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2. Disability and Inclusive Education: Stocktake of Education Sector Plans and GPE-Funded Grants. Working Paper #3
- Author
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Global Partnership for Education (GPE)
- Abstract
This report was commissioned by the Global Partnership for Education's Secretariat to take stock of how disability and inclusive education are in included in education sector plans (ESPs) in 51 countries, including GPE-funded programs, such as education sector program implementation grants (ESPIGs), program documents (PADs), implementation progress reports (IPRs) Education Sector Analysis (ESA), if applicable, and other relevant GPE program documents. Moreover, a plethora of key international reports and monitoring reports was reviewed. This report documents progress and highlights the need to step up support to GPE partner countries on disability and inclusive education, to improve consideration of issues around disability and inclusion in education sector analysis and sector planning processes to better promote the achievement of GPE 2020 strategic goal 2, and to fulfill the transformative vision of Agenda 2030. This means ensuring that girls and boys with disabilities are not only able to access their right to a quality education in a nurturing environment, but also, through education, become empowered to participate fully in society, and enjoy full realization of their rights and capabilities. [This report was written with Louise Banham and Eleni Papakosta.]
- Published
- 2018
3. Trends in Private Sector Development in World Bank Education Projects. Policy Research Working Paper Series.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. Human Development Network. and Sosale, Shobhana
- Abstract
The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in financing and providing educational services in many countries. (Often the term "private sector" encompasses households' out-of-pocket expenses rather than describing for-profit or not-for-profit sectors.) Private sector development has not arisen primarily through public policy design but has been affected by the design and limitations of public policy. Analyses of case studies of 11 of 70 World Bank education projects in 1995-97 reveal that the World Bank's interest in private sector development is in capacity-oriented privatization to absorb excess demand for education. This is crucial to the bank's general strategy for education lending: promoting access with equity, focusing on efficiency in resource allocation, promoting quality, and supporting capacity building. Absorbing excess demand tends to involve poorer families, usually much poorer than those that take advantage of other forms of privatized education. The bank emphasizes capacity-oriented privatization, especially of teacher training for primary and secondary schools, as well as institutional capacity building for tertiary and vocational education. The underlying principle is that strengthening the private sector's role in noncompulsory education over time will release public resources for the compulsory (primary) level. (Case studies of World Bank projects in the following countries are appended: Dominican Republic, Maldives, Chile, Mauritania, Argentina, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mali, Indonesia, El Salvador, and Comoros. Contains 74 references.) (KC)
- Published
- 2000
4. Mauritania; Joint Staff Advisory Note of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
- Author
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null International Monetary Fund
- Subjects
History ,Education ,Fiscal consolidation ,Agricultural sector ,Economic growth ,Private sector ,Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers ,Mauritania ,Millennium Development Goals ,Fiscal policy ,Governance ,Health care ,poverty reduction strategy, reduction strategy, poverty reduction strategy paper, social services, reducing poverty ,Computer Science Applications - Abstract
Mauritania’s third poverty reduction strategy paper provides a framework for an ambitious growth and poverty reduction agenda. The updated development perspective and principal objectives reflect the new economic and political realities to sustainably reduce poverty. Successful program implementation hinges on the government’s ownership and commitment. It will only succeed if the institutional framework remains stable, and the civil society is engaged on a permanent basis. Ensuring a broad social consensus for the strategy will make it easier to mobilize donor resources, thus easing financing constraints.
- Published
- 2011
5. Islamic Republic of Mauritania; Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report
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null International Monetary Fund
- Subjects
History ,Mauritania ,Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers ,poverty reduction strategy, expenditure, poverty reduction strategy paper, public expenditure, implementation capacity ,Computer Science Applications ,Education - Abstract
The report describes the participatory process and its impact, and analyzes its shortcomings. Mauritania's progress report provides a candid review and analysis of the implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP). Becasue poverty remains primarily a rural phenomenon in Mauritania, more emphasis should have been placed on growth in the rural areas. Numerous actions have been taken in the context of the implementation of the ongoing reform of the semi-urban and rural water sector. Actions in the area of urban development are also welcomed.
- Published
- 2003
6. Islamic Republic of Mauritania; Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Progress Report
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null International Monetary Fund
- Subjects
History ,Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers ,Mauritania ,education, literacy, universal access, teachers, basic education ,Computer Science Applications ,Education - Abstract
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, whose implementation has now reached the second year, has been the key instrument in Mauritania's economic, social, and institutional development policy. The pursuit of policies to accelerate growth, maintain macroeconomic stability, and enhance the competitiveness of the economy have thus made it possible to attain an economic growth rate of about 3.3 percent notwithstanding an unfavorable international economic climate. Annual inflation has been contained at 4 percent.
- Published
- 2003
7. Availability and Use of Electronic Databases at Arab Universities
- Author
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Reima Al-Jarf
- Abstract
Latest developments in information technology resulted in a revolution in library and information sciences. Acquiring electronic searching skills together with the availability of electronic resources will enable researchers to access a plethora of up-to-date information and will lead to productivity in research. This study tried to investigate the availability of electronic databases at Arab university libraries, whether faculty members can search electronic databases, and the frequency of database usage. The homepages of 202 Arab universities were browsed and a sample of faculty was interviewed. It was found that 80.7% of Arab university libraries are still traditional and lack electronic databases, including some open universities, virtual universities and universities of science and technology. All university libraries in the Gulf States except Shari'aa universities contain electronic databases. It was also found that most databases are in English; Arabic databases are lacking. Foreign universities, such as the University of Columbia in the Sudan and the American Universities of Cairo and Beirut host many more databases than Arabic universities. It was found that all electronic databases at Um Al-Qura University were used 3686 times a year only. On average, a student or faculty member uses all databases once a year. Taking into consideration that the subscription fee for a single database per year can be as high as US$ 24,000, it can be said that database usage at Arab universities with database access is not cost-effective. In addition, 94% of female faculty members and 97% of female graduate students and none of the library employees at King Saud University can search electronic databases. On the basis of these findings, the study recommends that all Arab universities and research centers have a network of electronic resources, and that Arabic specialized electronic databases be created and new documents be indexed and stored on a regular basis. Researchers should be allowed to access available databases on and off-campus. Electronic publishing in Arabic should be also encouraged.
- Published
- 2004
8. Islamic Republic of Mauritania: Selected Issues Paper
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International Monetary Fund
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History ,Mauritania ,revenue, fiscal policy, revenues, investment, budget ,Banking sector ,Economic growth ,External shocks ,Europe ,Selected issues ,Spillovers ,Reserves ,Liquidity ,Monetary policy ,pro-poor growth, pro-poor, gdp growth ,Computer Science Applications ,Education - Abstract
Despite a relatively high GDP growth rate over the past decade (2000–10), economic growth in Mauritania has not been able to make a significant dent in poverty. Rapid and sustained poverty reduction requires inclusive growth that allows people to contribute to and benefit from expanding economic activity. Mauritania needs to make greater progress toward inclusive growth by enhancing the distributional impact of public spending and by improving the quality of pro-poor spending. The Executive Board recommends effective monetary policies to meet the challenges.
- Published
- 2012
9. Training of School Teachers in West Africa: Remediation of Reading Difficulties through Training in Phonological Awareness and Letter Names
- Author
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Briquet-Duhazé, Sophie
- Abstract
The training of teachers of West Africa is carried out by the Academy of Rouen (France) and organized around an annual training plan approved by the AEFE. Each trainer only supervises twenty teachers for 5 days. Teachers from eight countries (Mauritania, Cape Verde, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso), come to Dakar for a week. We have been asked four times tn Dakar (Senegal) to provide training for teachers of West Africa. It is all about being trained in order to resolve reading difficulties for students using our scientific research. This paper presents the theoretical framework of phonological awareness and letter names and the 0 phase and the beginning of Phase 1 of our research. We use these predictors as remedial reading difficulties among students aged 8 to 11 years. We present the first results.
- Published
- 2014
10. eLearning and Distance Education at Arab Universities
- Author
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Reima Al-Jarf
- Abstract
This study aimed to identify the extent to which Arab universities are keeping pace with modern technological developments in terms of the availability of e-Learning Management Systems and distance education, the extent of their use, and in which courses they are used. The author accessed the websites of 517 Arab universities and institutions on the Internet. The results showed that only 15% of Arab universities have e-learning management systems, including open universities, virtual universities, some universities of science and technology in Arab countries, and universities in the Gulf states, with the exception of religious universities. The number of e-courses offered is relatively small. Since the use of Learning Management Systems will lead to a quantitative and qualitative shift in education, and failure of Arab universities to use them will lead to their technological and scientific backwardness, the current study gave a number of recommendations for activating e-courses and distance education at Arab universities in a simplified, fast and inexpensive way.
- Published
- 2008
11. Republika Mauretanii - na pograniczu Maghrebu.
- Author
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SALAMON, JUSTYNA
- Abstract
Copyright of Acta Politica Polonica is the property of Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego / University of Szczecin Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Serological and genomic evidence of Rift Valley fever virus during inter-epidemic periods in Mauritania
- Author
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Martin H. Groschup, Melanie Rissmann, B.O. El Mamy, Timo Homeier-Bachmann, Ute Ziegler, K. Isselmou, Martin Eiden, B Yahya, and Baba Doumbia
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,Rift Valley fever virus ,Rift Valley Fever ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,Biology ,Antibodies, Viral ,Serology ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Seroprevalence ,Viral rna ,Rift Valley fever ,Epidemics ,business.industry ,Mauritania ,Outbreak ,Ruminants ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,medicine.disease ,Original Papers ,Virology ,Infectious Diseases ,RNA, Viral ,Enzootic ,Livestock ,business - Abstract
SUMMARYRift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging pathogen of major concern throughout Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, affecting both livestock and humans. In the past recurrent epidemics were reported in Mauritania and studies focused on the analysis of samples from affected populations during acute outbreaks. To verify characteristics and presence of RVFV during non-epidemic periods we implemented a multi-stage serological and molecular analysis. Serum samples of small ruminants, cattle and camels were obtained from Mauritania during an inter-epidemic period in 2012–2013. This paper presents a comparative analysis of potential variations and shifts of antibody presence and the capability of inter-epidemic infections in Mauritanian livestock. We observed distinct serological differences between tested species (seroprevalence: small ruminants 3·8%, cattle 15·4%, camels 32·0%). In one single bovine from Nouakchott, a recent RVF infection could be identified by the simultaneous detection of IgM antibodies and viral RNA. This study indicates the occurrence of a low-level enzootic RVFV circulation in livestock in Mauritania. Moreover, results indicate that small ruminants can preferably act as sentinels for RVF surveillance.
- Published
- 2016
13. Social and Economic Wellbeing in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: Building an Enlarged Human Development Indicator
- Author
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Reig-Martinez, Ernest
- Abstract
This paper calculates a human Wellbeing Composite Index (WCI) for 42 countries, belonging to the European Economic Space, North Africa and the Middle East, as an alternative to the shortcomings of other well-known measures of socio-economic development (i.e. Gross Domestic Product per head and Human Development Index). To attain this goal, different data envelopment analysis (DEA) models are used as an aggregation tool for seven selected socio-economic variables which correspond to the following wellbeing dimensions: income per capita, environmental burden of disease, income inequality, gender gap, education, life expectancy at birth and government effectiveness. The use of DEA allows avoiding the subjectivity that would be involved in the exogenous determination of weights for the variables included in WCI. The aim is to establish a complete ranking of all countries in the sample, using a three-step process, with the last step consisting in the use of a model that combines DEA and compromise programming, and permits to obtain a set of common weights for all countries in the analysis. The results highlight the distance that still separates Southern Mediterranean countries from the benchmark levels established by some European countries, and also point to the main weaknesses in individual countries' performance. Nordic countries, plus Switzerland, top the list of best performers, while Mauritania, Libya and Syria appear at the bottom.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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14. Empowering Adaptive Lectures through Activation of Intelligent and Web 2.0 Technologies
- Author
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El-Ghareeb, Haitham and Riad, A.
- Abstract
Different Learning Paradigms can be presented by different educators as a result of utilizing several types of Information and Communication Technologies in the Learning Process. The three abstract Learning Delivery Models are: "Traditional", "Distance", and "Hybrid Learning". Hybrid Learning attempts to maintain the best of Traditional Learning, and provides the hopes and objectives of Distance Learning in a model that maintains the "Learning Process" on the right road. Hybrid Learning shall be making use of different technologies available, exactly as does Distance Learning. Research that has focused on adopting Intelligent Technologies in Classrooms is not widely presented and deployed. Besides, the widespread of Web 2.0 resulted in the appearance of the acronym (e-Learning 2.0). E-Learning 2.0 is supposed to make use of different Web 2.0 capabilities. Web 2.0 is a big resource that changed the way everyone around thinks about and accesses the Internet, and greatly will touch the coming generations, the generations to which we are currently presenting education. This paper presents a proposed pedagogical and technical framework to empower classroom lectures with intelligent and Web 2.0 technologies that hopefully will enhance the learning process in learning institutions. Adaptive Lecture as a concept tends to help instructors providing more personalized lectures through utilizing Intelligent and Web 2.0 technologies. The growing number of students that is hardly met by the growing number of instructors is a challenge. In order not to let this challenge affect the performance of the lecture, it became important to utilize Web 2.0 technologies in the "formative assessments" within classroom. Moreover, in order to powerfully reach students, their data shall be gathered and further analyzed to make them feel more "Lecture Personalization" and get deeply "involved" with the lecture activities. Intelligent features can play an important role in achieving this task. (Contains 9 figures and 1 table.)
- Published
- 2011
15. A SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance System in Sub-Saharan Africa: Modeling Study for Persistence and Transmission to Inform Policy
- Author
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Robert L. Murphy, Charles B. Moss, Janine White, Cameron Jones, Tariq Z Issa, Danielle Resnick, Lauren Nadya Singh, Lori A. Post, Salem T Argaw, Chad J. Achenbach, Michael J Boctor, and James F. Oehmke
- Subjects
Male ,Malawi ,Sao Tome and Principe ,Mali ,Ghana ,Comoros ,Sudan ,0302 clinical medicine ,global COVID-19 surveillance ,Public health surveillance ,Benin ,Niger ,Cameroon ,Socioeconomics ,South Sudan ,Suriname ,Botswana ,Health Policy ,Mauritania ,Namibia ,Central African Republic ,COVID-19 7-day persistence ,Geography ,Congo ,African public health surveillance ,Mauritius ,Gambia ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Chad ,Somalia ,Pneumonia, Viral ,Zambia ,Nigeria ,Health Informatics ,Eritrea ,Seychelles ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,Sierra Leone ,Betacoronavirus ,03 medical and health sciences ,African econometrics ,Madagascar ,Humans ,Health policy ,Public health ,African SARS-CoV-2 ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Liberia ,Angola ,Guinea ,Ethiopia ,Swaziland ,sub-Saharan African COVID-19 ,Tanzania ,South Africa ,Pandemic ,Public Health Surveillance ,African COVID-19 transmission acceleration ,Uganda ,Guinea-Bissau ,Registries ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Mozambique ,biology ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Senegal ,Lesotho ,Togo ,Equatorial Guinea ,African COVID-19 transmission speed ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,Female ,dynamic panel data ,Coronavirus Infections ,Zimbabwe ,Burundi ,COVID-19 transmission deceleration ,030231 tropical medicine ,COVID-19 transmission jerk ,Models, Biological ,Sierra leone ,Cape verde ,Burkina Faso ,medicine ,generalized method of the moments ,Gabon ,Pandemics ,Africa South of the Sahara ,African COVID-19 surveillance system ,Original Paper ,African surveillance metrics ,Poverty ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Rwanda ,COVID-19 ,Democratic Republic of Congo ,biology.organism_classification ,Kenya ,Cote d'Ivoire - Abstract
BackgroundSince the novel coronavirus emerged in late 2019, the scientific and public health community around the world have sought to better understand, surveil, treat, and prevent the disease, COVID-19. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), many countries responded aggressively and decisively with lockdown measures and border closures. Such actions may have helped prevent large outbreaks throughout much of the region, though there is substantial variation in caseloads and mortality between nations. Additionally, the health system infrastructure remains a concern throughout much of SSA, and the lockdown measures threaten to increase poverty and food insecurity for the subcontinent’s poorest residents. The lack of sufficient testing, asymptomatic infections, and poor reporting practices in many countries limit our understanding of the virus’s impact, creating a need for better and more accurate surveillance metrics that account for underreporting and data contamination.ObjectiveThe goal of this study is to improve infectious disease surveillance by complementing standardized metrics with new and decomposable surveillance metrics of COVID-19 that overcome data limitations and contamination inherent in public health surveillance systems. In addition to prevalence of observed daily and cumulative testing, testing positivity rates, morbidity, and mortality, we derived COVID-19 transmission in terms of speed, acceleration or deceleration, change in acceleration or deceleration (jerk), and 7-day transmission rate persistence, which explains where and how rapidly COVID-19 is transmitting and quantifies shifts in the rate of acceleration or deceleration to inform policies to mitigate and prevent COVID-19 and food insecurity in SSA.MethodsWe extracted 60 days of COVID-19 data from public health registries and employed an empirical difference equation to measure daily case numbers in 47 sub-Saharan countries as a function of the prior number of cases, the level of testing, and weekly shift variables based on a dynamic panel model that was estimated using the generalized method of moments approach by implementing the Arellano-Bond estimator in R.ResultsKenya, Ghana, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa have the most observed cases of COVID-19, and the Seychelles, Eritrea, Mauritius, Comoros, and Burundi have the fewest. In contrast, the speed, acceleration, jerk, and 7-day persistence indicate rates of COVID-19 transmissions differ from observed cases. In September 2020, Cape Verde, Namibia, Eswatini, and South Africa had the highest speed of COVID-19 transmissions at 13.1, 7.1, 3.6, and 3 infections per 100,0000, respectively; Zimbabwe had an acceleration rate of transmission, while Zambia had the largest rate of deceleration this week compared to last week, referred to as a jerk. Finally, the 7-day persistence rate indicates the number of cases on September 15, 2020, which are a function of new infections from September 8, 2020, decreased in South Africa from 216.7 to 173.2 and Ethiopia from 136.7 to 106.3 per 100,000. The statistical approach was validated based on the regression results; they determined recent changes in the pattern of infection, and during the weeks of September 1-8 and September 9-15, there were substantial country differences in the evolution of the SSA pandemic. This change represents a decrease in the transmission model R value for that week and is consistent with a de-escalation in the pandemic for the sub-Saharan African continent in general.ConclusionsStandard surveillance metrics such as daily observed new COVID-19 cases or deaths are necessary but insufficient to mitigate and prevent COVID-19 transmission. Public health leaders also need to know where COVID-19 transmission rates are accelerating or decelerating, whether those rates increase or decrease over short time frames because the pandemic can quickly escalate, and how many cases today are a function of new infections 7 days ago. Even though SSA is home to some of the poorest countries in the world, development and population size are not necessarily predictive of COVID-19 transmission, meaning higher income countries like the United States can learn from African countries on how best to implement mitigation and prevention efforts.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.2196/21955
- Published
- 2020
16. Les phenomenes migratoires et l'urbanisation comme objet d'enseignement: La Mauritanie (The Phenomena of Migration and Urbanization as Subjects of Instruction: Mauritania).
- Author
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Fahem, Abdel Kader
- Abstract
Outlines the recent social history of Mauritania, focusing on the effects of sedentarization and rapid urbanization on a primarily nomadic people. Offers an instructional approach for teaching young people about these social phenomena, highlighting particular cognitive and attitudinal objectives. (DMM)
- Published
- 1993
17. Empirical analysis suggests continuous and homogeneous circulation of Newcastle disease virus in a wide range of wild bird species in Africa
- Author
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Cappelle, J., Caron, A., Servan de Almeida, Renata, De Almeida, R. S., Gil, P., Pedrono, M., Mundava, J., Fofana, B., Balança, G., Dakouo, M., El Mamy, A. B. O., Abolnik, C., Maminiaina, O. F., Cumming, G. S., De Visscher, M. N., Albina, Emmanuel, Chevalier, V., Gaidet, N., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology [Pretoria], University of Pretoria [South Africa]-University of Pretoria [South Africa], Contrôle des maladies animales exotiques et émergentes (UMR CMAEE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), National University of Science and Technology [Bulawayo], Direction Nationale des Eaux et Forêts, Partenaires INRAE, Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire [Bamako, Mali], Centre National d’Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires (CNERV), University of Pretoria [South Africa], FOFIFA-DRZV, Percy Fitzpatrick Institute, University of Cape Town, GRIPAVI project - French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and USAID-funded GAINS (Global Avian Influenza network for Surveillance) sub-contract from the Wildlife Conservation Society
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,Range (biology) ,Prevalence ,spread ,APMV-1 ,L73 - Maladies des animaux ,Mali ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Genotype ,Phylogeny ,2. Zero hunger ,biology ,Transmission (medicine) ,[SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology ,Contrôle de maladies ,transmission ,Mauritania ,Original Papers ,Paramyxovirus aviaire ,Épidémiologie ,Infectious Diseases ,Homogeneous ,epidemiology ,L20 - Écologie animale ,ecology ,Infection ,L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux ,Génotype ,Zimbabwe ,Écologie ,Newcastle Disease ,Newcastle disease virus ,Animals, Wild ,Plant disease resistance ,Newcastle disease ,Virus ,Volaille ,maintenance ,Birds ,Madagascar ,Animals ,Surveillance épidémiologique ,Transmission des maladies ,Virus maladie de newcastle ,Oiseau ,Animal sauvage ,biology.organism_classification ,Enquête pathologique - Abstract
SUMMARYNewcastle disease (ND) is one of the most important poultry diseases worldwide and can lead to annual losses of up to 80% of backyard chickens in Africa. All bird species are considered susceptible to ND virus (NDV) infection but little is known about the role that wild birds play in the epidemiology of the virus. We present a long-term monitoring of 9000 wild birds in four African countries. Overall, 3·06% of the birds were PCR-positive for NDV infection, with prevalence ranging from 0% to 10% depending on the season, the site and the species considered. Our study shows that ND is circulating continuously and homogeneously in a large range of wild bird species. Several genotypes of NDV circulate concurrently in different species and are phylogenetically closely related to strains circulating in local domestic poultry, suggesting that wild birds may play several roles in the epidemiology of different NDV strains in Africa. We recommend that any strategic plan aiming at controlling ND in Africa should take into account the potential role of the local wild bird community in the transmission of the disease.
- Published
- 2014
18. Detecting and Quantifying Structural Breaks in Climate.
- Author
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Ericsson, Neil R., Dore, Mohammed H. I., and Butt, Hassan
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RAINFALL ,GREAT Recession, 2008-2013 ,MACHINE learning ,ECONOMIC impact ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
Structural breaks have attracted considerable attention recently, especially in light of the financial crisis, Great Recession, the COVID-19 pandemic, and war. While structural breaks pose significant econometric challenges, machine learning provides an incisive tool for detecting and quantifying breaks. The current paper presents a unified framework for analyzing breaks; and it implements that framework to test for and quantify changes in precipitation in Mauritania over 1919–1997. These tests detect a decline of one third in mean rainfall, starting around 1970. Because water is a scarce resource in Mauritania, this decline—with adverse consequences on food production—has potential economic and policy consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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19. Langues, Savoirs et Pouvoirs en Milieu Maure
- Author
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Catherine Taine-Cheikh, Langues et civilisations à tradition orale (LACITO), Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3-Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales (Inalco)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Taine-Cheikh, Catherine
- Subjects
Maures ,nomade ,zénaga ,chleuh ,anthropologie linguistique ,arabe ,auralité ,diglossie ,oral ,arabe littéraire ,histoire ,Touaregs ,050602 political science & public administration ,0601 history and archaeology ,élite ,berbère ,[SHS.LANGUE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics ,métrique ,diglossia ,langue maternelle ,production langagière ,dialectal poetry ,mélange ,education ,Arabic ,Mauritanie ,marabout ,05 social sciences ,Mauritania ,touareg ,Hassânya ,oral character ,écrit ,06 humanities and the arts ,writing ,0506 political science ,mixture ,poésie dialectale ,Tuareg ,Berber ,nomad ,woman ,Western Sahara ,history ,Linguistic anthropology ,arabisation ,poetry ,SOC008000 ,femme ,linguistic production ,mother tongue ,050601 international relations ,median Arabic ,metrics ,oralité ,griot ,Sociology & Anthropology ,hassâniyya ,Sahara ,Demography ,scholar ,Sahara occidental ,060101 anthropology ,arabe médian ,paper ,enseignement ,savant ,JFSL ,[SHS.LANGUE] Humanities and Social Sciences/Linguistics ,culture ,poésie ,arabization ,literary Arabic ,aural ,écriture - Abstract
republié par P. Bonte et H. Claudot-Hawad (éds) dans les Cahiers de l'IREMAM, n° 13/14 (« Elites du monde nomade touareg et maure »), 2000, Aix-en-Provence, pp. 167-184; International audience; Dans la Mauritanie contemporaine, la revendication de l'arabe fait figure de principe fondamental de l'entité maure. Pourtant les populations sahariennes du Sahara occidental furent longtemps berbérophones et mirent sans doute plusieurs siècles à changer de « langue maternelle ». C'est d'abord sur cette arabisation dialectale que je m'interroge, en montrant qu'on ne peut pas la couper complètement du mouvement d'islamisation qui l'a précédée et qui semble avoir influé fortement sur l'image que ces populations pouvaient se faire d'elles-mêmes. Si, à partir du 18ᵉ siècle, l'arabité culturelle de cette région prend des contours plus nets, il faut prêter attention au fait que, derrière l'unité apparente du terme « arabe », se cache une dualité mouvante — ce qu'on appelle la diglossie arabe littéraire/dialecte —, à laquelle correspondent deux formes culturelles distinctes. Je propose ici de caractériser la culture savante des zwâye comme « aurale » (par delà la dichotomie écrit/oral) par opposition à l'oralité de la culture populaire en dialecte, telle qu'elle s'incarne notamment chez les musiciens-chanteurs. Dans la dernière partie, j'étudie l'évolution récente de la diglossie et les tentatives faites pour échapper aux difficultés posées par cette opposition, qu'elles restent à l'intérieur du domaine arabe ou qu'elles choisissent d'en sortir. Là encore le poids de l'idéologie se fait sentir et les représentations des locuteurs influent sur leurs productions langagières.
- Published
- 1998
20. Screening of BRCA1/2 variants in Mauritanian breast cancer patients
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Brahim, Selma Mohamed, Zein, Ekht Elbenina, Bonnet, Crystel, Hamed, Cheikh Tijani, Salame, Malak, Zein, Mohamed Vall, Khyatti, Meriem, Tolba, Ahmedou, and Houmeida, Ahmed
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Dust storm simulation over the Sahara Desert (Moroccan and Mauritanian regions) using HYSPLIT.
- Author
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Qor‐el‐aine, Achraf, Béres, András, and Géczi, Gábor
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DUST storms ,CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) ,DESERTS - Abstract
Saharan dust storms are major events that occur normally in the summer and affect the air quality in various regions of the world. In particular, Saharan regions in Morocco and Mauritania actively contribute to dust storms. The Saharan outbreak that took place between 14 and 19 of June 2020 was one of the most severe Saharan dust storms in recent years. This paper investigates the PM10 emissions and concentrations during the 4 days of the dust storm in the region of Western Sahara of Morocco and Mauritania and the transport of the PM10 from the area of study to the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico using Hybrid Single‐Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) software with PM10 emission model and cluster analysis. We also analyse the effect of the transported PM10 particles on the concentration level in the Southern parts of the United States and the Martinique islands. The results showed that the average PM10 concentration below the altitude of 100 m during the dust storm was higher than 100 μg/m3 in most of the regions such as Dakhla in Morocco, Nouakchott, Adrar and Tiris Zemmour in Mauritania. This is confirmed by Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) values between 0.7 and 1 retrieved by MODIS‐Aqua for those areas. Furthermore, PM10 particles transported across the Atlantic Ocean affected the concentrations observed in the Caribbean Basin, where hourly PM10 reached 372 μg/m3 and the dust top layer was found between 4 and 4.5 km above ground level. In addition, HYSPLIT cluster analysis results revealed several PM10 particle source areas in Western Sahara such as Bir Anzerane in Morocco, Nouakchott and Tichit in Mauritania that contributed to the increase of PM10 concentrations to an Unhealthy level in the Texas and Florida States in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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22. Human Papillomavirus Genotypes Distribution in High-Grade Cervical Lesions and Invasive Cervical Carcinoma in Women Living in Mauritania: Implications for Cervical Cancer Prevention and HPV Prophylactic Vaccination.
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Abdoudaim, Mariem Salma, Mohamed Abdellahi, Mohamed Val, Mohamed Baba, Nacer Dine, Mboumba Bouassa, Ralph-Sydney, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim, and Bélec, Laurent
- Subjects
HUMAN papillomavirus ,CERVICAL intraepithelial neoplasia ,CERVICAL cancer ,HUMAN papillomavirus vaccines ,SQUAMOUS cell carcinoma - Abstract
Cervical cancer related to high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the second female cancer in Mauritania (Northwest Sahelian Africa). We assessed the distribution of HPV genotypes in Mauritanian women with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2/3) or invasive cervical cancer (ICC). A prospective study was conducted in the Centre Hospitalier National, Nouakchott, Mauritania, to collect cervical biopsies among women suspected of CIN2/3 or cancer. HPV DNA detection and genotyping were carried out from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies using multiplex PCR (Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Real-Time PCR Kit, Bioperfectus Technologies Co., Taizhou, China). Fifty biopsies were included from women (mean age: 56.7 years) suffering from CIN2/3 (28.0%) and ICC (72.0%) which corresponded to 32 (64.0%) squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 4 (8.0%) adenocarcinomas (ADC). HPV DNA detection was successful in 47 (94.0%) samples. The most prevalent HR-HPV genotypes were HPV-45 (40.4%), HPV-16 (38.3%), HPV-39 and HPV-52 (23.4%), HPV-33 (17.0%), HPV-18 (14.9%), HPV-35 (4.2%), and HPV-56 (2.1%). The majority (93.6%) of HPV-positive biopsies contained at least one HPV type covered by the 9-valent Gardasil-9
® vaccine, and 40.9% were infected by multiple vaccine HPV genotypes. To eradicate cervical cancer in Mauritania, prophylactic HPV vaccination must be combined with primary molecular screening of cervical HR-HPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
23. Assessment of the socio-economic impact of camel breeding in Mauritania
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Ould Ahmed, Mohamed, Fall, Mohamed, Sidi Mohamed Ali, Mohamed El Moustapha, Mademba Diop, Abdel Kerim, Amar Vall, Mohamed Salem, Mohamed Sidelemine, Khaled, Sidatt, Mohamed Maarouf, Mohamed Salem, Mahfoudh, Brahim Abba, Ahmedou, Dièye, Cheikh Yahya, and Bengoumi, Mohammed
- Published
- 2024
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24. Guerrilla Operations in Western Sahara: The Polisario versus Morocco and Mauritania.
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Besenyő, János
- Subjects
GUERRILLA warfare ,INSURGENCY ,FORTIFICATION - Abstract
This essay examines the guerrilla war fought between the Polisario Front, representing the Western Saharan natives, and the Kingdom of Morocco, as well as Mauritania. Even today, the aforementioned guerrilla war provides many lessons regarding desert counter-insurgency (COIN) operations. Besides reviewing the necessary activities for conducting a successful guerrilla war, this paper will delineate the most efficient methods for defending against one. This is the first COIN operation for the Moroccan government in which it has taken an unusual approach in standing up against the guerrillas. It has achieved long-standing results by the restructuring of its tactics and the units stationed in the Western Saharan region as well as by the construction of a system of fortifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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25. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: a review of their biodiversity, distribution and medical importance.
- Author
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Mohamed Lemine, Aichetou Mint, Ould Lemrabott, Mohamed Aly, Hasni Ebou, Moina, Mint Lekweiry, Khadijetou, Ould Ahmedou Salem, Mohamed Salem, Ould Brahim, Khyarhoum, Ouldabdallahi Moukah, Mohamed, Ould Bouraya, Issa Nabiyoullahi, Brengues, Cecile, Trape, Jean-François, Basco, Leonardo, Bogreau, Hervé, Simard, Frédéric, Faye, Ousmane, and Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali Ould
- Subjects
MOSQUITOES ,SPECIES diversity ,VECTOR control ,RIFT Valley fever ,DENGUE ,MALARIA - Abstract
Although mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are important disease vectors, information on their biodiversity in Mauritania is scarce and very dispersed in the literature. Data from the scientific literature gathered in the country from 1948 to 2016 were collected and analyzed. Overall 51 culicid species comprising 17 Anopheles spp., 14 Aedes spp., 18 Culex spp. and two Mansonia spp. have been described in Mauritania among which Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes vexans, Culex poicilipes and Culex antennatus are of epidemiological significance. Anopheles arabiensis is widely distributed throughout the country and its geographic distribution has increased northwards in recent years, shifting its northern limit form 17°32′N in the 1960s to 18°47′N today. Its presence in the central region of Tagant highlights the great ecological plasticity of the species. Conversely, the distribution of Anopheles gambiae (s.s.) and Anopheles melas has shrunk compared to that of the 1960s. Anopheles rhodesiensis and An. d’thali are mainly confined in the mountainous areas (alt. 200–700 m), whereas Anopheles pharoensis is widely distributed in the Senegal River basin. Culex poicilipes and Cx. antenattus were naturally found infected with Rift valley fever virus in central and northern Mauritania following the Rift valley outbreaks of 1998 and 2012. Recently, Ae. aegypti emerged in Nouakchott and is probably responsible for dengue fever episodes of 2015. This paper provides a concise and up-to-date overview of the existing literature on mosquito species known to occur in Mauritania and highlights areas where future studies should fill a gap in knowledge about vector biodiversity. It aims to help ongoing and future research on mosquitoes particularly in the field of medical entomology to inform evidence-based decision-making for vector control and management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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26. Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott, Mauritania
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Mint Mohamed Lemine, Aichetou, Ould Lemrabott, Mohamed Aly, Niang, El Hadji Amadou, Basco, Leonardo K., Bogreau, Hervé, Faye, Ousmane, and Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali
- Published
- 2018
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27. Evaluation of Rational Medicines Use Based on World Health Organization Core Indicators: A Cross-Sectional Study in Five Health Districts in Mauritania.
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Ahmed, Mohamed Ali Ag, Ravinetto, Raffaella, Diop, Khadijetou, Buitrago, Verónica Trasancos, and Dujardin, Catherine
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INAPPROPRIATE prescribing (Medicine) ,CROSS-sectional method ,HEALTH facilities - Abstract
Objective of this study was therefore to analyze the rational use of medicines in public and private not-for-profit health facilities, in five health districts in Mauritania. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess the rational use of medicines. We used the standard indicators derived from the methodologies of the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Network for Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD). Data were prospectively collected from 1050 prescriptions/patients, in thirty-one public and private not-for-profit health posts/centers in 5 health districts. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. P value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval considered for significance of relationships for associations in statistical test. Results: The average number of medicines per prescription was 2.21; 83.1% (1931/2325) of medicines were prescribed by generic name, but only 54% (1253/2325) were on the National Essential Medicine List (NEML). Antibiotics were prescribed in 62.4% (655/1050) of the consultations, and injectable medicines were prescribed in 15.6% (164/1050) of the consultations. The average consultation time was 16.32 minutes, and the average dispensing time was 97 seconds. Dispensed medicines were correctly labeled, and 83% (871/1050) of patients met the correct administration schedule. The NEML, and the "restricted NEML" for 76 commonly-used medicines, were available in all surveyed health facilities, but the National Therapeutic Guidelines were available in only 60.26% of them. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a possible excess of antibiotics prescriptions, and a likely lack of knowledge of the National Therapeutic Guidelines. There is a need to investigate in more detail the prescription patterns versus disease-specific therapeutic guidelines, and to qualitatively investigate the factors that contribute to the observed irrational prescribing. Moreover, training local staff in the rational use of medicines seems important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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28. Mineralurgical and Environmental Characterization of the Mine Tailings of the IOCG Mine of Guelb Moghrein, Akjoujt, Mauritania.
- Author
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Ba, NDiarel Baidy, Souissi, Radhia, Manai, Faouzi, Taviche, Imad Khalil, Bejaoui, Bochra, Bagga, Mohamed Abdallahi, and Souissi, Fouad
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COPPER ,GROUNDWATER ,IRON sulfides ,IRON oxides ,IRON - Abstract
Since 2004, the processing of the iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) ore of Guelb Moghrein, Akjoujt, Mauritania, has resulted in the generation of approximately 40 million tons of mine tailings. The storage of these tailings poses significant environmental challenges particularly to surface and underground water resources. To address this issue, we propose an approach involving both mineralurgical and environmental characterization. Our mineralogical analysis reveals that the TSF tailings consist of sulfides and iron oxides associated with a silico-carbonated matrix. This mineralogical analysis also shows that the TSF tailings consist of secondary minerals, resulting from sulfides oxidation. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the chemical analysis of the TSF tailings contains potential toxic elements (PTEs) such as Cu, As, Co, Ni, Sb, and Se. Regarding the environmental characterization of the tailings, conducted through acid-based accounting (ABA) static tests, we demonstrate that leaching from the tailings generates a contaminated neutral drainage (CND). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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29. Renovación y tradición en Mauritania. La biografía intelectual de Muhammad al-Mishrya.
- Author
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de Diego González, Antonio
- Abstract
Copyright of Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos is the property of Humania del Sur. Estudios Latinoamericanos Africanos y Asiaticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
30. Prevalence of early initiation of breastfeeding and its associated factors among women in Mauritania: evidence from a national survey
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Sarfo, Michael, Aggrey-Korsah, Juliet, Adzigbli, Leticia Akua, Atanuriba, Gideon Awenabisa, Eshun, Gilbert, Adeleye, Khadijat, and Aboagye, Richard Gyan
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Exposure to family planning messages on social media and its association with maternal healthcare services in Mauritania
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Ghose, Bishwajit, Adjei, Nicholas Kofi, and Yaya, Sanni
- Published
- 2024
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32. Dietary diversity and its determinants among women of reproductive age residing in the urban area of Nouakchott, Mauritania
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Issa, Mariem Youssouf, Diagana, Yacouba, Khalid, EL Kari, Coulibaly, Sidi Mohamed, Gueye, Alioune, Dehah, Rabab. M.H., and Vall, Ould EL Kebir Mohamed
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Determinants of health insurance coverage among women in Mauritania: a multilevel analysis
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Dowou, Robert Kokou, Atanuriba, Gideon Awenabisa, Adzigbli, Leticia Akua, Balame, Samuel Kwaku, Tahidu, Issifu, Aggrey-Korsah, Juliet, and Aboagye, Richard Gyan
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Inter simple sequence repeat markers to assess genetic variability of Mauritanian sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
- Author
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Seck, Fatimata Amadou, Rabeh, Karim, Mahmoud, Mohamed Aballah Mohamed, Triqui, Zine el Abidine, and Medraoui, Leila
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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35. Malaria in Mauritania: retrospective and prospective overview.
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Mint Lekweiry, Khadijetou, Ould Ahmedou Salem, Mohamed Salem, Basco, Leonardo K., Briolant, Sébastien, Hafid, Jamaleddine, and Salem Boukhary, Ali Ould Mohamed
- Subjects
EPIDEMICS ,PROTOZOAN diseases ,MALARIA diagnosis ,PUBLIC health research ,MALARIA prevention - Abstract
Malaria has become a major public health problem in Mauritania since the 1990s, with an average of 181,000 cases per year and 2,233,066 persons at risk during 1995-2012. This paper provides the first publicly available overview of malaria incidence and distribution in Mauritania. Information on the burden and malaria species distribution is critical for guiding national efforts in malaria control. As the incidence of malaria changes over time, regular updates of epidemiological data are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
36. Using Logistic Regression to Predict Access to Essential Services: Electricity and Internet in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
- Author
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Ebnou Abdem, Seyid Abdellahi, Chenal, Jérôme, Diop, El Bachir, Azmi, Rida, Adraoui, Meriem, and Tekouabou Koumetio, Cédric Stéphane
- Abstract
This study employs a logistic regression model to offer an in-depth understanding of disparities in the access to essential urban services, specifically focusing on electricity and Internet services, in Nouakchott, Mauritania. Through a comprehensive analysis of demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic data, we identify key determinants of access to these utilities. Our findings reveal that the geographic location within the city, particularly in the western regions, and home ownership, significantly bolster the likelihood of having electricity. Conversely, women are found to be disadvantaged in this regard. For Internet access, income level and education, particularly at the Bachelor's level, emerged as significant predictors. This research not only sheds light on the intricate landscape of service provision in Nouakchott but also offers actionable insights for equitable development. These results empower both policymakers and citizens, marking a step toward transforming Nouakchott into a smarter, more inclusive urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Risk factors associated with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus circulation among human, livestock and ticks in Mauritania through a one health retrospective study.
- Author
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El Ghassem, Abdellahi, Apolloni, Andrea, Vial, Laurence, Bouvier, Romain, Bernard, Celia, Khayar, Mariem Seyidna, Cheikh Ahmed, Mariem, Fausther-Bovendo, Hugues, Beyit, Abdallahi Diambar, Yahya, Barry, Ould El Mamy, Mohamed Bezeid, Elbara, Ahmed, Bollahi, Mohamed Abdellahi, Cêtre-Sossah, Catherine, and Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali
- Subjects
HEMORRHAGIC fever ,DOMESTIC animals ,TICKS ,PESTE des petits ruminants ,ANIMAL diseases ,LIVESTOCK ,Q fever - Abstract
Background: Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is endemic in Southern Mauritania where recurrent outbreaks have been constantly observed since the 1980's. The present study is the first to assess CCHFV antibodies and RNA in humans. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using 263 humans and 1380 domestic animals serum samples, and 282 tick specimens of Hyalomma genus collected from 54 settings in 12 provinces across Mauritania. Antibodies targeting CCHF viral nucleoprotein were detected in animal and human sera using double-antigen ELISA. CCHFV specific RNA was detected in human and animal sera as well as tick supernatants using a CCHFV real time RT-PCR kit. Individual characteristics of sampled hosts were collected at the same time and data were geo-referenced. Satellite data of several environmental and climatic factors, were downloaded from publicly available datasets, and combined with data on livestock mobility, animal and human density, road accessibility and individual characteristics to identify possible risk factors for CCHFV spatial distribution. To this end, multivariate logistic models were developed for each host category (human, small and large ruminants). Results: The overall CCHFV antibody prevalence was 11.8% [95% CI: 8.4–16.3] in humans (17.9% in 2020 and 5.4% in 2021; p = 0.0017) and 33.1% (95% CI: 30.1–36.3) in livestock. CCHFV-specific antibodies were detected in 91 (18.1%) out of 502 sheep, 43 (9.0%) out of 477 goats, 144 (90.5%) out of 161 dromedaries and 179 (74.6%) out of 240 cattle. CCHFV RNA was detected in only 2 (0.7%) sera out of 263 animals herders samples from Hodh El Gharbi province and in 32 (11.3%) out of 282 Hyalomma ticks. In humans as well as in animals, seropositivity was not associated with sex or age groups. The multivariate analysis determined the role of different environmental, climatic and anthropic factors in the spatial distribution of the disease with animal mobility and age being identified as risk factors. Conclusion: Results of the present study demonstrate the potential risk of CCHF for human population in Mauritania primarily those living in rural areas in close vicinity with animals. Future studies should prioritize an integrative human and veterinary approach for better understanding and managing Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
38. Arthropod-Borne Viruses in Mauritania: A Literature Review.
- Author
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El Ghassem, Abdallahi, Abdoullah, Bedia, Deida, Jemila, Ould Lemrabott, Mohamed Aly, Ouldabdallahi Moukah, Mohamed, Ould Ahmedou Salem, Mohamed Salem, Briolant, Sébastien, Basco, Leonardo K., Ould Brahim, Khyarhoum, and Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali
- Subjects
ARBOVIRUS diseases ,RIFT Valley fever ,ARBOVIRUSES ,LITERATURE reviews ,WEST Nile fever ,ZOONOSES ,INSECTICIDE resistance - Abstract
During the past four decades, recurrent outbreaks of various arthropod-borne viruses have been reported in Mauritania. This review aims to consolidate the current knowledge on the epidemiology of the major arboviruses circulating in Mauritania. Online databases including PubMed and Web of Science were used to retrieve relevant published studies. The results showed that numerous arboviral outbreaks of variable magnitude occurred in almost all 13 regions of Mauritania, with Rift Valley fever (RVF), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and dengue (DEN) being the most common infections. Other arboviruses causing yellow fever (YF), chikungunya (CHIK), o'nyong-nyong (ONN), Semliki Forest (SF), West Nile fever (WNF), Bagaza (BAG), Wesselsbron (WSL), and Ngari (NRI) diseases have also been found circulating in humans and/or livestock in Mauritania. The average case fatality rates of CCHF and RVF were 28.7% and 21.1%, respectively. RVF outbreaks have often occurred after unusually heavy rainfalls, while CCHF epidemics have mostly been reported during the dry season. The central and southeastern regions of the country have carried the highest burden of RVF and CCHF. Sheep, cattle, and camels are the main animal reservoirs for the RVF and CCHF viruses. Culex antennatus and Cx. poicilipes mosquitoes and Hyalomma dromedarii, H. rufipes, and Rhipicephalus everesti ticks are the main vectors of these viruses. DEN outbreaks occurred mainly in the urban settings, including in Nouakchott, the capital city, and Aedes aegypti is likely the main mosquito vector. Therefore, there is a need to implement an integrated management strategy for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases based on sensitizing the high-risk occupational groups, such as slaughterhouse workers, shepherds, and butchers for zoonotic diseases, reinforcing vector surveillance and control, introducing rapid point-of-care diagnosis of arboviruses in high-risk areas, and improving the capacities to respond rapidly when the first signs of disease outbreak are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Seagrass-Sediment Feedback: An Exploration Using a Non-recursive Structural Equation Model.
- Author
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Folmer, Eelke, Geest, Matthijs, Jansen, Erik, Olff, Han, Michael Anderson, T., Piersma, Theunis, and Gils, Jan
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SEAGRASSES ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,ZOSTERA noltii ,SEDIMENTS - Abstract
The reciprocal effects between sediment texture and seagrass density are assumed to play an important role in the dynamics and stability of intertidal-coastal ecosystems. However, this feedback relationship has been difficult to study empirically on an ecosystem scale, so that knowledge is mainly based on theoretical models and small-scale (experimental) studies. In this paper we apply a non-recursive structural equation model (SEM) to empirically investigate, at large spatial scale, the mutual dependence between seagrass ( Zostera noltii) density and sediment texture, on the pristine, seagrass-dominated, intertidal mudflats of the Banc d'Arguin, Mauritania. The non-recursive SEM allows consistent estimation and testing of a direct feedback between sediment and seagrass whilst statistically controlling for the effects of nutrients and abiotic stress. The resulting model is consistent with the hypothesized negative feedback: grain size decreases with seagrass density, whereas fine grain size has a negative impact on seagrass density because it decreases pore water exchange which leads to hypoxic sediment conditions. Another finding is that seagrass density increases with sediment organic material content up to a threshold level beyond which it levels off. In combination with decreasing grain size, accumulation of organic matter creates hypoxic sediment conditions which lead to the production of toxic hydrogen sulfide which slows down seagrass growth. The negative feedback loop implies that intertidal Z. noltii modifies its own environment, thus controlling its growing conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate a direct negative feedback relationship in ecosystems by means of a non-recursive SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Global Shinqīṭ: Mauritania's Islamic Knowledge Tradition and the Making of Transnational Religious Authority (Nineteenth to Twenty-First Century).
- Author
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Salem, Zekeria Ahmed
- Subjects
MODERNITY ,INTELLECTUAL history - Abstract
Today, Bilād-Shinqīṭ or Mauritania is often portrayed as an unparalleled center of classical Islamic tradition supposedly untouched by modernity. While previous scholarship has concerned itself mostly with Mauritania's local intellectual history on one hand and its recent global fame on the other, in this paper, I document instead how, in less than two centuries, Mauritania has become not only a point of scholarly reference and symbolic/representational space of excellence in Islamic knowledge, but also one with an astonishing amount of global reach. Thus, I explore the ways in which Mauritania has continued to asserts its relevance and scholarly authority on a global scale. Drawing on a variety of historical, literary, and anthropological sources, I historicize the rise and mythologization of Mauritania as a peerless center of traditional sacred scholarship. I specifically examine how a number of widely different Muslim actors under changing circumstances continue to invoke, perform and re-invent Shinqīṭ/Mauritania. In documenting what I call Global Shinqīt over the longue durée, rather than simply illustrate how the so-called Muslim peripheries shape central traits of transnational normative Islamic authority, I argue instead that mobility, historical circumstances, and scholarly performance combined are at least as instrumental in the credible articulation of authoritative Islamic knowledge as normative discourses issued by supposedly central institutions, personalities, and religious bodies located in the so-called "heartland of Islam." In so doing, I destabilize the center/periphery framework altogether in order to explore how Islamic religious authority is actually construed and operates under shifting cultural and political conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. First report of Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor during a study of tolerance to salinity of Anopheles arabiensis larvae in Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Author
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Ould Lemrabott, Mohamed Aly, Le Goff, Gilbert, Kengne, Pierre, Ndiaye, Ousmane, Costantini, Carlo, Mint Lekweiry, Khadijetou, Ould Ahmedou Salem, Mohamed Salem, Robert, Vincent, Basco, Leonardo, Simard, Frédéric, and Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Malaria prevalence in Mauritania: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Author
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El Moustapha, Inejih, Moukah, Mohamed Ouldabdallahi, Ould Ahmedou Salem, Mohamed Salem, Brahim, Khyarhoum, Briolant, Sébastien, Basco, Leonardo, and Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali Ould
- Abstract
Background Understanding malaria epidemiology is a critical step toward efficient malaria control and elimination. The objective of this meta-analysis was to derive robust estimates of malaria prevalence and Plasmodium species from studies conducted in Mauritania and published since 2000. Methods The present review followed the PRISMA guidelines. Searches were conducted in various electronic databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. To obtain pooled prevalence of malaria, meta-analysis was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model. Methodological quality of eligible prevalence studies was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Inconsistency and heterogeneity between studies were quantified by the I
2 index and Cochran’s Q test. Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots and Egger’s regression tests. Results A total of 16 studies with a good individual methodological quality were included and analysed in this study. The overall random effects pooled prevalence of malaria infection (symptomatic and asymptomatic) across all included studies was 14.9% (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 6.64, 25.80, I2 =99.8%, P<0.0001) by microscopy, 25.6% (95% CI: 8.74, 47.62, I2 =99.6%, P<0.0001) by PCR and 24.3% (95% CI: 12.05 to 39.14, I2 =99.7%, P<0.0001) by rapid diagnostic test. Using microscopy, the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.00, 3.48) against 21.46% (95% CI: 11.03, 34.21) in symptomatic malaria. The overall prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax was 51.14% and 37.55%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed significant variation (P=0.039) in the prevalence of malaria between asymptomatic and symptomatic cases. Conclusion Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are widespread in Mauritania. Results of this meta-analysis implies that distinct intervention measures including accurate parasite-based diagnosis and appropriate treatment of confrmed malaria cases are critical for a successful malaria control and elimination programme in Mauritania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. First report of kdr mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in the arbovirus vector, Aedes aegypti, from Nouakchott, Mauritania
- Author
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Ould Lemrabott, Mohamed Aly, Briolant, Sébastien, Gomez, Nicolas, Basco, Leonardo, and Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Political Corruption Cripples Mauritania's Societal and Economic Development
- Author
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Shaul M. Gabbay
- Subjects
gifts ,favoritism ,corruption ,Mauritania ,bribery ,patronage ,judiciary - Abstract
This paper considers the ongoing burden corruption creates in the nation of Mauritania. Since gaining independence from France in 1960, the country has experienced more than ten attempted or realized military coup d’ etats. This instability created an atmosphere in which massive corruption took root and prospered within every sector of society. After more than sixty years as an independent nation, and despite enormous pressure from international governments, donors, and NGO’s, corruption does not appear to be lessening, as annual “perception of corruption” indices continue to reveal. The cost of such activities is staggering. Despite the country’s vast economic potential based on a bounty of natural resources including extensive iron ore deposits, generous natural gas reserves, large scale fishing rights and more, Mauritania remains among the world’s least advanced developing countries, ranking on the low end of human development indices. While poor governance can be blamed for a portion of this failure, the primary culprit is greed. Corruption and classism keep the upper classes wealthy and powerful, while all others remain poverty stricken, illiterate, and in poor health. Keywords: corruption, bribery, patronage, judiciary, gifts, favoritism, Mauritania. Title: Political Corruption Cripples Mauritania’s Societal and Economic Development Author: Shaul M. Gabbay International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022 Page No: 205-209 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com Published Date: 20-May-2022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6566205 Paper Download Link: https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/political-corruption-cripples-mauritanias-societal-and-economic-development, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2022 - June 2022 Page No: 205-209 Research Publish Journals Website: www.researchpublish.com, {"references":["[1]\tCarnegie Endowment for International Peace. Can Mauritania Protect Its Political Stability? 17 September 2020. 10 March 2022.","[2]\tFreedom House. Freedom in the World 2021. 2021. 2022.","[3]\tGabbay, Shaul M. \"Hereditary Slavery Shackles Mauritania.\" Academic Paper. 2021.","[4]\tGAN Integrity: Risk & Compliance. Mauritania Corruption Report. New York, Copenhagen, London: Gain Integrity, 2020.","[5]\tGiardino, Carrie. Mauritania Vows to End Corruption. Audio. Washington, DC: Voice of America, 2009.","[6]\tJasmin Chakeri, Nicola Pontara, Manuela Francisco. Mauritania: Anti-Corruption Study. Study. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009.","[7]\tMkhaitir, Mohamed Cheikh Ould. Writing was My Way of Fighting Against Untouchability Vidya Bhushan Rawat. 5 Augst 2021.","[8]\tSherpa NGO. Corruption in Mauritania: A Gigantic Evaporation System. Legal Opinion. Paris: Sherpa Org, 2013.","[9]\tSutton,John.https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html. March 2012. 2021.","[10]\tThe Economist. \"Mauritania May Be Changing for the Better.\" The Economist 10 June 10 2021.","[11]\tThurston, Alex. \"A Power Struggle in Mauritania Comes to a Head.\" World Politics Review 22 June 2021.","[12]\tTransparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index. Index. Berlin: Transparency International, 2021.","[13]\tWorld Bank. Mauritania: Anti-Corruption Study. Report. Washington DC: World Bank, 2008.","[14]\tWorldData.info. Corruption in Mauritania. 9 February 2022. 9 February 2022."]}
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- 2022
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45. The First Assessments of Pediatric HBV Immunization Coverage in Mauritania and Persistence of Antibody Titers Post Infant Immunizations.
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El Hachimi, Hala, El Alem, Mohamed Mahmoud Mohamed, Haimoudane, Esma, Yebouk, Cheikh, Pedersen, Jannie, Fall-Malick, F-Zahra, Khiddi, Fatimetou, Abdawe, Mohamed, Sadegh, Sidi Ahmed, Fausther-Bovendo, Hugues, and Mohamed Abdellahi, Mohamed Vall
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VACCINATION coverage ,ANTIBODY titer ,HEPATITIS B virus ,VACCINATION of children ,IMMUNIZATION - Abstract
Background: The Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine is used worldwide as an efficient tool to prevent the occurrence of chronic HBV infection and the subsequent liver disease. However, despite decades of vaccination campaigns, millions of new infections are still reported every year. Here, we aimed to assess the nationwide HBV vaccination coverage in Mauritania as well as the presence of protective levels of the antibodies against HBV surface antigen (HBsAb) following vaccination in a sample of children immunized as infants. Methods: To evaluate the frequency of fully vaccinated and seroprotected children in Mauritania, a prospective serological study was conducted in the capital. First, we evaluated the pediatric HBV vaccine coverage in Mauritania between 2015 and 2020. Then, we examined the level of antibodies against HBV surface antigen (HBsAb) in 185 fully vaccinated children (aged 9 months to 12 years) by ELISA using the VIDAS hepatitis panel for Minividas (Biomerieux). These vaccinated children were sampled in 2014 or 2021. Results: In Mauritania, between 2016 and 2019, more than 85% of children received the complete HBV vaccine regimen. While 93% of immunized children between 0 and 23 months displayed HBsAb titer >10 IU/L, the frequency of children with similar titers decreased to 63, 58 and 29% in children aged between 24–47, 48–59 and 60–144 months, respectively. Conclusions: A marked reduction in the frequency of HBsAb titer was observed with time, indicating that HBsAb titer usefulness as marker of protection is short lived and prompting the need for more accurate biomarkers predictive of long-term protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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46. Review of the current use of global lung function initiative norms for spirometry (GLI-2012) and static lung volumes (GLI-2021) in Great Arab Maghreb (GAM) countries and steps required to improve their utilization.
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Ben Saad, Helmi
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LUNG volume ,SPIROMETRY ,LUNG volume measurements ,YOUNG adults ,PULMONARY function tests - Abstract
Keywords: Tunisia; Algeria; Libya; Morocco; Mauritania; lung function tests; interpretation; GLI norms; z-score EN Tunisia Algeria Libya Morocco Mauritania lung function tests interpretation GLI norms z-score 1 6 6 11/14/22 20221201 NES 221201 1. To conclude, the author of this update recommends to ascertain how well do the GLI- 2012 and 2021 norms [[5], [9]] fit to contemporary spirometric/SLVs data in the GAM region, especially in Morocco, Libya and Mauritania. Among the five countries of the GAM (namely Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, and Mauritania), only Mauritania has not established any spirometric/SLVs norms. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2022
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47. Community knowledge, attitudes and practices related to schistosomiasis and associated healthcare-seeking behaviours in northern Côte d’Ivoire and southern Mauritania
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Koffi, Amoin Jeanne d’Arc, Doumbia, Mohamed, Fokou, Gilbert, Keita, Moussa, Koné, Brama, and Abé, N’doumy Noel
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- 2018
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48. Republika Mauretanii – na pograniczu Maghrebu
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Justyna Salamon
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European Union ,finance ,integration ,Maghreb ,Mauritania ,Political science (General) ,JA1-92 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The aim of the article is to analyze the socio-economic situation in the Republic of Mauritania – the least developed of the Maghreb countries, in the context of cooperation with the European Union, but also with other subjects of international law. Statistical data will be analyzed – Mauritania’s place in international rankings such as: Human Development Index or Fragile State Index. During the research, research questions were posed, the most important of which relate to the divagations whether the subsequent Country Strategy Paper as well as the IMF reports had an impact in practice on the improvement of the financial and economic situation of Mauritania, or whether they had only a normative dimension. The first part of the article is devoted to the analysis of relations between Mauritania and the European Union. The second part was devoted to the Mauritanian financial strategy and the role of the banking sector
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- 2023
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49. Constructing a Human Rights Campaign: Contemporary Slavery in Mauritania
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Rütti, André
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Mauritania ,slavery ,human rights ,campaign ,Biram Dah Abeid - Abstract
This paper seeks to draft a human rights campaign with regards to contemporary slavery in Mauritania. The research focuses on political, economic, social, and religious factors that account for the persistence of the institution of slavery within the Mauritanian society. These aspects are taken into consideration to construct a campaign that addresses the human rights issue at hand. In order to ensure a measurable impact, a twofold top-down and bottom-up approach is considered. The focus is set on measures aimed at the Mauritanian government, while simultaneously engaging with the local grassroots population. The core pillars of the campaign are a symbolic voice that articulates the human rights claims, a convincing message constructed around the well-established frame of slavery, the adequate use of media, and the construction of a receptive audience. This work gives an overview of the possibilities of promoting a certain aspect of human rights in a society where slavery is deeply ingrained. It also draws on the certain limits to the campaign that, to this day, represent important obstacles for a more egalitarian Mauritanian society.
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- 2017
50. Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector <italic>Anopheles arabiensis</italic> in Nouakchott, Mauritania.
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Mint Mohamed Lemine, Aichetou, Ould Lemrabott, Mohamed Aly, Niang, El Hadji Amadou, Basco, Leonardo K., Bogreau, Hervé, Faye, Ousmane, and Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary, Ali
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PYRETHROIDS ,INSECTICIDE resistance ,ANOPHELES arabiensis ,INSECTICIDE-treated mosquito nets ,ANOPHELES gambiae ,PERMETHRIN - Abstract
Background: Mauritania is one of the African countries with ongoing malaria transmission where data on insecticide resistance of local malaria vectors are limited despite an increasing use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) as the main intervention for vector control. This study presents an evaluation of the level of insecticide resistance of
Anopheles arabiensis in Nouakchott. Methods:Anopheles gambiae (s.l. ) larvae were collected in breeding sites during the rainy season (August-September) in 2015 and 2016 from two selected sites in Nouakchott and reared until emergence. Adult anopheline mosquitoes were tested against malathion (5%), bendiocarb (0.1%), permethrin (0.75%) and deltamethrin (0.05%) using standard World Health Organization (WHO) insecticide-impregnated papers. PCR assays were used for the identification ofAn. gambiae (s.l. ) sibling species as well as knockdown resistance (kdr ). Results: The mean knockdown times 50% (KDT50 ) and 95% (KDT95 ) were 66 ± 17 and 244 ± 13 min, respectively, for permethrin in 2015. The KDT50 and the KDT95 were 39 ± 13 and 119 ± 13 min, respectively, for deltamethrin. The KDT50 and the KDT95 doubled for both molecules in 2016. The mortality rates 24 h post-exposure revealed thatAn. arabiensis populations in Nouakchott were fully susceptible to bendiocarb and malathion in 2015 as well as in 2016, while they were resistant to permethrin (51.9% mortality in 2015 and 24.1% mortality in 2016) and to deltamethrin (83.7% mortality in 2015 and 39.1% mortality in 2016). The molecular identification showed thatAnopheles arabiensis was the only malaria vector species collected in Nouakchott in 2015 and 2016. Both the West and East Africankdr mutant alleles were found inAn. arabiensis mosquitoes surviving exposure to pyrethroid insecticide, with a high rate of homozygous resistant genotypes (54.3% for the West Africankdr mutation and 21.4% for the East Africankdr mutation) and a significant departure from Hardy-Weinberg proportions (χ 2 = 134,df = 3,P < 0.001). Conclusions: The study showed high levels of pyrethroid resistance inAn. arabiensis populations in Nouakchott and presence of both West and East Africankdr alleles in the resistant phenotype. These results highlight a need for routine monitoring of susceptibility of malaria vector populations to insecticides used in public health programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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