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Lipid droplets (LDs) are involved in viral infections, but exactly how remains unclear. Here, we study the hepatitis C virus (HCV) whose core capsid protein binds to LDs but is also involved in the assembly of virions at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) bilayer. We found that the amphipathic helix-containing domain of core, D2, senses triglycerides (TGs) rather than LDs per se. In the absence of LDs, D2 can bind to the ER membrane but only if TG molecules are present in the bilayer. Accordingly, the pharmacological inhibition of the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase enzymes, mediating TG synthesis in the ER, inhibits D2 association with the bilayer. We found that TG molecules enable D2 to fold into alpha helices. Sequence analysis reveals that D2 resembles the apoE lipid-binding region. Our data support that TG in LDs promotes the folding of core, which subsequently relocalizes to contiguous ER regions. During this motion, core may carry TG molecules to these regions where HCV lipoviroparticles likely assemble. Consistent with this model, the inhibition of Arf1/COPI, which decreases LD surface accessibility to proteins and ER-LD material exchange, severely impedes the assembly of virions. Altogether, our data uncover a critical function of TG in the folding of core and HCV replication and reveals, more broadly, how TG accumulation in the ER may provoke the binding of soluble amphipathic helix-containing proteins to the ER bilayer.

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often leads to fibrosis and chronic hepatitis, then cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The processes of the HVC life cycle involve intimate interactions between viral and host cell proteins and lipid metabolism. However, the molecules and mechanisms involved in this tripartite interaction remain poorly understood. Herein, we show that the infection of HCC-derived Huh7.5 cells with HCV promotes upregulation of the protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1). Reciprocally, PIAS1 regulated the expression of HCV core protein and HCV-induced LD accumulation and impaired HCV replication. Furthermore, PIAS1 controlled HCV-promoted septin 9 filament formation and microtubule polymerization. Subsequently, we found that PIAS1 interacted with septin 9 and controlled its assembly on filaments, which thus affected septin 9-induced lipid droplet accumulation. Taken together, these data reveal that PIAS1 regulates the accumulation of lipid droplets and offer a meaningful insight into how HCV interacts with host proteins.

Summary Septins are GTP-binding proteins involved in several membrane remodeling mechanisms. They associate with membranes, presumably using a polybasic domain (PB1) that interacts with phosphoinositides (PIs). Membrane-bound septins assemble into microscopic structures that regulate membrane shape. How septins interact with PIs and then assemble and shape membranes is poorly understood. Here, we found that septin 9 has a second polybasic domain (PB2) conserved in the human septin family. Similar to PB1, PB2 binds specifically to PIs, and both domains are critical for septin filament formation. However, septin 9 membrane association is not dependent on these PB domains, but on putative PB-adjacent amphipathic helices. The presence of PB domains guarantees protein enrichment in PI-contained membranes, which is critical for PI-enriched organelles. In particular, we found that septin 9 PB domains control the assembly and functionality of the Golgi apparatus. Our findings offer further insight into the role of septins in organelle morphology., Graphical Abstract, Highlights • Two polybasic domains mediate septin 9 interactions with PIs • Human septins have amphipathic helices suitable for membrane binding • Septin 9 polybasic domains mediate the formation of septin higher-order structures • The mutation or depletion of septin polybasic domains induces Golgi fragmentation, Membrane Architecture; Molecular Interaction; Cell Biology; Functional Aspects of Cell Biology

Epithelial cells are polarized cells and typically display distinct plasma membrane domains: basal plasma membrane domains face the underlying tissue, lateral domains contact adjacent cells and apical domains face the exterior lumen. Each membrane domain is endowed with a specific macromolecular composition that constitutes the functional identity of that domain. Defects in apical-basal plasma membrane polarity altogether or more subtle defects in the composition of either apical or basal plasma membrane domain can give rise to severe diseases. Lipids are the main component of cellular membranes and mechanisms that control their polarized distribution in epithelial cells are emerging. In particular sphingolipids and phosphatidylinositol lipids have taken center stage in the organization of the apical and basolateral plasma membrane domain. This short review article discusses mechanisms that contribute to the polarized distribution of lipids in epithelial cells.

The accumulation of lipid droplets (LD) is frequently observed in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and represents an important risk factor for the development of liver steatosis and cirrhosis. The mechanisms of LD biogenesis and growth remain open questions. Here, transcriptome analysis reveals a significant upregulation of septin 9 in HCV-induced cirrhosis compared with the normal liver. HCV infection increases septin 9 expression and induces its assembly into filaments. Septin 9 regulates LD growth and perinuclear accumulation in a manner dependent on dynamic microtubules. The effects of septin 9 on LDs are also dependent on binding to PtdIns5P, which, in turn, controls the formation of septin 9 filaments and its interaction with microtubules. This previously undescribed cooperation between PtdIns5P and septin 9 regulates oleate-induced accumulation of LDs. Overall, our data offer a novel route for LD growth through the involvement of a septin 9/PtdIns5P signalling pathway., The accumulation of lipid droplets is often observed in hepatitis C virus infection, but the mechanism of their formation is not known. Here the authors show that septin 9 expression is increased in infected livers, and a septin 9/phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate signalling pathway regulates the growth of lipid droplets.

Several Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are internalized by epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo, but the host pathways usurped by the bacteria to enter nonphagocytic cells are not clearly understood. Here, we report that internalization of strain PAK into epithelial cells triggers and requires activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B/Akt (Akt). Incubation of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) or HeLa cells with the PI3K inhibitors LY294002 (LY) or wortmannin abrogated PAK uptake. Addition of the PI3K product phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] to polarized MDCK cells was sufficient to increase PAK internalization. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3accumulated at the site of bacterial binding in an LY-dependent manner. Akt phosphorylation correlated with PAK invasion. The specific Akt phosphorylation inhibitor SH-5 inhibited PAK uptake; internalization also was inhibited by small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Akt phosphorylation. Expression of constitutively active Akt was sufficient to restore invasion when PI3K signaling was inhibited. Together, these results demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is necessary and sufficient for the P. aeruginosa entry and provide the first example of a bacterium that requires Akt for uptake into epithelial cells.

We previously described enterophilin-1 (Ent-1), a new intestinal protein bearing an extended leucine zipper and a B30.2 domain. Ent-1 expression is associated with growth arrest and enterocyte differentiation. To investigate the importance of Ent-1 in the differentiation, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screening. We identified sorting nexin 1 (SNX1) as a novel partner of Ent-1 and confirmed the specificity of interaction by co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells. SNX1 is associated with endosomal membranes and triggers the endosome-to-lysosome pathway of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We observe by immunofluorescence microscopy that Ent-1 and SNX1 are co-localized on vesicular and tubulovesicular structures, which are different from early endosome antigen 1-containing endosomes. By gel filtration chromatography, we show that Ent-1 and SNX1 co-eluted in macromolecular complexes containing part of EGFR. Furthermore, overexpressed Ent-1 decreases cell surface EGFR. Ent-1 and SNX1 co-overexpression strongly extends EGFR diminution, indicating a synergetic effect of both proteins on cell surface EGFR removal. Interestingly, the increase of endogenous Ent-1 expression correlates with the decrease of EGFR during spontaneous differentiation of Caco-2 cells. We thus propose a role of Ent-1 in the trafficking of EGFR to down-regulate intestinal mitogenic signals, highlighting the mechanisms of cell growth arrest associated with enterocytic differentiation.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects hepatocytes, polarized cells in the liver. Chronic HCV infection often leads to steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and it has been identified as the leading cause of liver transplantation worldwide. The HCV replication cycle is dependent on lipid metabolism and particularly an accumulation of lipid droplets in host cells. Phosphoinositides (PIs) are minor phospholipids enriched in different membranes and their levels are tightly regulated by specific PI kinases and phosphatases. PIs are implicated in a vast array of cellular responses that are central to morphogenesis, such as cytoskeletal changes, cytokinesis and the recruitment of downstream effectors to govern mechanisms involved in polarization and lumen formation. Important reviews of the literature identified phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 4-kinases, and their lipid products PtdIns(4)P, as critical regulators of the HCV life cycle. SH2-containing inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (SHIP2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and their lipid products PtdIns(3,4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, respectively, play an important role in the cell membrane and are key to the establishment of apicobasal polarity and lumen formation. In this review, we will focus on these new functions of PI3K and SHIP2, and their deregulation by HCV, causing a disruption of apicobasal polarity, actin organization and extracellular matrix assembly. Finally we will highlight the involvement of this pathway in the event of insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease related to HCV infection.

Signalling triggered by adhesion to the extracellular matrix plays a key role in the spatial orientation of epithelial polarity and formation of lumens in glandular tissues. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in particular is known to influence the polarization process during epithelial cell morphogenesis. Here, using Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells grown in 3D culture, we show that the p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase co-localizes with focal adhesion proteins at the basal surface of polarized cells. Pharmacological, siRNA- or kinase-dead-mediated inhibition of p110δ impair the early stages of lumen formation, resulting in inverted polarized cysts, with no laminin or type IV collagen assembly at cell/extracellular matrix contacts. p110δ also regulates the organization of focal adhesions and membrane localization of dystroglycan. Thus, we uncover a previously unrecognized role for p110δ in epithelial cells in the orientation of the apico-basal axis and lumen formation.

Enterocyte terminal differentiation occurs at the crypt-villus junction through the transcriptional activation of cell-specific genes, many of which code for proteins of the brush border membrane such as intestinal alkaline phosphatase, sucrase-isomaltase, or the microvillar structural protein villin. Several studies have shown that this sharp increase in specific mRNA levels is intimately associated with arrest of cell proliferation. We isolated several clones from a guinea pig intestine cDNA library. They encode new proteins characterized by an original structure associating a carboxyl-terminal B30.2/RFP-like domain and a long leucine zipper at the amino terminus. The first member of this novel gene family codes for a 65-kDa protein termed enterophilin-1, which is specifically expressed in enterocytes before their final differentiation. Enterophilin-1 is the most abundant in the small intestine but is still present in significant amounts in colonic enterocytes. In Caco-2 cells, a similar 65-kDa protein was recognized by a specific anti-enterophilin-1 antibody, and its expression was positively correlated with cell differentiation status. In addition, transfection of HT-29 cells with enterophilin-1 full-length cDNA slightly inhibited cell growth and promoted an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity. Taken together, these data identify enterophilins as a new family of proteins associated with enterocyte differentiation.

Guinea pig intestinal phospholipase B is a calcium-independent phospholipase hydrolyzing sequentially the acyl ester bonds at sn-2 and sn-1 positions of glycerophospholipids, promoting the formation ofsn-glycero-3-phosphocholine from phosphatidylcholine. This 140-kDa glycoprotein from the brush border membrane of differentiated enterocytes contributes to lipid digestion as an ectoenzyme. The cDNA coding for guinea pig phospholipase B was revealed to be the homologue of AdRab-B, an mRNA appearing in rabbit upon intestine development. The sequence predicts a polypeptide of 1463 amino acids displaying four homologous repeats, two of them containing the lipase consensus sequence GXSXG. A 5-kilobase transcript was particularly abundant in mature ileal and jejunal enterocytes but was also detected in epididymis, where phospholipase B displayed a higher molecular mass (170 kDa versus 140 kDa in intestine), with no obvious evidence for enzyme activity. Trypsin treatment of phospholipase B immunoprecipitated from epididymal membranes reduced its size to 140 kDa, coinciding with the appearance of a significant phospholipase A2 activity. The same results were obtained in COS cells transfected with phospholipase B cDNA. Since sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine present at high concentrations in seminal plasma mainly stems from epididymis, this suggests a possible role of phospholipase B in male reproduction. This novel localization also unravels a mechanism of phospholipase B activation by limited proteolysis involving either trypsin in the intestinal lumen or a trypsin-like endopeptidase in the male reproductive tract.

The main targets of hepatitis C virus (HCV) are hepatocytes, the highly polarized cells of the liver, and all the steps of its life cycle are tightly dependent on host lipid metabolism. The interplay between polarity and lipid metabolism in HCV infection has been poorly investigated. Signaling lipids, such as phosphoinositides (PIs), play a vital role in polarity, which depends on the distribution and expression of PI kinases and PI phosphatases. In this study, we report that HCV core protein, expressed in Huh7 and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, disrupts apicobasal polarity. This is associated with decreased expression of the polarity protein Dlg1 and the PI phosphatase SHIP2, which converts phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate into phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2). SHIP2 is mainly localized at the basolateral membrane of polarized MDCK cells. In addition, PtdIns(3,4)P2 is able to bind to Dlg1. SHIP2 small interfering RNA or its catalytically dead mutant disrupts apicobasal polarity, similar to HCV core. In core-expressing cells, RhoA activity is inhibited, whereas Rac1 is activated. Of interest, SHIP2 expression rescues polarity, RhoA activation, and restricted core level in MDCK cells. We conclude that SHIP2 is an important regulator of polarity, which is subverted by HCV in epithelial cells. It is suggested that SHIP2 could be a promising target for anti-HCV treatment., Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important human pathogen, preferentially binds and enters injured cells from the basolateral (BL) surface. We previously demonstrated that activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt are necessary and sufficient for P. aeruginosa entry from the apical (AP) surface and that AP addition of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) is sufficient to convert AP into BL membrane (Kierbel, A., A. Gassama-Diagne, K. Mostov, and J.N. Engel. 2005. Mol. Biol. Cell. 16:2577–2585; Gassama-Diagne, A., W. Yu, M. ter Beest, F. Martin-Belmonte, A. Kierbel, J. Engel, and K. Mostov. 2006. Nat. Cell Biol. 8:963–970). We now show that P. aeruginosa subverts this pathway to gain entry from the AP surface. In polarized monolayers, P. aeruginosa binds near cell–cell junctions without compromising them where it activates and recruits PI3K to the AP surface. Membrane protrusions enriched for PIP3 and actin accumulate at the AP surface at the site of bacterial binding. These protrusions lack AP membrane markers and are comprised of BL membrane constituents, which are trafficked there by transcytosis. The end result is that this bacterium transforms AP into BL membrane, creating a local microenvironment that facilitates its colonization and entry into the mucosal barrier.

Changes in lipid composition of turkey semen have previously been reported to occur during in vitro storage and may be mediated by endogenous hydrolysis of phospholipids. To investigate the presence of phospholipases able to initiate such degradation, phospholipaseA2 (PLA2), phospholipase A1 (PLA1), and lysophospholipase (LPLase) activities were measured in turkey spermatozoa and seminal plasma. These enzymes were also measured in the oviductal fluid because they may be involved in the process prior to fertilization in the female. In spermatozoa and seminal plasma, the major PLA2 was a calcium-dependent and sodium deoxycholate (DOC) stimulated enzyme. However, calcium-independent PLA2 activities were also detected with different characteristics in spermatozoa (DOC inhibited enzyme) and seminal plasma (DOC stimulated enzyme). Additionally, PLA1 activity and high LPLase activity were present in spermatozoa and seminal plasma. In vitro storage of semen for 48 h did not affect PLA2 and LPLase activities. By contrast, PLA1 was the major phospholipase activity detected in oviductal fluid. A PLA2 activity stimulated by calcium or DOC and LPLase activity were also detected, but both were low relative to PLA1. These results showed that turkey semen had several enzymatic activities able to hydrolyze phospholipids. In addition, the phospholipase activities described here in the oviductal fluid could be involved in membrane destabilization prior to fertilization.

Intestinal cell growth and differentiation are tightly regulated by growth factors and extracellular matrix components along the crypt-villus axis. We previously described enterophilin-1 (Ent-1) as a new intestinal protein associated with growth arrest and enterocyte differentiation. Ent-1 interacted with sorting nexin 1 and decreased cell surface epidermal growth factor receptor. Because beta(1) integrins are mostly found in vivo in the proliferative crypt cells, we investigated the role of Ent-1 in the fate of beta(1) integrin subunits. In undifferentiated intestinal Caco-2 cells, overexpression of Ent-1 induces a marked decrease of alpha(5)beta(1) integrin pools, whereas alpha(2)beta(1) integrin is weakly affected. Conversely, overexpression of sorting nexin 1 has no effect on integrin levels despite its ability to interact with Ent-1. Interestingly, we identified focal adhesion kinase as a new Ent-1 partner using yeast two-hybrid screening and co-precipitation experiments. Furthermore by confocal microscopy, we observed that Ent-1 and beta(1) integrins partly co-localize on vesicular structures, suggesting a role for Ent-1 in integrin trafficking. Because focal adhesion kinase is able to bind both Ent-1 and beta(1) integrins, the kinase might act as a molecular bridge between the two proteins. Altogether, these results support a role of Ent-1 in regulating beta(1) integrin expression that could favor intestinal differentiation.

Guinea pig phospholipase B (GPPLB) is a glycosylated ectoenzyme of intestinal brush border membrane. It displays a broad substrate specificity and is activated by trypsin cleavage. The primary sequence contains four tandem repeat domains (I to IV) and several serines in lipase consensus sequences. We used site-directed mutagenesis to demonstrate that only the serine 399 present in repeat II is responsible for the various enzymatic activities of GPPLB. Furthermore, we characterized for the first time the retinyl esterase activity of the enzyme. We also constructed and expressed in COS-7 cells, an NH2-terminal repeat I deletion mutant which was detected at a very low level by immunoblot. However, confocal microscopy study showed a strong intracellular accumulation with a weak membrane expression of the mutated protein, indicating a role of the NH2-terminal repeat I in the processing of GPPLB. Nevertheless, the Western blot-detected protein presented a glycosylation and trypsin sensitivity patterns similar to wild type PLB. The mutant is also fully active without trypsin treatment, in contrast to native enzyme. Thus, we propose a structural model for GPPLB, in which the repeat I constitutes a lid covering the active site and impairing enzymatic activity, its removal by trypsin leading to an active protein.

The substrate specificity of a calcium-independent, 97-kDa phospholipase B purified from guinea pig intestine was further investigated using various natural and synthetic lipids. The enzyme was equally active toward enantiomeric phosphatidylcholines under conditions allowing a strict phospholipase A activity. The lysophospholipase activity declined with the following substrates: 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine greater than 1-palmitoyl-propanediol-3-phosphocholine greater than 1-palmitoyl-glycol-2-phosphocholine, suggesting some influence of the polar residue vicinal to the cleavage site. The enzyme also acted on various neutral lipids including triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol, whereas cholesteryl oleate remained refractory to enzymatic hydrolysis. The lipase hydrolyzed sequentially the sn-2 and sn-1 acyl ester bonds of diacylglycerol, although some direct cleavage of the external acyl ester bond could also occur, as shown with diacylglycerol analogues bearing a nonhydrolyzable alkyl ether or amide bond in the sn-1 or sn-2 position. The three main activities of the enzyme (phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and diacylglycerol lipase) were resistant to 4-bromophenacyl bromide, but they were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, suggesting the possible involvement of both cysteine and serine residues in a single active site. It is concluded that guinea pig intestinal phospholipase B, which was also detected in rat and rabbit, is actually a glycerol ester lipase with broad substrate specificity and some unique enzymatic properties.

Two calcium-independent phospholipases isolated from guinea pig pancreas (lipase Ia, 37 kDa) and from guinea pig intestine (phospholipase B, 97 kDa) have been used to probe the mechanism of phospholipase inhibition by lipocortin. In the presence of calcium, both enzymes were inhibited by lipocortin I in a manner very similar to the inhibition of pig pancreas phospholipase A2. By using phospholipases that lack a requirement for calcium, we have for the first time been able to dissociate enzymatic activity from the role of calcium in the inhibitory process. It was found that lipocortin was without effect against phospholipase A1 and phospholipase B in the absence of calcium, under which conditions the inhibitory protein is unable to interact with anionic phospholipid surfaces. The same behavior toward phospholipase A1 was observed with two other related proteins, endonexin II or lipocortin V, and p68/67-kDa calelectrin or lipocortin VI. Together with the observation that lipocortins are active only in the presence of limited amounts of substrate, these data give further support to the "surface depletion model" of lipocortin inhibition, rather than to a mechanism involving a direct interaction between enzyme and inhibitor.

The aim of this study was to understand the inhibitors effects exerted toward platelet aggregation by SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine), a donor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) or nitric oxide (NO), which is able to stimulate soluble guanylate cyclase. Using platelets loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2, an inhibitory effect of SIN-1 could be observed against both calcium influc and calcium mobilization elicited by thrombin. However, maximal inhibition of calcium influx (70%) remained higher than maximal inhibition of calcium mobilization (40%).

From very recent studies, including molecular cloning of cDNA coding for membrane receptors, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) reached the status of a novel phospholipid mediator with various biological activities. Another strong argument supporting this view was the discovery that LPA is secreted from activated platelets, resulting in its appearance in serum upon blood coagulation. The metabolic pathways as well as the enzymes responsible for LPA production are poorly characterized. However, a survey of literature data indicates some interesting issues which might be used as the basis for further molecular characterization of phospholipases A able to degrade phosphatidic acid.

A phospholipase A2 activity directed against phosphatidylcholine was previously described in brush-border membrane from guinea pig intestine (Diagne, A., Mitjavila, S., Fauvel, J., Chap, H., and Douste-Blazy, L. (1987) Lipids 22, 33-40). In the present study, this enzyme was solubilized either with Triton X-100 or upon papain treatment, suggesting a structural similarity with other intestinal hydrolases such as leucine aminopeptidase, sucrase, or trehalase. The papain-solubilized form, which is thought to lack the short hydrophobic tail responsible for membrane anchoring, was purified 1800-fold to about 90% purity by ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel, gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA44, and hydrophobic chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose. Upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, a main band with an apparent molecular mass of 97 kDa was detected under reducing and nonreducing conditions. In the latter case, phospholipase A2 activity could be recovered from the gel and was shown to coincide with the 97-kDa protein detected by silver staining. The enzyme activity was unaffected by EGTA and slightly inhibited by CaCl2. The purified enzyme displayed a similar activity against phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine hydrolysis was reduced by 50% compared to diacylglycerophospholipids. Using phosphatidylcholine labeled with either [3H]palmitic acid or [14C]linoleic acid in the 1- or 2-positions, respectively, the purified enzyme catalyzed the removal of [3H]palmitic acid, although at a lower rate compared to [14C]linoleic acid. This resulted in the formation of sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, but only 1-[3H]palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was detected as an intermediary product. In agreement with this, 1-acyl-2-lyso-sn-[14C]glycero-3-phosphocholine was deacylated at almost the same rate as the sn-2-position of phosphatidylcholine. Since upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the two hydrolytic activities were detected at the same position as 97-kDa protein, the enzyme is thus considered as a phospholipase A2 with lysophospholipase activity (phospholipase B), which might be involved in phospholipid digestion.

Septins are a GTPases proteins family that can form high order structures such as filaments and rings, and able to bind cell membranes by interacting with phosphoinositides via a polybasic domain located at the N-terminal of their GTP binding domain. Here, We show by the transcriptomic analysis performed using the GSE14323 dataset that septin 9 is significantly upregulated in hepatitis C virus induced cirrhosis. Our findings show that septin 9 induce the lipid droplet growth by a phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate and microtubule-dependent mechanism hijacked by HCV. In addition, we have shown that the septin 9 is involved in Golgi apparatus morphology regulation and cell polarity installation by interacting with phosphoinositides via two polybasic domains. These results provide new understanding of the molecular mechanism of septins interaction with the phosphoinositides and show its importance in septin 9 cellular functions shown for the first time., Les septines sont une famille de protéines GTPases qui peuvent former des structures d'ordre supérieur, comme les filaments et les anneaux, et capables de se lier avec les membranes cellulaires par leur interaction avec les phosphoinositides (PIs) via un domaine polybasique en N-terminal de leur domaine de liaison au GTP. Nous avons montré par une analyse transcriptomique réalisée en utilisant les données GSE14323 que la septine 9 est significativement surexprimée dans la cirrhose induite par le virus de l'hepatite C (VHC). Nos résultats montrent, ainsi, que la septine 9 induit l’augmentation en taille des gouttelettes lipidiques (GLs) par un mécanisme dépendant le phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate et des microtubules. Nous avons montré, également, que cette voie de régulation des GLs est exploité par le VHC. De plus, nous avons montré que la septine 9 est impliquée dans la régulation de la morphologie de l’appareil Golgi et la mise en place de la polarité cellulaire par son interaction avec les phosphoinositides via deux domaines polybasiques. Ces résultats apportent une nouvelle compréhension du mécanisme moléculaire de l’interaction des septines avec les phosphoinositides et montrent pour la première fois l’importance de cette interaction dans des fonctions cellulaires de la septine 9.

Septins are a GTPases proteins family that can form high order structures such as filaments and rings, and able to bind cell membranes by interacting with phosphoinositides via a polybasic domain located at the N-terminal of their GTP binding domain. Here, We show by the transcriptomic analysis performed using the GSE14323 dataset that septin 9 is significantly upregulated in hepatitis C virus induced cirrhosis. Our findings show that septin 9 induce the lipid droplet growth by a phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate and microtubule-dependent mechanism hijacked by HCV. In addition, we have shown that the septin 9 is involved in Golgi apparatus morphology regulation and cell polarity installation by interacting with phosphoinositides via two polybasic domains. These results provide new understanding of the molecular mechanism of septins interaction with the phosphoinositides and show its importance in septin 9 cellular functions shown for the first time., Les septines sont une famille de protéines GTPases qui peuvent former des structures d'ordre supérieur, comme les filaments et les anneaux, et capables de se lier avec les membranes cellulaires par leur interaction avec les phosphoinositides (PIs) via un domaine polybasique en N-terminal de leur domaine de liaison au GTP. Nous avons montré par une analyse transcriptomique réalisée en utilisant les données GSE14323 que la septine 9 est significativement surexprimée dans la cirrhose induite par le virus de l'hepatite C (VHC). Nos résultats montrent, ainsi, que la septine 9 induit l’augmentation en taille des gouttelettes lipidiques (GLs) par un mécanisme dépendant le phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate et des microtubules. Nous avons montré, également, que cette voie de régulation des GLs est exploité par le VHC. De plus, nous avons montré que la septine 9 est impliquée dans la régulation de la morphologie de l’appareil Golgi et la mise en place de la polarité cellulaire par son interaction avec les phosphoinositides via deux domaines polybasiques. Ces résultats apportent une nouvelle compréhension du mécanisme moléculaire de l’interaction des septines avec les phosphoinositides et montrent pour la première fois l’importance de cette interaction dans des fonctions cellulaires de la septine 9.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cause of cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. HCC is one of the few cancers with welldefined major risk factors. Major causes of HCC include hepatitis B, hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, nonalcoholic, steatohepatitis, hereditary hemochromatosis, and geneticalteration. The multifactorial causes of HCC might explain its complex molecular pathogenesis. Detailed understanding of epidemiologic factors and molecular mechanisms associated with HCC ultimately could improve our current concepts for screening and treatment of this disease. With a view toward current concepts for screening of this disease, first, we analyzed a genetic susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of the Ile997Val in EP300 and Asn386Ser in PCAF polymorphisms on the risk of HCC. we found that the Val/Val of the EP300 at codon 997 and Ser/Ser of the PCAF at codon 386 were associated with an increased risk of HCC in the Moroccan population. A higher risk of HCC was observed in HCV-negative subjects. We also found that male with Ser/Ser in thePCAF gene and women with Val/Val genotype of the EP300 had a higher risk to develop HCC. It appears that variants of the transcriptional coactivator genes (EP300 and PCAF) may influence HCC risk in populations with low mutations or hromosomal instability rates. Additional surveys are warranted to confirm this first report. The incidence of HCC is increasing in Western countries, mostly because of the high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In this sense, we have tried to identify new host factors involved in replication of HCV. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicates in the liver,and chronic infection often leads to cirrhosis, steatosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no vaccine to protect against HCV infection. Major improvement has been recently achieved regarding treatment of HCV infection however there is already evidence for emergence of resistance due to the high genetic variability of the HCV RNA genome. Thus it should be important, to design therapies which avoid genotypic resistance by targeting cellular proteins. Understanding the mechanisms that allow proper assembly and intracellular trafficking of HCV proteins may have a profound impact on the treatment efficacy. An important hallmark of chronic HCV infection is liver steatosis associated with the accumulation of lipid droplets (LDs). The LDs accumulated in the HCV infected cells and the HCV core protein induces the redistribution of LDs, through the clustering of these organelles in the perinuclear area, providing a platform for virus assembly and in the production of infectious particles. Several host proteins have been proposed to facilitate the replication of HCV however much is needed to elucidate the implicated mechanisms. Here we report that HCV infection increases expression and formation of septin 9 filament surrounding HCV core. Data of our study revealed the highest expression of septin 9 in samples from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from patients with chronic HCV infection. Indeed, we brought newperception of septin 9 function regarding both microtubule and lipid structure organization. We proposed that HCV infection conducts to assembly of septin 9 in filaments through PIAS1. This may provide scaffolds to organize the microtubules network and LDs redistribution required for HCV assembly and replication. This study illuminates a new function of septin 9 in HCV life cycle through its association with lipids and microtubules. These events might depend on septin 9 SUMO1 modification by PIAS1. These findings also provide a step forwards in understanding the relationship between HCV and its host and open new therapeutic directions., Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est la tumeur maligne primitive du foie la plus fréquente (90 % des cas). Le CHC est le cinquième cancer par ordre de fréquence à l'échelon mondial, la troisième cause de décès par cancer dans le monde entier et son incidence est actuellement croissante. Parmi Les principaux facteurs prédictifs de survenue de CHC ; les altérations génétiques, l'alcool et les infections par les virus des hépatites B (VHB) et C (VHC). Les travaux de thèse en cotutelle menés entre l’Universités Paris Sud 11-France et l’Université Mohammed V- Rabat –MAROC ont porté essentiellement sur l’étude de deux facteurs de risque impliqués dans le développement du carcinome hépatocellulaire ; le polymorphisme génétique et l’infection par le virus de l’hépatite C. Dans un premier temps, ce travail de recherche s’est focalisée sur l’éventuelle relation pouvant liée les polymorphismes génétiques des gènes PCAF, P300 au carcinome hépatocellulaire. Sur le plan génétique nous avons constaté que les génotypes Val/Val de EP300 et Ser/Ser de PCAF apparaissent comme les plus associés à l’hépatocarcinome. Par ailleurs, ces derniers se trouvent associés d’une manière significative au carcinome hépatocellulaire. Par la suite, notre travail a consisté à mieux caractériser la variabilité génétique du HCV et l’épidémiologie des souches virales chez la population marocaine pour lesquelles peu de données étaient disponibles. Les analyses phylogénétiques des régions NS5B et E2 et les données épidémiologiques recueillies ont permis de répondre à ces questions. Enfin, La dernière partie des travaux de cette thèse vise à identifier des facteurs cellulaires essentiels à la réplication du VHC, dans l’objectif de définir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour le traitement des hépatites virales C. Nous avons pu identifier la septine 9 comme facteur cellulaire impliqué dans le cycle de vie virale du HCV, ainsi que les protéines PIAS1 et SUMO1 comme protéines régulatrices de la septine 9. De plus nous avons pu établir la relation entre ces protéines cellulaires dont la présence est nécessaire à la fois à la production des protéines virales ( CORE et E2) et à la réplication du virus dans la cellule hôte.