 54.8% of all group. At the 6th month after surgery, the rate of union was found to be 92.1% in the IMN group, while it was 90.3% in the MIPPO group. The follow-up OMAS score was 85±16.56 in the IMN group and 84.19±17.08 in the MIPPO group.Conclusion: Our study showed that IMN and MIPPO applications do not have a significant superiority to each other in the treatment of extra-articular distal tibia fractures, and both techniques can be successfully applied with low complications, high union rates and good functional results.

A ganglion cyst (GC) is a mucinous or gelatinous-filled benign tumor overlying a joint or tendon sheath, which commonly arises in the dorsal and volar wrist side but may occur anywhere in the body. Although cystic lesions around the knee are common, the occurrence of GCs are rare. Ganglia may arise from intra or extra-articular, soft tissue, intraosseous, or periosteal location. Symptoms may vary according to the size and location. After the more frequent performance of magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of a knee joint, the number of incidental, asymptomatic lesions have been increasingly diagnosed. The etiology of GC remains unclear; however, trauma and a flaw in the joint tissues may explain its appearance. The authors report two cases of women aged 47 years and 37 years who presented pain and swelling in their left knees following arthroscopic partial medial meniscectomy. The former was surgically treated and had a favorable outcome, while the latter had conservative treatment and a gloomy outcome.

STUDY DESIGN: A single-center, retrospective patient review of clinical and radiological outcomes of microsurgical posterior lumbar interbody fusion and decompression, without posterior instrumentation, for the treatment of lateral recess stenosis. PURPOSE: This study documented the clinical and radiological results of microsurgical posterior lumbar interbody fusion and decompression of the lateral recess using interbody cages without posterior instrumentation for the treatment of lateral recess stenosis. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Although microsurgery has some advantages, various complications have been reported following microsurgical decompression, including cage migration, pseudoarthrosis, neurologic deficits, and persistent pain. METHODS: A total of 34 patients (13 men, 21 women), with a mean age of 56.65±9.1 years (range, 40-77 years) confirmed spinal stability, and preoperative radiological findings of lateral recess stenosis, were included in the study. Interbody polyetheretherketone cages and auto grafts were used in all patients. Posterior instrumentation was not used because of limited resection of the posterior lumbar structures. Preoperative and postoperative radiographs, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging were assessed and compared to images taken at the final follow-up. Functional recovery was also evaluated according to the Macnab criteria at the final follow-up. RESULTS: The average follow-up time was 35.05±8.65 months (range, 24-46 months). The clinical results, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and duration of hospital stay were similar to previously published results; the fusion rate (85.2%) was decreased and the migration rate (5.8%) was increased, compared with prior reports. CONCLUSIONS: Although microsurgery has some advantages, migration and pseudoarthrosis remain challenges to achieving adequate lumbar interbody fusion.

Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) and Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) are major surgical procedures which can cause high morbidity and even mortality. Among these complications is venous thrombo embolism (VTE) comprising deep vien thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, after these operations, thromboprophylaxis is routinely used. However, it has some complications such as bleeding, adverse effect of chemical agents for using prevention of DVT. Anti-thrombotic prophylaxis includes: low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), fondaparinux, apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, low dose unfractionated heparin (LDUH), adjusted dose vitamin K antagonist (VKA), aspirin, or mechanical thromboprophylaxis devices. All over the World, orthopaedic surgeons consider a balance between thromboprophylaxis and bleeding. However, it has been still controversy about optimum prophylaxis for DVT. In this current paper, we aimed to review the literature under light of the current studies.

WOS:000386543000013, PubMed ID: 27849326, AMAÇ: Suprakondiler humerus kırıkları çocukluk döneminin en sık dirsek kırığıdır. Kapalı redüksiyon ve perkütan çivileme altın standart tedavi ola-rak kabul edilir. Bununla beraber bazen açık redüksiyon gerekebilir. Bu geriye dönük çalışmamızın amacı suprakondiler humerus kırıklarında triseps kasını kesen posterior ve lateral yaklaşımların klinik ve fonksiyonel sonuçlarını karşılaştırmaktır.GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Toplam 38 hasta posterior veya lateral insizyonla ameliyat edildi. Grup 1'de posterior insizyonlu 30 hasta, Grup 2'de lateral insizyonlu sekiz hasta mevcuttu. Kozmetik ve klinik sonuçları karşılaştırmak için Flynn kriterleri kullanıldı. Kırık kaynaması AP ve lateral grafilerle değerlendirildi. Hastalar ve ebeveynlerine dirseğini tam aktif olarak ne kadar sürede hareket ettirebildiği ve tedavi sürecinden tatmin durumları sorularak kayıt tutuldu.BULGULAR: Ortalama kaynama süresi Grup 1 ve Grup 2 için sırasıyla 44.1 gün ve 46.3 gün, tam veya tama yakın dirsek hareketlerine kavuşma süresi Grup 1 ve Grup 2 için sırasıyla atel çıkarımı sonrası 57.5 ve 55.7 gün olarak bulundu. Grup 1'deki 30 hastanın ve ebeveynin 21'i, Grup 2'deki sekiz hastanın ve ebeveynin altısı sonuçtan tam olarak tatmin olduklarını ifade ettiler. Grup 1'deki 30 hastanın 21'i, Grup 2'deki sekiz hastanın ve altısı her iki Flynn kriterlerine göre (kozmetik ve fonksiyonel) çok iyi grupta yer aldı.TARTIŞMA: Pediatrik suprakondiler humerus kırıklarının tedavisinde kapalı redüksiyon ve perkütan çivilemenin altın standart tedavi olduğuna ina-nıyoruz. Bu metodun uygulanamadığı olgularda trisepsi kesen posterior yaklaşımın daha kolay kırık redüksiyonu ve muhtemelen daha kısa ameliyat süresi gibi avantajlarından dolayı güvenli ve lateral yaklaşımla karşılaştırılabilir olduğunu düşünüyoruz., BACKGROUND: Supracondylar humerus fracture is the most common fracture of the elbow in children. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is considered to be the optimal treatment strategy; however, in some instances, open reduction may be necessary. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare clinical and functional results of triceps-splitting posterior versus lateral approach in pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture surgery.METHODS: A total of 38 patients underwent surgery; Group 1 consisted of 30 patients on whom posterior approach was used, while lateral approach was used on the 8 patients in Group 2. Flynn criteria were used to evaluate cosmetic and clinical results. Fracture healing was assessed with anteroposterior and lateral x-rays. Patients and parents were asked to describe time needed for complete return of full elbow range of motion (ROM) and overall satisfaction.RESULTS: Mean fracture union time was 44.1 days and 46.3 days, and time required to regain complete or near complete elbow ROM was 57.5 days and 55.7 days after splint removal for Group 1 and Group 2, respectively. Twenty-one of 30 patients (and parents) in Group 1, and 6 of 8 patients (and parents) in Group 2 were totally satisfied with the results. Twenty-one of 30 patients in Group 1, and 6 of 8 patients in Group 2 had excellent cosmetic and functional results according to Flynn outcome criteria.CONCLUSION: In cases of pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture, early closed reduction and percutaneous pinning is preferred; however, when this method is not applicable, triceps-splitting posterior approach is a safe and comparable method to lateral approach with advantages of easier fracture reduction and shorter operating time.

Purpose: Q-angle measurement procedure have not been well standardised. There is a lack of consensus about subject position and knee flexion angle while measuring the Q-angle. Morover Q-angle value which obtained in a single position is a static value and gives an information about the subject’s current position. The aim of this study is to obtain a more significant parameter which includes different postures (supine, standing, sitting) and different knee flexion angles instead of a single Q-angle in a fixed position. At the same time this parameter must be functional and dynamic,not a static value like Q-angle. We named this parameter as ΔQ. Methods: Our study was applied on case and control groups. All subjects in both groups were male. Case group was consisted of 14 subjects who had patellofemoral pain. Control group was consisted of 14 subjects who had normal knees and normal lower extremities with no reported knee problems. We obtained 3 different Q-angle values and 3 different ΔQ values for each subject in both groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used for investigation of continuous variables in normal distribution, Spearman correlation analysis was used in abnormal distribution. t test was used in the comparison of values. Logistic regression analysis(forward conditional mod) was used for detecting of determinants of pain. Results: ΔQ1s of both groups were found as the only statistical significant predictive value for patellofemoral pain. Conclusion: There is not an agreement about a standardised q-angle measurement procedure in the literature. Moreover, present procedures provide information about a single and fixed position. In this situation Q-angles which obtained in these fixed positions are static values. We think that we can overcome these problems with this new value. ΔQ contains multiple q-angles and gives information about all. Also it is a dynamic value for being oriented to position change. Therefore, ΔQ is an useful indicator for evaluating patellofemoral pain.

To evaluate the midterm outcome and the degree of satisfaction of patients who underwent reconstruction of dorsal hand and finger defects with reverse flow radial fasciocutaneous forearm flaps and to test whether or not this is a reliable method which can be applied without the need for microsurgery. Eleven patients were admitted with post-traumatic complex hand defects and treated by reconstruction with reverse flow radial fasciocutaneous forearm flaps from January 2010 to May 2013. The patient demographics, size of the hand and finger defects, and complications were recorded. The functional status of each of the patients was evaluated using the quick disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) scoring system, and patient satisfaction was assessed using Likert scores. The patients comprised nine males and two females with a mean age of 30.7 ± 9.7 years. The mean follow-up period was 18.4 ± 5.2 months. The average defect size was 41 ± 14.3 cm². None of the patients had circulation defects caused by the sacrifice of the radial artery. The mean quick DASH score was determined as 30.2 ± 15.3. The Likert patient satisfaction evaluation was good in one patient, and very good in ten patients. All flaps survived well with only two complications; superficial skin necrosis occurred at the suture site in one patient and venous insufficiency occurred in the other patient. Both complications recovered with secondary healing following wound debridement. The reverse-flow radial forearm flap is a reliable method in the management of dorsal defects of the hand and does not require micro-surgical techniques.

The bucket-handle meniscal tear is a specific type of meniscal injuries which has specific signs on MRI. An attached fragment displaced away from the meniscus with any type of tear causes bucket-handle tear of the meniscus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most commonly used diagnostic tool for meniscal injuries. We present a case of free medial meniscal fragment which mimics the dislocated bucket-handle tear on MRI. The presence of “fragment within the intercondylar notch sign” and “the absence of the bow tie sign” may be an indication of a free meniscal fragment. This should be considered during diagnosis.

Calcaneal fractures are the most frequent tarsal fractures and represent 2% of all adult fractures. A high-energy trauma which causes axial loading is the most common cause of calcaneal fractures. The majority of these fractures are intra-articular. Particularly patients with displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures must be evaluated for multiple traumatic injuries. The spine, contralateral lower extremity and the wrist fractures may accompany with calcaneal fractures. The most common symptom of calcaneal fractures is pain. Swelling is frequently encountered. Erythema and fracture blisters are other findings. Conventional radiological images should include anteroposterior, axial, lateral and oblique views. The subtalar joint, the calcaneocuboid joint and posterior facet should be assessed in radiologic images. Calcaneal fractures may involve extensive complications. Subtalar joint stiffness and arthritis, heel widening, peroneal impingement, implant-related problems and heel pad pain are the potential complications. The complex anatomy of the calcaneus should be well understood for assesing a calcaneal injury. Evaluation of the radiological findings and classification of the fracture must be performed before determining the treatment method. There is a large number and variety of classification systems that have been described for calcaneal fractures. There is a lack of consensus on treatment and operative technique in calcaneal fractures. The treatment of calcaneal fractures must be planned according to different factors such as type of trauma, classification of the fracture, skin condition and injury mechanism. No treatment, conservative treatment, open reduction and internal fixation, primary subtalar arthrodesis, delayed primary arthrodesis and calcanectomy are treatment options. Also minimally invasive techniques have developed over time. Restoring articular congruity and hindfoot morphology are the aims of calcaneal fracture treatment. Most of recent studies show that open reduction and internal fixation has better outcome in selected patients. Good evaluation, preoperative planning and appropriate treatment bring out better results.

WOS: 000388364000005, PubMed: 27826460, Background: To evaluate the efficiency of the percutaneous 18-G needle technique in releasing the fibro-osseous sheath over the first dorsal extensor compartment of the hand. Methods: Using anatomic landmarks, percutaneous release was performed with an 18-G needle on 48 wrists of 24 cadavers. The specimens were then dissected and examined for the completeness of the first dorsal extensor compartment release and any tendon or neurovascular injuries. The tunnel length, number of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons, presence of an intertendinous septum, and the effects of these parameters on percutaneous release were evaluated. Results: Percutaneous release was performed on all of the wrists, and the evaluation of the adequacy of release revealed 25 complete releases, 21 partial releases, and 2 missed releases. There were 19 cases of tendon complications. No neurovascular injuries were noted. The mean tunnel length was 2.66 +/- 30 cm, and the mean number of tendons was 2.75 +/- 0.86. A septum was present in 33.3% of cases. Tunnel length and tendon number had no statistically significant effect on release, whereas the presence of a septum was significantly associated with inadequate tunnel release and the development of tendon complications. Conclusions: Percutaneous release of the first dorsal extensor compartment using an 18-G needle was associated with high rates of incomplete release and tendon damage in the presence of an intertendinous septum. Further study is required under ultrasound guidance to determine the usefulness of percutaneous release in the first dorsal extensor compartment. Clinical Relevance: Release with a percutaneous needle tip in De Quervain's syndrome may provide the advantages of better cosmetic results with less scar formation and an early return to work.

Objectives: Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOWHTO) is an effective surgical procedure for patients who have medial compartmental osteoarthritis of the knee with varus deformity of the limb. The abnormal load on the medial compartment of the knee relocates to the lateral compartment with this procedure. A gap occurs on the proximal tibia during the correction of varus deformity. Filling this gap with bone grafts or synthetic materials has gained wide acceptance for preventing nonunion or osteotomy site collapse. The aim of this study is to report our results of MOWHTOs performed without any bone graft or any other synthetic materials. Methods: We evaluated 41 MOWHTOs performed between 2009 and 2012 with no use of bone grafts, synthetic materials or spacers. Age of the patients ranged from 43 to 67. Thirty five of the patients were female and 3 of them were male. The follow-up time was 6 months. Results: There were no any non-unions or loss of correction. The mean bone union time was 12,8 weeks. No major complications were seen. Conclusion: The results of our study has shown that achieve satisfactory results can be obtained in MOWHTO without using any bone graft, synthetic materials or spacer.

The aim of this study is determining the 5, 6, and 7 grade students’ percetions by the help of metaphors. The reseach was carried out with qualitative research methods and has been patterned with factualism. The study group consists of 179 student which have been receiving education from 5,6, and 7 grades of Aksaray Faik Türkmen Secondary School. The data of this research was collected with gap filling form that consist of one question. Descriptive analysis method is used to analysis the data. 101 metaphor was produced by 179 students. 5 grade students are produced 43 metaphor, 6 grades 24 and 7 grades 33. This metaphors are collected in four basic categories which are named; “helfulness as an emotion, helfulness as family and social environment, helfulness as natural environment, helfulness as an object and helfulness as an unseeable creature. In the light of the results, students’ metaphors are appropriate for their developmental levels and they attaches importance to the worth of “helpfullness”., Bu çalışmanın amacı ortaokul 5, 6 ve 7. sınıf öğrencilerinin “Yardımseverlik” değeri ile ilgili algılarının metaforlar yoluyla belirlenmesidir. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışma grubunu 2012-2013 eğitim öğretim yılında Aksaray ili Cihanbeyli ilçesi Faik Türkmen ortaokulunda öğrenim gören 5,6 ve 7. sınıf toplam 179 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri boşluk doldurmayı gerektiren ve tek sorudan ibaret olan bir formla toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel analiz tekniği kullanılmıştır. 179 öğrenci 101 metafor oluşturmuştur. 5. sınıflar 43, 6. sınıflar 24 ve 7. sınıflar 33 metafor oluşturmuşlardır. Geliştirilen bu metaforlar “duygu olarak yardımseverlik, aile ve sosyal çevre olarak yardımseverlik, doğal çevre olarak yardımseverlik, nesne olarak yardımseverlik, görülmeyen varlık olarak yardımseverlik gibi beş temel kategori altında toplanmıştır. Araştırmada öğrencilerin gelişimsel düzeylerine uygun olarak metafor geliştirdikleri ve “Yardımseverlik” değerini önemsedikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Mondros Mütarekesi’nin ardından Hatay’da Fransızlara karşı başlatılan silahlımücadele, 1921’de Ankara Antlaşması’nın imzalanmasından sonra siyasi vediplomatik alanda devam etmiştir. Hatay mücadelesi 1938 yılında Hatay Devleti’ninkurulmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Başlangıçtan itibaren Hatay mücadelesinin içindebulunan Hatay Devlet Başkanı Tayfur Sökmen ve Başbakan Abdurrahman Melekanılarını yayınlamışlardır. Ahmet Faik Türkmen ise, Hatay’ın silahlı mücadeledönemini anlattığı kitabında birinci elden anılara yer vermiştir. Makalede, Hataymücadelesine katılanlardan Nuri Aydın (Konuralp), Nuri Genç, Rasim Yurtman,Samih Azmi Ezer, Kemal Akyüz, Niyazi Ramazanoğlu ve Hüsnü Halef’in kendikalemlerinden kısa anılarına yer verilecektir.Anahtar kelimeler: Hatay mücadelesi, Fransız işgali, Ankara Antlaşması, Suriye,“Antakya- İskenderun Yurdu”, Hatay Egemenlik Cemiyeti.