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This article explores the relationship between the forms of representation and the modes of production of African online writing, rendering visible an appreciation of the digital contexts that have occasioned new experimentations with regard to genre, style and the formation of digital publics. But it’s the bibliographic form and materiality of African digital texts that interest me the most. The medium of African literature, profoundly transformed since the arrival of the Internet, conditions the transmission, reception of meaning and the constitution of reading publics and the identity of audiences. More so, the new textual environment of African writing and creatives expressions such as digital networks and literary blogs are terrains of discursive contestations that activate these digital fields of cultural production in Africa as materially connected to prior literary forms. Deploying several examples, including the recent ‘transition’ of Saraba Magazine to print and Mike Maphoto’s 'Diary of a Zulu Girl', I argue that, despite the widespread uses of digital media forms in new African narratives, there is a lingering print imaginary in the digital articulations of African literary texts. While this tension between print and digital forms shapes textual meanings, it signals new directions in African literary studies more broadly. Résumé Cet article explore la relation entre les formes de représentation et les modes de production de l’écriture africaine en ligne, en rendant visible une appréciation des contextes numériques qui facilitent de nouvelles expérimentations en ce qui concerne le genre, le style et la formation des publics numériques. C’est pourtant la forme bibliographique et la matérialité des textes africains numériques qui m’intéressent le plus. Le média de littérature africaine, profondément transformé depuis l’arrivée de l’Internet, conditionne similairement la transmission, la réception de la signification ainsi que la composition de publics de lecteurs et l’identité d’audiences. En outre, le nouvel environnement textuel de l’écriture africaine et les expressions créatives, tels que les réseaux numériques et les blogs littéraires, sont des terrains de contestations discursives qui stimulent ces domaines numériques de production culturelle en Afrique, liés matériellement à d’anciennes formes littéraires. En me servant des exemples de la « transition » récente vers la presse écrite de la Saraba Magazine et le 'Journal d’une fille Zulu' par Nkululeko Maphoto, j’argumente que, malgré les usages répandus des formes numériques de média dans de nouvelles narrations africaines, il existe une anxiété persistante imaginaire ou archiviste dans les articulations numériques de textes littéraires africains. Pendant que cette tension entre les formes imprimées et numériques façonnent les sens textuels, cela indique plus généralement de nouvelles directions dans les études littéraires africaines. Mots-clés: Matérialité; littérature africaine; médias numériques; Textualité; écriture imprimée

The plate-like graphene shells (GS) produced by an original methane pyrolysis method and their derivatives graphene oxide (GO) and graphene oxide paper (GO-P) were evaluated with luminescent Escherichia coli biotests and additional bacterial-based assays which together revealed the graphene-family nanomaterials' toxicity and bioactivity mechanisms. Bioluminescence inhibition assay, fluorescent two-component staining to evaluate cell membrane permeability, and atomic force microscopy data showed GO expressed bioactivity in aqueous suspension, whereas GS suspensions and the GO-P surface were assessed as nontoxic materials. The mechanism of toxicity of GO was shown not to be associated with oxidative stress in the targeted soxS::lux and katG::lux reporter cells; also, GO did not lead to significant mechanical disruption of treated bacteria with the release of intracellular DNA contents into the environment. The well-coordinated time- and dose-dependent surface charge neutralization and transport and energetic disorders in the Escherichia coli cells suggest direct membrane interaction, internalization, and perturbation (i.e., "membrane stress") as a clue to graphene oxide's mechanism of toxicity.

Researchers whose rapid investigations into possible covid treatments that helped to save over a million lives worldwide have won a top prize in this year’s BMJ Awards. The Recovery collaborative group’s trial, which was the first to show that the inexpensive steroid dexamethasone improved survival among patients with covid-19 who had severe respiratory complications, was awarded The BMJ ’s research paper of the year.1 It found that dexamethasone reduced the risk of death by a third among patients on ventilators and by almost a fifth among those on oxygen. The award judges praised the “landmark” NHS study. They said, “The setup of …

Objective Analyses of the impact of a body of clinical trial reports subject to research misconduct have been few. Our objective was to examine the impact on clinically relevant research of a group of researchers’ trial reports (‘affected trial reports’) affected by research misconduct, and whether identification of misconduct invoked a reappraisal. Design In 2016, we used five databases and search engines to identify ‘citing publications’, that is, guidelines, systematic and other reviews, and clinical trials citing any of 12 affected trial reports, published 1998–2011, eventually retracted for research misconduct. The affected trial reports were assessed more likely to have had impact because they had hip fracture outcomes and were in journals with impact factor >4. Two authors assessed whether findings of the citing publications would change if the affected trial reports were removed. In 2018, we searched for evidence that the citing publications had undertaken a reassessment as a result of the potential influence of the affected trial reports. Results By 2016 the affected trial reports were cited in 1158 publications, including 68 systematic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative reviews, guidelines and clinical trials. We judged that 13 guidelines, systematic or other reviews would likely change their findings if the affected trial reports were removed, and in another eight it was unclear if findings would change. By 2018, only one of the 68 citing publications, a systematic review, appeared to have undertaken a reassessment, which led to a correction. Conclusions We found evidence that this group of affected trial reports distorted the evidence base. Correction of these distortions is slow, uncoordinated and inconsistent. Unless there is a rapid, systematic, coordinated approach by bibliographic databases, authors, journals and publishers to mitigate the impact of known cases of research misconduct, patients, other researchers and their funders may continue to be adversely affected.

The Bangladesh Film Club Act of 1980 set out to regulate and control the flourishing film society movement during the years of military dictatorship. This Act illustrates the response of the state to the social formations that were called into being around a canon of national and international art films. In this article, I explore the paperwork generated out of this Act and suggest it allows a reconsideration of film censorship as acting upon particular film texts towards an understanding of the way censorship can be used to respond to anxieties generated by the thriving of certain film cultures. A focus on the images and logos that accompanied the bureaucratic submissions to the Film Censor Board by film societies illuminates a core idea within the film society movement: that ‘good’ or art film would generate new social formations and produce political transformation. It is exactly to this threat that the Film Club Act responded, thus illustrating the efficacy of the film societies’ visual register as a mobilizing force.

International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology: Editorial

Indian Given is a timely book, coming to publication amidst calls for a wall along the US‐Mexico border. This wall would seek to separate two distinct racial landscapes by protecting the whiteness ...

Aims In this study we evaluated indicators of the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Child Health Questionnaire-Child Form (CHQ-CF). We compared the results in a subgroup of adolescents who completed the standard paper version of the CHQ-CF with the results in another subgroup of adolescents who completed an internet version, i.e., an online, web-based CHQ-CF questionnaire. Methods Under supervision at school, 1,071 adolescents were randomized to complete the CHQ-CF and items on chronic conditions by a paper questionnaire or by an internet administered questionnaire. Results The participation rate was 87%; age range 13–7 years. The internet administration resulted in fewer missing answers. All but one multi-item scale showed internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α > 0.70). All scales clearly discriminated between adolescents with no, a few, or many self-reported chronic conditions. The paper administration resulted in statistically significant, higher scores on 4 of 10 CHQ-CF scales compared with the internet administration (P < 0.05), but Cohen’s effect sizes d were ≤0.21. Mode of administration interacted significantly with age (P < 0.05) on four CHQ-CF scales, but Cohen’s effect sizes for these differences were also ≤0.21. Conclusion This study supports the feasibility, internal consistency reliability of the scales, and construct validity of the CHQ-CF administered by either a paper questionnaire or online questionnaire. Given Cohen’s suggested guidelines for the interpretation of effect sizes, i.e., 0.20–.50 indicates a small effect, differences in CHQ-CF scale scores between paper and internet administration can be considered as negligible or small.

International audience; Water cleaning of paper leaves is a preliminary step in many customary deacidification treatments of ancient books in conservation workshops. Usually, the washing solutions are considered “waste waters” and they are thrown away. In this work, an analytical protocol for the analysis of wash waters for the assessment of the conservation state of ancient books is proposed. Wash waters of leaves under different conservation conditions of a 16th-century- rinted book were investigated using UV-Vis, IR, Raman, NMR, EPR, XRF, ESI-MS, ICP-MS, CE-PDA and elemental microanalysis. Analysis of the wash water extracts allowed one to identify a large number of degradation by-products, ranging from low-molecular mass organic acids to cellulose oligomers. Reasons for the very different conservation conditions of the leaves emerged, indicating that wash water analysis provides a deep insight into the conservation state and composition of leaves as well as degradation reactions occurred on them

As part of an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) international epidemiological study of workers in the pulp and paper industry, previously unpublished exposure measurements were assembled in a database. This article summarizes the results of 3,873 measurements carried out in the production departments of paper and paperboard mills and recycling plants in 12 countries. In the paper and paperboard mills, most of the agents were measured in the pulping and refining departments and in on-machine coating and winding of paper/paperboard. Exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria, nitrogen dioxide, minerals dusts, paper dust, sulphuric acid and different solvents sometimes exceeded exposure limit values. In the re-pulping and de-inking departments of recycling plants high exposures to formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria and paper dust were observed. High exposures to asbestos, bioaerosols, carbon monoxide and paper dust were found in many departments; ammonia, formaldehyde, mineral and paper dust and solvents were found in coating machines; and diphenyl and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were found in some special circumstances. Measurements in the newsprint and uncoated paper machine departments revealed only a few elevated exposures. In nearly all departments, measurements of epichlorohydrin, PCBs, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans tended to be low, often even below their detection limits. In spite of some uncertainties in the measurement data, the study provides new insights into the level and variation of occupational exposures of production workers in the paper and paperboard industry. © Springer-Verlag 2004.

International audience; The main goal of this study was to determine the reproducibility of the reading of wrist trauma case radiographs using three different media: laser film, a picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) workstation, and paper with an optimized layout. The study was conducted retrospectively in 200 consecutive patients consulting at the emergency department for wrist trauma and who underwent wrist X-ray investigation using a computed radiography system. There were 82 men and 118 women. The mean age was 48.3 years (16–95 years). Our institutional review board does not require patient approval or informed consent for retrospective review of case records. The readings were made by two independent readers who analyzed the 200 patient radiographs consecutively in one session for each type of media: paper, laser film, and on a PACS dual-screen workstation. The inter-reader agreements were substantial or almost perfect, with kappa values of 0.83 (0.76–0.90) for the PACS, 0.83 (0.76–0.90) for film, and 0.80 (0.72–0.87) for paper. The inter-technique agreement was almost perfect in all cases. There is a high interobserver agreement between PACS, laser film, and paper readings for wrist trauma cases. With a layout of one radiograph on each sheet, paper could replace laser films to communicate the results of wrist radiographs in trauma cases for outpatients.

Department of Emergency Medicine, Sapienza University, Post Graduate School in Emergency-Urgency Medicine, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Grand Forks, ND, USA Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy Department of Emergency Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Dietology, SM della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy Cardiovascular Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy Department of Nephrology Dialysis and Transplantation, International Renal Research Institute (IRRIV), San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy GREAT: Global Research in Acute Conditions Team Network