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The identity management (IM) solutions are designed for facilitating and managing in digital field that identifies to perform the authentication operation which has been widely used for the real-world applications. The blockchain-based IM solutions are provided which allows the user to take the control of his or her identity. The existing blockchain-based IM models and based identified the research gap and other opportunities that will improve the present research work. Also, the information for owners who are trustworthy, traceable, secure ownership for the medical data that created seriousness in the security issues. The techniques and systems were centralized made difficult for sharing the medical data that have increased the single point of failure. The blockchain technology enabled the transparent, dependable, and auditable computing in various industries that used the decentralized network in the public ledger. The main objective is to exchange data in a safe and secure manner by using unalterable logs. To achieve and to improve the transparency, security and privacy, the verifiable digital signature with controlled blockchain enabled data records (DVS-CBDR) is introduced. Performance study of the proposed system has been assessed by a number of studies, examining throughput (170 tx/s), transaction response time (21 s), latency (5 s), memory usage (200 MB), and CPU utilization (98 Hz) which is better than patient-controlled blockchain enabled electronic health records for healthcare (PcBEHR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, blockchain technology has developed rapidly and has been widely used in medical, financial, energy and other fields. However, in the process of practical application, each blockchain is a small independent ecosystem, with all transactions and operations limited to the chain, resulting in a large number of mutually heterogeneous to independent blockchains. It presents challenges for cross-chain interactions, cross-organization data sharing, and cross-blockchain expansion, and hinders the wider application of blockchain technology. In addition, the traditional digital signature method based on elliptic curve cipher faces the threat of being cracked by quantum computing attacks. To solve the aforementioned problems, this paper proposed a blockchain smart contract technique based on quantum computing attack resistance(BSCTQCAT). The technique first introduces the digital signature of the lattice cipher into the blockchain to resist the quantum search algorithm attack. Then, based on the smart contract authentication scheme, the nodes on multiple heterogeneous chains are organized into an identity agent layer P2P network, through which transactions on the chain will establish a credible identity management and message authentication mechanism between different chains, solving the current problem that each chain is difficult to communicate with each other. In this paper, the performance of the algorithm is evaluated by simulating the Bitcoin transaction scenario and analyzing the experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in computing and communication technology have increased the number of devices connected to the Internet, leading to the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology. However, currently available network security measures are mainly designed for devices with higher computing power and cannot be directly applied to IoT devices. Client authentication is a fundamental aspect of security in IoT systems and is often achieved using digital signatures. Current IoT client authentication methods, such as RSA and ECDSA, are resource-intensive and vulnerable to attacks. Non-interactive zero-knowledge proof approaches are more suitable for IoT networks. MQTT is a widely used communication protocol in the IoT environment, but the client authentication feature of the standard MQTT protocol is poor. This paper proposes improving the elliptic curve cryptography-based non-interactive zero-knowledge proof authentication algorithm ECDSA. The proposed algorithm, T-ECDSA, uses a timestamp-based key to encrypt/decrypt the signature, valid only for a short period, making signature reuse invalid. The T-ECDSA is incorporated into the MQTT broker to avoid the requirement of a different dedicated server for authentication purpose. The experimental results demonstrate better security and improved time and execution complexity for the T-ECDSA compared to the standard ECDSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Eurocrypt'96, the concept of Designated Verifier Signature was proposed. Such signatures can only be verified by a single designated verifier specified during signature creation. However, there exist situations in which the signer, as well as the designated verifier, should be equipped with the ability to check the validity of the signature. At the same time, either of them should be able to help third parties to verify the signature. This is achieved by Directed Signature Schemes. In this paper, we consider directed signatures in the certificateless cryptography setting and propose an efficient pairing-free certificateless directed signature (CLDS) scheme. Then, we prove that the proposed CLDS scheme meets the needed security requirements in the random oracle model and under the assumption of the hardness of discrete logarithm and Gap Diffie-Hellman problems. We also compare the proposed scheme with the related ones to indicate the overall superiority of the proposed CLDS scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of computer and internet technology, quantum signature plays an extremely important role in modern secure communication. Quantum homomorphic aggregate signature, as an important guarantee of quantum signature, plays a significant role in reducing storage, communication, and computing costs. This article draws on the idea of quantum multi-party summation and proposes a quantum homomorphic aggregate signature scheme based on quantum Fourier transform. Our scheme uses n-particle entangled states as quantum channels, with different particles of each entangled state sent separately. This ensures secure transmission of signatures and messages with fewer entangled particles during transmission, further improving the efficiency of quantum signatures. Meanwhile, our scheme generates private keys for each participating party by randomly constructing key generation matrixes. Different signers perform quantum Fourier transforms and basis exchange operations on entangled particles based on different messages and private keys to generate signatures. In addition, the aggregator does not need to measure and verify the signature particles after receiving signatures from different signers, and the group addition operation process has additive homomorphism. Security analysis shows that our scheme has unforgeability, non-repudiation, and can resist various attacks such as entanglement measurement attacks, intercept-resend attacks, private key sequence attacks, and internal attacks by aggregator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vehicular energy networks (VENs) operating in smart health care systems (SHaCarS), reputation of vehicles, i.e., ambulances, plays an important role as all functions depend upon it including message sharing, energy trading, etc. Keeping this in view, this paper presents a reputation management scheme. To ensure that the proposed scheme is secure and transparent, Blockchain (BC) technology is used. In the proposed model, the registration of ambulances is performed through a certificate authority (CA). Later, a pseudo mechanism is designed using Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm, which ensures conditional anonymity and traceability. The ambulances are provided with the pseudo identities, which are mapped with the real identities to prevent disputes. Besides, the proposed scheme uses a Shamir secret sharing (SSS) algorithm to enable distributed revocation in BC based VENs operating in SHaCarS. In addition, the ambulances' reputation information is stored in interplanetary file system (IPFS) in an efficient manner. The hashes are generated by IPFS upon data storage, which are then stored in BC. The performance evaluation of the proposed system is done via extensive simulations. The results show 18–20% reduction in computational overhead and 35–40% reduction in storage overhead. The proposed system's robustness is tested by inducing the 51% attack and the replay attack. In addition, the security analysis of the smart contract is performed using Oyente. The results show that the system proposed for reputation management in the underlying work is robust and computationally efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the security of electronic transactions on limited goods, some quantum blind double signature (QBDS) protocols were proposed. In existing QBDS protocols, all participants must have specific quantum computing capabilities. Realistically, high cost of quantum devices may hinder people from using the QBDS protocol. Therefore, we propose a semi-quantum arbitrator blind double signature (SQABDS) scheme. In this scheme, the sender (signer) and the receiver both are classical participants, which can relatively reduce the dependence on quantum hardware. The introduction of blind signers can protect the privacy of electronic transactions, the introduction of semi-trusted arbitrator can relax the strong assumption about the trustworthiness of the arbitrator, for the arbitrator cannot forge the signature. In addition, the SQABDS scheme can be used to sign classical messages directly without performing any quantum swapping tests or quantum gate operations. Finally, the analysis shows that our scheme is securer and its quantum cost is relatively lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chiral analog of transient absorption spectroscopy, transient circular dichroism (TCD) spectroscopy is an emerging time-resolved method. Both spectroscopic methods can probe the electronic transitions of a sample, and TCD is additionally sensitive to the dynamic aspects of chirality, such as those induced by molecular excitons. Here, we develop a theoretical description of TCD for electronic multi-level models in which the pump pulse is linearly polarized and probe pulse is alternately left- and right-circularly polarized. We derive effective response functions analogous to those often used to describe other four-wave mixing methods and then simulate and analyze TCD spectra for three representative multi-level electronic model systems. We elaborate on the presence and detection of the spectral signatures of electronic coherences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has driven the rapid growth of electronic transactions. The use of electronic signatures (TTE) is also a practical solution in electronic transactions. This research aims to determine the validity of TTE in electronic transactions based on PP No. 71 of 2019. This research uses normative legal research methods with a juridical-normative approach. Research data was obtained from literature studies of statutory regulations, books, scientific journals and other secondary legal sources. Data were analyzed qualitatively using interpretation and description methods. The research results show that based on Government Regulation (PP) no. 71 of 2019 concerning Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions, electronic signatures are recognized as a valid form of signature in electronic transactions. Electronic Signatures used in Electronic Transactions can be generated through various signing procedures. Electronic Signatures have legal force and legal consequences as long as they meet the requirements. So it can be concluded that electronic signatures have validity and legal force that is recognized in electronic transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Domain reconstruction imposes honeycomb and kagome superstructures in twisted MoS 2 bilayer with small twist angles. • Superstructures introduce valence bands resembling band structures of graphene (θ → 0 °) and hexagonal boron nitride (θ → 60 °). • Flat bands emerge for small twist angles. For twists close to 60°, super-heavy fermions govern the valence band. Angeli and MacDonald reported a superlattice-imposed Dirac band in twisted bilayer molybdenum disulphide (tBL MoS 2) for small twist angles towards the R h M (parallel) stacking. Using a hierarchical set of theoretical methods, we show that the superlattices differ for twist angles with respect to metastable R h M (0°) and lowest-energy H h h (60°) configurations. When approaching R h M stacking, identical domains with opposite spatial orientation emerge. They form a honeycomb superlattice, yielding Dirac bands and a lateral spin texture distribution with opposite-spin-occupied K and K' valleys. Small twist angles towards the H h h configuration (60°) generate H h h and H h X stacking domains of different relative energies and, hence, different spatial extensions. This imposes a symmetry break in the moiré cell, which opens a gap between the two top-valence bands, which become flat already for relatively small moiré cells. The superlattices impose electronic superstructures resembling graphene and hexagonal boron nitride into trivial semiconductor MoS 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-chain transaction technologies have greatly promoted the scalability of cryptocurrencies, which then facilitates the development of Metaverse applications. However, existing solutions rely heavily on centralized middleware (notary) or smart contracts. These schemes lack privacy considerations, and users' cross-chain transactions are easy to master by other parties. Some signature-based payment schemes have good privacy but do not support multi-party cross-chain protocols or rely heavily on some time assumptions. The uncertainty of user behavior makes it difficult to design a secure multi-party cross-chain protocol. To solve these problems, we investigate how to design a secure multi-party cross-chain transaction protocol with offline tolerance. We propose a new signature algorithm called the pre-adaptor signature scheme, an extension of the adaptor signature scheme. The pre-adaptor signature scheme combines the multi-signature and adaptor signature schemes, which can realize the secret transmission channel between multiple parties. To provide offline tolerance, we encode our protocol into the P2SH script. Our protocol provides better privacy due to no dependence on smart contracts. The performance evaluation was conducted with ten participants. For each participant of our cross-chain protocol, the initialization and execution process can be performed in 3 milliseconds and with 6 k bytes of communication overhead at most. The cost increases linearly with the increase in the number of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Popularity of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and Ethereum is exponentially increasing in global financial market whose market capitalization is $400 and $250 billions, respectively (Patel and Doshi, 2021). Due to its huge growing popularity and being decentralized unsupervised protocol, potential attackers steal the cryptocurrency by changing the ownership of it without the consent of cryptocurrency owners. Bitcoin uses elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) for signing its transactions. The underlying concept of ECDSA is elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem (ECDLP) with assumption that solving ECDLP is infeasible and is a computationally hard problem. Some attacks on ECDSA involve complicated Fourier analysis and lattice mathematics. Leaking cryptographic keys can be in two forms, namely explicit leak or implicit leak (Brengel and Rossow, 2018). In explicit leak, the cryptographic keys are posted in public knowingly or accidentally, whereas in implicit leak the cryptocurrency or software developers may wrongly apply the cryptographic primitives. Initially we begin with a ECDSA signature to sign a message using private key and validate the generated signature using the shared public key. Then, we use a nonce or a random value to randomize the generated signature. ECDSA nonce bias can be exploited in many ways; for instance, every time we sign, a new verifiable random nonce value is created and way in which the intruder can discover the private key if the signer leaks any one of the nonce value or if same nonce is repeatedly used to sign multiple messages. In contrast to above attack on ECDSA, we use the Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovasz (LLL) method; here, we attack signatures generated from bad nonce or bad random number generator (RAG) on selected NIST and SECP curves. The comparative analysis for each of the curves over leak–weak nonces and with Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovasz method to crack ECDSA is done by considering various parameters such as number of private keys, single nonce, multiple nonces, single signature, multiple signatures of varying bit sizes of length 64 bits, 128 bits, 256 bits, 512 bits, 1024 bits. Also, we clearly show safe and unsafe curves on leak–weak nonces and LLL method with its average computational efficiency across various bit sizes to crack ECDSA. The results demonstrate that leak–weak nonce method performs exponentially better over LLL to crack ECDSA. In addition to finding multiple vulnerabilities on ECDSA and to avoid leak–weak nonces, we use T-of-N threshold signing algorithm using GG20 where nonce k is distributed across N parties unlike having with one single party. We implement our scheme and evaluate it among group of N parties. This paper enables cryptographers to identify efficient ways in which ECDSA can be cracked with leak–weak nonces and LLL algorithm using NIST and SECP curves, kind of attacks that can crack ECDSA and how to safeguard against such attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work intends to comprehensively analyze the application of blockchain technology in enterprise financial accounting information sharing and address prevalent issues such as information opacity, data tampering, and data security in the current practices. Therefore, it writes smart contracts based on the Ethereum platform to achieve the secure sharing of financial accounting information between enterprises. This work employs a randomized experimental design approach, using a computer-generated random number program to divide 100 enterprises into experimental and control groups, each comprising 50 enterprises. Enterprises in the experimental group share financial accounting information using smart contracts on the Ethereum platform during the experiment. The financial personnel of these enterprises upload reconciled data to the corresponding smart contracts using the enterprise's digital signatures after each month's accounting process. Enterprises in the control group continue to use traditional methods of financial accounting information sharing (such as email and web platforms) to share financial data files directly. Quantitative analysis is performed to compare the data between the experimental and control groups. Empirical results reveal a notable enhancement in information-sharing efficiency by 25.7%, a 19.8% improvement in data accuracy, and a 13.6% reduction in financial information-sharing costs within the experimental group compared to the control group. This work provides compelling evidence that adopting blockchain-based information-sharing methods can effectively elevate data trustworthiness and security. Supported by systematic empirical findings, this work validates the significant potential of blockchain technology in the realm of enterprise financial accounting information sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum secret sharing is widely applied in the fields, such as communications and data transmission. In this paper, we propose an authenticable dynamic quantum multi-secret sharing scheme based on the Chinese remainder theorem. In our scheme, the dynamic update of the participants set is permissible without changing the shared secret. To share multi-secret, the distributor generates corresponding shares based on the Chinese remainder theorem and monotone span program, and the GHZ state acts as the information carrier traveling among the participants in the authorization set; the participants utilize the Hadamard operator and Pauli operators to embed their shares in the traveling particles. In this way, the participants will reconstruct multiple secrets. Furthermore, the proposed quantum digital signature algorithm based on entanglement swapping is utilized to realize the identity authentication between participants. The security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can resist intercept-resend attack, entanglement-measurement attack, internal dishonest participant attack, add or withdraw participant attack, and denial attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advance care planning enables people to record their future health and care wishes and appoint someone as an advocate. An advance directive can be made in the event that a person is incapacitated, so that their wishes are still upheld. The beliefs of the nephrology team might affect patients' choices and willingness to sign an advance directive. To increase the number of dialysis patients who have signed an advance directive, it is necessary to educate the nephrology medical staff. Aim: To explore the intention to sign an advance directive and its related factors among nephrology medical staff. Methods: A cross-sectional and correlational design was used. This study recruited 160 nephrology medical staff. Data were analysed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science 21.0 for Windows. Findings: The results found that the longer someone has worked as part of the nephology medical staff, the more knowledgeable they were about an advance directive. This led to them being more likely to want to sign an advance directive for themselves. Conclusion: In order to improve the knowledge and awareness of advance directives among nephrology medical staff, hospital managers should provide continuing education on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risks of misusing new and developing technology are increasing on a daily basis. In these technologies, electronic communication (e-communication) anonymously delivers sensitive information. It is a challenging task in e-communication to conceal the identity of the original users and preserve misuse risk protection (i.e., security and privacy) with low computations. On the other hand, anonymous communication may be detrimental. For security and privacy maintenance, we use the concept of Misuse Risk Protection (MRP) for low computations and High-Performance Computing (HPC). To overcome these challenges, the researchers use the concept of blind signature, blind singcryption and ID-based signcryption for e-communication environments. We analyzed blind and ID-based signcryption schemes and their security hardness, which is based on different Discrete Logarithm Problems (DLP) such as Elliptic Curve DLP (ECDLP), Hyperelliptic Curve DLP (HECDLP), and bilinear pairing etc. In this paper, we also investigated that the proposed schemes attain the desired MRP features, HPC (e.g., low computation and communication overheads) than the existing schemes, which makes the newly proposed scheme more suitable for low-power environments. Finally, all schemes with small key sizes provide low computation and communication overhead. Due to low computation and communication overheads, it is considered efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) is a rapidly expanding technology composed of devices embedded with sensors, specialized hardware, and software to connect with other devices and servers on the internet. With this rapid expansion, it faces some major hurdles in data secrecy, privacy, and device integrity, and perhaps, in general, digital identity has been a major problem on the internet. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has provided a standardized format through which one can specify his identity called Decentralised Identifiers (DIDs). Blockchain technology, alongside decentralized identifiers and public-key cryptography, offers a peer-to-peer identity and credential management model through self-sovereign identity. Combining the decentralized identity and blockchains provides us with verifiable credentials through which one can verify the identities of transacting peers by decentralized registration and discovery of public keys needed to verify digital signatures. This combined framework is trusted, permissioned, supports device registration and verification along with revocation of device credentials, is secure, respects the privacy of the participating nodes, and maintains the integrity of their data. With several new communication protocols being developed for IoT and leveraging the Blockchain protocols in the domain of IoT, this paper quantitatively compares the performance of the well-known IoT communication protocols such as CoAP, MQTT, and DIDComm in real-time testbed on various parameters, and the results are tabulated. Device data has also been replicated across multiple peers using decentralized storage such as InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elliptic curve cryptography is a widely deployed technology for securing digital communication. It is the basis of many cryptographic primitives such as key agreement protocols, digital signatures, and zero-knowledge proofs. Fast elliptic curve cryptography relies on heavily optimised modular arithmetic operations, which are often tailored to specific micro-architectures. In this article, we study and evaluate optimisations of the popular elliptic curve Curve25519 for ARM processors. We specifically target the ARM NEON single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) architecture, which is a popular architecture for modern smartphones. We introduce a novel representation for 128-bit NEON SIMD vectors, optimised for SIMD parallelisation, to accelerate elliptic curve operations significantly. Leveraging this representation, we implement an extended twisted Edwards curve Curve25519 back-end within the popular Rust library "curve25519-dalek". We extensively evaluate our implementation across multiple ARM devices using both cryptographic benchmarks and the benchmark suite available for the Signal protocol. Our findings demonstrate a substantial back-end speed-up of at least 20% for ARM NEON, along with a noteworthy speed improvement of at least 15% for benchmarked Signal functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a distributed collection of sensor nodes which are distributed geographically in the deployed environment to sense the natural phenomena. The sensed data are transmitted by the nodes using multi-hop communication until it reaches to the base station. Due to its resource-constraint nature of device and its communication in open and unfriendly environment, providing energy optimization along with the secured communication is a major challenge. In this work, a trust-aware neuro-fuzzy-based clustering along with sparrow search optimization algorithm (NF-SSOA) is proposed to provide energy-efficient trust-aware cluster-based secured data transmission in WSNs. The proposed protocol performs effective clustering of the nodes by employing neuro-fuzzy clustering algorithm, and routing is performed by sparrow search optimization algorithm. ECC-based digital signature algorithm is used in the proposed system to provide an efficient lightweight key generation, encryption, decryption, signature generation, and verification and to ensure hop-to-hop authentication of the nodes in WSNs. Moreover, the proposed protocol employs pseudo-random identity generation for performing anonymous authentication during data transmission in the network. The proposed protocol is implemented by using NS3 simulator. The simulation results prove that the proposed protocol improves energy consumption analysis, throughput, network delay, network lifetime, and packet delivery ratio when it is compared with other existing protocols. Moreover, the proposed protocol shows significant potential for resistance to various security and improves the quality of services in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction/purpose: All data exchanged over the Internet as well as other computer networks should be considered exposed to various types of security threats. In light of this, the transmission of voice over applications that do not use any type of crypto-protection allows anyone to discern the content of communication. Since voice transmission requires as little delay as possible, various protocols are used to enable crypto protected real-time communication. This paper presents one solution in a desktop application variant. Methods: The essence in voice exchange systems as well as in other systems where real-time communication is necessary is the establishment of a crypto-protected session which is a virtual secure channel for communication to which only the communicating parties have access. Voice sessions in the application are established with the SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) protocol. The sessions are further protected using the ZRTP (Zimmerman Real-time Transport Protocol) protocol. FusionPBX was used as the SIP server (registrar) for testing purpouses. The application is developed in C++ language using the Qt framework. Results: The final version of the application demostrates that ZRTP and SIP protocols are well suited for establishing crypto protected voice communications with low delay. Conclusion: This solution provides cryptographic functions for data secrecy and the management of cryptographic keys. Improving the solution with digital signatures and certificates will result in additional cryptographic functions: data integrity and personal identification. With this improvement, this solution will be able to withstand modern security threats with low delay [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of information technology, electronic signature plays an increasingly important role in people's production practice. However, there are a large number of hackers maliciously stealing information in the network. In order to avoid this phenomenon, we urgently need to strengthen the research on online electronic signature recognition technology. Based on the sparse classification technology of neural model, this paper constructs an online electronic signature recognition model by using convolutional neural network and sparse classification technology. We first extract the local features of online electronic signatures, construct feature vectors and perform sparse representation. Sub-model we construct a scheme for online electronic signature recognition based on neural models and sparse classification techniques using a combination of algorithms. We first extract the local features of online electronic signatures, construct feature vectors and perform sparse representation. At the same time, the features in the training image set are extracted, local feature sets are constructed, feature dictionaries are created, and the vectors in the feature dictionaries are matched with the global sparse vectors constructed by the electronic signatures to be detected, and the matching results are finally obtained. At the same time, the features in the training image set are extracted, the local feature set is constructed, the feature dictionary is created, and the vector in the feature dictionary is matched with the global sparse vector constructed by the electronic signature to be detected, and finally the matching result is obtained. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, we first extracted 1000 respondents for online e-signature recognition experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of online e-signature has been significantly improved. Finally, in order to determine the optimal number of training sets for the model constructed in this experiment, we analyzed the correlation between training and sample size and recognition accuracy. Finally, it was concluded that the recognition accuracy increased with the increase of the number of training samples. Electronic signatures can quickly examine the signature results, and electronic signature recognition can be used to fix and tamper-proof evidence to enhance the security and trustworthiness of signatures, and it is imperative to improve the security of electronic signatures. In this paper, we study online electronic signature recognition technology, using neural model and sparse classification to construct an efficient and accurate recognition model. Experiments show that the model is effective and the number of training samples affects the recognition accuracy. This paper provides a new approach for the development of this technique. When the training samples are greater than 1300, the recognition accuracy is stable at 95%. This research has certain theoretical and practical significance, and promotes the rapid development of online electronic signature recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to select an applicable framework for modelling the spread of the Hungarian eID card, as an innovation, among the Hungarian population. Using the concepts of the selected theory, a basic model is also outlined, which can serve as a foundation for further research. Keeping the characteristics of the Hungarian eID card in mind, this article compares the various technology acceptance theories. Considering the specialties of the identity document, the Diffusion of Innovations is the most suitable framework for examining the spread of the Hungarian eID card and its electronic functions in Hungary. Through the outlined model, the factors preventing the spread can be identified, and new research directions can also be determined. With the further development of the model, a diffusion plan can be created that would greatly facilitate the spread of the examined electronic identification document. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the expressions of will in electronic contracts, highlighting the unique characteristics of mutual assent in these contracts compared to traditional ones. Topics include the legal provisions governing electronic contracts, the challenges posed by their uniqueness, and the distinction between national and international characteristics of electronic contracts.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is one of the public key cryptosystems that works based on the algebraic models in the form of elliptic curves. Usually, in ECC to implement the encryption, the encoding of data must be carried out on the elliptic curve, which seems to be a preprocessing step. Similarly, after the decryption a post processing step must be conducted for mapping or decoding the corresponding data to the exact point on the elliptic curves. The Memory Mapping (MM) and Koblitz Encoding (KE) are the commonly used encoding models. But both encoding models have drawbacks as the MM needs more memory for processing and the KE needs more computational resources. To overcome these issues the proposed enhanced Koblitz encoding technique is used with the ECC for enhancing the security. The proposed model was compared to the existing model and found to be more efficient in terms of security. The proposed model ensure confidentiality with the encryption technique, Integrity by using the Hashing method, and authenticity and nonrepudiationwith the utilization of digital signature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantum digital signature (QDS) has become a popular research topic in the field of quantum information, due to its information-theoretic security on signing signatures. However, weak coherent sources are often utilized as light sources in most previous QDS protocols, resulting in relative limited secure transmission distance. Here, we propose a four-intensity decoy-state QDS scheme based on heralded single-photon sources (HSPS) and present a concise security analysis in the finite-size scenario. Furthermore, we carry out corresponding experimental demonstrations, and successfully sign messages at 14.4 dB and 24.4 dB, verifying the good performance of implementing QDS with HSPS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of post-quantum security, isogeny-based cryptography stands out for its ability to fight quantum attacks. One of the key operations in isogeny-based schemes is finite field multiplication, which plays a crucial role in cryptographic protocols such as key exchange and digital signatures. To ensure practical implementations of these schemes, efficient finite field multiplication is essential. In this research, a novel optimization approach, the Crossover-Boosted Water Cycle Algorithm (CB-WCA), to enhance the efficiency of finite field multiplication in isogeny-based cryptography is proposed. By using both the WCA and a crossover method inspired by genetic algorithms, the CB-WCA effectively explores solution areas, aiming for the best solutions. The formulation of the finite field multiplication optimization problem and an objective function that quantifies the efficiency of the multiplication process based on computational cost is presented and defined. The CB-WCA is then applied to find the optimal set of parameters for finite field multiplication algorithms. Extensive experimental evaluations are conducted, comparing the performance of the CB-WCA-optimized algorithms with traditional optimization methods and other metaheuristic algorithms. Through the findings, it is evident that the CB-WCA stands out for its ability to achieve faster execution times and decrease computational costs. Furthermore, the optimized finite field multiplication algorithms are integrated into isogeny-based cryptographic schemes and evaluate their impact on cryptographic protocol efficiency and security. Real-world implementations showcase the practical applicability of the optimized algorithms in hardware and software environments. To ensure the security of the optimized algorithms, rigorous cryptanalysis is performed to verify their resilience against potential attacks, ensuring they meet the highest standards of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current neuropsychiatric nosological categories underlie pragmatic treatment choice, regulation and clinical research but does not encompass biological rationale. However, subgroups of patients suffering from schizophrenia or Alzheimer's disease have more in common than the neuropsychiatric nature of their condition, such as the expression of social dysfunction. The PRISM project presents here initial quantitative biological insights allowing the first steps toward a novel trans-diagnostic classification of psychiatric and neurological symptomatology intended to reinvigorate drug discovery in this area. In this study, we applied spectral clustering on digital behavioural endpoints derived from passive smartphone monitoring data in a subgroup of Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease patients, as well as age matched healthy controls, as part of the PRISM clinical study. This analysis provided an objective social functioning characterization with three differential clusters that transcended initial diagnostic classification and was shown to be linked to quantitative neurobiological parameters assessed. This emerging quantitative framework will both offer new ways to classify individuals in biologically homogenous clusters irrespective of their initial diagnosis, and also offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of handwritten electronic signatures has expanded in various application scenarios, leading to an increased demand for identification. Unlike handwriting signatures, handwritten electronic signatures offer the advantage of extracting dynamic feature data, including writing pressure, velocity, and acceleration. In this study, the Fourier transform was employed to extract 18 characteristics from the time domain and frequency domain of writing pressure, velocity, and acceleration. The experimental findings revealed distinguishable differences between genuine signatures and random forgeries in writing pressure. However, no statistically significant differences were observed in writing velocity and writing acceleration. Moreover, significant differences were detected in most characteristics when comparing genuine signatures with freehand imitation forgeries and tracing imitation forgeries. The canonical discriminant analysis was performed between the genuine and Non‐genuine signatures; the cross‐validation estimated the discriminating power of these characteristics with a satisfactory result. The study proposed a new approach to analyzing handwritten electronic signatures using time‐domain and frequency‐domain characteristics and demonstrated its effectiveness in the examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum signature has become a hot topic in the current research of digital signature schemes due to its unconditional security. As a special kind of digital signature, ring signatures are frequently employed in practical situations because of their superior anonymity. In this work, we propose a quantum ring signature scheme based on secret sharing that does not use entanglement states. To guarantee the complete security of the participants' secret keys, the idea of secret sharing is incorporated into the quantum key distribution process during the key distribution stage. Each ring member contributes his private key share to the final verification formula through a recursive relationship throughout the signing and verification phases, and the verifier can utilize his private key share along with the user's public key to confirm the ring members' authenticity; The ε -AS2U hash function is used to encrypt the ring signer's identity during the entire signature process, which assures the signer's identity's complete anonymity, effectively protects the signer's privacy, and is more in line with practical requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene (MATBLG) has emerged with various interaction-driven novel quantum phases at the commensurate fillings of the moiré superlattice, while the charge neutrality point (CNP) remains mostly a trivial insulator. Here, we show an emerging phase of compensated semimetallicity at the CNP of twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBLG), a close cousin of MATBLG, with signatures of electronic correlation. Using electrical and thermal transport, we find two orders of magnitude enhancement of the thermopower at magnetic fields much smaller than the extreme quantum limit, accompanied by large magnetoresistance (~ 2500%) at CNP, providing strong experimental evidence of compensated semimetallicity at CNP of TDBLG. Moreover, at low temperatures, we observe unusual sublinear temperature dependence of resistance. A recent theory1 predicts the formation of an excitonic metal near CNP, where small electron and hole pockets co-exist. We understand this sublinear temperature dependence in terms of critical fluctuations in this theory. Twisted double bilayer graphene has recently become a popular system to investigate strongly correlated phenomenon where the twist angle is a key degree of freedom. Here, the authors investigate thermopower in twisted double bilayer graphene finding a large enhancement of thermopower and magnetoresistance within a small magnetic field near the charge neutrality point, indicating a compensated semimetallic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research, we discussed the concept of the E-contract in terms of its definition, international and regional guidelines, and national legislation. Since there are conditions for E-signature, we have illustrated them and explained their forms in the first section. In the second section, we discussed the authority of the E-signature in terms of its authority in international and regional guidelines in a first requirement and the protection of the electronic signature technically and criminally in a second requirement. The results and recommendations. Among the most important recommendations, we recommended that the Yemeni legislator quickly amend the texts of the Evidence Law and the Crimes and Penal Code and add texts that accommodate modern electronic means and build authority. The Judiciary has a broad plan to train judges and prosecutors, provide them with modern information knowledge, and raise the level of information efficiency in the professional sector to the judicial authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of things (IoT) is a recent developing technology in the field of smart healthcare. But it is difficult to transfer the patient's health record as a centralized network. So, "blockchain technology" has excellent consideration due to its unique qualities such as decentralized network, openness, irreversible data, and cryptography functions. Blockchain technology depends on cryptography hash techniques for safe transmission. For increased security, it transforms the variable size inputs into a constant length hash result. Current cryptographic hash algorithms with digital signatures are only able to access keys up to a size of 256 bytes and have concerns with single node accessibility. It just uses the bits that serve as the key to access the data. This paper proposes the "Revised Elliptic Curve Cryptography Multi-Signature Scheme" (RECC-MSS) for multinode availability to find the nearest path for secure communications with the medical image as keys. Here, the input image key can be converted into an array of data that can be extended up to 512 bytes of size. The performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed with other cryptography hash functions like Secure Hashing Algorithms (SHAs) such as "SHA224", "SHA256", "SHA384", "SHA512", "SHA3-224", "SHA3-256", "SHA3-384", "SHA3-512", and "Message Digest5" (MD5) by "One-way ANOVA" test in terms of "accuracy", "throughput" and "time complexity". The proposed scheme with ECC achieved the throughput of 17.07 kilobytes per 200 nano seconds, 93.25% of accuracy, 1.5 nanoseconds latency of signature generation, 1.48 nanoseconds latency of signature verification, 1.5 nanoseconds of time complexity with 128 bytes of hash signature. The RECC-MSS achieved the significance of 0.001 for accuracy and 0.002 for time complexity which are less than 0.05. From the statistical analysis, the proposed algorithm has significantly high accuracy, high throughput and less time complexity than other cryptography hash algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on quantum computers has advanced significantly in recent years. If humanity ever creates an effective quantum computer, many of the present public key cryptosystems can be compromised. These cryptosystems are currently found in many commercial products. We have devised solutions that seem to protect us from quantum attacks, but they are unsafe and inefficient for use in everyday life. In the paper, hash-based digital signature techniques are analyzed. A Merkle-tree-based digital signature is assessed. Using a Verkle tree and vector commitments, the paper explores novel ideas. The authors of this article present a unique technology for developing a post-quantum digital signature system using state-of-the-art Verkle tree technology. A Verkle tree, vector commitments, and vector commitments based on lattices for post-quantum features are used for this purpose. The concepts of post-quantum signature design utilizing a Verkle tree are also provided in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Telemetry units allow the continuous monitoring of vital signs and ECG of patients. Such physiological indicators work as the digital signatures and biomarkers of disease that can aid in detecting abnormalities that appear before cardiac arrests (CAs). This review aims to identify the vital sign abnormalities measured by telemetry systems that most accurately predict CAs. (2) Methods: We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and MEDLINE to search studies evaluating telemetry-detected vital signs that preceded in-hospital CAs (IHCAs). (3) Results and Discussion: Out of 45 studies, 9 met the eligibility criteria. Seven studies were case series, and 2 were case controls. Four studies evaluated ECG parameters, and 5 evaluated other physiological indicators such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and temperature. Vital sign changes were highly frequent among participants and reached statistical significance compared to control subjects. There was no single vital sign change pattern found in all patients. ECG alarm thresholds may be adjustable to reduce alarm fatigue. Our review was limited by the significant dissimilarities of the studies on methodology and objectives. (4) Conclusions: Evidence confirms that changes in vital signs have the potential for predicting IHCAs. There is no consensus on how to best analyze these digital biomarkers. More rigorous and larger-scale prospective studies are needed to determine the predictive value of telemetry-detected vital signs for IHCAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to frequent traffic accidents around the world, people often take out car insurance to mitigate their losses and receive compensation in a traffic accident. However, in the existing car insurance claims process, there are problems such as insurance fraud, inability to effectively track and transmit insurance data, cumbersome insurance procedures, and high insurance data storage costs. Since the immutability and traceability features of blockchain technology can prevent data manipulation and trace past data, we have used the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to sign and encrypt car insurance data, ensuring both data integrity and security. We propose a blockchain and IPFS-based anticounterfeiting and traceable car insurance claims system to improve the above problems. We incorporate the Interplanetary File System (IPFS) to reduce the cost of storing insurance data. This study also attempts to propose an arbitration mechanism in the event of a car insurance dispute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain technology provides efficient and secure solutions to various online activities by utilizing a wide range of cryptographic tools. In this article, we survey the existing literature on post-quantum secure digital signatures that possess exotic advanced features and that are crucial cryptographic tools used in the blockchain ecosystem for (1) account management, (2) consensus efficiency, (3) empowering scriptless blockchain, and (4) privacy. The exotic signatures that we particularly focus on in this work are the following: multi-/aggregate, threshold, adaptor, blind, and ring signatures. Herein the term "exotic" refers to signatures with properties that are not just beyond the norm for signatures, e.g., unforgeability, but also imbue new forms of functionalities. Our treatment of such exotic signatures includes discussions on existing challenges and future research directions in the post-quantum space. We hope that this article will help to foster further research to make post-quantum cryptography more accessible so that blockchain systems can be made ready in advance of the approaching quantum threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of codes defined by sparse characteristic matrices, like QC-LDPC and QC-MDPC codes, has become an established solution to design secure and efficient code-based public-key encryption schemes, as also witnessed by the ongoing NIST post-quantum cryptography standardization process. However, similar approaches have been less fortunate in the context of code-based digital signatures, since no secure and efficient signature scheme based on these codes is available to date. The main limitation of previous attempts in this line of research has been the use of sparse signatures, which produces some leakage of information about the private key. In this paper, we propose a new code-based digital signature scheme that overcomes such a problem by publishing signatures that are abnormally dense, rather than sparse. This eliminates the possibility of deducing information from the sparsity of signatures, and follows a recent trend in code-based cryptography exploiting the hardness of the decoding problem for large-weight vectors, instead of its classical version based on small-weight vectors. We focus on one-time use and provide a first parameterization of the new scheme, the main advantages of which are very fast signature generation and verification, and public keys that are not too large for a code-based signature scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a blockchain-based identity authentication (BA) scheme for IoT devices to solve the authentication security problem of IoT devices. The BA scheme uses hashing and digital signature algorithms to achieve integrity and nonrepudiation of authentication messages. Blockchain technology is used to achieve decentralised and distributed storage and management of authentication data. Besides, the BA scheme uses the idea of trust domains and trust credentials to establish a master-slave connection between IoT devices. The BA scheme is then compared with the existing four schemes and analysed from six perspectives to show that the BA scheme has better security. Also, the results show that the BA scheme has reasonable computational and storage overhead. Finally, the advantages of the BA scheme over traditional centralised and existing blockchain-based authentication schemes are compared and analysed. The results show that it can perfectly solve the problem of overreliance on trusted third parties in traditional authentication schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous development of quantum computing necessitates the development of quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms. In response to this demand, the National Institute of Standards and Technology selected standardized algorithms including Crystals-Dilithium, Falcon, and Sphincs+ for digital signatures. This paper provides a comparative evaluation of these algorithms across key metrics. The results indicate varying strengths and weaknesses for each algorithm, underscoring the importance of context-specific deployments. Our findings indicate that Dilithium offers advantages in low-power scenarios, Falcon excels in signature verification speed, and Sphincs+ provides robust security at the cost of computational efficiency. These results underscore the importance of context-specific deployments in specific and resource-constrained technological applications, like IoT, smart cards, blockchain, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, the security of sensor networks, especially in the field of IoT, has become a priority. This article focuses on the security features of the Zigbee protocol in Xbee devices developed by Digi International, specifically in the Xbee 3 (XB3-24) devices. Using the TI LaunchXL-CC26X2R1 kit, we intercepted and analyzed packets in real-time using the Wireshark application. The study encompasses various stages of network formation, packet transmission and analysis of security key usage, considering scenarios as follows: without security, distributed security mode and centralized security mode. Our findings highlight the differences in security features of Xbee devices compared to the Zigbee protocol, validating and invalidating methods of establishing security keys, vulnerabilities, strengths, and recommended security measures. We also discovered that security features of the Xbee 3 devices are built around a global link key preconfigured therefore constituting a vulnerability, making those devices suitable for man-in-the-middle and reply attacks. This work not only elucidates the complexities of Zigbee security in Xbee devices but also provides direction for future research for authentication methods using asymmetric encryption algorithms such as digital signature based on RSA and ECDSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable and accurate information is crucial for decision making in construction projects. However, stakeholders driven by profit have the potential to manipulate information, compromising information authentication and integrity (IAI). Even worse, digitization in the construction industry has made IAI extremely volatile, e.g., by easily copying, modifying, and falsifying. This study aims to ensure IAI by proposing a four-layer blockchain-based framework for combining smart construction objects (SCOs)–enabled oracles and hash-based digital signature techniques to protect both on-chain and off-chain information. Four deployed smart contracts provide three assurance mechanisms, i.e., signature verification, public data validation, and SCO cross-validation, which have been tested to improve the tampering detection accuracy by 19%, 11%, and 27%, respectively. The contribution of this study is to illustrate how a reliable and flexible blockchain oracle system can be established with limited resources to handle the concomitant IAI problem and provide an in-depth understanding of the IAI assurance mechanisms from the proposed framework. Future research can be conducted to reduce the signature size, enhance scalability, and further increase detection accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new candidate for a one-way ring homomorphism induced by a one-way (non-Abelian) group homomorphism. A multi-party digital signature scheme is also given as an application of the proposed one-way ring homomorphism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the link between periodontal microbiota and obesity in humans. We conducted a cohort study including 45 subjects with periodontitis divided into two groups: normo-weighted subjects with a body mass index (BMI) between 20 and 25 kg/m2 (n = 34) and obese subjects with a BMI > 30 kg/m2 (n = 11). Our results showed that obesity was associated with significantly more severe gingival inflammation according to Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area (PISA index). Periodontal microbiota taxonomic analysis showed that the obese (OB) subjects with periodontitis were characterized by a specific signature of subgingival microbiota with an increase in Gram-positive bacteria in periodontal pockets, associated with a decrease in microbiota diversity compared to that of normo-weighted subjects with periodontitis. Finally, periodontal treatment response was less effective in OB subjects with persisting periodontal inflammation, reflecting a still unstable periodontal condition and a risk of recurrence. To our knowledge, this study is the first exploring both salivary and subgingival microbiota of OB subjects. Considering that OB subjects are at higher periodontal risk, this could lead to more personalized preventive or therapeutic strategies for obese patients regarding periodontitis through the specific management of oral microbiota of obese patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronic signature is a matter of trust in the ownership of the signature for the owner, and it may be difficult for the other contracting party to verify its authenticity, hence the importance of dealing with and organizing the digital signature, and the aim of this study is to; we need to compare the legislation between EU and Jordan in the legislation governing the responsibility of the authentication service provider for the electronic signature, to find out whether there is a lack of organization legislation with regard to the work of the electronic signature service providers, and the article examines the adequacy of general regulations in supervising and supervising the duties of electronic service providers in Jordanian law, emphasizing the importance of establishing specific regulations, and the need to establish special rules in this particular responsibility, especially with regard to the development of specific rules in line with the uncitral model law on electronic signatures. As well as the EU directives on electronic signatures and many international legislations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper introduces a novel paradigm that synergizes innovative algorithms, namely efficient data encryption, the Quondam Signature Algorithm (QSA), and federated learning, to effectively counteract random attacks targeting Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The incorporation of federated learning not only fosters continuous learning but also upholds data privacy, bolsters security measures, and provides a robust defence mechanism against evolving threats. The Quondam Signature Algorithm (QSA) emerges as a formidable solution, adept at mitigating vulnerabilities linked to man-in-the-middle attacks. Remarkably, the QSA algorithm achieves noteworthy cost savings in IoT communication by optimizing communication bit requirements. By seamlessly integrating federated learning, IoT systems attain the ability to harmoniously aggregate and analyse data from an array of devices while zealously guarding data privacy. The decentralized approach of federated learning orchestrates local machine-learning model training on individual devices, subsequently amalgamating these models into a global one. Such a mechanism not only nurtures data privacy but also empowers the system to harness diverse data sources, enhancing its analytical capabilities. A thorough comparative analysis scrutinizes varied cost-in-communication schemes, meticulously weighing both encryption and federated learning facets. The proposed approach shines by virtue of its optimization of time complexity through the synergy of offline phase computations and online phase signature generation, hinged on an elliptic curve digital signature algorithm-based online/offline scheme. In contrast, the Slow Block Move (SBM) scheme lags behind, necessitating over 25 rounds, 1500 signature generations, and an equal number of verifications. The proposed scheme, fortified by its marriage of federated learning and efficient encryption techniques, emerges as an embodiment of improved efficiency and reduced communication costs. The culmination of this research underscores the intrinsic benefits of the proposed approach: marked reduction in communication costs, elevated analytical prowess, and heightened resilience against the spectrum of attacks that IoT systems confront. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]