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Since research on sex differences in occupational attainment suggests that working men and women attain essentially the same mean level of occupational attainment and do so through quite similar processes, the censoring problem as a potential source of bias in estimating equations for these comparative occupational attainments is investigated. (The censoring problem is defined as a sampling problem in that the sample of working women contains an overrepresentation of successful women, since women who can afford not to work will stay out of the labor force unless they find a job commensurate with their education.) After reviewing and rejecting some alternatives that could correct this problem, a model (developed from an extension of Heckman's set of equations that relate to women's occupational characteristics) is presented for obtaining the structural parameters for the whole female population by accounting for the censoring problem. The censoring problem was found to be minimal and not a reasonable explanation for the apparent similarities between men and women in the process of occupational attainment. It was concluded that before accepting the finding of sexual equality in occupational rewards, the following possibilities should be explored: (1) That the model is misspecified and if certain variables (for example, the status of first job) were included, the process of occupational attainment for the sexes would differ, and (2) that certain dimensions of sexual inequality in occupational rewards are not being tapped by the concept, occupational status. (TA)

Seventy-one 1963-75 Research & Development (R&D) reports were reviewed for purposes of providing a rural R&D synthesis useful to Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) planners and identifying labor market analysis techniques/implications successful rural programmatic initiations, data gaps, and broad policy issues. Conclusions and suggestions re: future research objectives were made relative to the supply and demand for rural labor and the design/experience of rural employment and training programs. In general, the literature suggested: rural labor market problems were unique in origin, requiring population specific program responses; the role of poverty related economic development problems had been explored, but the causes of varying rates of economic development in rural areas had not been clearly documented nor had the effectiveness of encouraging economic development via special efforts and geographic specific orientations been explored; rural labor force members behaved differently than their urban counterparts, but the reasons for the differences remained unexplained; the success of education/training programs was related to client motivation, and the most successful programs were those offering a variety of supportive services in addition to basic education; low wage rates influenced client motivation when welfare services were comparable; there was a rural youth emphasis; R&D literature was more oriented toward the research than the practitioner community. (JC)

Research was conducted to develop and evaluate study materials that would help prospective drill sergeant candidates prepare for drill sergeant school. A study manual containing relevant readings, study objectives, and self-tests was prepared. Diagnostic exams were developed and used to evaluate the achievement of a class of drill sergeant candidates who used the manual in their pre-school study program. Results showed that men using the manual demonstrated only slightly higher learning than those who did not use it. Failure to study may be the cause, which suggests that low motivation may be a problem. The report suggests allowing the men more time for monitored study, establishing a minimum qualifying score for entry to the school, and using the diagnostic exams to screen potential candidates. (Author)

Two methods for aiding workers to realize success in their job search process were investigated in the present study. These approaches involved the use of computerized systems for matching workers and employers for interviews that supposedly were mutually satisfying. The two approaches are identified as first generation and second generation computerized systems and differ in their level of sophistication for identifying "best" vs. "acceptable" interview pairings of workers and jobs, with the latter system incorporating the features of the former system plus additional inputs and outputs for evaluating interview quality. The subjects were persons seeking professional employment in the public schools. It appeared that for the procedure followed in this study, the second generation system, did not substantially improve the results obtained from the first generation system. Several issues associated with this finding are discussed. (Author)

For many persons, a satisfying group experience involves reaching a desired level of personal participation. The experimental laboratory studies of communication network groups have been the most rigorous attempts at understanding the effects of differential participation. It has been shown that centrality of a subject's position influences: (1) his sense of being a part of the group, (2) the amount of information available to him, and (3) his importance in the process of locomotion and progress toward group goals. These are aspects of member participation. The present study used decision conferences incorporating either centralized or decentralized decision structures to investigate the resulting attitudinal consequences of these conferences for the members relative to their performance, position, and participation in the group decision process. (Author)

As an integral step in a comprehensive, four year longitudinal analysis of concept development, a series of logical concept tasks based upon Piagetian theory, and suitable for administration to individuals five years of age or older, are described. The developmental focus was the logical groupements associated with the concrete operations period of middle-childhood. Sixty-four binary choice items were devised; one half of these assessed the operation of logical composition while the remainder assessed the inverse operation and reciprocal operation. In addition, complimentary concrete operations tasks, adapted from the procedures of previous normative investigations, were administered. These included dichotomous sorting, some-all understanding, class inclusion, cardinality, combinatorial reasoning, serial ordering, addition, and correspondence, transitive inference, and conservation of length, weight, and number. A sample of 180 children (equal numbers of kindergarten, and third and sixth grade male and female subjects) received the concept task series. Significant sex differences and order of presentation effects were generally absent. As anticipated, grade-level main effects were significant for the great majority of the tasks. Psychometric analyses were conducted, and it was concluded that the task series was a generally reliable assessment of logical reasoning. (Author/SD)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. The Panel on Information Services and Information Processing took as its domain of concern the applications of space systems to land-use planning, agricultural resources, inland water sources, extractable resources, environmental quality, and marine resources. Among the recommendations of the panel was that the experience gained and the results achieved with earth-observation satellites now warrant increased support in several applications fields for studies and practical experiments in preparation for the design of operational systems. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Environmental Quality considers ways in which space systems can be used to determine: (1) what pollutants are introduced into the major environmental media; (2) what effects of these pollutants are manifested; and (3) the effectiveness of abatement and control actions. Environmental aspects examined are discussed in relation to air quality, water quality, public health, and land quality as related to land use. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. The Technology Panel's activities were focused in general on the earth observation or remote-sensing requirements of all user panels. Among the panel's comments was that every earth observation user-oriented panel described a requirement for frequent repetitive observation either over prolonged periods from sun-synchronous orbits or continuously from geostationary orbit. The Panel also concluded that there is a clear requirement for additional research on the relationship of measurements which can be made from space to basic parameters of interest to users. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments. This publication reports the panel's study of user requirements in nine areas: (1) Weather and Climate; (2) Uses of Communications; (3) Land Use Planning; (4) Agriculture, Forest, and Range; (5) Inland Water Resources; (6) Extractable Resources; (7) Environmental Quality; (8) Marine and Maritime Uses; and (9) Materials Processing in Space. Also included is an assessment of the space transportation system capabilities for user requirements and a section on conclusions and recommendations.(RH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Institutional Arrangements examines the application of space systems to earthly problems that are recognized as currently or imminently critical. The Panel recommended that deliberate and planned programs together with the necessary institutional arrangements be established to assure the widest possible application of space technology. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. The Costs and Benefits Panel provides in this report a financial analysis of the future development of space-system applications. Four major problem areas are cited as improvable through the application of space-derived information: food supply and distribution; energy sources; mineral reserves; and communication and navigation. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Inland Water Resources discusses how and to what extent space technology can be used to improve the management of the nation's inland water resources. This management is discussed in four areas: inventory, basic research on hydrologic balance, planning, and operation. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Material Processing in Space assesses the feasibility and advantages of processing materials in a nongravitational field. This type of processing is discussed for biomedical and inorganic materials. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. The Panel on Extractable Resources was charged with reviewing the use of information from space systems in the operation of the extractable industries, particularly in exploration for mineral and fuel resources. The Panel concluded that operation of remote sensing systems from space will improve understanding of geological processes. It also concluded that accurate measurement of large-scale crustal motions will lead directly to an improved theory of the processes of mineral concentration and to better selection of regions of the earth that merit exploration effort. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied the progress of space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Agriculture, Forest, and Range discusses a conceptual plan for a satellite remote-sensing global information system. It is envisioned that this system will have the capability to provide timely and pertinent data to any user, anywhere in the world, who has need of information about present and potential agricultural lands, cultivated crops, forests, and rangelands. Particular attention is given to the type of valuable information about vegetative, land, and water resources that can be derived from this system on a local to a global scale. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Weather and Climate discusses space applications to meteorology, specifically, present-weather display, short-range forecasts, synoptic forecasts, and long-range weather and climate prediction. High-priority needs within present systems are also discussed; these include improved sounding of the atmosphere, improved geostationary satellites, monitoring oceans, and accurate determination of occurrence and intensity of precipitation, soil moisture, and water content of snow. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Land Use Planning defines the land use planning discipline; defines the current state-of-the-art as it may make use of information obtained by remote sensing; presents a 5- to 15-year scenario for the impact of remote sensing from air and space platforms on land use planning; and identifies critical factors in the applications of remotely sensed data to land use planning. (MH)

This report summarizes the findings of one of fourteen panels that studied progress in space science applications and defined user needs potentially capable of being met by space-system applications. The study was requested by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and was conducted by the Space Applications Board. The panels comprised user specialists drawn from federal, state, and local governments and from business and industry. In this report, the Panel on Uses of Communications explores more than 20 potential new services that can be provided by future satellite communications systems. Such services include improvement in the transmission of information; provision of greater safety to persons and craft at sea, on land, or in the air; location of those in distress; and warning of impending natural disasters. Recommendations are made with regard to mobile communications for use on land and sea, position determination, mineral and energy exploration, and the possibility of using electronic means to assist in mail delivery, and education and health-care experiments. (MH)

This monograph explores the aims, priorities, and international dimensions of the world's research and development (R&D) enterprise. Global R&D priorities in order of importance include military technology, basic research, space, energy, health, information processing, transportation, pollution control, and agriculture. The majority of R&D efforts are made by industrialized nations and are geared to meeting the political and economic goals of industrialized nations. In leading the global R&D race the United States has recently encountered competition from Japan and Western Europe due to their recovery from economic and manpower losses incurred during World War II. One lasting effect of World War II has been the merging of science and government. Control of funds gives governments great influence over national R&D priorities. Formerly producing the atomic bomb, mass production of penicillin, and radar, government-funded scientific R&D now emphasizes nuclear research. Funds for basic research generally are awarded to universities. Corporate R&D receives funds from industry as well as government. In the United States, most of the industrial R&D occurs in aerospace, electronics, and motor vehicles. Because developing nations are so technologically dependent upon industrialized nations, efforts have been made recently to form international R&D coalitions to study Third World problems. (AV)

The costs incurred by state education agencies (SEA's) for evaluation activities are looked at in this study, which also examines the possible role that the use of management consulting might play in reducing these costs. It is estimated that SEA evaluation activities in the U.S. today cost about $32 million and that the use of management consulting offers potential savings of about $2.9 million. The study compares management consulting, technical consulting, evaluation, and research activities and explains how each is different. Although management consulting and evaluation activities may overlap, one distinct difference is that management consulting is client centered regarding decision-making whereas evaluation activities emphasize a critical record of program activities or outcomes. The study concludes with a number of recommendations for further research, including a refinement and confirmation of the figures presented here, and studies to show how actual savings might be achieved in practice. (Author/JM)

Budget formulas used by states for state-supported colleges and universities are described, along with budgeting guidelines. A comparative analysis of the budget formulas in use in 1979-1980 reveals the similarities and differences in design among 19 states. Functional areas of expenditure used in the formula calculation are also compared for each state, including instruction and academic support, libraries, student services, institutional support, research and public service, and physical plant operation. For each state and functional area, information is also provided on formula methods for developing requests, including line items, base factors, formula factors, and the method of calculation. Descriptions of individual budget formulas for four-year institutions are provided for the following 19 states: Alabama, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Washington. Separate formulas for community colleges and technical institutes reported by nine states are also described. State guidelines and other nonformula, budget development practices are also covered. (SW)