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National standards of living and quality of life depend not only on economic well-being, but also on how well-organized the social system is in its ability to maintain human development and psychological stability. In this regard, the COVID-19 pandemic gave start to social uncertainty. This article describes how the parameters of standards and quality of life changed during the post-pandemic uncertain times and how various public policies contributed to maintaining the key aspects of human development. The authors compared the indicators of the standards of living in Russia in 2019–2021 with those in other countries with developed economies. They also identified the risk areas in these spheres and showed how state policy measures maintained the standards and quality of life during the uncertain times. The research relied on statistical observation and grouping, comparative analysis, graphical method, logical method, and systematic approach, as well as on the method of absolute, relative, and average values. In 2019–2021, the key indicators of the standards of living decreased. As a result, the quality of life also went down. Russia’s standards of living differ from those in some advanced economies, e.g., Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, etc. However, most countries demonstrated very similar dynamics in their response to the external challenges of the pandemic. On the one hand, the uncertain times caused by the epidemic saw a drop in the parameters of the standards and quality of life. On the other hand, they created new development opportunities. The degree to which a country was ready to use these opportunities depended on the readiness of its society to change and the adaptability of its public administration.

Abstract Mammalian hibernators survive prolonged periods of cold and resource scarcity by temporarily modulating normal physiological functions, but the mechanisms underlying these adaptations are poorly understood. The hibernation cycle of thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) lasts for 5–7 months and comprises weeks of hypometabolic, hypothermic torpor interspersed with 24–48-h periods of an active-like interbout arousal (IBA) state. We show that ground squirrels, who endure the entire hibernation season without food, have negligible hunger during IBAs. These squirrels exhibit reversible inhibition of the hypothalamic feeding center, such that hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurons exhibit reduced sensitivity to the orexigenic and anorexigenic effects of ghrelin and leptin, respectively. However, hypothalamic infusion of thyroid hormone during an IBA is sufficient to rescue hibernation anorexia. Our results reveal that thyroid hormone deficiency underlies hibernation anorexia and demonstrate the functional flexibility of the hypothalamic feeding center.

Introduction The goal of our research programme is to develop culturally appropriate patient-specific interventions for primary and secondary prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) among people living with HIV (PLWH); PLWH are at a higher risk for OPC than the general population and, as with many cancers, there are disparities in OPC health outcomes by race and ethnicity. Our study incorporates an anti-racist research framework that proposes considering racism as a foundational sociocultural system that causes ill health. We expand the framework to include biases due to gender, sexual orientation, HIV status and membership in other non-dominant groups. Our research programme focuses on HPV-related OPC among people living with PLWH, and on how intersecting identities may impact an individual’s experience with oral health, obtaining regular and appropriate oral healthcare, knowledge and perceptions of oral HPV infection, risk factors for OPC and HPV vaccination.Methods and analysis We will follow a grounded theory (GT) qualitative research methodology using focus group discussions (FGDs) to collect data. We will invite PLWH with intersecting identities to participate in one of 12–18 FGDs with 5–8 participants per group. Focus groups will be formed based on self-reported domains, including race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation and other identities that could impact oral health, such as smoking status, experience with homelessness or experience with drug use disorders. We do not know which aspects of intersecting identities are most salient to accessing oral healthcare. Using FGDs will allow us to gain this knowledge in a setting where participants can build on and reinforce shared understandings about oral healthcare. Following our GT methodology, analysis will occur concurrently with data collection, and emerging concepts or theories may result in changes to focus group guide questions. Initial focus group questions will be organised around our main objectives: (1) to identify individual, interpersonal and structural health equity factors that serve as barriers or facilitators to oral health status and care; (2) to explore knowledge and perceptions about causes, risk factors, prevention and screening for oral or OPC and (3) to elicit recommendations for improving access to regular and appropriate oral healthcare and suggestions on engaging PLWH from diverse identity groups in prevention interventions.Ethics and dissemination All methods and procedures were approved by the University of California, San Francisco, Institutional Review Board (approval number: 23-39307) and are in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975, as revised in 2000. Participants are required to provide informed consent. The results of this study will be presented at scholarly meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals. In addition, a lay summary of results will be created and distributed to our participants and community through our website and social media.Trial registration number NCT06055868.

Oxylipins are one of the most important classes of bioregulators, biosynthesized through the oxidative metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in various aerobic organisms. Oxylipins are bioregulators that maintain homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. The most important oxylipins are mammalian eicosanoids and plant octadecanoids. In plants, the main source of oxylipins is the lipoxygenase cascade, the key enzymes of which are nonclassical cytochromes P450 of the CYP74 family, namely allene oxide synthases (AOSs), hydroperoxide lyases (HPLs), and divinyl ether synthases (DESs). The most well-studied plant oxylipins are jasmonates (AOS products) and traumatin and green leaf volatiles (HPL products), whereas other oxylipins remain outside of the focus of researchers’ attention. Among them, there is a large group of epoxy hydroxy fatty acids (epoxyalcohols), whose biosynthesis has remained unclear for a long time. In 2008, the first epoxyalcohol synthase of lancelet Branchiostoma floridae, BfEAS (CYP440A1), was discovered. The present review collects data on EASs discovered after BfEAS and enzymes exhibiting EAS activity along with other catalytic activities. This review also presents the results of a study on the evolutionary processes possibly occurring within the P450 superfamily as a whole.

The results of modern studies on breast milk jaundice pathogenesis, that is common form of neonatal jaundice, are presented. The major risk factors and diagnostic methods (excluding other forms of jaundice syndrome at recurrent and lingering jaundice in newborns) were defined. The main therapy approaches for breast milk jaundice were presented. Issues of phototherapy indications were discussed. The feasibility of maintaining breastfeeding in case of breast milk jaundice development was proved. This condition requires the attention of pediatricians despite the relatively favorable course and outcomes. The need to continue studies on pathogenetic therapy of such patients was noted.

In their article, author considers previously little-studied aspects of the activities of Russian diplomatic missions in China in the late XIX - early XX century in order to explore the features of the daily life of the consular offices of the Russian Empire in China. The study is based on the copies of the answers of the Russian consular office employees in Manchuria to the questionnaire compiled by a special Commission for the Reorganization of the Foreign Service under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1907. These documents are stored in the Foreign Policy Archive of the Russian Empire of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, and have been introduced used publicly for scientific use for the first time here. From the available material, it is apparent that in addition to the difficult living conditions in unusual climate, Foreign Ministry officials in China faced a large number of domestic difficulties, a lack of working materials, and funding. Disagreements over the delimitation of consular districts and the powers of diplomats led to inconsistency in the activities of Russian consuls in China. Nevertheless, despite the difficulties, under any circumstances Russian diplomats remained committed to their duty and did their best in the interests of their state, at the same time striving to establish friendly and equal relations with their Chinese counter-parts.

In recent years, stimulus-sensitive drug delivery systems have been developed for parenteral administration as a depot system. In situ systems incorporate smart polymers that undergo a phase transition at the site of administration. All parenteral and ocular dosage forms must meet sterility requirements. Careful selection of the sterilization method is required for any type of stimuli-sensitive system. Current sterilization methods are capable of altering the conformation of polymers or APIs to a certain extent, ultimately causing the loss of pharmacological and technological properties of the drug. Unfortunately, the issues of risk assessment and resolution regarding the sterilization of stimuli-sensitive systems, along with ways to stabilize such compositions, are insufficiently described in the scientific literature to date. This review provides recommendations and approaches, formulated on the basis of published experimental data, that allow the effective management of risks arising during the development of in situ systems requiring sterility.

The application of nanomedicine in the treatment of acute lung injury (ALI) has great potential for the development of new therapeutic strategies. To gain insight into the kinetics of nanocarrier distribution upon time-dependent changes in tissue permeability after ALI induction in mice, we developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for albumin nanoparticles (ANP). The model was calibrated using data from mice treated with intraperitoneal LPS (6 mg/kg), followed by intravenous ANP (0.5 mg/mouse or about 20.8 mg/kg) at 0.5, 6, and 24 h. The simulation results reproduced the experimental observations and indicated that the accumulation of ANP in the lungs increased, reaching a peak 6 h after LPS injury, whereas it decreased in the liver, kidney, and spleen. The model predicted that LPS caused an immediate (within the first 30 min) dramatic increase in lung and kidney tissue permeability, whereas splenic tissue permeability gradually increased over 24 h after LPS injection. This information can be used to design new therapies targeting specific organs affected by bacterial infections and potentially by other inflammatory insults.

Purpose: to analyze the possibilities of using programmable logic controllers (PLC) in water distribution management in the Don Main Canal. The work is an analytical study based on the principles of automation and optimization of water resources control. Discussion. The architecture of the control system, including programmable logic controllers, network modules and water level sensors in the main canal is discussed. The main attention is paid to justifying the use of PLC in the design and development of a water distribution control system, which allows control and regulate the water level in the channel using the upstream control scheme. The software offers possibility for monitoring water parameters, calculating optimal values and automatic adjustment of control signals. The advantages of using PLC in water distribution control system, including high flexibility, reliability and the possibility of easy integration with other systems are also analyzed. The methods of PLC setting, regulator optimization and energy management to achieve efficient and economical water resources management are described. The research confirms the effectiveness and applicability of using the programmable controllers in water distribution management system in the Don Main Canal. Conclusions: the results obtained make it possible to increase the efficiency of water resources use, reduce energy consumption and ensure stable control of water level in the irrigation canal.

Background. The course of the COVID-19 epidemic process depends on population immunity which prevents pathogen spread. Aim: to study an evolution of SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity in the Belarusian population rela- tive to COVID-19 pandemic dynamics. Materials and methods. The work was carried out according to a methodology for assessing herd immunity developed by Rospotrebnadzor (Russia) and the Belarusian Ministry of Health involving the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute (SPPI) by taking into account the WHO recommendations. The study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Belarus and the SPPI Bioethics Committee. Participant selection was carried out by ques- tionnaire using a cloud (internet server) service. To monitor herd immunity, a cohort of 4661 subjects (involved at all stages of seromonitoring) was formed from the total volunteer group. Study subjects were randomized into groups based on age (117, 1829, 3039, 4049, 5059, 6069, 70+ years), geographic region, and occupation. For the detection of antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (Nc) and S glycoprotein receptor-binding domain (RBD), rel- evant assay systems were used according to the manufacturers instructions. A four-stage study was conducted according to a unified scheme. Results. At stage 1 (pandemic month 15), herd immunity was mainly accounted for by Nc+RBD+ Ab status alone. By stage 2 (4 months later), its specific proportion decreased by 1.2-fold, whereas percentage of subjects solely bearing RBD-specific Abs increased by 1.7-fold. At stages 3 and 4 (9 and 19 months after the onset) vs. stage 2, percent- age of subjects with RBD+Nc decreased by 3.5%; the proportion of persons with Nc+RBD Abs increased by 1.5-fold. The most important contributor in herd immunity turned out to be due to population vaccination, with coverage reaching 70% by stage 4. Among vaccines, compared with whole-virion, inactivated BIBP-CorV vaccine the Sputnik V and Sputnik Light vector were used most often. Conclusion. The evolution of herd SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity included a series of changes in circulating Ab levels (Nc, RBD). The hybrid immunity formed helped to reduce the incidence of COVID-19 to sporadic level.

The rapid development of digital virtual reality has exposed social problems associated with the transformation of forms of cultural experience transmission, adaptation, socialization, and communication. Information saturation and stress caused by the acceleration of the life rhythm, constant changes on the one hand, and an attractive, constructed hypervisualized digital world on the other, have created conditions for the emergence and development of new forms of escapism and digital avoidance. The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of influence, opportunities, and risks associated with the problems of human interaction and the new virtual reality, ways to escape from the “routine of everyday life” into a new digital environment. Within the framework of the study, the forms of digital escapism were identified as ranging from radical, replacing reality, to conscious and balanced forms within the framework of digital asceticism based on the principles of eco–friendly network consumption and digital ethics. As a result, it was concluded that the growth of escapist tendencies indicates the imbalance of digital and physical realities and needs a harmonious hybrid inclusion in the daily life of society of digital consumption norms based on the principles of de-anonymization and social responsibility, as well as the rules of digital hygiene.

Single phase CuCoMgAl-layered hydroxides were obtained by making fine adjustment to their composition through changing the (Co + Cu)/Mg = 0.5; 1; 2; 3 and Co/Cu = 0.5; 1; 2 ratios. The rise of Co/Cu in systems contributed to the increase in their thermal stability. CuCoMgAl-catalysts showed high selectivity of carbonyl group hydrogenation in furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. In furfural hydrogenation, the selectivity to furfuryl alcohol was more than 99%, and in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural hydrogenation, the selectivity to 2,5-hydroxymethyl furfural was 95%. The surface of the samples with different Co/Cu after calcination and reduction was the same and had a «core-shell» structure (TEM). «Core» consisted of Cu and Co metallic particles. «Shell» consisted of CuCoMgAlOx mixed no-stoichiometric spinel oxides. There was no sintering or change in size of the metallic particles after the reaction. For the sample with Co/Cu = 1, their phase composition after reaction remained unchangeable. The increase of Co/Cu led to the formation of an X-ray amorphous phase after the reaction. This suggests the decrease in structural stability of this sample. The obtained results prove the prospects of using bimetallic CoCu-systems for hydrogenation of furan aldehydes, and opens up new directions for further research and improvement.

Recently, ribavirin has demonstrated effectiveness in treating glioblastoma through intranasal administration utilizing the nose-to-brain delivery route. Enhancing ribavirin’s bioavailability can be achieved by utilizing intranasal stimuli-responsive systems that create a gel on the nasal mucosa. The research examined thermosensitive, pH-sensitive, and ion-selective polymers in various combinations and concentrations, chosen in line with the current Quality by Design (QbD) approach in pharmaceutical development. Following a thorough assessment of key parameters, the optimal composition of gellan gum at 0.5%, Poloxamer 124 at 2%, and purified water with ribavirin concentration at 100 mg/mL was formulated and subjected to in vivo testing. Through experiments on male rats, the nose-to-brain penetration mechanism of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was elucidated, showcasing drug accumulation in the olfactory bulbs and brain.

Purpose: simulation of the filtration process from an irrigation canal made in an earthen channel. Materials and methods. One of the most common methods in the waterworks construction and operation is the filtration process modeling. In practice, the use of mathematical modeling based on the use of mathematical analogies of various physical processes, which are described by the same differential equations, is widespread. The electric analogy method (EGDA) is based on the analogy between the groundwater velocity and the electrical current flow and allows solving various filtration problems on models of electrically conductive materials. The purpose of modeling the groundwater velocity using the EGDA method is to develop a model similar to a full-scale object, for studying the ongoing filtration processes with its help. Results. A flow net and a filtration velocity profile which were used to study free filtration from a canal in an earthen channel were constructed. As a result of the study, the specific filtration flow rate, filtration rate were determined and a comparison with the values obtained by calculation was made. Comparison of the results obtained from the flow net with the calculation formula showed that their values coincide with an error of 1.26 %. The specific flow rate determined by the calculation method coincides with the flow net value for the selected belt of equal pressure with an error of 2.8 %. Conclusions: the EGDA method allows determine effectively the seepage water losses from the canal, however, when quantifying the seepage flow, it gives more significant errors due to the complexity of complete recording when modeling the real conditions of the object under consideration.

The lipoxygenase (LOX) cascade is a source of bioactive oxylipins that play a regulatory role in plants, animals, and fungi. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) LOXs are the classical models for LOX research. Progress in genomics has uncovered a large diversity of GmLOX isoenzymes. Most of them await biochemical investigations. The catalytic properties of recombinant soybean LOX2 (GmLOX2) are described in the present work. The GmLOX2 gene has been cloned before, but only for nucleotide sequencing, while the recombinant protein was not prepared and studied. In the present work, the recombinant GmLOX2 behavior towards linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosatetraenoic (20:4), eicosapentaenoic (20:5), and hexadecatrienoic (16:3) acids was examined. Linoleic acid was a preferred substrate. Oxidation of linoleic acid afforded 94% optically pure (13S)-hydroperoxide and 6% racemic 9-hydroperoxide. GmLOX2 was less active on other substrates but possessed an even higher degree of regio- and stereospecificity. For example, it converted α-linolenic acid into (13S)-hydroperoxide at about 98% yield. GmLOX2 showed similar specificity towards other substrates, producing (15S)-hydroperoxides (with 20:4 and 20:5) or (11S)-hydroperoxide (with 16:3). Thus, the obtained data demonstrate that soybean GmLOX2 is a specific (13S)-LOX. Overall, the catalytic properties of GmLOX2 are quite similar to those of GmLOX1, but pH is optimum.

Introduction. Influenza is one of the most pressing global health problems. Despite the wide range of available anti-influenza drugs, the viral drug resistance is an increasing concern and requires the search for new approaches to overcome it. A promising solution is the development of drugs with action that is based on the inhibition of the activity of cellular genes through RNA interference. Aim. Evaluation in vivo of the preventive potential of miRNAs directed to the cellular genes FLT4, Nup98 and Nup205 against influenza infection. Materials and methods. The A/California/7/09 strain of influenza virus (H1N1) and BALB/c mice were used in the study. The administration of siRNA and experimental infection of animals were performed intranasally. The results of the experiment were analyzed using molecular genetic and virological methods. Results. The use of siRNA complexes Nup98.1 and Nup205.1 led to a significant decrease in viral reproduction and concentration of viral RNA on the 3rd day after infection. When two siRNA complexes (Nup98.1 and Nup205.1) were administered simultaneously, a significant decrease in viral titer and concentration of viral RNA was also noted compared with the control groups. Conclusions. The use of siRNAs in vivo can lead to an antiviral effect when the activity of single or several cellular genes is suppressed. The results indicate that the use of siRNAs targeting the cellular genes whose expression products are involved in viral reproduction is one of the promising methods for the prevention and treatment of not only influenza, but also other respiratory infections.

Radial increment objectively reflects the quality of the assimilation apparatus of a woody plant. Its features indicate the influence of various anthropogenic, biotic and abiotic factors as well as the stability of the plant under stress. The aim of this study was to survey the long-term dynamics of the radial growth of six tree species: Betula pendula, Ulmus glabra, Quercus robur, Tilia cordata, Picea abies and Pinus silvestris, depending on the impact of creating a reservoir and the fluctuations of the water level in it. Additionally, another aim was to determine whether there is a dependence between the annual radial increment of these tree species and the change in the temperature factor during the growing season. We studied cores of trees growing in a park on the coast of the Sheksna river, the level of which is regulated by the water level in the Rybinsk Reservoir and changes along with it. This research presents the dynamics of the annual radial growth of Betula pendula over 59 years, Ulmus glabra over 50 years, Quercus robur over 59 years, Tilia cordata over 82 years, Picea abies over 128 years and Pinus silvestris over 125 years. The average annual radial growth decreases in the series Ulmus glabra > Betula pendula, Quercus robur > Tilia cordata > Picea abies > Pinus silvestris. The radial increase does not correlate with the annual water level in the Rybinsk Reservoir. However, years with extreme minimum and maximum reservoir filling affect the radial growth of Quercus robur (r = 0.56) and Tilia cordata (r = 0.52). It was found that after the creation of the reservoir, the radial increment of Picea abies was significantly reduced by 1.10 mm. The clearest dependence of ring width index was obtained for Picea abies on temperature in May (r = −0.30 at p ≤ 0.05) and for Pinus sylvestris on temperature in July (r = −0.25 at p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, a weak correlation of ring width index with temperature in some months was noted for deciduous trees. Picea abies is notable for its particular display of moderate inverse correlation to the radial growths of other trees.

Abstract Pain therapy has remained conceptually stagnant since the opioid crisis, which highlighted the dangers of treating pain with opioids. An alternative addiction-free strategy to conventional painkiller-based treatment is targeting receptors at the origin of the pain pathway, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels. Thus, a founding member of the vanilloid subfamily of TRP channels, TRPV1, represents one of the most sought-after pain therapy targets. The need for selective TRPV1 inhibitors extends beyond pain treatment, to other diseases associated with this channel, including psychiatric disorders. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structures of human TRPV1 in the apo state and in complex with the TRPV1-specific nanomolar-affinity analgesic antagonist SB-366791. SB-366791 binds to the vanilloid site and acts as an allosteric hTRPV1 inhibitor. SB-366791 binding site is supported by mutagenesis combined with electrophysiological recordings and can be further explored to design new drugs targeting TRPV1 in disease conditions.

Object of study. The evaluation of the interaction between breast milk opportunistic microorganisms abundance and the milk whey antimicrobial activity at different periods of lactation. Materials and methods. 100 samples of breast milk from healthy breastfeeding mothers were inoculated on solid selective media, and then pure cultures of microorganisms were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the whey against a model culture of Candida albicans was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Results. 270 isolates represented by 36 species of 13 genera of opportunistic bacteria were obtained. None of the 100 samples contained opportunistic fungi. Staphylococci (7 species) and streptococci (11 species) were predominant. The most common were staphylococci S. epidermidis (70.2%) and S. aureus (20.8%), and streptococci S. mitis (27.7%) and S. oralis (21.8%). The total contamination (median) of opportunistic bacteria in the colostrum was 79 103 CFU/ml, transitional milk 4 103 CFU/ml, mature milk 5 102 CFU/ml. The antimicrobial activity of colostrum whey was 87.489.4%; transitional milk 88.2%; mature milk 63.481.9%. The total contamination had a high inverse correlation with the lactation period (r = 0.806) and a high positive correlation with the antimicrobial activity of whey (r = 0.699). Meanwhile, a significant decrease in contamination was noted after 1 month from the beginning of lactation, while a significant decrease in antimicrobial activity was observed after 8 months. Conclusions. The decrease of the breast milk contamination by opportunistic bacteria during the lactation period was found to be primary compared to the decrease of the whey antimicrobial activity. Thus, changes in the whey antimicrobial protection factors occur in response to changes of the opportunistic microbiota abundance.

The rapid growth in the prevalence of infectious diseases requires timely action from drug developers. In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the unpreparedness of the population for such emergencies. The introduction of modern methods of Design of Experiments (DoE) is required to accelerate the process of drug development and bring a drug to market. The main objective of this study was to develop an ion-triggered in situ system for intranasal delivery of VLP using a Quality by Design approach. Based on a literature review and initial studies, the key QTPP, CQA, CPP, and CMA were identified to develop a novel delivery system for virus-like particles. As a result of the studies on the quality attributes of the developed delivery system, an ion-triggered in situ gel meeting all the specified parameters was obtained using the Quality by Design method.

Spray film-forming systems (SFFSs) provide great potential for the treatment of various types of wounds. Such systems afford to prolong the action of active substances, to prevent cross-contamination, and to ensure accelerated wound healing. Spray films are known since the mid-20th century, and nowadays they are widely used to treat minor skin injuries, but numerous clinical cases describe their successful use in the treatment of burns, wounds, bedsores, etc. The current level of polymer development and composite synthesis has greatly expanded the possibilities of creating compositions of spray film-forming systems. Scattered information and lack of standardization of such delivery systems creates difficulties for pharmaceutical development. This review highlights most of the existing requirements and suggestions from studies to standardize the characteristics of SFFSs and classify them based on scientific sources and regulatory documentation, as well as the position of such systems in the pharmaceutical market. The search and evaluation of known characterization methods and their modifications, as well as the approval of their list (separately for development and for standardization) can potentially increase the research interest in the problem of spray film-forming systems development and contribute to the registration of new drugs and medical devices in this promising dosage form, including with its own pharmacological effect.

Aim Study of mechanical and biological properties of five variants of alloys of the Ti-Nb-Ta system. Materials and methods Five alloys were obtained from the system: Ti-(15-20)Nb-(5-10)Ta (at. %). Their mechanical tests were carried out by stretching on the INSTRON 3382 universal testing machine in accordance with GOST 1497-84. The biological properties of the resulting alloys were evaluated in in vivo experiments (implantation surgery) on white outbred male JCR mice. Histological study of the tissues of the limb with an implant, kidneys and liver was carried out at three time points: at 1, 4, 12 weeks after surgery, which corresponds to the early, middle and late phases after implantation. Results The samples showed ductility from 11.5 % to 14.6 %, strength from 549 to 673 MPa and Young's modulus from 42 to 50 GPa. The yield strength also varied depending on the composition of the alloy within 188 – 572 MPa. The inflammatory reaction was the least pronounced in the groups with Ti-20Nb-5Ta and Ti-15Nb-10Ta alloys implanted. Discussion Compared to the widely used TiAl6V4 alloy, the obtained alloys approximately correspond in terms of plasticity and have approximately 2 times lower Young's modulus, which should lead to better biomechanical compatibility between the implant and the surrounding biological tissues, preventing the effect of protection against stress and, accordingly, bone resorption. The relatively low tensile strength of the obtained alloys does not reduce the above-mentioned advantage over TiAl6V4, since this strength is quite sufficient for the proposed application. Histological study after 1, 4 and 12 weeks showed that the intensity of the local inflammatory reaction due to new alloys is higher than with the use of TiAl6V4, which requires further study and could be associated with a small sample size. Conclusions The way to create titanium alloys with a low Young's modulus may solve the problem of biomechanical compatibility of the implant with the surrounding tissues. The obtained and described alloys of the Ti-Nb-Ta system showed the neceary mechanical and, according to the initial assessment, acceptable biological properties that require further broader research.

The continuous emergence of new pathogens and the evolution of microbial drug resistance make it absolutely necessary to develop innovative, effective vaccination strategies. Use of nasal vaccination can increase convenience, safety, cause both local and systemic immune reactions. Intranasal administration nevertheless has a number of shortcomings that can be overcome by using the latest achievements of pharmaceutical science. One of the aspects of such solution may be the use of systems for the production of intranasal vaccines in situ polymer compositions that provide a directed sol-gel transition controlled by the physiological conditions of the nasal cavity. At the same time, the gelation of the administered dose in contact with the nasal mucosa involves prolonged exposure of the drug at the injection site, greater mucoadhesion, counteraction to mucociliary clearance, modified and more complete release. A number of both foreign and domestic manufacturers produces polymers such as chitosan, gums, polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene block copolymers (poloxamers, proxanols), carbomers. For effective pharmaceutical development of new intranasal IBD delivery systems corresponding to the QbD concept, not only the knowledge of the range of excipients is necessary, but also simple, accessible, and reproducible methods for determining indicators that define the critical parameters of such delivery systems. In accordance with the conducted scientific search, the main indicators of standardization of in situ intranasal systems were identified: temperature and time of gel formation, gel strength, rheological characteristics, mucoadhesion, release, nasal mucociliary clearance time.

Catalysts based on CuAl-, CoAl-, and CuCoAl-layered hydroxides with M2+/Al = 2 and Cu/Co = 1 molar ratio were obtained. The effect of amount of cobalt on the structural properties, morphology, surface cations distribution, oxide phase formation, thermal stability of the samples and reduction of metals from them was studied. The effect of reaction conditions (temperature, time, pressure, solvent) and conditions of preliminary treatment of catalysts on their catalytic properties in furfural hydrogenation was established. High selectivity to furfuryl alcohol was observed for all the samples irrespective of pretreatment and reaction conditions. The synergetic effect in furfural hydrogenation between Co and Cu in the CuCoAlOx catalysts was revealed when ethanol is used as a solvent.

Implantation is a modern method of administering chemotherapeutic agents, with a highly targeted effect and better patient tolerance due to the low frequency of administration. Implants are capable of controlled release, which makes them a viable alternative to infusional chemotherapy, allowing patients to enjoy a better quality of life without the need for prolonged hospitalization. Compared to subcutaneous implantation, intratumoral implantation has a number of significant advantages in terms of targeting and side effects, but this area of chemotherapy is still poorly understood in terms of clinical trials. At the same time, there are more known developments of drugs in the form of implants and injections for intratumoral administration. The disadvantages of classical intratumoral implants are the need for surgical intervention to install the system and the increased risk of tumor rupture noted by some specialists. The new generation of implants are in situ implants—systems formed in the tumor due to a phase transition (sol–gel transition) under the influence of various stimuli. Among this systems some are highly selective for a certain type of malignant neoplasm. Such systems are injected and have all the advantages of intratumoral injections, but due to the phase transition occurring in situ, they form depot forms that allow the long-term release of chemotherapeutic agents.

In modern pharmaceutical technology, modified-release dosage forms, such as in situ formed implants, are gaining rapidly in popularity. These dosage forms are created based on a configurable matrix consisting of phase-sensitive polymers capable of biodegradation, a hydrophilic solvent, and the active substance suspended or dissolved in it. The most used phase-sensitive implants are based on a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Objective: This systematic review examines the reasons for the phenomenon of active ingredient “burst” release, which is a major drawback of PLGA-based in situ formed implants, and the likely ways to correct this phenomenon to improve the quality of in situ formed implants with a poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) matrix. Data sources: Actual and relevant publications in PubMed and Google Scholar databases were studied. Study selection: The concept of the review was based on the theory developed during literature analysis of 12 effectors on burst release from in situ forming implants based on PLGA. Only those studies that sufficiently fully disclosed one or another component of the theory were included. Results: The analysis resulted in development of a systematic approach called the “12 Factor System”, which considers various constant and variable, endogenous and exogenous factors that can influence the nature of ‘burst release’ of active ingredients from PLGA polymer-based in situ formed implants. These factors include matrix porosity, polymer swelling, LA:GA ratio, PLGA end groups, polymer molecular weight, active ingredient structure, polymer concentration, polymer loading with active ingredients, polymer combination, use of co-solvents, addition of excipients, and change of dissolution conditions. This review also considered different types of kinetics of active ingredient release from in situ formed implants and the possibility of using the “burst release” phenomenon to modify the active ingredient release profile at the site of application of this dosage form.

Link for citation: Tarasenko E.O. Numerical estimation of soil density by the method of finite difference grids in mathematical modeling of compaction of subsible soils by deep explosions. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 5, рр.103-108. In Rus. Relevance. In order to ensure the duration of operation and strength of buildings and their expected design and construction on subsiding loess, it is necessary to carry out a numerical grade of the density characteristics of soils. Subsiding loesses are widespread in the world. They can be observed in Russia, China, the countries of Central Asia, etc. On the territory of Russia, their occurrence is noted at least at 17 % of the entire territory of the country. Almost ubiquitous distribution of loess soils occurs on the territory of the North Caucasus region (80–85 % of area). There is a large capacity of them (up to 50 m). This work is devoted to numerical modeling of the grade of density characteristics of subsiding soils using the finite difference grid method in the framework of a mathematical model of loess compaction by deep explosions. The use of the instrument of computational mathematics made it possible to solve the problem of estimating the compacted subsidence soil density depending on the depth of the explosive charge. The main aim of the research is to conduct a numerical assessment of soil density within the framework of mathematical modeling of compaction by the method of deep explosions of subsiding loess soils. Methods: application of the instrument of computational mathematics, differential equations, methods and results of solid state physics, engineering geology, soil mechanics. Experimental technique. Numerical modeling of the assessment of the increase in the compacted soil by deep explosions based on the grid method was carried out. Results. Based on the grid method using an explicit finite-difference scheme, discrete linear dynamic systems were constructed for numerical calculation of compacted subsidence soil density by deep explosions. The paper describs the layer-by-layer approximation to the solution of a differential equation in partial derivatives with given initial and boundary conditions, which mathematically describes the technological process of compaction of subsiding soil for the cases of surface ejection and camouflage compaction. The stability condition for the obtained finite-difference schemes is indicated. A computational experiment was carried out. It demonstrated the adequacy of the proposed method for estimating the compacted soil density to experimental data. Findings. The constructed numerical solutions of problems within the framework of mathematical modeling of the compaction of subsiding soils by deep explosions indicate the possibility of their practical application as calculation methods to reduce the cost of carrying out production work on the compaction of loess. The methods proposed in the work for determining soil density can be implemented in a number of areas of applied research in soil mechanics.

The cryopreservation of gametes and embryos is an important element of biodiversity conservation. One species in need of conservation is the honey bee Apis mellifera L. Changing environmental factors, especially the anthropogenic factor, have led to a reduction in the numbers of this insect species. In this study, we provide an example of the creation of a biobank of honey bee drone sperm. For sperm cryopreservation, drones of the most common subspecies of honey bees common in Russia were selected. These were the dark forest bee, Apis mellifera mellifera, from the Republic of Bashkortostan, with three subspecies (A. m. carnica, A. m. carpatica, and A. m. caucasica) from the southern regions of Russia, as well as two breeding stocks, the Far Eastern bee and Prioksky bee. For subspecies identification, morphometric and genetic methods were used. The subspecies of the studied samples were confirmed via the analysis of the tRNAleu-COII locus of mitochondrial DNA and nine microsatellite markers of nuclear DNA. It was shown that bees of the Prioksky breeding stock belong to the subspecies A. m. caucasica based on phylogenetic analysis, and the Far Eastern breeding stock is a stable hybrid, descending on the maternal line from the evolutionary lineage C or O. The results of the morphometric analysis are consistent with the results of the genetic analysis. For the cryopreservation of sperm, we used a cryoprotectant solution with honey. As a result, the viability of frozen–thawed sperm decreased by 20.3% compared to fresh sperm, and overall motility decreased 25-fold. The measurement of the sperm concentration in the spermatheca of artificially inseminated queens showed that it varied from 0.22 to 4.4 million/μL. Therefore, the use of honey in sperm cryopreservation has great potential.

The relevance of the research. Mathematical modeling of geological systems is relevant both theoretically and practically. Inverse applied problems make it possible to systematize knowledge about the models under study. This article deals with the problem of assessing the depth of an explosive charge in collapsible soils in order to compact them and, as a consequence, reduce subsidence. This method of compaction is widely used at civil construction sites, relief features of the territories, etc. It should be noted as well that Russian territories are presented by loesses in about 17 % of cases. The main aim of the research is analytical and numerical modeling of the solution of inverse problems in geological systems when compacting loesses by deep explosions. Methods: iterative methods for solving problems, methods of computer modeling in the study of geological systems, conclusion statistics. Results. Analytical and numerical solutions of the considered inverse applied problem of the geological system are proposed. Solutions are described under the conditions of complete absorption of the gas formed as a result of the explosion of a concentrated charge by the surrounding collapsing soil (the loess is compacted) and the complete reflection of the gas from the soil (the release to the surface occurs). Various states of subsidence loess with characteristic properties of isotropy and anisotropy of the geological system have been studied in detail mathematically. A computational experiment was carried out to find an approximate iterative solution to the inverse problem for determining the depth of explosions in order to compact loess. The calculations were carried out taking into account the available experimental data on the example of a civil construction object in the North Caucasus. Conclusions. The studies carried out indicate the adequacy of the proposed approach for assessing the depth of the charge. The numerical solution of the problem is found with high accuracy and with minimal computational costs.

Afferents of peripheral mechanoreceptors innervate the skin of vertebrates, where they detect physical touch via mechanically gated ion channels (mechanotransducers). While the afferent terminal is generally understood to be the primary site of mechanotransduction, the functional properties of mechanically activated (MA) ionic current generated by mechanotransducers at this location remain obscure. Until now, direct evidence of MA current and mechanically induced action potentials in the mechanoreceptor terminal has not been obtained. Here, we report patch-clamp recordings from the afferent terminal innervating Grandry (Meissner) corpuscles in the bill skin of a tactile specialist duck. We show that mechanical stimulation evokes MA current in the afferent with fast kinetics of activation and inactivation during the dynamic phases of the mechanical stimulus. These responses trigger rapidly adapting firing in the afferent detected at the terminal and in the afferent fiber outside of the corpuscle. Our findings elucidate the initial electrogenic events of touch detection in the mechanoreceptor nerve terminal.

Aim. To assess the efficacy and safety of using the homeopathic drug Mastopol for the relief of mastalgia in women with infertility, including those associated with endometriosis, as well as to study the drug tolerability and adherence to the treatment, as well as to determine its antiproliferative and analgesic effects in patients of the study cohort. Study design: open-label, randomized, non-comparative, observational study. Material and methods. 79 infertile women with mastalgia (67 with cyclic mastalgia and 12 with acyclic mastalgia) were examined and treated with Mastopol. Mastopol was prescribed 1 tablet 3 times a day sublingually. The course of treatment was 8 weeks. The efficacy of mastalgia relief was assessed using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Treatment outcomes were considered good if pain severity by the VAS decreased by 4 or more points from the baseline levels at the end of Mastopol treatment course. Results. One Mastopol treatment course provided good treatment outcomes in 76,2% of patients with cyclic mastalgia and in 33,3% of patients with acyclic mastalgia. There were no adverse reactions or complications in patients treated with Mastopol. Conclusions. Mastopol has established itself as a quite effective and safe drug in patients of the study cohort; if there is an insufficient effect, Mastopol can supplement traditional pharmacological agents recorded in the current clinical guidelines.

The integration of biofuel upgrading processes in the existing technologies of crude oil refining is considered to be one of the promising directions for the production of liquid motor fuels. In this work, the co-processing of bio-oil obtained from biomass waste and heavy oil fractions in the supercritical solvent was studied. The bio-oil was obtained by the slow pyrolysis of birch and pine wood sawdust in the presence of a Fe-containing zeolite-based catalyst. The influence of the catalyst on the yield and composition of liquid products was studied. To find the optimal reaction conditions, the co-processing of the model compounds (anisole – eicosane – dibenzothiophene) was carried out by varying the solvent, reaction temperature, and the initial nitrogen pressure. Full removal of oxygen and sulfur as well as a decrease in the concentration of heavy and polyaromatic compounds from the feedstock were observed under the following process parameters: solvent – propanol-2, reaction temperature – 260 °C, initial nitrogen pressure – 1.5 MPa, total pressure – 7.2 MPa.

The main method of treatment and prevention of endophthalmitis is a combination of intravitreal and topical administration of antibiotics, such as cefuroxime moxifloxacin or vancomycin. However, this method is ineffective due to the rapid elimination of the drug. This problem can be solved with the help of intravitreal in situ injection systems, which are injected with a syringe into the vitreous body and provide prolonged action of the drug at the focus of inflammation. Under the influence of temperature, the liquid drug undergoes a phase transition and turns into a gel after injection. This ensures its prolonged action. The study aimed to develop an intravitreal in situ cefuroxime delivery system for the treatment of endophthalmitis based on a thermosensitive biodegradable composition of poloxamer 407 and hyaluronic acid. A combination of poloxamer Kolliphor® P407, Kolliphor® P188, and PrincipHYAL® hyaluronic acids of different molecular weights was used as a delivery system. The potency of cefuroxime solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone-10000, polyethylene glycol-400, and polyethylene glycol-1500 in a 1:2 ratio was studied for prolonged action compared to cefuroxime substance. The experimental formulations were studied for the parameters of gelation temperature in a long-term test (4 months), pH, and release of cefuroxime using dialysis bags. To study the distribution parameter in the vitreous body, an in vitro model (1/13) was developed, which was a hollow agar sphere filled with 1% (w/v) polyacrylate gel. For the superior formulations, a HET-CAM test (chorioallantoic membrane test) was performed to determine the absence of irritant effects. According to the study results, a formulation containing a solid dispersion of cefuroxime:PEG-400 (1:2), the matrix of which contained 18% (w/v) Kolliphor® P407 poloxamer, 3% (w/v) Kolliphor® P188 poloxamer, and 0.5% (w/v) hyaluronic acid (1400–1800), was selected. This sample had an average gelation temperature of 34.6 °C, pH 6.7 ± 0.5, and a pronounced prolonged effect. Only 7.6% was released in 3 h of the experiment, whereas about 38% of cefuroxime was released in 72 h. No irritant effect on the chorioallantoic membrane was observed for any formulations studied.

In the present work, we investigated the effect of light conversion using europium (Eu(III))-based photoconversion covers on the cultivation of agricultural plants and their resistance to stress conditions. Two types of europium nanoparticles were used. The first one was obtained from europium oxide (Eu2O3) by laser fragmentation. The second one was Eu3+:LaF3 nanocrystals obtained by hydrothermal-microwave treatment, the content of europium ions in which was 50% of the total amount of cations. Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) were used as model plants. It was shown that plants grown under cover with Eu2O3 (PCC-Eu2O3) were 30–40% larger, gave a higher yield, and the activation of gas exchange processes and the light phase of photosynthesis in the leaves in response to the lighting was faster. On the contrary, plants grown under cover with Eu3+:LaF3 (PCC-Eu3+:LaF3) tended to slow down the rate of biomass accumulation and decrease the rate of gas exchange activation. It was shown that photoconversion covers change the resistance of plants to stress conditions: if plants grown under PCC-Eu2O3 became more sensitive to heat (+40 °C) and cold (+4 °C) treatment, then plants grown under PCC-Eu3+:LaF3 became more resistant to high and low temperatures. It was found that PCC-Eu2O3 inhibited the development of the phytopathogen Phytophthora infestans on tomato plants. It was assumed that changes in the illumination spectrum by the photoconversion covers cause both the activation of plant growth in the case of Eu2O3 and an increase in plant resistance in the case of Eu3+:LaF3 applications.

The work is aimed at studying the impact resistance of epoxy oligomer matrices (EO) modified with polysulfone (PSU) or polyethersulfone (PES) and glass fibers reinforced plastics (GFRP) based on them under low-velocity impact conditions. The concentration dependences of strength and fracture energy of modified matrices and GFRP were determined. It has been determined that the type of concentration curves of the fracture energy of GFRP depends on the concentration and type of the modifying polymer. It is shown that strength σ and fracture energy EM of thermoplastic-modified epoxy matrices change little in the concentration range from 0 to 15 wt.%. However, even with the introduction of 20 wt.% PSU into EO, the strength increases from 164 MPa to 200 MPa, and the fracture energy from 32 kJ/m2 to 39 kJ/m2. The effect of increasing the strength and fracture energy of modified matrices is retained in GFRP. The maximum increase in shear strength (from 72 MPa to 87 MPa) is observed for GFRP based on the EO + 15 wt.% PSU matrix. For GFRP based on EO + 20 wt.% PES, the shear strength is reduced to 69 MPa. The opposite effect is observed for the EO + 20 wt.% PES matrix, where the strength value decreases from 164 MPa to 75 MPa, and the energy decreases from 32 kJ/m2 to 10 kJ/m2. The reference value for the fracture energy of GFRP 615 is 741 kJ/m2. The maximum fracture energy for GFRP is based on EO + 20 wt.% PSU increases to 832 kJ/m2 for GFRP based on EO + 20 wt.% PES—up to 950 kJ/m2. The study of the morphology of the fracture surfaces of matrices and GFRP confirmed the dependence of impact characteristics on the microstructure of the modified matrices and the degree of involvement in the process of crack formation. The greatest effect is achieved for matrices with a phase structure “thermoplastic matrix-epoxy dispersion.” Correlations between the fracture energy and strength of EO + PES matrices and GFRP have been established.

Thermosensitive systems based on poloxamer 407 are widely used in targeted drug delivery; however, the stability of the phase transition temperature remains insufficiently studied. This article presents the results of a study on the effect of adding polyethylene glycols (PEG) with different molecular weights and some classical gel-forming polymers on the gelation temperature of thermoreversible compositions based on poloxamer 407 in a long-term experiment. The study showed a positive effect of PEG addition with average molecular weights at concentrations of 1.5–2.0%, as well as gelling agents at a concentration below the critical gelation concentration. The proposed rheological test for studying the samples’ adhesion can give an indirect forecast of the composition adhesive rate. Based on the conducted studies, three experimental binary systems based on poloxamer 407 were selected, with the addition of HPMC 0.5%, sodium alginate 0.5%, and PEG 1500 1.5%. These systems are the most promising for the further development of in situ targeted drug delivery systems.

Nanoelectrode arrays are much in demand in electroanalytical chemistry, electrocatalysis, and bioelectrochemistry. One of the promising approaches for the preparation of such systems is templated electrodeposition. In the present study, porous anodic alumina templates are used to prepare Au nanoelectrode arrays. Multistage electrodeposition is proposed for the formation of recessed electrodes with the ability to tune the distance between the surface of the porous template and the top surface of the nanoelectrodes. A set of complementary techniques, including chronoamperometry, coulometry, and scanning electron microscopy, are used to characterize the nanoelectrode arrays. The number of active nanoelectrodes is experimentally measured. The pathways to further improve the recessed nanoelectrode arrays based on anodic alumina templates are discussed.

Aim. To analyze the results of treatment in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) within protocols AML-17 and modified AML-17 (mOML-17) as part of two consecutive pilot studies in order to develop the best treatment strategy for AML patients aged below 60 years. Materials and methods. The study included 89 AML patients who were aged below 60 years and received treatment within the AML-17 and mOML-17 protocols. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies were performed in all patients. The presence of mutations in the FLT3, NPM1, CEBPa genes was assessed by fragment analysis. 35 patients underwent a study for mutTP53, mutRUNX1 using next generation sequencing (NGS). The minimum residual population of tumor cells was evaluated by multicolor flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed using the procedures of the SAS 9.3 package. Results. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in 89.7% of patients treated with intensive chemotherapy (CT) courses and in 52.4% of patients treated with low-dose CT courses. 8.8% of intensively treated patients were refractory to therapy, and 38% did not respond to low-dose exposure. The early mortality rate was 3%. The overall survival and disease-free 3-year survival for patients included in 2 consecutive studies was were 60% and 67%, respectively. The level of minimal residual disease (MRD) after the first course of induction CT was an important prognostic indicator. The three-year relapse-free survival for patients in whom CR was achieved after the first course of induction CT and in whom MRD was not detected (MRD-negative status was obtained) was 90% compared to 43% for patients who were MRD positive after the first course of induction CT (p=0.00001). Conclusion. The key factor that significantly affects the long-term results of therapy is the rate of MRD after the first course of induction CT.

Structural and functional characterization of the full-length TRPV1 channel from the thirteen-lined ground squirrel reveal the architecture of the extracellular cap domain and the intracellular C-terminus, and suggest a role of the cap domain in TRPV1 conductance and ion selectivity.

Introduction. The importance of controlling the organogenesis stages is that it provides the opportunity to create favorable conditions during the development of certain elements of the yield structure by caring crops and influence the grain quality. The objective of the work is to define a connection between the Earth remote sensing data and the state of winter wheat plants in the initial period of their growth and development. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was the winter wheat plantings. The wheat varieties “Odisseya”, “Olympus”, “Niva Stavropolya”, “Victoria 11”, “Nastya” and “Firuza 40” were sown by plot in the experimental field. The industrial crops of winter wheat were studied to assess the state of the plants in the tillering stage in 2012–2013, 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 agricultural years. The Earth remote sensing data were obtained using the “VEGA” service of FBSI “Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences”. Results. The obtained function of the dependence of NDVI of winter wheat crops on the height and development stage of plants is a polynomial of the third degree and is characterized by high accuracy (Rcorr = 0.98). The analysis of the NDVI, RED and NIR data of fields on dates close to the dates of collecting plant samples showed a considerable degree of relationship between the vegetation index NDVI and height of winter wheat plants. In 2013, the correlation coefficient was 0.60, in 2014 – 0.66, in 2016 – 0.80, and in 2013–2016 on average about 0.85. Discussion and Conclusion. The studies have shown that the Earth remote sensing data can be used to assess the state and degree of the development of winter wheat crops during the seeding and tillering stages, including in the production conditions. To improve the accuracy of the assessment, it is better to use the spectral brightness values in the infrared region of the spectrum.

The authors have proposed the novel approach for evaluation of the self-healing effect in carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) on micro- and macro samples, using the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and the double-cantilever beam delamination methods, respectively. A modified epoxy resin with a self-healing effect was used as the matrix for carbon plastics. The flexural modulus E’ of microsamples with delamination and the specific delamination energy (crack resistance) GIR of macrosamples with a given initial crack were chosen as criteria for evaluating the self-healing of carbon plastics. The sensitivity of the E’ and GIR parameters to the applied initial crack is shown. The value of the elastic modulus E’ with the initial crack can be reduced up to two times compared to the E’ values for the control materials, depending on the length of the initial crack. The degree of recovery of E’ for CFRP with a microcrack varies from 91 to 118%. A high degree of healing could be achieved in 48 h. The GIR value of CFRP samples with a given macroseparation after heat treatment is 7% of the initial GIR value (0.7 kJ/m2). Recovery of delaminations for microsamples is more efficient than for macrosamples. The study of CFRP cracks by X-ray tomography before and after self-healing showed that the crack “overgrows” during the heat treatment cycle, and the defects (pores) formed during the manufacture of the sample decrease in size.

В статье анализируются изменения, происходящие с частной жизнью человека под воздействием современных цифровых коммуникационных технологий. Объектом исследования выступает проблема соотношения приватной и публичной сфер человеческой жизни в рамках современной системы цифровых коммуникаций в ее взаимодействии с офлайн-миром. Показывается, что выделение сферы приватного и нормы соблюдения границ этой сферы возникают в ходе истории человечества постепенно; осознание необходимости охраны приватного и юридическое закрепление права на неприкосновенность частной жизни формируются лишь к концу XIX в. Демонстрируется, что в связи с прогрессом в сфере информационных технологий сформированных ранее систем защиты приватного оказывается недостаточно. На современном этапе развития цифровых технологий происходит тесное переплетение офлайн- и онлайн-жизни человека, в котором его манифестации в Интернете начинают играть не меньшую роль, чем его действия в материальном мире. Происходит расширение личностной идентичности человека, ее дополнение цифровыми или сетевыми идентификациями. В этой ситуации по-новому встает проблема приватности – не только с точки зрения защиты информации о пользователе от несанкционированного доступа извне, но с точки зрения рассмотрения личных страниц пользователя, его профилей в социальных сетях, в качестве приватных. В то время как человек считает свою страницу в соцсети своим приватным пространством, внешние пользователи оценивают ее как пространство публичного: следствием этого оказываются разного рода конфликты. Неправильно оценивая границы приватного пространства в Сети, многие люди позволяют себе поступки и высказывания, которые из-за смешения сфер публичного и приватного становятся заметными онлайн-событиями, способными повлиять на офлайн-жизнь. Показывается, что в современной Сети любое высказывание может оказаться в фокусе внимания множества людей, и автор высказывания попадет в ситуацию ответственности за свои слова перед всем миром. Неспособность справиться с подобной тотальной ответственностью может вести к отказу от ответственности как таковой, что чревато не только личностными, но и глобальными социальными кризисами.

Abstract Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is not notifiable in Belarus and its most common clinical presentation erythema infectiosum (EI) is often difficult to distinguish from other exanthematous diseases. The objective of this study was to provide comprehensive data about EI epidemiology in Belarus based on the serological and molecular investigation of samples from measles and rubella discarded cases collected between 2005 and 2019. Overall, 4919 sera were investigated for IgM antibodies against B19V and the positive cases were analysed according to year, season and age. B19V DNA was amplified by PCR in a total of 238 sera from all over the country, and sequenced for phylogenetic analyses. B19V infection was confirmed in 1377 (27.8%) measles and rubella discarded cases. Two high incidence periods and a seasonal increase of EI between mid-February to mid-July were identified. Children from 4 to 6 and from 7 to 10 years of age represented the largest groups of patients (22.51% and 22.66% of all cases, respectively), followed by adults between 20 and 29 years of age (14.23%). Among the 238 B19Vs sequenced, one belonged to subgenotype 3b and 237 to subgenotype 1a with 81 (34.2%) clustering with subtypes 1a1 and 153 (64.6%) with 1a2. Three strains (1.2%) formed an additional, well-supported cluster suggesting the presence of another subtype of 1a, tentatively named 1a3. The epidemiological and molecular analyses highlighted not only the prominent role of B19V in exanthematous diseases in Belarus, but also suggested a previously underestimated diversity of subgenotype 1a sequences with a third subtype 1a3.

Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr alloy was produced and studied in the work. Plates and wires were made of this alloy. The alloy was shown to have pure β-crystalline phase and to possess the required mechanical properties. Microstructures with a height of the order of several hundred nm, located at a distance of 1.5–2.0 μm were observed on the surface of the alloy. From the point of view of reactive oxygen species generation and long-lived reactive protein species formation, the Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr alloy is more preferrable than nitinol. Cultivation of cell cultures on Ti–30Nb–10Ta–5Zr surfaces resulted in high mitotic index (2%) and low content of non-viable cells (

The paper studies the artificial intelligence, the presence of robots, including anthropomorphic androids, endowed with artificial intelligence and using neuro-algorithms in the practices of modern man. The authors analyze the technology of the Internet of things, artificial intelligence in various spheres of modern life ‒ production, education, agriculture, public service and everyday practices. The authors study the problems of android: corporal ‒ aspects of the anthropomorphic appearance and “rational” ‒ possibilities and limitations of consciousness and reflection. The authors research the question of androids’ appearance. They study the question of perception of androids, especially if they look like humans and the features of the phenomenology of the android body. In this regard, the authors highlight the problem of “digital colonialism” ‒ a human consideration of technologies including androids in a utilitarian sense in the context of instrumental rationality. Despite the fact that in the nearest future androids will have characteristics that are almost indistinguishable from humans, and androids’ intellect is in many respects comparable to human ones, a man fails to “see” in robots a full-fledged “subject” or the Other. Phenomenological problem of gender, in relation to the image of the android, remains one of the acute topics, which is rarely discussed. Finally, the authors make assumptions about the place of androids in human and human-machine interactions. They discuss the idea of digital everyday life and the need to build harmonious relationships with the world of technical devices in the future.

Abstract Background Recombinant carbohydrases genes are used to produce transgenic woody plants with improved phenotypic traits. However, cultivation of such plants in open field is challenging due to a number of problems. Therefore, additional research is needed to alleviate them. Results Results of successful cultivation of the transgenic aspens (Populus tremula) carrying the recombinant xyloglucanase gene (sp-Xeg) from Penicillium canescens in semi-natural conditions are reported in this paper for the first time. Change of carbohydrate composition of wood was observed in transgenic aspens carrying the sp-Xeg gene. The transformed transgenic line Xeg-2-1b demonstrated accelerated growth and increased content of cellulose in wood of trees growing in both greenhouse and outside in comparison with the control untransformed line Pt. The accelerated growth was observed also in the transgenic line Xeg-1-1c. Thicker cell-wall and longer xylem fiber were also observed in both these transgenic lines. Undescribed earlier considerable reduction in the wood decomposition rate of the transgenic aspen stems was also revealed for the transformed transgenic lines. The decomposition rate was approximately twice as lower for the transgenic line Xeg-2-3b in comparison with the control untransformed line Pt. Conclusion A direct dependence of the phenotypic and biochemical traits on the expression of the recombinant gene sp-Xeg was demonstrated. The higher was the level of the sp-Xeg gene expression, the more pronounced were changes in the phenotypic and biochemical traits. All lines showed phenotypic changes in the leave traits. Our results showed that the plants carrying the recombinant sp-Xeg gene do not demonstrate a decrease in growth parameters in semi-natural conditions. In some transgenic lines, a change in the carbohydrate composition of the wood, an increase in the cell wall thickness, and a decrease in the rate of decomposition of wood were observed.

The relevance. State Register of Reserves booked 482 fields of raw hydrocarbons (in the order of 12 billion tonnes of recoverable reserves) in Yugra. 273 fields are at production stage, 210 fields are at different stages of research. Current depletion of producing fields is 61% and their current water cut is above 85%. Modern stage is characterized by decreasing production rate virtually at all objects of oil recovery and increasing of hard to recover reserves component to 65–70%. The main task for fuel and energy manufacturers of Yugra – the major base of raw hydrocarbon materials and recovery in Russia – is to stabilize oil production on the reached in 2018 level at 235–236 million tonnes per year. Solving of this problem is impossible without application of innovative enhanced oil recovery technologies. The main aimof the research is the efficiency analysis (from viewpoint of additional production) of tertiary technologies of enhanced oil recovery factor at fields of Yugra, which were introduced while operation. Object. Peculiarities and field-geological results of enhanced oil recovery methods at fields of Yugra (2013–2019): physical and chemical, hydrodynamic, hydraulic fracturing, horizontal drilling, sidetracking, bottomhole treatment and other methods – well interventions operations for optimization of well stock work. Methods. Retrospective comparative analysis of performed enhanced oil recoverywell operations and additional oil production: physical and chemical– 48016, hydrodynamic– 23374, hydraulic fracturing– 28454, horizontal drilling– 11225, sidetracking– 9010,bottomhole treatment– 44081, well interventions operations– 32123 operations. Results. Field-geological and statistical reporting data of Research and Analytical Center for the Rational Use of the Subsoil named after V.I. Shpilman and Department of Subsurface Management & Natural Resources of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug–Yugrawas analyzed. A trend of stabilization of annual oil recovery is emerged in Yugra. Thereat, a fraction of additional oil production was increased from 9,4% in 2013 to 16,0% in 2019 due to application of enhanced oil recovery methods and well interventions operations. The major methods of intensification of production and enhanced oil recovery are physical and chemical, bottomhole treatment and hydrodynamic. The most effective methods, which provide additional production, are horizontal drilling, sidetrackingand hydraulic fracturing. Application of enhanced oil recovery methods requires enhancement of scientific and technical explanation of optimal conditions of construction and operation of development systems. The fraction of hard to recover reserves of oil is about 60% in average and for several companies is 75–80%, for this reason today there is no alternative to development of tertiary enhanced oil recovery methods at the fields of Yugra.

Ni(Mg)Al-layered hydroxides with molar ratios of (Ni + Mg)/Al = 2, 3, 4 and Ni/(Ni + Mg) = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 were synthesized by mechanochemical activation. It has been proven that the phase composition of the samples was presented by a single hydrotalcite phase up to Ni/(Ni + Mg) = 0.5. For the first time, catalysts based on Ni(Mg)Al-layered hydroxides prepared by a mechanochemical route have been studied in the reaction of furfural hydrogenation. The correlation between furfural conversion, the selectivity of the products, and the composition of the catalysts was established. The effect of phase composition, surface morphology, and microstructure on the activity of the catalysts was shown by XRD, SEM, and TEM. It was found that catalysts with Ni/(Ni + Mg) = 0.5 have the highest furfural conversion. Herewith, the product selectivity can be regulated by the (Ni + Mg)/Al ratio.

The paper introduces the solution of the wave equation of the electromechanical system of electric power engineering in the form of a soliton – solitary wave. The causes of such waves are described. The solutions are considered in the phase plane, a numerical example of the soliton solution was given. The main aim of the research is to find the soliton solutions in transients of electromechanical systems, and explain the causes of their occurrence, explain this physical phenomenon, determine the role this phenomenon plays in the sustainability assessment, and propose the measures to eliminate the violation of stability in the presence of a soliton wave. Methods: phase plane method, numerical differential equation by the Runge–Kutt method, state space method. Results. It was found out that when the turbine–generator equation solution is approaching to the dynamic stability boundary, the solitons – solitary waves of the generator angle – appear. Conclusions., These waves behave like particles at propagation, that allows analyzing the exchange of energies (power flows) as the exchange in mechanical particles with energies. When stability is violated, harmonic oscillations arise, which are transformed into a group of solitons which propagation can be considered as the propagation of particles.