Search

Historicamente as Políticas Públicas Brasileiras, voltadas ao meio rural, tinham por finalidade aumento da produção e produtividade, tendo o crédito rural papel de destaque. Neste sentido, o estudo objetiva analisar a captação de recursos e contratos do PRONAF por dois distintos Coredes do Rio Grande do Sul: Missões e Litoral, em um intervalo de 06 anos. Para tanto, a metodologia da pesquisa constitui-se, além de revisão bibliográfica, na coleta de dados secundários extraídos da Matriz de Dados do Crédito Rural (MDCR) do Banco Central do Brasil. Os resultados demonstram a existência de uma concentração dos recursos nas mãos de um grupo cada vez menor de agricultores e municípios em ambos os Coredes. Percebe-se uma tendência de que o PRONAF está a beneficiar agricultores já consolidados, na maioria das vezes pautados na especialização produtiva, enquanto os agricultores em situação de vulnerabilidade encontram maiores dificuldades de modificar sua realidade. Historically, the Brazilian Public Policies, aimed at the rural environment, aimed at increasing production and productivity, with rural credit having a prominent role. In this sense, the study aims to analyze the funding of PRONAF resources and contracts by two distinct Coredes of Rio Grande do Sul: Missões and Litoral, in a range of 06 years. To do so, the research methodology constitutes, besides a bibliographical review, the collection of secondary data extracted from the Rural Credit Data Matrix (MDCR) of the Central Bank of Brazil. The results demonstrate the existence of a concentration of resources in the hands of a smaller group of farmers and municipalities in both Coredes. There is a tendency for PRONAF to benefit already established farmers, most of whom are based on specialization in production, while farmers in situations of vulnerability find it more difficult to change their reality.

Technological change in agriculture in climate risk exposed developing countries requires for land-use intensification to feed the growing populations. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of participation in rural credit program on adoption of yield enhancing technology(inorganic fertilizer) using 1412 farm households surveyed in 2005/06, 2009/10, and 2014/15 cropping seasons from rural Tigrai, northern Ethiopia where smallholder farmers are financially constrained to purchase of improved agricultural technologies. The paper uses a double hurdle correlated random effect models with a control function approach to analyze the causal effect. Results show that controlling for the unobservable heterogeneity and the underlying determinants of fertilizer adoption and credit participation, for an increase of credit size by 1% from its mean, adoption rate of inorganic fertilizer has increased by 2.5% and supports the earlier hypothesis. The results imply that expanding and strengthening of rural credit program are crucial for smallholder agriculture and appeared to have a more robust impact on adoption of inorganic fertilizer.

In China’s rural credit system, the problem of credit constraints is prominent. Due to the imperfect credit market, a large number of rural residents have credit constraints. Rural credit constraint is a serious problem restricting China’s rural economic development. Aimed at solving the rural credit constraints, this paper makes an optimization analysis on the rural credit system and loan decision-making. To more reasonably evaluate customers’ borrowing ability, the credit risk based on farmers’ data on the big data platform is evaluated in this paper. The stacked denoising autoencoder network is improved by adopting the deep learning framework to improve the accuracy of credit evaluation. For improving the loan decision-making ability of rural credit system, a loan optimization strategy based on multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed. The simulation results show that the optimization ability, speed, and stability of the proposed algorithm have achieved good results in dealing with the loan portfolio decision-making problem.

With the rapid development of rural micro-credit, whether the "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" problems have been effectively solved, whether the credit risk has been effectively controlled, these have become the focus of our attention to the rural economic environment. The main content of this paper contains four aspects: the classification and characteristics of credit risk, the problems and factors of credit risk, the model and evaluation of credit risk, the countermeasures and suggestions of credit risk. This paper reviews the research of credit risk management for rural credit cooperatives from the above four aspects, and makes a brief summary.

Orientadores: Rodrigo Lanna Franco da Silveira, Alexandre Gori Maia Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia Resumo: A relação entre desenvolvimento do sistema financeiro e crescimento econômico tem sido o foco de diversos estudos desde os trabalhos de Schumpeter (1911) e Robinson (1952). Quando a análise se estende ao setor agrícola, diversos estudos se debruçam a analisar o papel do crédito sobre o desenvolvimento rural, principalmente em países em desenvolvimento, onde o setor apresenta papel relevante para a economia do país. No Brasil, poucos estudos avaliaram os efeitos diferenciados do crédito sobre pequenos e grandes estabelecimentos, principalmente baseados em microdados. O objetivo desse estudo é analisar o impacto do crédito rural no desempenho econômico dos estabelecimentos agropecuários no Brasil. Para tanto, a análise divide-se em dois grupos de agricultores, familiares e não familiares. Para o grupo de agricultores familiares, foi mensurado o impacto do PRONAF na produção desses produtores, nas grandes regiões brasileiras. Utilizando as informações dos microdados do Censo agropecuário de 2006, que abrange 4,1 milhões de agricultores familiares, considerou-se a obtenção de crédito de tal programa, controlando pelas características do produtor, da propriedade e do sistema de produção. Os resultados encontrados no modelo de regressão linear múltipla demonstraram que o acesso ao crédito via PRONAF teve um impacto positivo de aproximadamente 21% sobre o valor da produção dos estabelecimentos, enquanto que a estimação do propensity score indicou que os agricultores que acessaram crédito via esse programa apresentaram um valor de produção superior, para todas as regiões, variando entre 10% e 25% superior em relação àqueles que não captaram empréstimos via programas do governo. O efeito do crédito do PRONAF se mostrou menor nas regiões menos desenvolvidas do país, porém ele existe e é positivo. Nas regiões mais desenvolvidas do país, o PRONAF apresentou resultados relevantes sobre o valor bruto da produção. A análise do acesso ao financiamento entre os produtores não familiares no desempenho econômico desses estabelecimentos também se baseou nas informações dos microdados do Censo agropecuário de 2006, com informações para 796.422 estabelecimentos. A estimação do modelo em dois estágios, considerando as relações de dupla causalidade entre crédito e produção agropecuária, indicou que o valor da produção, a área da propriedade, a localização dos estabelecimentos e as características socioeconômicas dos produtores estão entre os determinantes do acesso ao crédito. Adicionalmente, verificou-se que a obtenção de financiamento impactou positivamente a produção agropecuária, e a intensidade desse impacto variou conforme a fonte do crédito obtido, entre 63% e 213% superior em relação ao valor de produção médio de produtores sem acesso ao financiamento, e entre as diferentes regiões brasileiras Abstract: The relationship between development of the financial system and economic growth has been explored since the works of Schumpeter (1911) and Robinson (1952). With respect to the agricultural sector, several studies have investigated the role of credit on rural development, especially in developing countries, where the sector plays a relevant role in their economies. In Brazil, few studies have focused on the differentiated effects of credit on small and large-scale establishments, mainly based on microdata. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of rural credit on the economic performance of agricultural establishments in Brazil. The analysis is divided into two groups of farmers - familiar and non-family. For the family farmers group, the study explored the impact of PRONAF program on the agricultural production value, controlling for farm, farms and production system characteristics. The data set consists of the 2006 Agricultural Census, which considers 4.1 million of small farmers. In addition to using multiple linear regression model to estimate the net impact of PRONAF on total production value, we applied a propensity score matching method in order to identify pairs of family farms relatively homogeneous, one that accessed the credit and other that did not, estimating the average difference between their production values. Regression analysis showed that the access to PRONAF had a positive and significant net effect on production value of around 21%. The propensity score results seemed to exhibit similar evidence to those obtained by regression model. Farmers that obtained PRONAF credit presented a production value higher than others, with the difference ranging from 10% to 25%. The impact was lower in the less developed regions. For more developed regions, the PRONAF showed relevant net impacts on the production value. The study also investigated the impact of credit on the agricultural production value of non-family farmers in Brazil. The data set consists of the 2006 Agricultural Census on 796,422 farmers. To take into account the bicausal relationship between credit and agricultural production, the empirical analysis is carried out using a two-stage method. Results suggested the following determinants of credit access: production value, farm size, intensity of labor force participation, establishment location, and producers¿ socioeconomic characteristics. It is also verified that credit access had a positive and significant impact on the value of agricultural production. The intensity of such impact varied from 63% to 213%, according to the source of financing obtained and across Brazilian regions Doutorado Teoria Econômica Doutora em Ciências Economicas CAPES

The research objective is to explore the role of moving mediation on the influence of informational and interpersonal justice on satisfaction with service recovery, as well as broadening the impact of informational and interpersonal justice on satisfaction with service recovery at the Rural Bank (BPR) after merger. The data is collected through surveys of customers who experienced failure of bank credit services by rural banks (BPR) in the last two years which amounted to 127 respondents in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data analysis techniques used in this research are Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of this study found that emotions (positive and negative emotions) mediate the influence of informational and interpersonal justice on satisfaction with service recovery. The results of this study confirm that informational and interpersonal justice can increase comfort with a revival of services at BPR after merger. The results of this study provide a theoretical contribution to the development of models for service failures in the Banking Service Industry, especially in the Rural Banks (BPR) after the merger in Indonesia. Also, the findings of this study are also useful for the Banking Services Industry as a strategy model to implement Financial Services Financial Authority regulations on Consumer protection.).

O presente estudo tem como escopo propor a implementação do duty to mitigate the loss nos contratos bancários de financiamento rural firmados com a adesão da garantia complementar do Fundo Garantidor de Operações (FGO). A Carta Magna, a Lei nº 4.829/65 que institucionalizou o crédito rural e o Sistema Nacional de Crédito Rural (SNCR) impulsionaram a política de crédito rural no Brasil e proporcionaram mecanismos para a exploração da atividade agropecuária. O Fundo Garantidor de Operações, criado pela Lei n. 12.087/2009, consiste em uma garantia complementar exigida pelas instituições financeiras na concessão do financiamento rural para pequenos e médios produtores rurais para salvaguardar os riscos com o inadimplemento contratual. Com o intuito da adoção de políticas executivas agressivas e da cobrança de encargos moratórios, as instituições bancárias não recorrem ou, ainda, retardam em buscar os recursos do Fundo Garantidor, acarretando a elevação dos valores devidos ao credor financeiro e um aumento no endividamento dos produtores rurais que aderiram a garantia complementar para se beneficiarem do auxílio creditício. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa consiste na possibilidade da implementação do duty to mitigate the loss nos contratos bancários de financiamento rural, firmados com a adesão da garantia complementar do Fundo Garantidor de Operações, a fim de minimizar o agravamento dos prejuízos do credor e proporcionar a redução no montante devido pelo produtor rural, para alcançar o equilíbrio na relação obrigacional. This study aims to propose the implementation of duty to mitigate the loss in rural financing bank contracts signed with the adherence of the complementary guarantee from the Operations Guarantee Fund (FGO). The Magna Carta, Law No. 4,829 / 65 that institutionalized rural credit and the National Rural Credit System (SNCR) boosted rural credit policy in Brazil and provided mechanisms for the exploitation of agricultural activity. The Operations Guarantee Fund, created by Law no. 12,087 / 2009, consists of a complementary guarantee required by financial institutions in granting rural financing to small and medium-sized rural producers to safeguard risks with contractual default. With the intention of adopting aggressive executive policies and the collection of late charges, banking institutions do not resort or even delay in seeking the resources of the Guarantee Fund, leading to an increase in the amounts owed to the financial creditor and an increase in the indebtedness of producers. who joined the complementary guarantee to benefit from credit assistance. In this sense, the research consists of the possibility of implementing the duty to mitigate the loss in rural financing bank contracts signed with the adherence of the complementary guarantee of the Operations Guarantee Fund, in order to minimize the aggravation of the creditor's losses and provide a reduction in the amount owed by the rural producer, to achieve balance in the mandatory relationship.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Rural credit and rural insurance have an important role for the agricultural sector, once they are the main public policies to incentive agricultural production. Rural credit reduces the farmers's budget constraint, finances production costs and the use of new technologies. Rural insurance protects farmer’s income from production losses. Public resources subsidize the rural credit through the application of lower interest rates to the agricultural sector and rural insurance through the Rural Insurance Premium Subvention Program - PSR, “Proagro” and “Proagro Mais”. Given the importance the agricultural sector has on the Brazilian economy and the participation of public resources to sustain these policies, this research aimed to evaluate their efficiency for sugarcane, grains (soybeans, corn and wheat) and grape crops in São Paulo state. It is analyzed the data from “Agricultural Production Systematic Survey” (LUPA) in its more disaggregated level, the Agricultural Production Unity (UPA), for the years 2007/2008 and 2017/2018. It is analyzed the impact of rural credit and rural insurance policies in production, productivity and cultivated area. The analysis uses the methodology Propensity Score Matching (PSM) which allows to compare the groups that have used these programs and those groups that have not. We conclude that the rural credit and rural insurance policies impact the analyzed variables for grain and grape crops. However, for sugarcane crop the rural credit crop did not impact the production, productivity or cultivated area and the rural insurance impacted these variables only in the year of 2017/18. O crédito e o seguro rural têm um papel importante para agricultura, atuando como as principais políticas públicas de incentivo à produção agrícola. O crédito rural flexibiliza a restrição orçamentaria do produtor, financia despesas de custeio e o uso de novas tecnologias no campo. Já o seguro rural atua como garantia de renda para o produtor. Ambas as políticas contam com recursos públicos para subsidiar suas ações, o crédito por meio da aplicação de taxas de juros menores para o setor agrícola e o seguro através do Programa de Subvenção do Seguro Rural – PSR, Proagro e Proagro Mais. Dada a relevância que a agricultura exerce sobre a economia nacional e a participação dos recursos públicos na manutenção dessas políticas, o presente trabalho buscou avaliar a eficiência das mesmas para as culturas de cana-de-açúcar, grãos (soja, milho e trigo) e uva devido a sua participação no recebimento de crédito e seguro rural no estado de São Paulo. Foram utilizados os dados do Levantamento Sistemático da Produção Agrícola para o estado de São Paulo, em seu maior nível de desagregação possível, a Unidade de Produção Agropecuária (UPA) para os anos de 2007/08 e 2016/2017. Desta forma, analisou-se o impacto entre o programa de crédito (seguro rural) e a produção, produtividade e área cultivada para as culturas citadas no estado de São Paulo. Para isso foi empregado a metodologia do Propensity Score Matching (PSM) que permite comparar os grupos que contrataram esses programas e grupos que não os contrataram. Conclui-se que as políticas de crédito e seguro rural impactam positivamente as culturas de grãos e uva para variáveis analisadas. No entanto, para cana-de-açúcar o crédito não apresentou impacto sobre essas variáveis e em relação ao seguro rural as UPA’s que utilizaram a política apresentaram melhor desempenho somente no ano de 2016/2017. 00.889.834/0001-08

Agricultural production in Brazil has increased in recent decades. Despite this, the rural population continues to face income inequality. Policies targeting this issue, such as rural credit, have been implemented during this period. This study estimates the influence of credit on income inequality in Brazilian rural areas. Results suggest that the family farming credit program (PRONAF) is not associated with increase in inequality. However, access to rural credit from sources other than PRONAF has led to greater household income inequality. Results also indicate that greater levels of education and access to rural extension have boosted the effect of credit on income.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rural credit on land and labor productivity for Brazilian family farmers and assess factors influencing the rural credit approval process. The study employs data contained in the 2006 Brazilian Municipality1 Agricultural Census and a “trade index” (TI) specifically constructed to differentiate family farmers. The impact of credit on land and labor productivity was calculated by comparing the productivity of a group of family farmers that received credit with the productivity of a group of family farmers that were credit restricted. The groups were constructed with the aid of propensity score matching. When statistically significant, the average effect of credit was found to increase the recipient’s productivity of land and labor. It was also found that productivity increases due to the use of credit aligned with the level of the family farmer’s integration into the commercial market and, therefore, one credit policy does not fit for all Brazilian family farmers.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rural credit on land and labor productivity for Brazilian family farmers and assess factors influencing the rural credit approval process. The study employs data contained in the 2006 Brazilian Municipality1 Agricultural Census and a “trade index” (TI) specifically constructed to differentiate family farmers. The impact of credit on land and labor productivity was calculated by comparing the productivity of a group of family farmers that received credit with the productivity of a group of family farmers that were credit restricted. The groups were constructed with the aid of propensity score matching. When statistically significant, the average effect of credit was found to increase the recipient’s productivity of land and labor. It was also found that productivity increases due to the use of credit aligned with the level of the family farmer’s integration into the commercial market and, therefore, one credit policy does not fit for all Brazilian family farmers. Resumo: O objetivo do estudo é avaliar o impacto da restrição ao crédito rural sobre a produtividade da terra e a produtividade do trabalho para os agricultores familiares do Brasil. Para estimar esse impacto, foram utilizados dados do Censo Agropecuário de 2006 por município. Para diferenciar os agricultores familiares, foram utilizados quartis do índice de mercantilização. O impacto da restrição ao crédito sobre a produtividade da terra e a produtividade do trabalho foi calculado a partir da comparação entre o grupo que recebeu crédito e o que não recebeu crédito, obtido através do escore de propensão (propensity score matching). As estimativas do efeito médio de tratamento sobre os tratados, quando apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significativos, mostraram que o crédito aumenta a produtividade do trabalho e da terra e que os valores diferem entre os diferentes níveis de mercantilização dos agricultores familiares e, portanto, requerem políticas distintas.

Numerous studies have focused on bank ownership with a typical focus on analyzing performance issues by using data from commercial banks; however, these do not consider the link between ownership and capital adequacy. Our study fills this gap in the literature by investigating the impact of property rights reform on banks’ capital adequacy in China and heterogeneity across restructured forms of ownership, reform pathways, and time. Using data from rural credit cooperatives in China for 2008–2014, we find that rural cooperative banks have better capital adequacy than banks under two other forms of ownership. We further find that among four possible reform pathways, only restructuring from a rural cooperative bank to a rural commercial bank enhances capital adequacy significantly and that improvements in capital adequacy generally weaken over time. Further analyses indicate that this improvement is primarily attributable to capital injections and removal of non-performing assets by the government. These findings contribute to an understanding of how best to reform rural finance, particularly in developing countries.