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The authors would like to thank Luneau Technology Portugal for lending the Visionix VX120., Purpose: To study the effect of near-vision reading task on optical quality of the eye when performed on a computer monitor and on printed paper, and to identify which of the two results in greater changes. Methods: Two groups of subjects performed a 30-min reading task in two different conditions: on a computer monitor and on printed paper. Ocular, corneal, and internal wavefront aberrations (Zernike coefficients up to 6th order), root-mean-square of low- and high-order aberrations, spherical equivalent, vectoral components of ocular astigmatism ( J45 and J0), and the compensation factor between internal and corneal aberrations were measured before and after the tasks. Their changes were analyzed in each group and between groups. Results: Statistically significant changes in wavefront aberrations and in root mean square of low- and high-order aberrations were observed in both groups which was significantly greater when the task was performed on printed paper. Partial loss of compensation mechanism and variation in spherical equivalent in a negative direction occurred after both reading tasks; however, it was statistically significant only with printed paper reading task. The vectoral components of ocular astigmatism did not show statistically significant changes in either groups. Conclusion: Near-vision reading tasks can change the optical quality of the eye, especially when the task is performed on printed paper., This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) in the framework of the Strategic Funding UID/FIS/04650/2019 and by the project PTDC/FIS-OTI/ 31486/2017.

Official discourses of Development are being redefined. If the key geopolitical contexts shaping the post‐war Development project were decolonisation and the Cold War, the defining world‐historical transformations shaping the emerging vision of Development are the expansion of state capitalism and the rise of China. The IMF, the World Bank, the OECD, the G20, other multilaterals, and bilateral partners are increasingly taking stock of the rise of state capitalism, and acting as ideational vectors of this emerging regime. However, this new “state capitalist normal” is also portrayed as carrying risks. There is anxiety regarding the direction the political form of global capital accumulation is heading: with the unchecked proliferation of state capitalism possibly blunting competition, politicising economic relations, and intensifying geoeconomic tensions. This anxiety underwrites the current re‐articulation of Development, one which embraces the state as promoter, supervisor, and owner of capital; even as it critiques China’s use of similar instruments.

BackgroundRecovery in schizophrenia is a complex process, involving clinical, societal and personal recovery. Until now, studies analysed these domains separately, without examining their mutual relations and changes over time.AimsThis study aimed to examine different states of recovery and transition rates between states.MethodThe Pharmacotherapy Monitoring and Outcome Survey (2006–2017) yearly assesses patients with schizophrenia in the Northern Netherlands. Data from 2327 patients with one up to 11 yearly measurements on clinical, societal and personal recovery were jointly analysed with a mixture latent Markov model (MLMM).ResultsThe selected MLMM had four states that differed in degree and pattern of recovery outcomes. Patients in state 1 were least recovered on any domain (16% of measurements), and partly recovered in states 2 (25%; featured by negative symptoms) and 3 (21%; featured by positive symptoms). Patients in state 4 (38%) were most recovered, except for work, study and housekeeping. At the subsequent measurement, the probability of remaining in the same state was 77–89%, transitioning to a better state was 4–12% and transitioning to a worse state was 4–6%; no transitions occurred between states 1 and 4. Female gender, shorter illness duration and less schizophrenia were more prevalent in better states.ConclusionsQuite a high recovery rate was present among a substantial part of the measurements (38%, state 4), with a high probability (89%) of remaining in this state. Transition rates in the other states might increase to a more favourable state by focusing on adequate treatment of negative and positive symptoms and societal problems.

This paper reflects on what materialised during recovery operations following the earthquake in L'Aquila, Italy, on 6 April 2009. Previous critiques have focused on the actions of the Government of Italy and the Department of Civil Protection (Protezione Civile), with little attention paid to the role of local authorities. This analysis sheds light on how the latter used emergency powers, the command-and-control approach, and top-down planning to manage the disaster context, especially in terms of removal of rubble, implementing safety measures, and allocating temporary accommodation. It discusses how these arrangements constituted the mechanism via which ‘disaster capitalism’ took hold at the local and national level, and how it violated human rights, produced environmental and social impacts, hindered local communities from learning, transforming, and building resilience, and facilitated disaster capitalism and corruption. To make the disaster risk reduction and resilience paradigm more effective, a shift from centralised civil protection to decentralised, inclusive community empowerment systems is needed.

Purpose: The topic of corporate social responsibility is already present in many areas and spheres of economic life. In many cases, it determines the strategies of companies. Therefore, the article aims to examine the development and role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in management and sustainable economy. Emphasis will be placed on an overview of the most important international promotion initiatives. Finally, CSR and its development in Poland were discussed. Design/Methodology/Approach: The article uses the descriptive method. It consisted in the separation and identification of a specific phenomenon, which is the development of corporate social responsibility initiatives. Findings: Our findings suggest that the common element in all definitions is a broad category of stakeholders and the CRS definition determined by the standard quality, the ISO 26000. The important place in CSR idea is currently caring for the natural environment. Practical Implications: Efforts to encourage enterprises to the implementation of CSR principles which it is possible to build a positive image of the company and the trust and loyalty of its stakeholders. Therefore, such initiatives should be supported by government funding schemes and heavily promoted. Originality/Value: To the authors’ best knowledge, the present study is one of the few critical analyzes of the literature on the subject., peer-reviewed

Providing aid in times of increasing humanitarian need, limited budgets, and mounting security risks is challenging. This paper explores in what organisational circumstances evaluators judge, positively and negatively, the performance of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs) in response to disasters triggered by natural hazards. It assesses whether and how, as perceived by expert evaluators, CARE and Oxfam successfully met multiple institutional requirements concerning beneficiary needs and organisational demands. It utilises the Competing Values Framework to analyse evaluator statements about project performance and organisational control and flexibility issues, using seven CARE and four Oxfam evaluation reports from 2005-11. The reports are compared using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The resulting configurations show that positive evaluations of an INGO's internal and external flexibility relate to satisfying beneficiary needs and organisational demands, whereas negative evaluations of external flexibility pertain to not meeting beneficiary needs and negative statements about internal control concerning not fulfilling organisational demands.

Objective To explore reasons for variations in anxiety in women testing positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) with normal cytology at routine HPV primary cervical cancer screening. Methods In‐depth interviews were conducted with 30 women who had tested HPV‐positive with normal cytology, including 15 with low‐to‐normal anxiety and 15 with high anxiety. Data were analysed using Framework Analysis to compare themes between low and high anxiety groups. Results Several HPV‐related themes were shared across anxiety groups, but only highly anxious women expressed fear and worry, fatalistic cognitions about cancer, fertility‐related cognitions, adverse physiological responses and changes in health behaviour(s). In comparison to those with low anxiety, women with high anxiety more strongly voiced cognitions about the 12‐month wait for follow‐up screening, relationship infidelity, a lower internal locus of control and HPV‐related symptom attributions. Conclusions Receiving an HPV‐positive with normal cytology result related to various emotional, cognitive, behavioural and physiological responses; some of which were specific to, or more pronounced in, women with high anxiety. If our observations are confirmed in hypothesis‐driven quantitative studies, the identification of distinct themes relevant to women experiencing high anxiety can inform targeted patient communications and HPV primary screening implementation policy., Highlights To our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study to explore anxiety in women testing human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive with normal cytology at routine HPV primary screening.Our comparative qualitative design allowed thematic nuances to emerge between women who had experienced low versus high anxiety following their result.Only highly anxious women expressed fear and worry, fatalistic cognitions about cancer, fertility‐related cognitions, adverse physiological responses and changes in health behaviour(s).Highly anxious women also more strongly voiced cognitions about the 12‐month wait for follow‐up screen, reltionship infidelity, a lower internal locus of control and HPV‐related symptom attributions.These distinct themes can be used to minimise unnecessary anxiety through the development of evidence‐based patient communications at HPV primary screening.

Summary Numerous studies are published on the benefits of electric hand dryers vs paper towels (PT) for drying hands after washing. Data are conflicting and lacking key variables needed to assess infection risks. We provide a rapid scoping review on hand‐drying methods relative to hygiene and health risks. Controlled vocabulary terms and keywords were used to search PubMed (1946–2018) and Embase (1947–2018). Multiple researchers independently screened abstracts for relevance using predetermined criteria and created a quality assessment scoring system for relative study comparisons. Of 293 papers, 23 were included in the final analysis. Five studies did not compare multiple methods; however, 2 generally favoured electric dryers (ED); 7 preferred PT; and 9 had mixed or statistically insignificant results (among these, 3 contained scenarios favourable to ED, 4 had results supporting PT, and the remaining studies had broadly conflicting results). Results were mixed among and within studies and many lacked consistent design or statistical analysis. The breadth of data does not favour one method as being more hygienic. However, some authors extended generalizable recommendations without sufficient scientific evidence. The use of tools in quantitative microbial risk assessment is suggested to evaluate health exposure potentials and risks relative to hand‐drying methods. We found no data to support any human health claims associated with hand‐drying methods. Inconclusive and conflicting results represent data gaps preventing the advancement of hand‐drying policy or practice recommendations.

To improve assessment of risks associated with pharmaceutical contamination of the environment, it is crucial to understand effects and mode of action of drugs in non-target species. The evidence is accumulating that species with well-conserved drug targets are prone to be at risk when exposed to pharmaceuticals. An interesting group of pharmaceuticals released into the environment is imidazoles, antifungal agents with inhibition of ergosterol synthesis as a primary mode of action in fungi. However, imidazoles have also been identified as competitive antagonists of calmodulin (CaM), a calcium-binding protein with phylogenetically conserved structure and function. Therefore, imidazoles would act as CaM inhibitors in various organisms, including those with limited capacity to synthesize sterols, such as arthropods. We hypothesized that effects observed in crustaceans exposed to imidazoles are related to the CaM inhibition and CaM-dependent nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we measured (i) CaM levels and its gene expression, (ii) NO accumulation and (iii) gene expression of NO synthase (NOS1 and NOS2), in the cladoceran Daphnia magna exposed to miconazole, a model imidazole drug. Whereas significantly increased CaM gene expression and its cellular allocation were observed, supporting the hypothesized mode of action, no changes occurred in either NO synthase expression or NO levels in the exposed animals. These findings suggest that CaM inhibition by miconazole leads to protein overexpression that compensates for the loss in the protein activity, with no measurable downstream effects on NO pathways. The inhibition of CaM in D. magna may have implications for effect assessment of exposure to mixtures of imidazoles in aquatic non-target species.

Objective: Although breast reconstruction has become an important treatment modality following mastectomy, few studies assessed predictors of postoperative sexual outcomes after breast reconstruction. Therefore, we aimed to study three sexual outcomes following implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR), and associate multiple biopsychosocial factors with these outcomes. Methods: Data collection was part of a multicenter prospective study on IBBR. A predictive model was tested including medical, background and psychological predictors, partner relationship factors and physical sexual function. Data collection included clinical and questionnaire data (preoperatively and 1 year following reconstruction) using the BREAST-Q Sexual well-being scale (BQ5), and questions regarding sexual dysfunction and sexual satisfaction questions (Female Sexual Function Index). Results: The study sample consisted of 88 women who underwent mastectomy and IBBR. Mean postoperative BQ5 scores were lower than before surgery (M = 58 [SD = 18] vs 65 [SD = 20]; P =.01, Wilks' Lamdba =.88). Sexual dysfunctions were related strongest to orgasm inability and vaginal lubrication issues. The tested models predicted 37%-46% of the sexual outcomes: sexual outcomes were mostly predicted by psychosocial well-being, physical sexual function and partner support. Preoperative sexual and psychosocial well-being were positively associated with postoperative sexual well-being (r = 0.45 and r = 0.47). Conclusions: Although moderately positive sexual outcomes were reported after IBBR, some women reported issues with vaginal lubrication, breast sensation and orgasm. Sexual dysfunctions were predicted by vaginal lubrication and medical treatments, while sexual well-being and satisfaction were more predicted by psychosocial well-being and partner support. We advocate supportive care that includes partners and psychosocial functioning to optimize sexual outcomes after IBBR.

Objective This study aimed to assess psychological functioning, quality of life, and regret about screening after a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and subsequent colonoscopy, and to evaluate changes over time. Methods This is a prospective cohort study. Individuals aged 55 to 75 with a positive FIT that were referred for colonoscopy between July 2017 and November 2018, were invited to complete questionnaires related to psychological distress and health‐related quality of life at three predefined time points: before colonoscopy, after histopathology result notification, and after 6 months. Four questionnaires were used: the Psychological Consequences Questionnaire (PCQ), the six‐item Cancer Worry Scale (CWS), the Decision Regret Scale (DRS), and the 36‐item Short‐Form (SF‐36). Results A total of 1066 participants out of 2151 eligible individuals were included. Patients with cancer showed a significant increase in psychological dysfunction (P = .01) and cancer worry (P = .008) after colonoscopy result notification, and a decline to pre‐colonoscopy measurements after 6 months. In the no‐cancer groups, psychological dysfunction and cancer worry significantly decreased over time (P 25). A good global quality of life was reported in participants with no cancer. Conclusion Some psychological distress remains up to 6 months after colonoscopy in participants who tested false‐positive in the Dutch bowel cancer screening program.

Creation of new digital technologies let automate the reproduction of text and graphic information, led to the creation and development of the digital printing. Digital printing is a technology for producing prints in the printer based on the original layout, created as corresponding codes with a computer. One of the technologies of digital printing is a computer-to-press and one of the devices in this direction is risograph. The risograph printing quality is worse than offset printing. The text is printing with medium sharpness and images remind photos in old newspapers and require special preparation. But risograph is the most profitable solution for small and medium circulations from 50 up to 1000 sheets. Wide usage of risograph printing in typographies demands increase performance of the equipment with the high print quality of digital images. To improve the quality of risographic printing, the creation of methods is required to form the initial indicators of the original layout (clarity, correct transmission of halftones, contrast). At the same time, the result of obtaining high-quality images obtained by printing on a risograph is affected by surface microgeometry and the physical and mechanical properties of paper. So, the optical density of the ink layer on the print is largely determined by the structure of the sections of paper, in particular, absorbency and porosity. To obtain high-quality images on prints, it is necessary not only to customize the original layout, but also to select paper with such characteristics that would allow you to get the best result when printing on a risograph. Since the risograph occupies an intermediate place in quality between copying equipment and laser printing, a laser print is taken as the standard for print quality. And one of the tasks of the quality of risographic prints is to increase it to the quality of laser printing.

Many potential chemotherapeutics fail to reach patients. One of the key reasons is that compounds are tested during the drug discovery stage in two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures, which are often unable to accurately model in vivo outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro tumor models are more predictive of chemotherapeutic effectiveness than 2D cultures, and thus, their implementation during the drug screening stage has the potential to more accurately evaluate compounds earlier, saving both time and money. Paper-based cultures (PBCs) are an emerging 3D culture platform in which cells suspended in Matrigel are seeded into paper scaffolds and cultured to generate a tissue-like environment. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging with PBCs (MALDI-MSI-PBC) as a drug screening platform. This method discriminated regions of the PBCs with and without cells and/or drugs, indicating that coupling PBCs with MALDI-MSI has the potential to develop rapid, large-scale, and parallel mass spectrometric drug screens.

Crisis narratives surrounding Europe's 2015 migration influx fuelled demands for new ways of tracking, mapping and predicting human mobility. We explore how market opportunities for technology firms and data analytics start-ups created by the EU's Global Approach to Migration led to solutionistic approaches to compiling and analysing migration statistics. We show that initiatives such as the rebranding of existing platforms and services as migration prediction systems are consolidating policy conceptualisations of migration as risk. Despite the promise of greater granularity, this "big data approach" cannot offer greater certainty about who is on the move and why. Instead such approaches are ill-suited to understanding the complex dynamics of migration and to offering protection to vulnerable people. The marketisation of migration statistics through big data offers a key case for advancing progressive approaches to both migration statistics and global data justice.Los relatos de crisis en torno a las corrientes migratorias hacia Europa del año 2015 han impulsado la demanda de nuevas formas de seguimiento, mapeo y predicción de la movilidad de personas. Exploramos cómo las oportunidades de mercado para las empresas de tecnología y las nuevas empresas de análisis de datos creadas por el Enfoque Global de la Migración de la UE han causado enfoques simplificadores al compilar y analizar las estadísticas migratorias. Mostramos que iniciativas tales como el cambio de nombre de ciertas plataformas y servicios existentes en los sistemas de predicción migratoria están transformando la conceptualización de las política migratoria como un riesgo. A pesar de la promesa de una mayor granularidad, este “enfoque big data” no logra ofrecer una mayor certeza sobre quién está en movimiento y por qué. Al contrario, estos enfoques no son adecuados para comprender las complejas dinámicas migratorias ni para ofrecer protección a las personas vulnerables. La comercialización de las estadísticas migratorias a través de Big Data ofrece un caso clave para avanzar sobre enfoques más progresivos tanto para las estadísticas migratorias y como para la justicia global de datos.

Background The implementation of an electronic health record (EHR) with structured and standardized recording of patient data can improve data quality and reusability. Whether and how users perceive these advantages may depend on the preimplementation situation. Objective To determine whether the influence of implementing a structured and standardized EHR on perceived EHR use, data quality, and data reuse differed for users working with paper-based records versus a legacy EHR before implementation. Methods We used an electronic questionnaire to measure users' perception before implementation (2014), expected change, and perceived change after implementation (2016) on three themes. We included all health care professionals in two university hospitals in the Netherlands. Before jointly implementing the same structured and standardized EHR, one hospital used paper-based records and the other a legacy EHR. We compared perceptions before and after implementation for both centers. Additionally, we compared expected benefit with perceived benefit. Results We received 7,611 responses (4,537 before and 3,074 after implementation) of which 5,707 (75%) were from professionals reading and recording patient data. A total of 975 (13%) professionals responded to both before and after implementation questionnaires. In the formerly paper-based center staff perceived improvement in all themes after implementation. The legacy EHR center experienced deterioration of perceived EHR use and data reuse, and only one improvement in EHR use. In both centers, for half of the aspects at least 45% of responders experienced results worse than expected preimplementation. Conclusion Our results indicate that the preimplementation recording practice impacts the perceived effect of the implementation of a structured and standardized EHR. For almost half of the respondents the new EHR did not meet their expectations. Especially legacy EHR centers need to investigate the expectations as these might be different and less clear cut than those in paper-based centers. These expectations need to be addressed appropriately to achieve a successful implementation.

SignificanceSpeckle variations induced by intracellular motion (IM) in the urothelium was observed in optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. It is feasible to use the IM as a dynamic contrast to segment the urothelium with only two sequential OCT images. This new method opens the possibility of tracking the distribution of the urothelial cells to identify the microinvasion of bladder tumors.ApproachWith fresh porcine bladder tissue, IM was analyzed by tracking speckle variations using autocorrelation function, then quantified with CONTINE algorism to identify the decorrelation time (DT) of the speckle variations. Variance analysis is conducted to show IM amplitude and distribution in the urothelium. The segmentation of the urothelium is demonstrated using tissue samples with and without significantly stretching.ResultsSignificant speckle variations induced by IM exists in the urothelium. However, the distribution of the IM is heterogeneous. The DTs are majorly distributed between 1ms to 30ms. Using the IM as a dynamic contrast, the urothelium can be accurately and exclusively segmented, even the layer structure of the bladder is invisible.ConclusionsWith fresh porcine bladders, we show that IM can be used as a dynamic contrast to exclusively segment the urothelium. This contrast may provide a new mechanism for OCT to diagnosis the invasion of urothelial cancerous cells for the better staging of bladder cancer.

Versatile sensing matrixes are essential for the development of enzyme-immobilized optical biosensors. A novel three-dimensional titanium dioxide nanotubes/alginate hydrogel scaffold is proposed for the detection of sweat biomarkers, lactate, and glucose in artificial sweat. Hydrothermally synthesized titanium dioxide nanotubes were introduced to the alginate polymeric matrix, followed by cross-linking nanocomposite with dicationic calcium ions to fabricate the scaffold platform. Rapid colorimetric detection (blue color optical signal) was carried out for both lactate and glucose biomarkers in artificial sweat at 4 and 6 min, respectively. The superhydrophilicity and the capillarity of the synthesized titanium dioxide nanotubes, when incorporated into the alginate matrix, facilitate the rapid transfer of the artificial sweat components throughout the sensor scaffold, decreasing the detection times. Moreover, the scaffold was integrated on a cellulose paper to demonstrate the adaptability of the material to other matrixes, obtaining fast and homogeneous colorimetric detection of lactate and glucose in the paper substrate when image analysis was performed. The properties of this new composite provide new avenues in the development of paper-based sensor devices. The biocompatibility, the efficient immobilization of biological enzymes/colorimetric assays, and the quick optical signal readout behavior of the titanium dioxide nanotubes/alginate hydrogel scaffolds provide a prospective opportunity for integration into wearable devices. The authors acknowledge support from Gobierno de Espana, Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Grant No. BIO2016-80417-P) (AEI/FEDER, UE), "Ministerio de Ciencia y Educacion de Espana" under grant PID2020-120313GB-I00/AIE/10.13039/501100011033 and the Basque Government (Grant IT1271-19). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 766007. The authors convey their special thanks to SGIker of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Dr. Javier G. Inanez for the technical equipment facility support. F.B.-L. and L.B.-D. acknowledge the "Red de Microfluidica Espanola" RED2018102829-T.

A cosmic no-hair theorem for all initially contracting, spatially homogeneous, orthogonal Bianchi Cosmologies is derived - which shows that all such Universes asymptote to a spatially flat, isotropic Universe with the inclusion of a shear viscous stress. This establishes a new mechanism of isotropisation in a contracting Universe, which does not take recourse to an ekpyrosis-like mechanism using an effective ultra-stiff equation of state fluid, that is, one in which the pressure is much greater than the energy density., 9 pages

Innovation and social learning are the pillars of cultural evolution, allowing cultural behaviours to cumulatively advance over generations. Yet, little is known about individual differences in the use of social and asocial information. We examined whether personality influenced 7-11-year-old children's (N = 282) propensity to elect to observe others first or independently generate solutions to novel problems. Conscientiousness was associated with electing for no demonstrations, while agreeableness was associated with opting for demonstrations. For children receiving demonstrations, openness to experience consistently predicted deviation from observed methods. Children who opted for no demonstrations were also more likely than those opting for demonstrations to exhibit tool manufacture on an innovation challenge and displayed higher creativity, as measured by an alternate uses task. These results highlight how new cultural traditions emerge, establish and advance by identifying which individuals generate new cultural variants in populations and which are influential in the diffusion of these variants, and help reduce the apparent tension within the 'ratchet' of cumulative culture.

Renal transporters involved in tubular excretion pathway are considered to be the key concern in drug evaluations in nephrotoxicity. However, the relationship between the alternation of renal transporters and the kinetic process of vancomycin (VCM)-induced nephrotoxicity has not been fully elucidated. The present study investigated the alteration of renal transporters expression in the kinetic process of VCM-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. C57BL/6 mice were administrated with normal saline or VCM for 7 days. Biochemical and pathological analyses were conducted to investigate the nephrotoxicity induced by VCM administration. Renal oxidative status, plasma, and kidney content of VCM were monitored. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to analyze the expression of renal transporters. Finally, our data showed that the exposure of VCM (400 mg/kg) caused a slight nephrotoxicity in mice, whereas exposure of VCM (600 mg/kg) resulted in the severe nephrotoxicity in mice as evidenced by biochemical parameters and renal morphological changes. In addition, the accumulation of VCM in kidney is higher than plasma. Interestingly, VCM (600 mg/kg, body weight) resulted in the induction of Oct2–Mate1 and Oat1/3–Mrp2/Mrp4/Bcrp pathways. However, VCM (400 mg/kg, body weight) caused the induction of Oct2–Mate1/Mate2 and Oat1/3–Mrp4/Bcrp pathways. The changes of renal transporters in association with the kinetic process of VCM-induced nephrotoxicity may exert important practical implications for its optimal use in clinic.

What do measures of management during this exceptional and volatile time tell us about the regulation of migrant‐driven diversity and its implications in the arrival city? Using the term “differential diversification” from Singapore, I examine how the socio‐political life of the pandemic is deeply entangled with the management of low‐waged labour migrants. Techno‐political discourses and practices of pandemic management accelerated the state’s attempts to differently include migrant workers, revealing the bare viscerality of biopolitics already in place prior to the pandemic. I argue that diversity is ordered through a striking co‐production of migrant management and pandemic management. This paper draws upon government discourses to demonstrate that measures of pandemic management contribute not only to the spatial regime of migrant management. They also articulate and rationalise the subject transformation of the low‐waged migrant to the extent that, on top of being a moral risk, they are also now a medical risk.

The main ingredient of paper production is cellulose fibers. Usually produced from wood fibers and annual plants. In this study it was investigated usability of waste rose pulps (Rosa Damascena Mill.) which have environmental risk in Isparta province as a source of cellulose for paper production. Oily rose flower grows only in Isparta and its vicinity and around 7000 tons of rose flowers are grown annually. After oil extraction, rose flowers lose their economic value and are left to rot as garbage. Rose pulp which is an herbal waste therefore contains cellulose. At the Scope of study, cellulose content of rose pulp was determined and paper pulp was obtained by applying soda-NaBH4 and chlorite methods. The obtained paper pulp was mixed with waste paper in different ratio and paper production was provided. Thus, rose wastes which evaluating as rubbish, was recycled and go into the production cycle., Kağıt üretiminin ana maddesi selüloz liflerdir. Genellikle ağaç lifleri ve yıllık bitkilerden üretilir. Bu çalışmada Isparta ilinde çevresel risk taşıyan atık gül posaları (Rosa Damascena Mill.) kağıt üretimi için selüloz kaynağı olarak kullanılabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Yağlık gül çiçeği sadece Isparta ve çevresinde yetişmekte olup yıllık yaklaşık 7000 ton civarında gül çiçeği yetiştirilmektedir. Yağı alındıktan sonra gül çiçekleri ekonomik değerini yitirmekte ve çöp olarak çürümeye terk edilmektedir. Bitkisel bir atık olan gül posaları dolayısıyla selüloz içermektedir. Çalışma kapsamında. gül posasının selüloz içeriği belirlenmiş ve soda-sodyum borhidrür ve klorit yöntemleri uygulanarak kağıt hamuru elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen kağıt hamurları farklı oranda atık kağıtlar ile karıştırılarak kağıt üretimi sağlanmıştır. Böylece çöp niteliğindeki gül posaları geri dönüştürülerek üretim döngüsü içine katılmıştır.

Participation has long been considered important for post‐disaster recovery. Establishing what constitutes participation in post‐disaster shelter projects, however, has remained elusive, and the links between different types of participation and shelter programme outcomes are not well understood. Furthermore, recent case studies suggest that misguided participation strategies may be to blame for failures. This study analysed 19 shelter projects implemented in the Philippines following Typhoon Haiyan in November 2013 to identify the forms of participation employed. Using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis, it assessed how household participation in the planning, design, and construction phases of shelter reconstruction led to outcomes of household satisfaction and safe shelter design. Participation was operationalised via eight central project tasks, revealing that the involvement of households in the early planning stages of projects and in construction activities were important for satisfaction and design outcomes, whereas engagement during the design phase of projects had little impact on the selected outcomes. National Science Foundation, United States Agency for International Development Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Nicolas R. and Nancy D. Petry Fellowship in Construction Engineering and Management

The introduction and wide use of devices, especially mobile ones, has changed the way learners read and do research for a variety of reasons, and this trend has attracted a number of studies conducted regarding reading on screen and on paper in addition to those dealing with the students’ behavior in using online resources to print ones. This paper aims at identifying the major findings and trends in reading research by describing the current state of knowledge and practice in the studies comparing reading on screen and on paper and to provide guidance for practitioners by analyzing and summarizing the existing research. The current review adopted a systematic review as the research methodology as well as the article selection and screening process. The articles published between 2009 and 2017 were reviewed, and 37 articles were included in the analysis. The review revealed that the research on onscreen and paper-based reading focused on comparing the learners’ performances in reading activities in both contexts and sharing preliminary findings and students’ views. However, the findings are inconclusive as mixed findings were produced as to the effects of reading on screen and on paper. Moreover, the review also indicates that practitioners are also interested in examining the factors and affordances in reading on screen. As a result, there is still further research needed to establish the factors affecting reading and comprehension while reading on screen and on paper.

Numerous resilience measurement frameworks for climate programmes have emerged over the past decade to operationalise the concept and aggregate results within and between programmes. Proxies of resilience, including subjective measures using perception data, have been proposed to measure resilience, but there is limited evidence on their validity and use for policy and practice. This article draws on research on the Decentralising Climate Funds project of the Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters programme, which supports communities in Mali and Senegal to improve climate resilience through locally controlled adaptation funds. It explores attributes of resilience from this bottom‐up perspective to assess its predictors and alignment with food security, as a proxy of well‐being. We find different patterns when comparing resilience and the well‐being proxy, illustrating that the interplay between the two is still unclear. Results also point to the importance of contextualising resilience, raising implications for aggregating results.

Climate extremes and longer‐term climate change impacts threaten the achievement of development goals (Damania et al., 2017; IBRD, 2018). In 2030, up to 319 million extremely poor people will be living in the 45 countries most exposed to floods, droughts and heat extremes (Shepherd et al., 2013). According to the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report on 1.5°C global warming, a 2°C increase in temperature will double 1 the number of people exposed to drought through water stress (IPCC, 2018). To eradicate extreme poverty by 2030, development cooperation and domestic action in the developing world is increasingly concerned with building resilience to these climate hazards (SDG Goal 1.5). Amid lively critical debates, the resilience‐building agenda has sparked a proliferation of projects in recent years. Resilience programmes are being implemented in some of the most climate‐vulnerable, institutionally fragile and unstable settings around the world. Often, they focus on improving people's access to climate and weather information, resources or markets, helping them plan ahead and navigate environmental change and uncertainty in the future. Importantly, resilience‐building is anticipated to give greater agency to vulnerable people and produce more co‐benefits or ‘dividends’ than conventional international development approaches (Rodin, 2014; Tanner et al., 2015a, 2015b; Bond et al., 2017; Cabot Venton, 2018; Cabot Venton et al., 2012). Building resilience from the ground up is critical because of the context‐specific nature of climate change and disaster impacts and the need to ensure the engagement of vulnerable groups. The five‐year, £100m UK Department for International Development (DFID) programme on Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) is one example of this intervention logic. Alongside the implementation of 15 projects in 13 countries, research and monitoring and evaluation, knowledge‐sharing activities that have taken place under BRACED present a unique opportunity to learn about how poor people and communities deal with climate shocks and other hazards in different contexts, their vulnerabilities and the kinds of interventions that can help strengthen their resilience. Similarly, the Action on Climate Today (ACT) programme funded by DFID for five years to provide technical and financial support to governments across five South Asian countries had a lesson‐learning function to share experiences and knowledge across the programme and with the outside world. This special issue of Disasters reflects on resilience‐building supported via BRACED and ACT in some of the world's most climate‐vulnerable countries and contexts. These programmes have focused on scaling up action to build resilience, 2 principally through the expansion and replication of good practices by influencing government policies, plans and investments. The papers provide insights that are each grounded in different contexts and understandings of local realities and the factors that support and undermine people's resilience. The BRACED articles emphasise the importance of this ground‐level engagement. They also highlight a range of different opportunities for intervening in the broader social structures and decision‐making processes that shape these local realities. The focus of the ACT article is explicitly and exclusively concerned with national and local government policy‐making and how this can be influenced. Each of the seven papers selected for this special issue was written by teams of researchers and practitioners engaged in the BRACED and ACT programmes, based in the Global South and North in a range of country contexts from the Sahel to Southeast Asia. Each brings a different perspective on the significance and operationalisation of efforts to build resilience to climate extremes and disasters. The contributing authors describe resilience‐building at different scales, for different types of projects and interventions: from gender‐differentiated perspectives within households in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso and Chad (Le Masson et al., 2019; McOmber et al., 2019), to devolved community planning and financing in Mali and Senegal (Beauchamp et al., 2019); from sector‐wide agricultural extension support in Sudan (Young and Ismail, 2019), to early warning systems in Ethiopia and Nicaragua (Ewbank et al., 2019), national social protection programmes in Ethiopia (Ulrichs et al., 2019) and advocacy for mainstreaming into government policy in South Asia (Tanner et al., 2019). It is important to understand that the projects of the BRACED and ACT programmes, which inspired the articles in this special issue, did not and could not invest in long‐term studies of the kind that could test the hypotheses of the resilience‐building programmes – that, through these sets of interventions, people's resilience could be enhanced and hence the negative impact of climate extremes and longer‐term climate change be reduced. This was because of the brief implementation time frames of both programmes. This is a common challenge with project‐based interventions, where the assessment of potential impacts needs to be done simultaneously with the investments intended to achieve these impacts. As such, these articles are not based on routine evidence of results produced through monitoring, learning and evaluation activities, but rather are selected expert reflections on the projects. They are intended for scientific peer review and journal publication, not project evaluation. The articles present rich and detailed descriptions and reflections from their respective fields and contexts, which we do not exhaustively or definitively summarise in this overview. Rather, this overview paper aims to gently pique the curiosity of readers, and to reflect briefly on the critical questions that the articles help address, which have hereto remain largely unresolved in resilience debates. We select and draw out insights from this special issue that feed into these debates, and highlight their significance for the wider community of humanitarian and development practitioners. Following a brief overview of how the term ‘resilience’ is being used in each of the articles, we then examine how each has approached the challenge of understanding and measuring bottom‐up interventions. We consider the multiple benefits or resilience dividends that make some of these projects unique, and reflect on what the authors consider are the prospects for effecting deeper structural, or transformative changes.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore TT men’s pre-diagnosis experiences of prostate cancer (PCa). This study is part of a wider project that examined men and their partners’ experiences of routes to diagnosis for PCa in TT. Methods: Men (n=51) were voluntarily recruited to semi-structured interviews from four centres. Data were analysed following principles of Grounded Theory. Results: Major barriers to medical help-seeking were highlighted as lack of knowledge and awareness of the prostate gland and symptoms of PCa, the digital rectal exam (DRE), PSA, cultural and religious beliefs and hegemonic masculinity norms and non-reporting of bodily changes to GPs. Fear of DRE, distrust in providers and misinterpretation of bodily changes as related to ageing and diabetes mellitus also contributed to delays towards seeking medical help. Men’s interactions with pharmacists and traditional healers lengthened the time taken to consult with Health Care Providers for prostate concerns. Conclusions: TT men’s PCa pre-diagnosis experiences are important to unearth barriers and facilitators to care along routes to diagnosis for this disease. This can help target specific health promotion strategies to motivate men to seek medical care for symptoms in a timely manner.

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.

What consequences does ‘everyday violence’ have on the abilities of survivors to protect themselves from further risks? This paper seeks to establish the linkages between violence and people's resilience capacities to survive and adapt to environmental changes, particularly those living in fragile economic and political contexts such as Chad. It investigates not only how the adverse consequences of violence against women and girls affect the health status and livelihoods of survivors, but also their capacities, and those of their household and community members, to further protect themselves from other risks. Empirical evidence collected in Chad as part of the BRACED (Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters) programme shows that ‘everyday violence’ undermines resilience‐building at the individual, household, and community level. These results have serious implications for development programmes and the role they need to play to better promote both gender equality and resilience to shocks and stresses.

Analytical strategies to ensure the quality and safety of food products without the need for skilled personnel are highly required. The simplicity of glucose strips for diabetes monitoring should be translated to the agri-food sector, ensuring easy evaluation of certain molecules and/or the freshness of a beverage/foodstuff. In addition to the well-known advantages that are characteristic of electroanalytical methods over other methods, paper-based materials are being used to further reduce the gap between complex laboratory testing and simple point-of-need testing. This article highlights some of the most recent advances in the development of paper-based electrochemical approaches for food surveillance, specifically focusing on the use of novel paper-based materials. Two examples are discussed: the development of a miniaturized biosensor realized on copy paper for the quantification of ethanol in commercial beers, and the measurement of ascorbic acid in food supplements within printed electronics supports. Paper-based materials have the potential to lower economic costs, simplify the operative tasks, and most importantly reduce waste generation. The continued combination of manufacturing methods and functional (smart) materials will facilitate the implementation of food analysis at the point of need.

Objective The incidence of lung cancer is four times higher in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with the general population. Promotion of a shorter time from symptom onset to presentation is one potential strategy for earlier lung cancer diagnosis, but distinguishing respiratory symptoms can be difficult. We investigated how the experience of COPD influences symptom appraisal and help seeking for potential lung cancer symptoms. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with men (n = 17) and women (n = 23) aged 40 to 83 years with COPD. Topic guides drew on the integrated symptom‐response framework and covered symptom experience, interpretation, action, recognition, help seeking, evaluation, and reevaluation. We used the framework method to analyse the data. Results Participants said that they attributed chest symptoms to their COPD; no other cause was considered. Participants said that family/friends noticed changes in their symptoms and encouraged help seeking. Others felt isolated by their COPD because they could not get out, were fatigued, or were embarrassed. Participants visited health professionals frequently, but increased risk of lung cancer was not discussed. Conclusions Our study provides insight into different levels of influence on symptom appraisal and targets for intervention. Greater awareness of increased lung cancer risk and support to act on symptom changes is essential and could be achieved through a concerted information campaign. Health professionals working with people with COPD could also optimise appointments to support symptom appraisal of potential lung cancer symptoms.

ObjectiveIncreased knowledge of breast cancer risk factors enables a shift from one‐size‐fits‐all breast cancer screening to a risk‐based approach, tailoring screening policy to a woman's individual risk. New opportunities for prevention will arise. However, before this novel screening and prevention program is introduced, its acceptability from a woman's perspective needs to be explored.MethodsWomen eligible for breast cancer screening in the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Sweden were invited to take part in focus groups. A total of 143 women participated. Data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsAnalysis identified five themes across the three countries. The first theme “impact of knowledge” describes women's concern of not being able to unlearn their risk, perceiving it as either a motivator for change or a burden which may lead to stigma. The second theme “belief in science” explains women's need to trust the science behind the risk assessment and subsequent care pathways. Theme three “emotional impact” explores, eg, women's perceived anxiety and (false) reassurance, which may result from knowing their risk. Theme four “decision making” highlights cultural differences in shared versus individual decision making. Theme five “attitude to medication” explores the controversial topic of offering preventative medication for breast cancer risk reduction.ConclusionsAcceptability of risk‐based screening and prevention is mixed. Women's perceptions are informed by a lack of knowledge, cultural norms, and common emotional concerns, which highlights the importance of tailored educational materials and risk counselling to aid either shared or individual informed decision making.

This paper focuses on one of the most commonly encountered materials in our society, namely paper. Paper is an inherently complex material, yet its use provides for chemical analysis approaches that are elegant in their simplicity of execution. In the first half of the previous century, paper in scientific research was used mainly for filtration and chromatographic separation. While its use decreased with the rise of modern elution chromatography, paper remains a versatile substrate for low-cost analytical tests. Recently, we have seen renewed interest to work with paper in (bio)analytical science, a result of the growing demand for inexpensive, portable analysis. Dried blood spotting, paper microfluidics, and paper spray ionization are areas in which paper is (re)establishing itself as an important material. These research areas all exploit several properties of paper, including stable sample storage, passive fluid movement and manipulation, chromatographic separation/extraction, modifiable surface and/or volume, easily altered shape, easy transport, and low cost. We propose that the real, and to date underexploited, potential of paper lies in utilizing its combined characteristics to add new dimensions to paper-based (bio)chemical analysis, expanding its applicability. This article provides the reader with a short historical perspective on the scientific use of paper and the developments that led to the establishment of the aforementioned research areas. We review important characteristics of paper and place them in a scientific context in this descriptive, yet critical, assessment of the achieved and the achievable in paper-based analysis. The ultimate goal is the exploration of integrative approaches at the interface between the different fields in which paper is or can be used.

After a long-term toxicity study on Bisphenol A (BPA), the European Union and U.S food and drug administration updating the rules regarding the usage of BPA by extending the prohibition of BPA to include in the production of papers, on February 2018. Therefore, it is essential to establish the trace level BPA detectors in paper samples. In this report, the synthesis of novel ZnO nanoclusters wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (ZnO NCs/rGO) and its application towards the selective electrocatalytic detection of BPA are described. Initially, ZnO NCs/rGO is synthesized by the one-step hydrothermal approach, and various characterizations explain the compound's compositions and structure. The significance of ZnO NCs/rGO together with good electrocatalytic properties leads this material to the platform for electrochemical sensor. Finally, ZnO NCs/rGO was fabricated and validated as an effective sensor for the sensitive detection of BPA. The demonstrated sensor revealed excellent detection of BPA with the very low detection limit (2.1 nM), and also it offered good analytical parameters with more extensive linear range and higher sensitivity. Likewise, the sensor annexes good durability, reproducibility, and selectivity towards the determination of BPA. Due to the nourishing capacity of the prepared ZnO NCs/rGO, it is employed for the detection of BPA in tissue paper samples.

Adolescents aspire for independence. Successful independence means knowing when to rely on one's own knowledge and when to listen to others. A critical prerequisite thus is a well‐developed metacognitive ability to accurately assess the quality of one's own knowledge. Little is known about whether the strive to become an independent decision maker in adolescence is underpinned by the necessary metacognitive skills. Here, we demonstrate that metacognition matures from childhood to adolescence (N = 107) and that this process coincides with greater independent decision‐making. We show that adolescents, in contrast to children, take on others’ advice less often, but only when the advice is misleading. Finally, we demonstrate that adolescents’ reduced reliance on others’ advice is explained by their increased metacognitive skills, suggesting that a developing ability to introspect may support independent decision‐making in adolescence., Moses‐Payne et al investigated how advice taking develops during childhood and adolescence, and how this is related to metacognition. Children, 8‐9 year olds (yo), and two groups of adolescents, 12‐13 year olds and 16‐17 year olds, took part in a metacognition and advice taking task. Both adolescent groups showed increased ability to identify when they were correct or incorrect (increased metacognitive efficiency, Panel A). The adolescent groups also showed a lower propensity to follow advice than children (Panel B). Importantly, adolescents were less likely to follow false advice but still followed helpful advice (Panel C). In this way, adolescents were more competent advice takers, and this was linked to their metacognitive abilities: resistance to false advice was driven by adolescents' increased metacognitive efficiency (Panel D). The adolescents utilized their new‐found metacognitive abilities to resist false advice from others when they knew they were correct, but still took helpful advice when they knew they were incorrect.

This multi‐authored contribution explores what the COVID‐19 pandemic demands of critical inquiry with a focus on the more‐than‐human. We show how COVID‐19 is a complex series of multispecies encounters shaped by humans, non‐human animals, and of course viruses. Central to these encounters is a politics of difference in which certain human lives are protected and helped to flourish while others, both human and animal, are forgotten if not sacrificed. Such difference encompasses practices of racialisation and racism, healthcare austerity, the circulation of capital, border‐making, intervention into non‐human nature, wildlife trade bans, anthropocentrism, and the exploitation of animal test subjects. The contributions highlight how COVID‐19 provides a needed opportunity to unite new materialist and anti‐racist, anti‐colonial scholarship as well as reimagine more radically sustainable multispecies futures. This requires embracing anti‐colonial humility, confronting debts owed to lab animal frontline workers, and rethinking economic systems that helped unleash COVID‐19 and ensured it became a disaster.

Forensic pathologists’ decisions are critical in police investigations and court proceedings as they determine whether an unnatural death of a young child was an accident or homicide. Does cognitive bias affect forensic pathologists’ decision‐making? To address this question, we examined all death certificates issued during a 10‐year period in the State of Nevada in the United States for children under the age of six. We also conducted an experiment with 133 forensic pathologists in which we tested whether knowledge of irrelevant non‐medical information that should have no bearing on forensic pathologists’ decisions influenced their manner of death determinations. The dataset of death certificates indicated that forensic pathologists were more likely to rule "homicide" rather than "accident" for deaths of Black children relative to White children. This may arise because the base‐rate expectation creates an a priori cognitive bias to rule that Black children died as a result of homicide, which then perpetuates itself. Corroborating this explanation, the experimental data with the 133 forensic pathologists exhibited biased decisions when given identical medical information but different irrelevant non‐medical information about the race of the child and who was the caregiver who brought them to the hospital. These findings together demonstrate how extraneous information can result in cognitive bias in forensic pathology decision‐making.

In this article, we aimed to investigate the anti-aging activity of Lantana camara ethanolic leaves-extract in Drosophila melanogaster: survival and longevity (life span). L. camara leaves were collected and washed thoroughly of sand particles, air-dried, ground, and extracted by the maceration method using ethanol as a solvent. Phytochemical screening was carried out. 168-hour LC50 was determined by exposing fruit flies to concentrations ranging from 5 to 5000 mg/10 g diet for 7-days. Twenty-eight-day survival and longevity studies were carried out by administering L. camara ethanolic leaves extract at 5, 10, and 20 mg/10 g diet to 1–3 days old fruit flies. Each concentration was replicated four times with 50 fruit flies each. The emergence rate of young fruit flies from eggs laid by fruit flies administered L. camara leaves-extracts were also carried out. The total yield of the extraction was determined to be 18%. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenol, steroids, cardiac glycosides, and carbohydrates. 168-hour LC50 of L. camara was also determined to be 1135 mg/10 g diet. L. camara significantly prolonged (P

Significance: Histopathological analysis of tissues is an essential tool for grading, staging, diagnosing and resecting cancers and other malignancies. Current histopathological techniques require substantial sample processing prior to staining with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dyes, to highlight nuclear and cellular morphology. Sample preparation and staining is resource-intensive and introduces potential for variability during sample preparation. Aim: We present a novel method for direct label-free histopathological assessment of formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks and thin tissue sections using a dual contrast photoacoustic remote sensing (PARS) microscopy system. Approach: To emulate the nuclear and cellular contrast of H&E staining, we leverage unique properties of the PARS system. Here the ultraviolet excitation of the PAARS microscope takes advantage of DNA's unique optical absorption to provide nuclear contrast analogous to hematoxylin staining of cell nucelli. Concurrently, the optical scattering contrast of the PARS detection system is leveraged to provide bulk tissue contrast analogous to eosin staining of cell membranes. Results: We demonstrate the efficacy of this technique by imaging human breast tissue and human skin tissues in formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks and frozen sections respectively. Salient nuclear and extra-nuclear features such as cancerous cells, glands and ducts, adipocytes, and stromal structures such as collagen. Conclusions. The presented dual contrast PARS microscope enables label-free visualizations of tissue with contrast and quality analogous to the current gold standard for histopathological analysis. Thus, the proposed system is well positioned to augment existing histopathological workflows, providing histological imaging directly on unstained tissue blocks and sections., 13 Pages, 3 figures

Gravitational waves provide us with a new window into our Universe, and have already been used to place strong constrains on the existence of light scalar fields, which are a common feature in many alternative theories of gravity. However, spin effects are still relatively unexplored in this context. In this work, we construct an effective point-particle action for a generic spinning body that can couple both conformally and disformally to a real scalar field, and we show that requiring the existence of a self-consistent solution automatically implies that if a scalar couples to the mass of a body, then it must also couple to its spin. We then use well-established effective field theory techniques to conduct a comprehensive study of spin-orbit effects in binary systems to leading order in the post-Newtonian (PN) expansion. Focusing on quasicircular nonprecessing binaries for simplicity, we systematically compute all key quantities, including the conservative potential, the orbital binding energy, the radiated power, and the gravitational-wave phase. We show that depending on how strongly each member of the binary couples to the scalar, the spin-orbit effects that are due to a conformal coupling first enter into the phase at either 0.5PN or 1.5PN order, while those that arise from a disformal coupling start at either 3.5PN or 4.5PN order. This suppression by additional PN orders notwithstanding, we find that the disformal spin-orbit terms can actually dominate over their conformal counterparts due to an enhancement by a large prefactor. Accordingly, our results suggest that upcoming gravitational-wave detectors could be sensitive to disformal spin-orbit effects in double neutron star binaries if at least one of the two bodies is sufficiently scalarised., 57 pages + appendices, 8 figures, 5 tables. v2: Version accepted for publication. Some minor clarifications added compared to v1

The developmental course of neural tuning to visual letter strings is unclear. Here we tested 39 children longitudinally, at the beginning of grade 1 (6.45 ± 0.33 years old) and 1 year after, with fast periodic visual stimulation in electroencephalography to assess the evolution of selective neural responses to letter strings and their relationship with emerging reading abilities. At both grades, frequency‐tagged letter strings were discriminated from pseudofont strings (i.e. letter‐selectivity) over the left occipito‐temporal cortex, with effects observed at the individual level in 62% of children. However, visual words were not discriminated from pseudowords (lexical access) at either grade. Following 1 year of schooling, letter‐selective responses showed a specific increase in amplitude, a more complex pattern of harmonics, and were located more anteriorly over the left occipito‐temporal cortex. Remarkably, at both grades, neural responses were highly significant at the individual level and correlated with individual reading scores. The amplitude increase in letter‐selective responses between grades was not found for discrimination responses of familiar keyboard symbols from pseudosymbols, and was not related to a general increase in visual stimulation responses. These findings demonstrate a rapid onset of left hemispheric letter selectivity, with 1 year of reading instruction resulting in increased emerging reading abilities and a clear quantitative and qualitative evolution within left hemispheric neural circuits for reading., A group of 39 young children were tested with FPVS‐EEG to understand changes in the left hemisphere when learning to read. After only 1 year of schooling, a quantitative and qualitative evolution in the selective neural responses to letters is found, independently of a general increase of visual stimulation responses.

A small box, hitherto described as white lacquerware, currently displayed at the Chinese Pavilion, Drottningholm, Sweden, is an unusual example of artefacts imported from the Far East during the era of the East India Companies. By using microscopy for cross- and thin sections, X-ray fluorescence microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, some of the specific characteristics of the box are described, and it was possible to differentiate original from more recent restoration material. Among other findings, the results suggest that white glue tempera is a better description, based on indications of calcium carbonate and protein, and support an earlier attribution of the box to an Edo period doll maker in Kyoto.

Intrinsic galaxy alignments yield an important contribution to the observed statistics of galaxy shapes. The general bias expansion for galaxy sizes and shapes in three dimensions has been recently described by Vlah, Chisari \& Schmidt using the general perturbative effective field theory (EFT) framework, in analogy to the clustering of galaxies. In this work, we present a formalism that uses the properties of spherical tensors to project galaxy shapes onto the observed sky in the flat-sky approximation and compute the two-point functions at next-to-leading order as well as the leading-order three-point functions of galaxy shapes and number counts. The resulting expressions are given in forms that are convenient for efficient numerical implementation. For a source redshift distribution typical of Stage IV surveys, we find that that nonlinear intrinsic alignment contributions to galaxy shape correlations become relevant at angular wavenumbers $l \gtrsim 100$., 32 pages, 5 figures

Significance: We have developed a clinical probe capable of acquiring near-simultaneous short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) reflectance and occlusal transillumination images of lesions on tooth proximal and occlusal surfaces. We hypothesize that dual images will aid in differentiating between shallow and deep occlusal lesions and reduce the potential of false positives (FPs). Aim: The aim of this study was to test the performance of the dual reflectance and occlusal transillumination probe on extracted teeth prior to commencing clinical studies. Approach: The dual probe was 3D printed and the imaging system uses an InGaAs camera and broadband superluminescent diode light sources that emit broadband light at 1300 nm for occlusal transillumination and 1600-nm light for cross-polarization reflectance. The diagnostic performance of the dual probe was assessed using 120 extracted teeth with approximal and occlusal lesions. Reflectance and transillumination images were fused into single images to enhance the contrast between sound and lesion areas. The lesion contrast in both modes did not increase significantly with either the lesion depth or the distance from the occlusal surface for approximal lesions. In addition, the diagnostic performance of radiography, the individual reflectance and transillumination images, dual images, and fused images were compared using micro-computed tomography as the gold standard. Results: Reflectance imaging at 1600 nm yielded the highest diagnostic accuracy for lesions on both occlusal and proximal surfaces while radiography yielded the lowest number of FPs. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that simultaneous acquisition of both reflectance and transillumination SWIR images is possible with a single clinical device.

Significance: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is widely used as a potential diagnostic tool for a variety of diseases including various types of cancer. However, sensitivity and specificity analyses of OCT in different cancers yield results varying from 11% to 100%. Hence, there is a need for more detailed statistical analysis of blinded reader studies. Aim: Extensive statistical analysis is performed on results from a blinded study involving OCT of breast tumor margins to assess the impact of reader variability on sensitivity and specificity. Approach: Five readers with varying levels of experience reading OCT images assessed 50 OCT images of breast tumor margins collected using an intraoperative OCT system. Statistical modeling and analysis was performed using the R language to analyze reader experience and variability. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the readers’ prior experience with OCT images was directly related to the probability of the readers’ assessment agreeing with histology. Additionally, results from readers with prior experience specific to OCT in breast cancer had a higher probability of agreement with histology compared to readers with experience with OCT in other (noncancer) diseases. Conclusions: The results from this study demonstrate the potential impact of reader training and experience in the assessment of sensitivity and specificity. They also demonstrate even greater potential improvement in diagnostic performance by combining results from multiple readers. These preliminary findings suggest valuable directions for further study.

Almost two decades ago, the sticky mittens paradigm was demonstrated as a way to train reaching and grasping behaviors in pre‐reaching infants, and consequently improve visual attentional abilities. In that first study, Needham and colleagues fitted 3‐month‐old infants with Velcro loop‐covered mittens and allowed them to interact with Velcro hook‐covered toys over the course of 2 weeks. In this review, we scrutinize the 17 studies that have followed those first sticky mittens results in regards to the motor, social perception, and visual attentional domains. Furthermore, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of the sticky mittens training. Current evidence strongly suggests that sticky mittens training facilitates social perception, which is consistent with prior correlational work showing links between action production and action perception. However, studies targeting motor and visual attentional abilities have too diverse results to warrant firm conclusions. We conclude that future research should focus on uncovering if there is a connection between sticky mittens training and motor behavior., We evaluated the sticky mittens effect in different domains and found that sticky mittens training has the strongest effects in the social perception domain. We emphasize a need for more research in the core domain–the motor domain.

A previous paper published in this journal proposed a model for evaluating the location of fingermarks on two-dimensional items (de Ronde, van Aken, de Puit and de Poot (2019)). In this paper, we apply the proposed model to a dataset consisting of letters to test whether the activity of writing a letter can be distinguished from the alternative activity of reading a letter based on the location of the fingermarks on the letters. An experiment was conducted in which participants were asked to read a letter and write a letter as separate activities on A4- and A5-sized papers. The fingermarks on the letters were visualized, and the resulting images were transformed into grid representations. A binary classification model was used to classify the letters into the activities of reading and writing based on the location of the fingermarks in the grid representations. Furthermore, the limitations of the model were studied by testing the influence of the length of the letter, the right- or left-handedness of the donor and the size of the paper with an additional activity of folding the paper. The results show that the model can predict the activities of reading or writing a letter based on the fingermark locations on A4-sized letters of right-handed donors with 98 % accuracy. Additionally, the length of the written letter and the handedness of the donor did not influence the performance of the classification model. Changing the size of the letters and adding an activity of folding the paper after writing on it decreased the model's accuracy. Expanding the training set with part of this new set had a positive influence on the model's accuracy. The results demonstrate that the model proposed by de Ronde, van Aken, de Puit and de Poot (2019) can indeed be applied to other two-dimensional items on which the disputed activities would be expected to lead to different fingermark locations. Moreover, we show that the location of fingermarks on letters provides valuable information about the activity that is carried out.

Competing theories of dyslexia posit that reading difficulties arise from impaired visual, auditory, phonological, or statistical learning mechanisms. Importantly, many theories posit that dyslexia reflects a cascade of impairments emanating from a single “core deficit”. Here we report two studies evaluating core deficit and multifactorial models. In Study 1, we use publicly available data from the Healthy Brain Network to test the accuracy of phonological processing measures for predicting dyslexia diagnosis and find that over 30% of cases are misclassified (sensitivity = 66.7%; specificity = 68.2%). In Study 2, we collect a battery of psychophysical measures of visual motion processing and standardized measures of phonological processing in 106 school‐aged children to investigate whether dyslexia is best conceptualized under a core‐deficit model, or as a disorder with heterogenous origins. Specifically, by capitalizing on the drift diffusion model to analyze performance on a visual motion discrimination experiment, we show that deficits in visual motion processing, perceptual decision‐making, and phonological processing manifest largely independently. Based on statistical models of how variance in reading skill is parceled across measures of visual processing, phonological processing, and decision‐making, our results challenge the notion that a unifying deficit characterizes dyslexia. Instead, these findings indicate a model where reading skill is explained by several distinct, additive predictors, or risk factors, of reading (dis)ability., Using predictors from a visual motion processing experiment and linguistic measures, we show that a single‐mechanism model of reading disability cannot account for the range of linguistic and sensory processing outcomes observed in children. We propose an additive risk factor model where different aspects of sensory, cognitive and language function each contribute independently to reading development.