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The use of cinnamaldehyde and Vitamin C can improve immunity and intestinal health. A two-way factorial design was employed to investigate the main and interactive effects of cinnamaldehyde and vitamin C on the growth, carcass, and intestinal health of broiler chickens. A total of 288 one-day-old female Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly distributed among four treatment groups, consisting of six replicate cages with 12 birds each. Four treatments were basal diet or control (CON), supplemental cinnamaldehyde (CA) 300 g/ton (g/t), vitamin C (VC) 300 g/t, and cinnamaldehyde 300 g/t, and vitamin C 300 g/t (CA + VC), respectively. The results showed that supplemental CA did not affect the growth performance or slaughter performance of broilers at 21 days (d), 42 days (d), and 1–42 days (d); however, it could improve intestinal barrier function at 42 d of age and reduce the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors in the intestine at 21 d and 42 d of age. Supplemental VC showed a trend towards increasing body weight gain (BWG) at 21 d (p = 0.094), increased breast muscle rate (at 21-d 5.33%, p < 0.05 and at 42-d 7.09%, p = 0.097), and decreased the abdominal fat (23.43%, p < 0.05) and drip loss (20.68%, p < 0.05) at 42-d. Moreover, VC improves intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function and maintains a balanced immune response. The blend of CA and VC significantly upregulated the mRNA expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD-88) in the intestine at 21 d of age, the mRNA expression of catalase (CAT), Occludin, Claudin-1, Mucin-2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in the intestine at 42 d of age (p < 0.01), and downregulated the mRNA expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the intestine at 21-d and 42-d of age, and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) mRNA in intestine at 42 d of age (p < 0.01). This study suggested that the combination of CA and VC had the potential to regulate intestinal health and result in better carcass character of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecological malignancies In women worldwide with a poor survival rate. Cinnamaldehyde (CA), a bioactive substance isolated from cinnamon bark, is a natural drug and has shown that it can inhibit the progression of other tumors. However, the role of CA in ovarian cancer and its mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, wound healing assays, plate cloning, CCK-8, and transwell assays were used to determine cell proliferation and invasion. Western blot and flow cytometry were used to detect apoptosis levels. Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect changes in cellular EMT levels. The Western blot was used to detect levels of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In vivo, we established a subcutaneous transplantation tumor model in nude mice to verify the role of CA in the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer. Our data showed that in vitro CA was able to inhibit the cell viability of ovarian cancer. The results of scratch assay and transwell assay also showed that CA inhibited the proliferation and invasion ability of A2780 and SKOV3 cells. In addition, CA promoted apoptosis by increasing the expression of cleaved-PARP and cleaved-caspase 3 in ovarian cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found that CA inhibited the EGF-induced PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and reduced the phosphorylation levels of mTOR, PI3K, and AKT. The EGF-induced EMT process was also abolished by CA. The EMT process induced by AKT-specific activator SC79 was also suppressed by CA. Furthermore, in in vivo, CA significantly repressed the progression of ovarian cancer as well as liver metastasis. In all, our results suggest that CA inhibits ovarian cancer progression and metastasis in vivo and in vitro and inhibits EGF-induced EMT processes through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Multidrug-resistant bacteria and the shortage of new antibiotics constitute a serious health problem. This problem has led to increased interest in the use of bacteriophages, which have great potential as antimicrobial agents but also carry the risk of inducing resistance. The objective of the present study was to minimize the development of phage resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by inhibiting quorum sensing (QS) and thus demonstrate the role of QS in regulating defense mechanisms. Results: Cinnamaldehyde (CAD) was added to K. pneumoniae cultures to inhibit QS and thus demonstrate the role of the signaling system in regulating the antiphage defense mechanism. The QS inhibitory activity of CAD in K. pneumoniae was confirmed by a reduction in the quantitative expression of the lsrB gene (AI-2 pathway) and by proteomic analysis. The infection assays showed that the phage was able to infect a previously resistant K. pneumoniae strain in the cultures to which CAD was added. The results were confirmed using proteomic analysis. Thus, anti-phage defense-related proteins from different systems, such as cyclic oligonucleotide-based bacterial anti-phage signaling systems (CBASS), restriction-modification (R-M) systems, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas (CRISPR-Cas) system, and bacteriophage control infection (BCI), were present in the cultures with phage but not in the cultures with phage and CAD. When the QS and anti-phage defense systems were inhibited by the combined treatment, proteins related to phage infection and proliferation, such as the tail fiber protein, the cell division protein DamX, and the outer membrane channel protein TolC, were detected. Conclusion: Inhibition of QS reduces phage resistance in K. pneumoniae, resulting in the infection of a previously resistant strain by phage, with a significant increase in phage proliferation and a significant reduction in bacterial growth. QS inhibitors could be considered for therapeutic application by including them in phage cocktails or in phage-antibiotic combinations to enhance synergistic effects and reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays, the bioeconomy and sustainability trends drive the food sector to replace chemical preservatives with bioactive compounds recovered from biomass such as essential oils (EOs) and their derivatives. Moreover, nanotechnology trend drives food sector in the nanoencapsulation of such bioactive compounds in novel edible formulations such as nanoemulsions to enhance their controlled release properties, their bioactivity and their biocompatibility. Methods: In this study the development and characterization of novel casein/ lecithin (CSN/LCN) based nanoemulsions (NEs) with carvacrol (CV), cinnamaldehyde (CI), citral (CT), and eugenol (EG) as nanoencapsulated oil phase is presented as well as the application of such NEs as active coatings for the preservation of fresh pork tenderloin. Results and discussion: DLS measurements as well as TEM images showed an average particle size distribution of 20--40 nm for all obtained NEs, while z-potential results indicate their physicochemical stability. All the obtained NEs needed at least 5 times less amount of EOs derivatives to scavenge 50% of radicals and demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes compared to free EOs derivatives. Pork fresh tenderloin meat treated with NEs demonstrated 30% higher efficacy in obtained lipid oxidation values than uncoated pork meat samples and 12% higher efficacy in obtained lipid oxidation values than pork meat samples treated with EOs derivatives. From a microbiological point of view NEs manage to extend pork tenderloin meat shelf life by 6 days compared to uncoated pork tenderloin meat and by 3 days compared to tenderloin pork meat coated with free EOs derivatives. Lab* colorimetry analysis as well as sensory analysis revealed that such edible CSN/LCN based NEs succeeded to preserve the texture, appearance, and color of pork tenderloin meat in higher acceptance limits compared to the corresponding characteristics of pork tenderloin meat coated with free EOs derivatives. Overall, the current study suggests novel CSN/LCN-based edible NEs as a promising technology that can be used as edible active coatings in the meat food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder that is distinguished by inflammation and chronic cartilage damage. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the catabolic processes that underlie the pathogenesis of OA. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes derived from untreated bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC-Exo) and those treated with cinnamaldehyde (BMMSC-CA-Exo) for preventing the in vitro catabolic effects of IL-1β on chondrocytes. We stimulated chondrocytes with IL-1β to mimic the inflammatory microenvironment of OA. We then treated these chondrocytes with BMMSC-Exo and BMMSC-CA-Exo isolated via an aqueous two-phase system and evaluated their effects on the key cellular processes using molecular techniques. Our findings revealed that treatment with BMMSC-Exo reduces the catabolic effects of IL-1β on chondrocytes and alleviates inflammation. However, further studies directly comparing treatments with BMMSC-Exo and BMMSC-CA-Exo are needed to determine if CA preconditioning can provide additional anti-inflammatory benefits to the exosomes beyond those of CA preconditioning or treatment with regular BMMSC-Exo. Through a comprehensive molecular analysis, we elucidated the regulatory mechanisms underlying this protective effect. We found a significant downregulation of proinflammatory signaling pathways in exosome-infected chondrocytes, suggesting the potential modulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling cascades. Furthermore, our study identified the molecular cargo of BMMSC-Exo and BMMSC-CA-Exo, determining the key molecules, such as anti-inflammatory cytokines and cartilage-associated factors, that may contribute to their acquisition of chondroprotective properties. In summary, BMMSC-Exo and BMMSC-CA-Exo exhibit the potential as therapeutic agents for OA by antagonizing the in vitro catabolic effects of IL-1β on chondrocytes. The regulation of the proinflammatory signaling pathways and bioactive molecules delivered by the exosomes suggests a multifaceted mechanism of action. These findings highlight the need for further investigation into exosome-based therapies for OA and joint-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella is a hazardous bacterium that can lead to dangerous human infections, as well as catastrophic losses in chicken production. Disinfectants are frequently used in chicken houses to prevent the spread of zoonotic infections such as Salmonella strains. The emergence of bacteria strains resistant to various disinfectants is a serious problem when using disinfectants. The resistance of certain Salmonella serotypes to quaternary ammonium compounds is a feature of these phenomena and some Salmonella spp. may carry the qacEDl and qacA/B genes, which are responsible for this resistance. So the purpose of this study was to identify Salmonella serotypes and determine the most important virulence genes of the serotypes obtained from samples taken from dead chicken embryos. Evaluation of the resistance of Salmonella strains against various disinfectants (Quaternary ammonium compounds QACS, iodine, and virkon S) and determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to investigate the antibacterial potential of plant essential oil components, such as thymol, cinnamaldehyde, and zingiberene, against Salmonella serotypes. A total of 115 samples were collected from dead chicken embryos, after isolation Salmonella isolates were reported to be 16/115 (13.9%). The most prevalent serotypes were Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella anatum and Salmonella poona. Through the treatment of the bacteria at various concentrations, the effectiveness of the disinfectant was determined. Research has shown that the type and concentration of the disinfectant affect its biocidal activity. PCR was also used to detect the presence of qacED1 and qacA/B genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have suggested that the encapsulation of natural antimicrobials increases their antimicrobial activity. In this sense, the objective was to study the inactivation of microorganisms with encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and vanillin (E-CIN and E-VN), in comparison with the unencapsulated antimicrobials (CIN and VN) in protein beverages. Additionally, the microbial response was quantified through mathematical modeling. Cinnamaldehyde and vanillin were encapsulated using whey protein concentrate (WPC) as the encapsulating agent. The effectiveness at inactivating Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated in a protein-apple juice beverage during storage (4 °C). Encapsulation increased the effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde, reaching reductions of 1.8, 3.3, and 5.3 log CFU/mL in E. coli, L. innocua, and S. cerevisiae, respectively, while vanillin encapsulation had little effect on antimicrobial activity, reducing by 0.5, 1.4, and 1.1 log cycles, respectively. The combined treatments (E-CIN + E-VN) had an additive effect in reducing E. coli and a synergistic effect against S. cerevisiae. The Gompertz model was more versatile and better described the biphasic curves, whereas the Weibull model complemented the information regarding the spectrum of resistances within the microbial population. In conclusion, the encapsulation of cinnamaldehyde with WPC enhanced its activity. However, further studies are necessary to improve the antimicrobial activity of vanillin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Nowadays, herbal medicine has been utilized to treat various diseases such as cancer, which showed successful therapeutic efficacy in previous studies. This study for the first time evaluated the cytotoxic potential of cinnamaldehyde (CIN) alone and in combination with doxorubicin (DOX), a well-known potent anti-tumor agent, on the proliferation of prostatic cancer cell line (PC3). Experimental approach: The cytotoxicity and apoptotic activities of CIN and DOX, either separately or together, were determined on PC3 cells by the MTT test and Annexin V/PI assay, respectively. To further investigate which apoptotic pathway participated in cell death a collection of prominent markers of apoptosis induction including caspase-3/7 activations, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and phosphatidyl serine translocation were detected. Findings/Results: The different concentrations of CIN and DOX significantly inhibited the proliferation of PC3 cells in a concentration-dependent way within a 24-h treatment. In addition, the induction of apoptosis by CIN was accompanied by an increase in the activation of caspase-3/7 in PC3 cells with IC50 concentrations of 12.5 and 10 μg/mL for CIN and DOX, respectively. Moreover, the morphological observations obtained from flow cytometry MMP and caspase-3/7 activity assays, altogether, revealed the potential effect of CIN on apoptosis induced in PC3 cells by DOX. Conclusions and implications: Taken together, the current study concluded that the combination of CIN and DOX could lead to the production of a potential therapeutic agent for prostate cancer. However, further in vivo and clinical studies are still needed to validate this combination in prostate cancer therapy.

In order to compare the antimicrobial and fungicidal properties of common natural plant extracts against dominant molds in purple rice and to investigate their application in purple rice storage, this study isolated and purified molds in moldy purple rice, and identified the dominant molds by microscopic examination and molecular biology. On this basis, the inhibitory properties of six natural plant extracts, citral, cinnamaldehyde, p-anisaldehyde, tea polyphenols, thymol and eugenol, were investigated against dominant molds of purple rice. The natural plant extracts with the best bacteriostatic properties were selected and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) against dominant molds were determined. Then the best preparation process of cinnamaldehyde microcapsules was optimized by orthogonal test, and the microcapsules were packed in non-woven bags after drying and applied in the accelerated storage test of purple rice at 35 ℃. Finally, moisture, mold content, odor, and color difference were used as indicators of the freshness of purple rice to evaluate the preservation effect of cinnamaldehyde microcapsules on purple rice. The results showed that the dominant molds of moldy purple rice were Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus chevalieri, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Aspergillus candidus and Rhizomucor pusillus, cinnamaldehyde had the best inhibitory effect on the above molds, and its MIC was measured as 2, 1, 1, 2, 1 mg/mL, and MBC was measured as 4, 8, 4, 16, 4 mg/mL, respectively. The optimal preparation process of cinnamaldehyde microcapsules was as follows: The concentration of sodium alginate was 3%, the concentration of calcium chloride was 1%, the wall-core ratio was 12:1, and the distance between the liquid surface of the pelleting was 25 cm, and the encapsulation rate of the cinnamaldehyde microcapsules produced by the process was 96.67%, and the oil-carrying rate was 61.27%. The cinnamaldehyde microcapsules made the freshness indexes of purple rice better than the blank control group, indicating that the prepared cinnamaldehyde microcapsules have a positive effect on the preservation of purple rice.

[Display omitted] • ·Mo 2 C-FeCu catalyst was designed by thermal reduction and carburization of precursor. • ·cinnamaldehyde/benzalacetone were synthesized at high yields and selectivities. • · α , β -unsaturated aldehyde/ketone were electrosynthesized in gentle and green manner. • ·C C coulping reaction was fulfilled by combined electrochemical-chemical pathway. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the efficiency limiting half-reaction in water electrolysis for green hydrogen production due to the 4-electron multistep process with sluggish kinetics. The electrooxidation of thermodynamically more favorable organics accompanied by C C coupling is a promising way to synthesize value-added chemicals instead of OER. Efficient catalyst is of paramount importance to fulfill such a goal. Herein, a molybdenum iron carbide-copper hybrid (Mo 2 C-FeCu) was designed as anodic catalyst, which demonstrated decent OER catalytic capability with low overpotential of 238 mV at response current density of 10 mA cm−2 and fine stability. More importantly, the Mo 2 C-FeCu enabled electrooxidation assisted aldol condensation of phenylcarbinol with α -H containing alcohol/ketone in weak alkali electrolyte to selective synthesize cinnamaldehyde/benzalacetone at reduced potential. The hydroxyl and superoxide intermediate radicals generated at high potential are deemed to be responsible for the electrooxidation of phenylcarbinol and aldol condensation reactions to afford cinnamaldehyde/benzalacetone. The current work showcases an electrochemical-chemical combined C C coupling reaction to prepare organic chemicals, we believe more widespread organics can be synthesized by tailored electrochemical reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises a group of idiopathic intestinal disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, significantly impacting the quality of life for affected individuals. The effective management of these conditions remains a persistent challenge. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a complex molecular structure, regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β. Abnormal activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a pivotal role in the development of IBD, making it a compelling target for therapeutic intervention. Our research revealed that cinnamaldehyde (CA), a major bioactive compound found in the leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum kaneh, demonstrated a remarkable ability to alleviate colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in a mouse model. This effect was attributed to CA’s ability to downregulate the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the colon. In the mechanism study, we observed that CA inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages, at least partially, by enhancing the autophagic response, without reducing mitochondrial damage. These findings collectively suggest that CA holds significant potential as a therapeutic agent for enhancing the management of IBD, offering a promising avenue for further research and development.

Cinnamon is one of the most valuable natural resources that sustains life and exists freely in nature. Cinnamaldehyde is the primary compound in cinnamon oil. It has a unique structure that contains a benzene ring, an aldehyde group, and an unsaturated double bond. Cinnamaldehyde has been structurally modified to improve biological activity. In this research, cinnamaldehyde and nitrophenyl amines were reacted with sulfuric acid as a catalyst by refluxing and sonication. UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR were used to validate the chemical structures. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) revealed a new single spot formed by the reaction of cinnamaldehyde and 4-amino-2-nitrophenol. By refluxing for 2 hours or sonicating for 30 minutes, a novel imine chemical, 4-nitro-2-((3-phenylallylidene)amino)phenol, was effectively synthesized with a yield of 75.21% or 83.71%, respectively. This imine was obtained as a dark red powder with a melting point of 237 °C. Meanwhile, only sonication produced a novel product from the reaction of cinnamaldehyde and 4-nitroaniline. However, the structural elucidation has not yet been performed because the yield was so low. Surprisingly, there was no reaction between cinnamaldehyde and 2,4-dinitroaniline. It was most likely owing to the amine’s bulky structure and the presence of two nitro groups in the amine as electron-withdrawing groups that reduced the nucleophilicity of the amine. We demonstrated that sonication is a suitable approach for imine synthesis, as it is commonly utilized in organic compound synthesis protocols.

Abstract Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a current global public health problem due to its increasing resistance to the most recent antibiotic therapies. One critical approach is to develop ways to revitalize existing antibiotics. Here, we show that the phytogenic compound cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and β‐lactam antibiotic combinations can functionally synergize and resensitize clinical MRSA isolates to β‐lactam therapy and inhibit MRSA biofilm formation. Mechanistic studies indicated that the CIN potentiation effect on β‐lactams was primarily the result of inhibition of the mecA expression by targeting the staphylococcal accessory regulator sarA. CIN alone or in combination with β‐lactams decreased sarA gene expression and increased SarA protein phosphorylation that impaired SarA binding to the mecA promoter element and downregulated virulence genes such as those encoding biofilm, α‐hemolysin, and adhesin. Perturbation of SarA–mecA binding thus interfered with PBP2a biosynthesis and this decreased MRSA resistance to β‐lactams. Furthermore, CIN fully restored the anti‐MRSA activities of β‐lactam antibiotics in vivo in murine models of bacteremia and biofilm infections. Together, our results indicated that CIN acts as a β‐lactam adjuvant and can be applied as an alternative therapy to combat multidrug‐resistant MRSA infections.

Abstract Background Worldwide, more than 125 million people are infected with Shigella each year and develop shigellosis. In our previous study, we provided evidence that Shigella sonnei infection triggers activation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages. NLRP3 inflammasome is responsible for regulating the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 through the protease caspase-1. Researchers and biotech companies have shown great interest in developing inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, recognizing it as a promising therapeutic target for several diseases. The leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum kaneh, an indigenous tree species in Taiwan, are rich in cinnamaldehyde (CA), a compound present in significant amounts. Our aim is to investigate how CA affects the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in S. sonnei-infected macrophages. Methods Macrophages were infected with S. sonnei, with or without CA. ELISA and Western blotting were employed to detect protein expression or phosphorylation levels. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess H2O2 production and mitochondrial damage. Fluorescent microscopy was used to detect cathepsin B activity and mitochondrial ROS production. Additionally, colony-forming units were employed to measure macrophage phagocytosis and bactericidal activity. Results CA inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in S. sonnei-infected macrophages by suppressing caspase-1 activation and reducing IL-1β and IL-18 expression. CA also inhibited pyroptosis by decreasing caspase-11 and Gasdermin D activation. Mechanistically, CA reduced lysosomal damage and enhanced autophagy, while leaving mitochondrial damage, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and NF-κB activation unaffected. Furthermore, CA significantly boosted phagocytosis and the bactericidal activity of macrophages against S. sonnei, while reducing secretion of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor following infection. Conclusion CA shows promise as a nutraceutical for mitigating S. sonnei infection by diminishing inflammation and enhancing phagocytosis and the bactericidal activity of macrophages against S. sonnei.

ABSTRACT: Cinnamomi Cortex was a material as medicinal and edible resources and it has been demonstrated that Cinnamomi Cortex aqueous extract (CCAE) possess hypoglycemic effect, but there were no active compounds identified as quality standard of CCAE to be used in the investigate of hypoglycemic activity. Hence, in this study, the quality standard and the hypoglycemic effect of CCAE were investigated. Cinnamaldehyde and coumarin as the quality control in CCAE were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The results showed that the average yield of extraction was 10.06%. The concentration of coumarin was linear with peak area ranging from 0.02–1.00 μg/mL (r = 0.999 6, n = 6) and that of cinnamaldehyde also demonstrated a good linear relationship with peak area in the range of 1.05–52.50 μg/mL (r = 0.999 7, n = 6). The average recovery rate of coumarin and cinnamaldehyde was 99.42% and 100.11%, respectively. The investigation of hypoglycemic effect revealed that CCAE could improve weight loss, lower liver and pancreas indices, improve organ damage caused by diabetes, and lower fasting blood glucose, glycosylated serum protein (GSP) and total cholesterol (TC) levels. The results showed that CCAE can reduce fasting blood glucose and blood lipid levels in diabetic mice.

Background: Male sterility results from high testicular temperatures, which affect mammalian spermatogenesis. High testicular temperatures affect sperm motility, morphology and fertility according to their magnitude and duration. Aim: The aim of the current study is to examine the effects of heat-induced oxidative stress and cinnamaldehyde on Wistar rat testicular structure and function. Settings and Design: The rats used in this experiment were Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: This research has six animals per group. Male Wistar albino rats of 2.5–3 months old and 275–300 g. (I) control, (II) heat stress (HS) in a closed chamber at 41°C for 14 days and (III) HS with cinnamaldehyde (CA) 50 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. (IV) CA alone. After the study, the animals were euthanised, and test samples were taken for sperm count, morphology, haematoxylin and eosin stain for normal cellular morphology, antioxidants and DNA integrity assessments. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analysed statistically using one- and two-way ANOVA tests for comparisons between groups. Results: The stress group had significantly lower sperm counts and poor sperm morphology. The stress group’s antioxidant capacity is much lower than that of the control group. Animals under stress have fragmented DNA. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde increased overall antioxidant capacity and seminal parameters, and rats behaved most like controls. Conclusion: CA restores malondialdehyde levels, total antioxidant capacity, sperm characteristics and mitigates testicular damage in rats exposed to experimental HS.

Cuproptosis is an emerging cell death pathway that depends on the intracellular Cu ions. Elesclomol (ES) as an efficient Cu ionophore can specifically transport Cu into mitochondria and trigger cuproptosis. However, ES can be rapidly removed and metabolized during intravenous administration, leading to a short half‐life and limited tumor accumulation, which hampers its clinical application. Here, the study develops a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive polymer (PCP) based on cinnamaldehyde (CA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to encapsulate ES‐Cu compound (EC), forming ECPCP. ECPCP significantly prolongs the systemic circulation of EC and enhances its tumor accumulation. After cellular internalization, the PCP coating stimulatingly dissociates exposing to the high‐level ROS, and releases ES and Cu, thereby triggering cell death via cuproptosis. Meanwhile, Cu2+‐stimulated Fenton‐like reaction together with CA‐stimulated ROS production simultaneously breaks the redox homeostasis, which compensates for the insufficient oxidative stress treated with ES alone, in turn inducing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells, achieving simultaneous cuproptosis and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the excessive ROS accelerates the stimuli‐dissociation of ECPCP, forming a positive feedback therapy loop against tumor self‐alleviation. Therefore, ECPCP as a nanoplatform for cuproptosis and immunotherapy improves the dual antitumor mechanism of ES and provides a potential optimization for ES clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamaldehyde is extracted from Cinnamomum cassia and other species, providing diverse sources for varying chemical properties and therapeutic effects. Besides natural extraction, synthetic production and biotechnological methods like microbial fermentation offer scalable and sustainable alternatives. Cinnamaldehyd demonstrates a broad pharmacological range, impacting various diseases through detailedmechanisms. This reviewaims to encapsulate the diverse therapeutic effects of cinnamaldehyde, its molecular interactions, and its potential in clinical applications. Drawing on recent scientific studies and databases like Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect, this review outlines cinnamaldehyde's efficacy in treating inflammatory conditions, bacterial infections, cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular and kidney diseases. It primarily operates by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and modulating pro-inflammatory mediators, alongside disrupting bacterial cells and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. The compound enhances metabolic health by improving glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity and offers cardiovascular protection through its anti-inflammatory and lipid-lowering effects. Additionally, it promotes autophagy in kidney diseasemanagement. Preclinical and clinical research supports its therapeutic potential, underscoring the need for further investigation into its mechanisms and safety to develop new drugs based on cinnamaldehyde. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most reported breast cancer-associated deaths are directly correlated with metastatic disease. Additionally, the primary goal of treating metastatic breast cancer is to prolong life. Thus, there remains the need for more effective and safer strategies to treat metastatic breast cancer. Recently, more attention has been given to natural products (or phytochemicals) as potential anticancer treatments. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination of the phytochemicals chlorogenic acid and cinnamaldehyde (CGA and CA) toward inhibiting metastasis. The hypothesis was that CGA and CA in combination decrease the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells by inhibiting their invasive and migratory abilities as well as the induction of apoptosis via the downregulation of the Akt, disrupting its signal transduction pathway. To test this, wound-healing and Transwell™ Matrigel™ assays were conducted to assess changes in the migration and invasion properties of the cells; apoptosis was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy for Annexin V/propidium iodide; and immunoblotting and FACSort were performed on markers for the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition status. The results show that CGA and CA significantly downregulated Akt activation by inhibiting phosphorylation. Consequently, increased caspase 3 and decreased Bcl2-α levels were observed, and apoptosis was confirmed. The inhibition of metastatic behavior was demonstrated by the attenuation of N-cadherin, fibronectin, vimentin, and MMP-9 expressions with concomitant increased expressions of E-cadherin and EpCAM. In summary, the present study demonstrated that CGA and CA in combination downregulated Akt activation, inhibited the metastatic potential, and induced apoptosis in different breast cancer cell lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Worldwide, more than 125 million people are infected with Shigella each year and develop shigellosis. In our previous study, we provided evidence that Shigella sonnei infection triggers activation of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages. NLRP3 inflammasome is responsible for regulating the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 through the protease caspase-1. Researchers and biotech companies have shown great interest in developing inhibitors of the NLRP3 inflammasome, recognizing it as a promising therapeutic target for several diseases. The leaves of Cinnamomum osmophloeum kaneh, an indigenous tree species in Taiwan, are rich in cinnamaldehyde (CA), a compound present in significant amounts. Our aim is to investigate how CA affects the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in S. sonnei-infected macrophages. Methods: Macrophages were infected with S. sonnei, with or without CA. ELISA and Western blotting were employed to detect protein expression or phosphorylation levels. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess H2O2 production and mitochondrial damage. Fluorescent microscopy was used to detect cathepsin B activity and mitochondrial ROS production. Additionally, colony-forming units were employed to measure macrophage phagocytosis and bactericidal activity. Results: CA inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome in S. sonnei-infected macrophages by suppressing caspase-1 activation and reducing IL-1β and IL-18 expression. CA also inhibited pyroptosis by decreasing caspase-11 and Gasdermin D activation. Mechanistically, CA reduced lysosomal damage and enhanced autophagy, while leaving mitochondrial damage, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, and NF-κB activation unaffected. Furthermore, CA significantly boosted phagocytosis and the bactericidal activity of macrophages against S. sonnei, while reducing secretion of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor following infection. Conclusion: CA shows promise as a nutraceutical for mitigating S. sonnei infection by diminishing inflammation and enhancing phagocytosis and the bactericidal activity of macrophages against S. sonnei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate cinnamaldehyde (CN) and clove oil (CO) effectiveness in inhibiting growth and killing spoilage and total aerobic bacteria when overlaid with catfish fillet stored at 4 °C. A 1.00 mL concentration of CO inhibited growth by 2.90, 1.96, and 1.96 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria. Similarly, treatment with 1.00 mL of CN resulted in ZIB of 2.17, 2.10, and 1.10 cm, respectively, for S. baltica, A. hydrophilia, and total bacteria from catfish exudates. Total bacteria from catfish exudates treated with 0.50 mL CN for 40 min, resulted in a 6.84 log decrease, and treatment with 1.00 mL resulted in a 5.66 log decrease at 40 min. Total bacteria exudates treated with 0.50 mL CO resulted in a 9.69 log reduction at 40 min. Total bacteria treated with 1.00 mL CO resulted in a 7.69 log decrease at 7 days, while untreated pads overlaid with catfish resulted in ≥9.00 CFU/mL. However, treated absorbent pads with catfish at 7 days, using 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL CN, had a bacterial recovery of 5.53 and 1.88 log CFU/mL, respectively. Furthermore, CO at 0.50 mL and 1.00 mL reduced the bacteria count to 5.21 and 1.53 log CFU/mL, respectively, at day 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, clove essential oil (CL), eugenol (EU), and cinnamaldehyde (CI) were immobilized in starch sodium octenyl succinate (SSO) using an emulsification method. The main characteristics, stability, and biological properties of the prepared emulsions were established. Particle size analyses using dynamic light scattering showed that the smaller droplets were characteristic of emulsions containing CI (205–218 nm) and EU (181–236 nm), while the largest droplets were determined for CL emulsions (293–348 nm). Moreover, the highest antioxidant activity was determined for CL (79–83%) and EU (80–88%) emulsions, while CI emulsions showed the greatest antibacterial activity. The obtained emulsions were applied to the paper sheets and the bioactive properties of coated paper were studied. Evaluation of antioxidant properties revealed that high antioxidant activity reaching 76–92% and 87–91% was characteristic of coatings containing CL and EU, respectively. Meanwhile, coatings containing CI showed quite low antioxidant activity (4–9%) but demonstrated the greatest antimicrobial effect on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria as well as yeasts. Hence, CL and EU emulsions could be used as effective natural antioxidants, whereas CI emulsions could be applied as an antimicrobial agent on cellulose-based substrates for a wide range of human health protection applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols using heterogeneous catalysts is a promising aqueous, energy-efficient and environmentally friendly approach, especially for coupling different alcohols to prolong the carbon chain via co-oxidation. Precisely regulating critical steps to tailor electrode materials and electrolyte composition is key to selectively coupling alcohols for targeted synthesis. However, selectively coupling different alcohols remains challenging due to the lack of effective catalyst and electrolyte design promoting specific pathways. Herein, we demonstrate a paired electrolysis strategy for combining anodic oxidative coupling of ethanol (EtOH) and benzyl alcohol (PhCH2OH) to synthesize cinnamaldehyde (CAL) and cathodic ammonia production. The strategies involve: (i) utilizing the salt-out effect to balance selective oxidation and coupling rates; (ii) developing platinum-loaded nickel hydroxide electrocatalysts to accelerate intermediate coupling kinetics; (iii) introducing thermodynamically favorable nitrate reduction at the cathode to improve coupling selectivity by avoiding hydrogenation of products while generating valuable ammonia instead of hydrogen. We achieved 85% coupling selectivity and 278 μmol/h NH3 productive rate at 100 mA/cm2 with a low energy input (∼1.63 V). The membrane-free, low energy, scalable approach with a wide substrate scope highlights promising applications of this methodology. This work advances heterogeneous electrocatalytic synthesis through rational design principles that integrate anodic oxidative coupling with cathodic nitrate reduction reactions, having synergistic effects on efficiency and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles with antibacterial properties using a one-pot green approach that harnesses the natural reducing and capping properties of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark extract is presented in this work. Silver nitrate was the sole chemical reagent employed in this process, acting as the precursor salt. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and some phytochemical tests demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde is the main component in the cinnamon bark extract. The resulting bio-reduced silver nanoparticles underwent comprehensive characterization by Ultraviolet–Vis (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform InfraRed spectrophotometry (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy suggesting that cinnamaldehyde was chemically oxidated to produce silver nanoparticles. These cinnamon-extract-based silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-cinnamon) displayed diverse morphologies ranging from spherical to prismatic shapes, with sizes spanning between 2.94 and 65.1 nm. Subsequently, the antibacterial efficacy of these nanoparticles was investigated against Klebsiella, E. Coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, and Acinetobacter strains. The results suggest the promising potential of silver nanoparticles obtained (AgNPs-cinnamon) as antimicrobial agents, offering a new avenue in the fight against bacterial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a Gram-negative oral pathogen, promotes and accelerates periodontitis-associated gut disorders. Intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction is crucial in the pathogenesis of intestinal and systemic diseases. In this study, we sought to elucidate the protective role of cinnamaldehyde (CNM, an activator of Nrf2) against P. gingivalis (W83) and Pg-derived lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction via antioxidative mechanisms in IEC-6 cells. IEC-6 (ATCC, CRL-1592) cells were pretreated with or without CNM (100 µM), in the presence or absence of P. gingivalis (strain W83, 109 MOI) or Pg-LPS (1, 10, and 100 µg/mL), respectively, between 0–72 h time points by adopting a co-culture method. Intestinal barrier function, cytokine secretion, and intestinal oxidative stress protein markers were analyzed. P. gingivalis or Pg-LPS significantly (p < 0.05) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels expressing oxidative stress damage. Pg-LPS, as well as Pg alone, induces inflammatory cytokines via TLR-4 signaling. Furthermore, infection reduced Nrf2 and NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). Interestingly, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression significantly (p < 0.05) increased with Pg-LPS or Pg infection, with elevated levels of nitric oxide (NO). CNM treatment suppressed both Pg- and Pg-LPS-induced intestinal oxidative stress damage by reducing ROS, MDA, and NO production. Furthermore, CNM treatment significantly upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins via increasing the phosphorylation levels of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 suppressing inflammatory cytokines. CNM protected against Pg infection-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway in IEC-6 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hybrid catalyst consisting of cobalt nanoparticles immobilized onto cellulose was developed. The cellulosic matrix is derived from date palm biomass waste, which was oxidized by sodium periodate to yield dialdehyde and was further derivatized by grafting orthoaminophenol as a metal ion complexing agent. The new hybrid catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, solid-state NMR, XRD, SEM, TEM, ICP, and XPS. The catalytic potential of the nanocatalyst was then evaluated in the catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol under mild experimental conditions in aqueous medium in the presence of NaBH4 at room temperature. The reaction achieved complete conversion within a short period of 7 min. The rate constant was calculated to be K = 8.7 × 10−3 s−1. The catalyst was recycled for eight cycles. Furthermore, we explored the application of the same catalyst for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde using dihydrogen under different reaction conditions. The results obtained were highly promising, exhibiting both high conversion and excellent selectivity in cinnamyl alcohol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cinnamaldehyde (CMD) is a major functional component of Cinnamomum verum and has shown treatment effects against diverse bone diseases. This study aimed to assess the anti-diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) potential of diabetes mellitus (DM) and to explore the underlying mechanism driving the activity of CMD. Methods: A DOP model was induced via an intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ) into Sprague-Dawley rats, and then two different doses of CMD were administered to the rats. The effects of CMD on the strength, remodeling activity, and histological structure of the bones were assessed. Changes in the netrin-1 related pathways also were detected to elucidate the mechanism of the anti-DOP activity by CMD. Results: CMD had no significant effect on the body weight or blood glucose level of the model rats. However, the data showed that CMD improved the bone strength and bone remodeling activity as well as attenuating the bone structure destruction in the DOP rats in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of netrin-1, DCC, UNC5B, RANKL, and OPG was suppressed, while the expression of TGF-ß1, cathepsin K, TRAP, and RANK was induced by the STZ injection. CMD administration restored the expression of all of these indicators at both the mRNA and protein levels, indicating that the osteoclast activity was inhibited by CMD. Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that CMD effectively attenuated bone impairments associated with DM in a STZ-induced DOP rat model, and the anti-DOP effects of CMD were associated with the modulation of netrin-1/DCC/UNC5B signal transduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde are plant-derived bioactive compounds with antimicrobial activity, which might contribute to improving the efficiency of rumen fermentation. However, an apparent adaptation of microbial populations to these compounds is usually observed over time. In this study, the effects of garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde on rumen fermentation and microbial populations were assessed in two periods of time using an in vitro system (Rusitec fermenters). Despite this possible adaptation, garlic oil supplementation reduced methane production and enhanced the energy profile of fermentation end products over time, whereas cinnamaldehyde appeared to increase the microbial protein supply to the animal. Thus, the use of these compounds as feed additives could contribute to increasing the efficiency and sustainability of ruminant production systems, bringing both economic and environmental benefits. Garlic oil (GO) and cinnamaldehyde (CIN) have shown potential to modify rumen fermentation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of GO and CIN on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis (MPS), and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters fed a mixed diet (50:50 forage/concentrate), as well as whether these effects were maintained over time. Six fermenters were used in two 15-day incubation runs. Within each run, two fermenters received no additive, 180 mg/L of GO, or 180 mg/L of CIN. Rumen fermentation parameters were assessed in two periods (P1 and P2), and microbial populations were studied after each of these periods. Garlic oil reduced the acetate/propionate ratio and methane production (p < 0.001) in P1 and P2 and decreased protozoal DNA concentration and the relative abundance of fungi and archaea after P1 (p < 0.05). Cinnamaldehyde increased bacterial diversity (p < 0.01) and modified the structure of bacterial communities after P1, decreased bacterial DNA concentration after P2 (p < 0.05), and increased MPS (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicate that 180 mg/L of GO and CIN promoted a more efficient rumen fermentation and increased the protein supply to the animal, respectively, although an apparent adaptive response of microbial populations to GO was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibacterial activity of Cinnamaldehyde against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Bovine Mastitis is investigated in this study, providing insights into inhibition mechanisms and elucidating the effects on bacterial cell membranes. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration were determined in this study. In addition, growth curves and a time-kill assay were constructed to assess the antibacterial activity of Cinnamaldehyde. The study revealed that the MIC values ranged from 62.5 to 125 μg/mL, and the MBC values ranged from 125 to 250 μg/mL. The presence of sublethal concentrations of Cinnamaldehyde impeded bacterial growth, while high concentrations demonstrated a significant and rapid bactericidal effect. Subsequently, we examined cell morphology using SEM and TEM, evaluated membrane integrity via laser confocal fluorescence microscopy, and measured levels of β-galactosidase, extracellular DNA release, LDH activity, and ROS, to assess the antibacterial mechanism of Cinnamaldehyde. The findings indicated that with higher concentrations of Cinnamaldehyde, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus demonstrated significant morphological alterations and disruption of both the cell wall and membrane. Furthermore, Cinnamaldehyde disrupted the integrity of membranes and increased permeability of the outer membrane in a manner dependent on its concentration. Cinnamaldehyde notably triggered the release of β-galactosidase, extracellular DNA, and LDH, in addition to elevating cellular ROS levels. Finally, the effect of Cinnamaldehyde on the transcription levels of genes related to cell membrane synthesis was assessed using RT-qPCR, and the effect of Cinnamaldehyde on the total protein content of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cells was assessed using WB. The RT-qPCR results showed that Cinnamaldehyde at 1xMIC notably upregulated the transcription levels of genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus cell membranes, with a significant or highly significant effect. The WB results showed that Cinnamaldehyde exerts its antibacterial action by suppressing protein expression in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. These findings illustrate that Cinnamaldehyde exerts a potent inhibitory effect on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, establishing a fundamental foundation for the potential use of Cinnamaldehyde essential oil as an antibacterial agent in the treatment of bovine mastitis, in accordance with established scientific standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Male sterility results from high testicular temperatures, which affect mammalian spermatogenesis. High testicular temperatures affect sperm motility, morphology and fertility according to their magnitude and duration. Aim: The aim of the current study is to examine the effects of heat-induced oxidative stress and cinnamaldehyde on Wistar rat testicular structure and function. Settings and Design: The rats used in this experiment were Wistar albino rats. Materials and Methods: This research has six animals per group. Male Wistar albino rats of 2.5-3 months old and 275-300 g. (I) control, (II) heat stress (HS) in a closed chamber at 41°C for 14 days and (III) HS with cinnamaldehyde (CA) 50 mg/kg body weight for 14 days. (IV) CA alone. After the study, the animals were euthanised, and test samples were taken for sperm count, morphology, haematoxylin and eosin stain for normal cellular morphology, antioxidants and DNA integrity assessments. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analysed statistically using one- and two-way ANOVA tests for comparisons between groups. Results: The stress group had significantly lower sperm counts and poor sperm morphology. The stress group's antioxidant capacity is much lower than that of the control group. Animals under stress have fragmented DNA. Treatment with cinnamaldehyde increased overall antioxidant capacity and seminal parameters, and rats behaved most like controls. Conclusion: CA restores malondialdehyde levels, total antioxidant capacity, sperm characteristics and mitigates testicular damage in rats exposed to experimental HS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As cancer continues to rise globally, there is growing interest in discovering novel methods for prevention and treatment. Due to the limitations of traditional cancer therapies, there has been a growing emphasis on investigating herbal remedies and exploring their potential synergistic effects when combined with chemotherapy drugs. Cinnamaldehyde, derived from cinnamon, has gained significant attention for its potential role in cancer prevention and treatment. Extensive research has demonstrated that cinnamaldehyde exhibits promising anticancer properties by modulating various cellular processes involved in tumor growth and progression. However, challenges and unanswered questions remain regarding the precise mechanisms for its effective use as an anticancer agent. This article aims to explore the multifaceted effects of cinnamaldehyde on cancer cells and shed light on these existing issues. Cinnamaldehyde has diverse anti-cancer mechanisms, including inducing apoptosis by activating caspases and damaging mitochondrial function, inhibiting tumor angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In addition, cinnamaldehyde also acts as a reactive oxygen species scavenger, reducing oxidative stress and preventing DNA damage and genomic instability. This article emphasizes the promising therapeutic potential of cinnamaldehyde in cancer treatment and underscores the need for future research to unlock novel mechanisms and strategies for combating cancer. By providing valuable insights into the role and mechanism of cinnamaldehyde in cancer, this comprehensive understanding paves the way for its potential as a novel therapeutic agent. Overall, cinnamaldehyde holds great promise as an anticancer agent, and its comprehensive exploration in this article highlights its potential as a valuable addition to cancer treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes are the vectors of numerous diseases such as malaria, Dengue and Zika. Controlling mosquito vectors is essential for preventing and managing diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Larvicides target larvae within their breeding habitats before they mature into adult mosquitoes and disperse. In this study, using α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde (HCA) as a lead compound, three series of derivatives comprising a total of 78 compounds were designed and synthesized. The larvicidal activities of these compounds against Aedes albopictus were evaluated, resulting in the identification of ten promising compounds. Among them, furan-3-ylmethyl cinnamate (compound 2v) and (E)-allyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)acrylate (compound 4c) exhibited the lowest LC50 values (8.0 ppm and 7.2 ppm respectively). In a 96-h acute toxicity assay conducted on zebrafish, 2v showed no or very low toxicity with an LC50 higher than 100 ppm. To elucidate their mode of action, morphological and histopathologic analyses were performed, and the effects of the compounds on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and phosphatase activities were evaluated. Results suggested that the active HCA derivatives induce injury to intestinal epithelial cells by inhibiting phosphatase activity, ultimately resulting in the mortality of mosquito larvae.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an essential oil blend (EO), based on cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide, associated or not with antibiotics on intake and nutrient digestibility, ingestive behavior, rumen fermentation, ruminal microbial synthesis, and blood metabolites of feedlot cattle fed a no-forage diet. The study was carried out as a Latin Square with five treatments consisting of a blend of essential oil (EO), monensin (MON) and virginiamycin (VM), both separately and combined as follows: CON (monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM), VM (virginiamycin at 25 mg kg–1 DM and monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM), MEO25 (monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM and EO at 25 mg kg–1 DM), MEO35 (monensin at 30 mg kg–1 DM and EO at 35 mg kg–1 DM) and EO35 (blend of EO at 35 mg kg–1 DM). There were no effects from additives and their combinations on the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients or ingestive behavior. Furthermore, treatments did not modify the ruminal pH, nor the concentration of short-chain fatty acids and ammonia, nor the microbial protein synthesis. Blood glucose concentration was higher 4 h after morning feeding for all treatments. There was a significant contrast between the VM and EO for the blood concentration of D-Lactate and L-Lactate. There was no difference between the additives in the concentration of cortisol metabolites in the feces. The blend of essential oil studied, containing cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide, associated or not with antibiotics, does not change the nutritional parameters nor the metabolism of feedlot cattle fed a no-forage diet.

Abstract Traditional Epoxies take hours to cure before their properties can be realized and this restricts its use in applications where quick turn‐around time is imperative. Herein, we developed fast curing Epoxies (which cure within 2 h) using Vitrimer chemistries. A unique dynamic curing agent (bio‐based Schiff motif) consisting of an aldehyde (here, cinnamaldehyde) and an amine (here, mussel inspired dopamine) is used to facilitate imine exchange during the curing process and maintains the network integrity‐ a key requirement to achieve excellent structural properties in epoxy based components. By incorporating this covalent adaptable network, various epoxies were designed which can cure within 2 h. The resulting epoxy vitrimers exhibited high tensile strength (68 MPa), exceptionally high Tg (128°C), fast stress relaxation (a relaxation time of 15.2 s at 180°C) and an activation energy of 105 kJ/mol. This associative covalent adaptable network (imine exchange) also rendered the epoxies re‐processable and re‐usable and offers closed‐loop circularity in plastics. The resulting epoxy also exhibited self‐healing property triggered by the exchangeable bonds. The self‐healing behavior of this epoxy was manifested from the surface conductivity measurements wherein the conducting pathway (facilitated by spraying conducting particles on the vitrimer epoxy substrate) was restored post self‐healing in substrates containing epoxy vitrimers. In addition, the epoxies cured using this Schiff based motif dissolves in a specific solvent and can be recovered and re‐purposed. The excellent mechanical properties achieved by retaining the network integrity together with the self‐healing properties offers myriad applications for the designed epoxy cured using bio‐based Schiff motif. Highlights Developed fast curing Epoxies that cures in 2 h using Vitrimer chemistries. Fully bio‐based hardener was used to realize the network topology. The dynamic exchange reaction results in re‐processability, reusable, recyclable and self‐healable that is not possible in the case of traditional epoxy. It exhibited high tensile strength, exceptional Tg, fast stress relaxation and an activation energy of 105 KJ/mol.

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an FDAapproved drug used to treat this type of cancer. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) is a derivative of cinnamon extract and makes up 99% of it. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro combined effect of CIN and TMZ on human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line viability. In this study, we used 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide (MTT) method to evaluate the extent of IC50, acridine orange, Giemsa and Hoechst staining to evaluate the manner of apoptosis and the Western blotting method to examine the expression change of apoptotic proteins. Our results show that TMZ has an inhibitory effect on CIN when both used in combination at concentrations of 300 and 100 µM (P<0.05) and has a cytotoxic effect when used alone at the same concentrations (P<0.05). The western blotting result showed that TMZ at concentrations of 2,000 and 1,000 µM significantly increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl2 expression (P<0.05), indicating that TMZ induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. However, CIN had no effect on Bax and Bcl2 expressions, thus causing apoptosis from another pathway. Also, the Bax:Bcl2 expression ratio at concentrations combined was lower than that for TMZ 1,000 µM and higher than that for CIN 150 and 100 µM (P<0.05), which confirms the inhibitory effect of TMZ on CIN. From the present study, we conclude that TMZ in combination with CIN has an inhibitory effect on increasing the cytotoxicity rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, breast cancer is not only the most frequently diagnosed cancer but also the leading cause of cancer death in women. Depending on breast cancer histotype, conventional breast cancer treatment options vary greatly in efficacy and accompanying side effects. Thus, there is a need for more effective and safer strategies that impact breast cancer at all stages. Plant-based natural products are easily available, with them proving effective and inexpensive. Two such phytochemicals are chlorogenic acid and cinnamaldehyde. Studies have shown their efficacy against different molecular subtypes of breast cancers in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss their current status in anticancer research with specific emphasis on chlorogenic acid and cinnamaldehyde. We describe their multiple mechanisms of action in destroying breast cancer cells, their potential uses, and the need for translational applications. We also include future directions for investigations to progress chlorogenic acid and cinnamaldehyde research from bench to bedside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was carried out on broiler chickens to assess whether probiotics or essential oils could be utilized instead of antibiotics growth promoters (AGP) in typical feed formulations, to determine their effectiveness. A total of 2250 broiler chicks at one-day old age were allocated into 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 9 replicates per treatment and 50 chicks/replicate. The Probiotic included three strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, the essential oil (EO) was a blend of Cinnamaldehyde-Thymol, and the AGP was Lincomycin™. These additives were added to the basal diets (BD) to formulate the following dietary treatments (T): (T1) control-fed BD that is regularly used by broiler farmers (T2) control-fed BD that is regularly used by broiler farmers and supplemented with Lincomycin™ (100 g/ton) as AGP; (T3) fed BD + Probiotics (Enviva® PRO 60 g/ton); (T4) fed BD + EO (Enviva® 100g/ton); and (T5) fed BD + combination of both probiotics and EO with the same doses used in T3 and T4. The study findings demonstrated that the use of probiotics or essential oils did not have any significant impact on the average body weight gain, final body weight, feed conversion ratio, or footpad lesion scores when compared to the AGP group. It was concluded that replacing the AGP with probiotics or EO, as natural feed additives, had no negative effects on broiler performance. The probiotic strains or the EO could be safe alternatives to AGP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A novel liquid chromatographic method for the measurement of essential oils within animal feed additives was developed and applied. The simple and effective extraction protocol described yielded analyte recoveries more than 90% for cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, carvacrol, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin for the feed additives tested. These five analytes were separated with a peak resolution of more than 1 on a C-18 reversed phase column yielding between 500 000–2 000 000 theoretical plates per meter. UV absorption detection at 210 nm provided limits of detection of approximately 1 µg of analyte per gram of solution for all analytes. Limits of quantitation were approximately 4 µg of analyte per gram of solution. Results indicated that while capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were present at conserved levels within feed additives tested (0.2 and 0.05%, respectively), the content of cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and carvacrol varied considerably. The new method will find use within the emerging field of targeted nutrition for increasing gains for ruminants and poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA) on fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight, lipid profile, and nesfatin-1 levels in healthy and diabetic (DM) rats. Methods: Ten groups with eight rats per group were used. Healthy and diabetic sham groups were administered 1 mL of saline for 28 days by intragastric gavage. Healthy and diabetic control groups were administered 1 mL 0.5 % dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 28 days by intragastric gavage. Other diabetic and healthy groups (HG) received 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg CA for 28 days by intragastric gavage, once daily. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg intraperitoneally). Rats were defined as diabetic when FBG was > 250 mg/dL. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess serum nesfatin-1 concentrations. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) values were evaluated with a glucometer. Results: Day 28 weights of all DM and HG + 40 mg/kg CA groups were lower than day 1 weights (p < 0.05). Triglyceride values of DM + 40 mg/kg CA group were lower than DM sham and control group (p = 0.001). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels of the CA-administered healthy groups were higher than healthy control groups (p = 0.001). Nesfatin-1 levels of all DM groups were lower than all healthy groups, and nesfatin-1 levels of all CA-administered healthy and DM groups were lower than healthy and DM sham and control groups, but these were not significant (p > 0.001). Conclusion: Although not significant, the decrease in nesfatin-1 level is evidence that CA has an antiobesity effect in both healthy and diabetic rats. In contrast to its antihyperlipidemic effect in diabetic conditions, CA has hyperlipidemic effect in healthy conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance and carbohydrate metabolism of Pacific whiteleg shrimp after feeding with different cinnamaldehyde concentrations and protein-energy ratios. The study used a completely randomized design with six treatments in triplicates. The treatments were S003213; treatment S053213; treatment S052814; treatment S102814; treatment S052815; and treatment S102815. The study was conducted for 56 days in a 76 L volume aquarium using shrimps with 1.38 ± 0.01 g at 200 individuals/m³ . The results showed that the S053213 treatment was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to other treatments for the specific growth rate (SGR). Hexokinase (hk) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) produced by the S053213 treatment were significantly different (P<0.05) from the S003213 treatment. The S052815 and S102815 treatments produced higher protein retention (PR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) compared to other treatments (P<0.05) and also produced the same final average weight (FW) as the S003213 treatment. This research shows that vannamei fed by 0.10% supplementation dose of cinnamaldehyde with a decreased feed protein up to 28% and C/P ratio 14 and 15 are able to utilize feed as well as protein 32% without cinnamaldehyde. The addition of cinnamaldehyde with a higher C/P ratio requires a higher dose of cinnamaldehyde than the optimal dose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Silica aerogel was grown on the surface of porous polymer membrane, and the nanoscale pores of aerogel segmented the larger micron-scale pores on the coating surface to slow down the loss rate of lubricant. • The low surface energy and fluidity of the lubricant and the antibacterial properties of grafted cinnamaldehyde are used to realize the physical and chemical difunctional antifouling strategy. • The obtained coating has a huge lubricant storage capacity and impressive surface lubricant layer stability, and exhibited an excellent performance in long-term anti-biofouling. Marine biofouling caused a number of questions about energy consumption and safety. While there were still some challenges in developing an environmentally friendly, non-toxic and long-term antifouling slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS). Here, we proposed a difunctional antifouling strategy via constructing porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface with a layer of aerogel by sol-gel method and grafted cinnamaldehyde chemically. The improvement in structure enhanced the liquid storage stability of coating, which in turn increases its anti-bioadhesive ability. In addition, the grafted cinnamaldehyde could also be used to act as a chemical antibacterial and is intelligently released in the face of harsh fouling environments, which played a key role in prolonging the antibacterial lifespan of the coating. After the 120-hour anti-bacteria experiment and the 25-day anti-algae experiment, the anti- Escherichia coli (anti- E. coli) rate and the anti-algae rate of the coating reached 99.6% and 99.9%, respectively, which was attributed to the excellent long-term antifouling properties of the coating. The combination of physical and chemical antifouling property made the coating achieve long-term fouling prevention for marine engineering equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Epoxies take hours to cure before their properties can be realized and this restricts its use in applications where quick turn‐around time is imperative. Herein, we developed fast curing Epoxies (which cure within 2 h) using Vitrimer chemistries. A unique dynamic curing agent (bio‐based Schiff motif) consisting of an aldehyde (here, cinnamaldehyde) and an amine (here, mussel inspired dopamine) is used to facilitate imine exchange during the curing process and maintains the network integrity‐ a key requirement to achieve excellent structural properties in epoxy based components. By incorporating this covalent adaptable network, various epoxies were designed which can cure within 2 h. The resulting epoxy vitrimers exhibited high tensile strength (68 MPa), exceptionally high Tg (128°C), fast stress relaxation (a relaxation time of 15.2 s at 180°C) and an activation energy of 105 kJ/mol. This associative covalent adaptable network (imine exchange) also rendered the epoxies re‐processable and re‐usable and offers closed‐loop circularity in plastics. The resulting epoxy also exhibited self‐healing property triggered by the exchangeable bonds. The self‐healing behavior of this epoxy was manifested from the surface conductivity measurements wherein the conducting pathway (facilitated by spraying conducting particles on the vitrimer epoxy substrate) was restored post self‐healing in substrates containing epoxy vitrimers. In addition, the epoxies cured using this Schiff based motif dissolves in a specific solvent and can be recovered and re‐purposed. The excellent mechanical properties achieved by retaining the network integrity together with the self‐healing properties offers myriad applications for the designed epoxy cured using bio‐based Schiff motif. Highlights: Developed fast curing Epoxies that cures in 2 h using Vitrimer chemistries.Fully bio‐based hardener was used to realize the network topology.The dynamic exchange reaction results in re‐processability, reusable, recyclable and self‐healable that is not possible in the case of traditional epoxy.It exhibited high tensile strength, exceptional Tg, fast stress relaxation and an activation energy of 105 KJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To counter the harmful impacts of agricultural chemicals on the environment and human health, there is an increasing demand for safe, eco-friendly, and potent plant-based biopesticides. In this study, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial effects of ginger essential oil and selected volatile compounds (linalool, eugenol, citral, and cinnamaldehyde [CA]) against Fusarium oxysporum FOX-1. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the mycelium growth inhibition method. The compound CA exhibited the most potent antifungal effect against F. oxysporum FOX-1 and was selected for further investigation. After treatment with CA at 1/2 MIC or MIC, the spore germination of F. oxysporum FOX-1 was significantly inhibited at 12 h. Furthermore, microscopic observation revealed that CA treatment resulted in the morphological degradation of F. oxysporum FOX-1. CA destroyed the cell membrane integrity of F. oxysporum FOX-1, increasing the relative conductivity and the leakage of intracellular protein, nucleic acids, and malondialdehyde, affecting the integrity and metabolism of the cell membrane. The effects were positively related to CA concentration. Additionally, in vivo experiments with rhizome sections showed that CA significantly reduced the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum FOX-1. Overall, these findings provide evidence for the potential of using ginger essential oil components as fungicides, offering a basis for future research to develop robust and eco-friendly plant-derived fungicides that serve as a sustainable means to reduce fungus-driven agricultural losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant bacteria and the shortage of new antibiotics constitute a serious health problem. This problem has led to increased interest in the use of bacteriophages, which have great potential as antimicrobial agents but also carry the risk of inducing resistance. The objective of the present study was to minimize the development of phage resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by inhibiting quorum sensing (QS) and thus demonstrate the role of QS in regulating defense mechanisms.ResultsCinnamaldehyde (CAD) was added to K. pneumoniae cultures to inhibit QS and thus demonstrate the role of the signaling system in regulating the anti-phage defense mechanism. The QS inhibitory activity of CAD in K. pneumoniae was confirmed by a reduction in the quantitative expression of the lsrB gene (AI-2 pathway) and by proteomic analysis. The infection assays showed that the phage was able to infect a previously resistant K. pneumoniae strain in the cultures to which CAD was added. The results were confirmed using proteomic analysis. Thus, anti-phage defense-related proteins from different systems, such as cyclic oligonucleotide-based bacterial anti-phage signaling systems (CBASS), restriction–modification (R–M) systems, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas (CRISPR-Cas) system, and bacteriophage control infection (BCI), were present in the cultures with phage but not in the cultures with phage and CAD. When the QS and anti-phage defense systems were inhibited by the combined treatment, proteins related to phage infection and proliferation, such as the tail fiber protein, the cell division protein DamX, and the outer membrane channel protein TolC, were detected.ConclusionInhibition of QS reduces phage resistance in K. pneumoniae, resulting in the infection of a previously resistant strain by phage, with a significant increase in phage proliferation and a significant reduction in bacterial growth. QS inhibitors could be considered for therapeutic application by including them in phage cocktails or in phage-antibiotic combinations to enhance synergistic effects and reduce the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.

Introduction: Nowadays, the bioeconomy and sustainability trends drive the food sector to replace chemical preservatives with bioactive compounds recovered from biomass such as essential oils (EOs) and their derivatives. Moreover, nanotechnology trend drives food sector in the nanoencapsulation of such bioactive compounds in novel edible formulations such as nanoemulsions to enhance their controlled release properties, their bioactivity and their biocompatibility.Methods: In this study the development and characterization of novel casein/lecithin (CSN/LCN) based nanoemulsions (NEs) with carvacrol (CV), cinnamaldehyde (CI), citral (CT), and eugenol (EG) as nanoencapsulated oil phase is presented as well as the application of such NEs as active coatings for the preservation of fresh pork tenderloin.Results and discussion: DLS measurements as well as TEM images showed an average particle size distribution of 20–40 nm for all obtained NEs, while z-potential results indicate their physicochemical stability. All the obtained NEs needed at least 5 times less amount of EOs derivatives to scavenge 50% of radicals and demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes compared to free EOs derivatives. Pork fresh tenderloin meat treated with NEs demonstrated 30% higher efficacy in obtained lipid oxidation values than uncoated pork meat samples and 12% higher efficacy in obtained lipid oxidation values than pork meat samples treated with EOs derivatives. From a microbiological point of view NEs manage to extend pork tenderloin meat shelf life by 6 days compared to uncoated pork tenderloin meat and by 3 days compared to tenderloin pork meat coated with free EOs derivatives. Lab* colorimetry analysis as well as sensory analysis revealed that such edible CSN/LCN based NEs succeeded to preserve the texture, appearance, and color of pork tenderloin meat in higher acceptance limits compared to the corresponding characteristics of pork tenderloin meat coated with free EOs derivatives. Overall, the current study suggests novel CSN/LCN-based edible NEs as a promising technology that can be used as edible active coatings in the meat food industry.

Abstract Cuproptosis is an emerging cell death pathway that depends on the intracellular Cu ions. Elesclomol (ES) as an efficient Cu ionophore can specifically transport Cu into mitochondria and trigger cuproptosis. However, ES can be rapidly removed and metabolized during intravenous administration, leading to a short half‐life and limited tumor accumulation, which hampers its clinical application. Here, the study develops a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive polymer (PCP) based on cinnamaldehyde (CA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to encapsulate ES‐Cu compound (EC), forming ECPCP. ECPCP significantly prolongs the systemic circulation of EC and enhances its tumor accumulation. After cellular internalization, the PCP coating stimulatingly dissociates exposing to the high‐level ROS, and releases ES and Cu, thereby triggering cell death via cuproptosis. Meanwhile, Cu2+‐stimulated Fenton‐like reaction together with CA‐stimulated ROS production simultaneously breaks the redox homeostasis, which compensates for the insufficient oxidative stress treated with ES alone, in turn inducing immunogenic cell death of tumor cells, achieving simultaneous cuproptosis and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the excessive ROS accelerates the stimuli‐dissociation of ECPCP, forming a positive feedback therapy loop against tumor self‐alleviation. Therefore, ECPCP as a nanoplatform for cuproptosis and immunotherapy improves the dual antitumor mechanism of ES and provides a potential optimization for ES clinical application.