3,796 results
Search Results
2. Policies, projections, and the social cost of carbon: Results from the DICE-2023 model.
- Author
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Barrage, Lint and Nordhaus, William
- Subjects
- *
EXTERNALITIES , *CARBON paper , *CARBON , *DISCOUNT prices , *GREENHOUSE gases , *ATMOSPHERIC models - Abstract
The present study examines the assumptions, modeling structure, and results of DICE-2023, the revised Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE), updated to 2023. The revision contains major changes in the treatment of risk, the carbon and climate modules, the treatment of nonindustrial greenhouse gases, discount rates, as well as updates on all the major components. Noteworthy changes are a significant reduction in the target for the optimal (cost-beneficial) temperature path, a lower cost of reaching the 2 °C target, an analysis of the impact of the Paris Accord, and a major increase in the estimated social cost of carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Regulating Roof-Top Solar Generation: Defending Sustainable Projects from Utility Proposals.
- Author
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Loube, Robert
- Subjects
SOLAR panels ,COST shifting ,DISTRIBUTION costs ,CARBON paper ,EXTERNALITIES ,SOLAR power plants ,CONSUMERS - Abstract
Residential owned solar panels mounted on roof-tops generated 1.4% of the U.S. electricity supply in 2022. Utilities compensate residential customers using a net metering system by which each kilowatt-hour generated by the customer reduces the customer's bill by the amount the utility charges for one kilowatt. Despite the small impact of roof-top solar on the total market, in 2022, thirty-two states conducted ninety-four proceedings investigating whether to change the net metering system. In these proceedings, utilities advocated changing the rates to discourage residential investment in solar panels. Utilities argue that net metering provides a subsidy to solar customers because the rate the utility pays is greater than the avoided cost of energy. That excess payment allows solar customers to avoid paying for the distribution network. The cost of the distribution network is shifted to non-solar customers. This article will evaluate these claims. It will show that if the social cost of carbon were in the calculation, it would generate a Kapp cost shift from solar customers to non-solar customers. The size of the Kapp cost shift is greater than the cost of distribution networks, reversing any private cost shift that utilities have estimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Spatial Externalities, Introduction and Position Papers
- Author
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Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science, UCSB
- Subjects
economics ,externalities ,spatial econometrics ,spatial externalities - Abstract
The specialist meeting on spatial externalites took place in Santa Barbara in January 2001. This statement outlines the key issues facing the introduction of spatial methodlogies in economics and presents the objectives of the meeting for invited participants to consider.
- Published
- 2001
5. Public services, environmental quality and subjective well-being in a European city: the case of Strasbourg metropolitan area
- Author
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Heraud, Jean-Alain, Nguyen-Van, Phu, and Pham, Thi Kim Cuong
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. An Analysis of Reverse Capital Flow among Rich and Poor Countries (A Critical Review of R.E.Lucas's Paper)
- Author
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Rahim Dallali Isfahani and Sohrab Delangizan
- Subjects
capital flow ,proportion of marginal productivity of capital (among countries) ,human capital ,externalities ,political risk ,reverse capital flow ,national invention system ,Islam ,BP1-253 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
This study is a critical review of locus's paper (١٩٩٠) on internationalcapital mobility. The key question that he addresses is:" Why doescapital not flow from rich to poor countries?" The author deals withthe subject by critically reviewing Lucas's work, and his choice ofmodel and analytical objective, and tries to investigate crudely thenecessary issues which were either neglected or did not receive dueattention, such as: reverse human capital, inconsistent rules andregulations, and high investment risks in poor countries.Finally, in addition to the concluded remarks, primary suggestionsare made with respect to reduction of political risk, development andapplication of proper rules to prevent money laundering and financialcorruption…
- Published
- 2004
7. Data used in paper: A multiple‐standards framework to address externalities resulting from meat production
- Subjects
Business Economics ,Bedrijfseconomie ,partial equilibrium model ,standards ,externalities ,WASS ,meat supply chain ,market effects - Published
- 2021
8. Green Net Value Added as a sustainability metric based on life cycle assessment: An application to Bounty® paper towel.
- Author
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Demeke, Bayou, Ingwersen, Wesley W., Weisbrod, Annie V., Ceja, Manuel, and Weber, Bernhard
- Subjects
- *
SUSTAINABILITY , *LIFE cycle costing , *COST accounting , *EXTERNALITIES , *SUPPLY chains - Abstract
Sustainability measurement in economics includes assessment of environmental and economic effects in an integrated manner. In this study, system level economic data are integrated with environmental impacts determined from a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a common product. We adopt a costing methodology that captures conventional costs, but additionally incorporates externality costs to present a convenient, easily interpretable metric. Green Net Value Added (GNVA) is a type of full cost accounting that incorporates total revenue, the cost of production, depreciation, and environmental externalities. We present externality costs disaggregated by upstream sectors, full cost of production, and GNVA to evaluate the relative sustainability of Bounty ® paper towels manufactured at two production facilities. We found that the longer running, more established line had a higher GNVA. The predominant components contributing to externality costs come from the stationary sources in the supply chain: electricity generation (27–35%), refineries (20–21%), pulp and paper making (15–23%). Health-related externalities from Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions are to a great extent driven by electricity usage and emissions by the facilities, followed by pulp processing and transport. Supply chains for other facility purchases, product distribution, and end-of-life management contribute the least to the environmental health-related costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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9. How 'efficient' are intercity railway prices and frequencies in Europe? Comparing a corridor in Belgium and in France : Department of Economics Discussion Paper
- Author
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Monchambert, Guillaume and Proost, Stef
- Subjects
Regional rail ,Pricing ,Optimal Capacity ,Distortions ,Externalities - Abstract
This paper studies the efficient pricing of medium distance passenger rail in Europe. Current fares and frequencies are compared with three alternatives: First-Best where road congestion is internalized, Second-Best where no road tolls are implemented and Third-Best where a maximum rail deficit is also imposed. We find that Second-Best fares depend strongly on the non-internalized road congestion and on the price elasticity of the passengers, complicating the derivation of a national or regional fare structure. Second-Best achieves a significant share of the First-Best benefits but adding a budget constraint makes Second-Best solutions difficult to implement for some corridors. ispartof: FEB Research Report Department of Economics status: published
- Published
- 2018
10. City Analytics : Competitive Cities for Jobs and Growth, Companion Paper 1
- Author
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Fikri, Kenan and Zhu, T. Juni
- Subjects
URBAN SERVICES ,DIFFERENTIALS ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,INVESTMENT ,CITIES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL ,TAX ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,VALUE ADDED ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,MEASUREMENT ,INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE ,EASE OF DOING BUSINESS ,EXTERNALITIES ,CRITERIA ,POLICY MAKERS ,NATIONAL ECONOMIES ,SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,NATIONAL OUTPUT ,INCOME ,OUTCOMES ,PRODUCTIVITY ,ADMINISTRATIVE DECENTRALIZATION ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,MARKET TOWNS ,EMPLOYMENT IN CITIES ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,CITY ECONOMIES ,URBANIZATION ,COMPETITIVENESS ,TOWNS ,POVERTY ,CITY RESIDENTS ,SAL ,FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,DISTRIBUTION ,GOODS ,AVERAGING ,TRANSPARENCY ,CITY ,LIVING STANDARDS ,TOTAL EMPLOYMENT ,METROPOLITAN AREAS ,MARKETS ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,DEVELOPMENT ,REGRESSION ANALYSIS ,WAGES ,CORRELATION ANALYSES ,INDUSTRIAL” SECTOR ,CITY PERFORMANCE ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,NATIONAL INCOME ,WELFARE ,SECONDARY CITIES ,PRODUCTION ,TOWN ,CITY LEADERS ,NATIONAL ECONOMY ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,STRUCTURAL CHANGE ,GDP PER CAPITA ,THEORY ,LARGE CITIES ,TRENDS ,PATENTS ,INCOME LEVELS ,URBAN COMPETITIVENESS ,TRADE ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURES ,WEALTH CREATION ,COEFFICIENTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,DIVIDENDS ,CITY SIZE ,MAYORS ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,CAPITALS ,FISCAL AUTONOMY ,ECONOMIC SPECIALIZATION ,CORRELATION COEFFICIENT ,CAPITAL ,GROWTH POTENTIAL ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,CITY COMPETITIVENESS ,BUSINESS SERVICES ,CITY PRODUCTIVITY ,CITY DEVELOPMENT ,URBANIZATION PROCESS ,ECONOMIC OUTCOMES ,REVENUE STREAMS ,GOVERNANCE ,DECENTRALIZATION ,COMMUNITY ,CITY SIZES ,CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ,MAYOR ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,REVENUE ,FORECASTS ,INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ,ECONOMY ,GROSS VALUE ,CREDIT ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,GROWTH RATE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,CORRELATION ANALYSIS ,UTILITIES ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,URBAN TRANSITION ,SUBNATIONAL ,SUBNATIONAL REGIONS ,ECONOMICS ,INPUTS ,PUBLIC EMPLOYEES ,CITY PROFILES ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,REVENUES ,CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,URBAN DEVELOPMENT ,BENCHMARKING ,EXPENDITURE ,URBAN ECONOMICS - Abstract
interest in studying city competitiveness has skyrocketed in the past few years, although the topic itself is far from new. Mayors and city leaders have long worried about the obstacles to job creation, competitiveness, and economic growth that plague their cities. The objective of this paper is to present key findings from the quantitative analysis of the drivers of competitiveness in cites around the world.
- Published
- 2015
11. Risk, Consent, and Externalities: How the Lack of a Global Basic Structure Implies a Right to Migrate: Winner of the Outstanding Graduate Paper Award at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Florida Philosophical Association.
- Author
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Haines, Jeff
- Subjects
RESEARCH papers (Students) ,EXTERNALITIES ,AWARDS - Published
- 2016
12. Exploring the structure of household social capital in rural Vietnam: Applying Bayesian network approach.
- Author
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Chuong, Huynh Ngoc
- Subjects
BAYESIAN analysis ,SOCIAL capital ,SOCIAL structure ,EXTERNALITIES ,CAPITAL structure - Abstract
This study aims to explore the structure of the households' social capital of rural Vietnam households with secondary data from 2008 to 2018. This paper applied the fundamental theories (resource and network theories) and the Bayesian network to estimate the interaction of proxies to explore the structure of social capital. Results showed that the triangle structure in household social capital with the core point is organization participation. The connections show the tendency from organization participation, linking to household networks. Alongside that, linking social capital and Organization participation are determinants of social capital indicators (social events, social cost). Therefore, this paper suggests employing proxies such as structured indicators for integrating social capital into the livelihood papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Big Data Analytics Implications on Central Banking Green Technological Progress.
- Author
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Ahmed, Elsadig Musa
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL productivity ,DATA analytics ,SUSTAINABLE development ,AGGREGATE demand ,DIGITAL technology ,TECHNOLOGICAL progress - Abstract
This paper examines big data analytics implications on the central banking financial system's technological progress. A digital technological progress framework and model is established to analyze the economy's aggregate supply via covering the monetary policy, big data analytics, pollutants emissions as independent variables and the economy's aggregate demand as a moderating variable in a modified extensive growth theory framework and model to compute the productivity indicators and the total factor productivity (TFP) as the central banking technological progress that combined the mentioned variables qualities contribution. Besides, data analytics positive and negative externalities that include data analytics shortcomings as unpriced undesirable output in the form of cybersecurity and pollutants' emissions among other proxies are internalized in the framework and the model to integrate the digital technology innovation with digital technology shortcomings and climate change. This revised extensive theory framework and model is a remarkable technique comprehensive of the technological progress matters and sustainable economic development and is considered one of the most important sustainable development and long-run economic growth proportions in the central banking financial system functions to manage the economy's aggregate supply and demand that unnoticed by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Traffic jam by GPS: A systematic analysis of the negative social externalities of large-scale navigation technologies.
- Author
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Schade, Eve, Savino, Gian-Luca, Gunal, Yasemin, and Schöning, Johannes
- Subjects
TRAFFIC conflicts ,TRAFFIC congestion ,RESIDENTIAL areas ,SPEED limits ,EXTERNALITIES - Abstract
The increased usage of navigation technologies has caused conflicts in local traffic management, resulting in congested residential areas among other challenges for residents. This paper uses content analysis to investigate such negative social externalities within local communities and neighbourhoods. Through a corpus of 90 news articles about traffic incidents caused by navigation technologies, we identified negative traffic and safety-related externalities, including congestion, damage, pollution, and accidents. We also report on countermeasures by local communities and governments, including street closures, speed limit reduction, and turn bans. Based on our results, we discuss the implications for designing mobile navigation technologies that reduce negative social externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. POSITIVE, NEGATIVE, AND AMPLIFIED NETWORK EXTERNALITIES IN PLATFORM MARKETS.
- Author
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KARHU, KIMMO, HEISKALA, MIKKO, RITALA, PAAVO, and THOMAS, LLEWELLYN D. W.
- Subjects
EXTERNALITIES ,HETEROGENEITY ,ACTORS - Abstract
Platforms are a dominant model for coordinating complex economic interactions. Platforms are distinguished by growth through network effects: an increase in the number (N) of platform actors (or complements produced by them) on one side makes the platform more valuable for an actor on the same or other side (and vice versa). This paper unbundles the network effect—the feedback loop—into directional and distinct types of network externalities that define the value received by each platform side. For example, value from a network externality may relate to variety (e.g., Google Play apps) or availability (e.g., Uber rides). Furthermore, at times, network externalities can have a negative impact. Although the existing literature recognizes some of these constituents, we lack an integrative framework. To address this gap, we first distinguish the heterogeneity and persistence of platform value units to identify a 2 × 2 typology of four positive and negative network externalities: quantity versus rivalry, accumulation versus fragmentation, variety versus choice overload, and utility versus degradation. Second, we generalize network connectivity and horizontal complementarity as two types of network externality amplification. Third, we demonstrate how all these dynamics play together in interactions that ultimately underscore the platformvalue and growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. CAN TRADE REALLY HURT? AN EMPIRICAL FOLLOW-UP ON SAMUELSON'S CONTROVERSIAL PAPER.
- Author
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BITZER, JÜRGEN, GÖRG, HOLGER, and SCHRÖDER, PHILIPP J.H.
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL trade , *COMMERCE , *RICARDIAN Model of International Trade , *EXTERNALITIES , *ECONOMETRICS , *FOREIGN investments - Abstract
This paper investigates Samuelson's [Samuelson, P. A. 'Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization.' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(3), 2004, 135-46] argument that technical progress of the trade partner may hurt the home country. We illustrate this prospect in a simple Ricardian model for situations with outward knowledge spillovers. Within this framework Samuelson's Act II effects may occur. Based on industry level panel data for 17 OECD countries for the period 1973-2000 we show econometrically that the outflow of domestic knowledge via exports or foreign direct investment (FDI) to the rest of the world may have a negative impact on industry output in the home country. This is particularly so when exporting to technologically less advanced countries and, more specifically, China. ( JEL F10, F11, F14, O30) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Policy Framework Paper on Business Licensing Reform and Simplification
- Author
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International Finance Corporation, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, and World Bank
- Subjects
ADVISORY SERVICE ,ECONOMIC FACTORS ,REGULATORY POLICIES ,POLICY OBJECTIVES ,INVENTORY ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,ACCOUNTING FIRMS ,BUSINESS APPLICATION ,REVOCATION ,VERIFICATION ,REGULATORY APPROVAL ,EXTERNALITIES ,LICENSING ,BEST PRACTICE ,ENTRY INTO MARKETS ,FORMS OF REGULATION ,FORM OF REGULATION ,REGULATORY INTERVENTION ,REGULATORY APPROACHES ,REGULATORY TOOL ,PRODUCTIVITY ,REGULATORY PRACTICES ,COMPETITION POLICY ,LICENSES ,QUALITY REGULATIONS ,SENIOR OFFICIAL ,COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS ,LEGAL BASIS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,PROJECT MANAGEMENT ,ENABLING ENVIRONMENT ,BUSINESS COSTS ,CONSULTATION ,ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS ,PROCUREMENT ,E-MAIL ,REGISTRATION OF BUSINESSES ,TYPES OF REGULATION ,REGULATORY PURPOSES ,TELEVISION ,REGULATORY REGIMES ,ADMINISTRATIVE BURDENS ,TYPE OF REGULATION ,ECONOMIC COSTS ,REGISTRIES ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,SEARCH ,QUALITY CONTROL ,REGULATORY ADMINISTRATION ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,REGULATORY AGENCIES ,REGULATORY PROCESSES ,REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ,ACCOUNTING RULES ,REGULATORY REFORM ,CERTIFICATE ,POLICY GOALS ,SUPERVISION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,REGULATORY IMPACT ,COMPLIANCE COSTS ,COPYRIGHT ,COST RECOVERY ,COST SAVINGS ,REGULATORY AUTHORITY ,MINISTER ,CAPABILITIES ,BUSINESS REGISTRATION ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,COMPETITIVE MARKETS ,GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ,WEALTH CREATION ,AUCTIONS ,GOODWILL ,FINANCIAL PRODUCTS ,PUBLIC SAFETY ,TELEPHONE ,INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ,ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS ,INNOVATION ,REGULATORY IMPACT ANALYSIS ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,AUDITS ,ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS ,SUPPORT STAFF ,REPORTING ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,ACCOUNTING ,BUSINESS ACTIVITIES ,TAXATION ,RESULT ,PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ,DIRECT COSTS ,COMPLIANCE ACTIVITIES ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,INFORMATION MANAGEMENT ,POLICY OBJECTIVE ,USES ,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,EQUIPMENT ,LICENSE ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,REGULATORY SERVICES ,REGULATOR ,BUSINESS OPERATIONS ,REGULATORY COMPLIANCE ,LICENSE FEES ,QUALITY REGULATION ,ADMINISTRATIVE REGULATIONS ,EXECUTIVE ORDERS ,ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS ,REGULATORY SYSTEM ,REGULATORY REFORMS ,BUSINESS ACTIVITY ,COMMERCE ,PUBLIC POLICY ,RADIO FREQUENCIES ,GOOD PRACTICES ,RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT ,TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ,ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITY ,POLICY FRAMEWORK ,REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS ,TARGETS ,PUBLIC INTEREST ,GOVERNMENT REGULATION ,MATERIAL ,REGULATORY ALTERNATIVES ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,REGULATORS ,RADIO ,END USER ,RESULTS ,PUBLISHING ,PUBLIC INTEREST OBJECTIVES ,ADMINISTRATIVE COST ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PUBLIC GOODS ,BUSINESSES ,BUSINESS REGULATIONS ,QUERIES ,Data_GENERAL ,REGISTRY ,INSPECTIONS ,REGULATORY DEPARTMENTS ,GOOD PRACTICE ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,ADVISORY SERVICES ,REGULATORY SYSTEMS ,TRANSACTION - Abstract
This paper includes an overall introduction to the uses (and abuses) of business licenses, and to the way business licensing reforms can be organized. It also provides a broad overview and framework for licensing reforms. This paper is supported by more detailed case studies of licensing reform in particular sectors, and other guidance for facilities and field operations. This includes a detailed manual on 'how to' review and reform licenses and also information about how to apply effective and insightful Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) to licensing reviews and reforms. Part one of this paper provides a contextual overview of key issues associated with government regulation. The rationale for government regulation (including licensing) is discussed, along with a description of the benefits and features of good regulatory design. Part two discusses the features of business licenses, the potential advantages and disadvantages of licensing and a discussion of the use of licensing fees and charges. Part three provides an overview of 'how to' reform business licenses and licensing systems. It summarizes broad approaches to reform, such as using a comprehensive 'top-down' approach to reviewing the stock of existing licenses, or where appropriate using a more targeted approach which focuses on particular types or categories of licenses. Part four of this paper focuses on M&E of licensing reform and simplification programs. This includes developing an M&E framework and measuring the significance and effects (e.g., the frequency and administrative burdens) generated by different types of licenses.
- Published
- 2010
18. China's footprint in global financial markets.
- Author
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Lodge, David, Manu, Ana-Simona, and Van Robays, Ine
- Subjects
FINANCIAL markets ,EXTERNALITIES ,STOCK exchanges - Abstract
Using daily data since 2017, we disentangle China-specific structural shocks driving Chinese financial markets and examine spillovers across global markets. The novelty of this paper consists of simultaneously identifying China shocks with shocks emanating from the United States and shocks to global risk sentiment - two major forces driving global financial markets - to ensure that China spillover estimates do not reflect common factors. Our results show that shocks originating in China have material impacts on global equity markets, although spillovers are much smaller than those following shocks in the United States, or those triggered by shifts in global risk sentiment. By contrast, shocks from China account for a significant proportion of variation in global commodity prices, more on a par with those of the United States. Nevertheless, spillovers from China can be significantly amplified in an environment of heightened global volatility, or when the shocks are large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
19. Decarbonisation at least cost: an analysis of the optimal portfolio of instruments.
- Author
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Álvarez, Francisco, Arnedillo, Óscar, Rodríguez, Diego, and Sanz, Jorge
- Subjects
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,EXTERNALITIES ,HEAT pumps ,THERMAL insulation ,RENEWABLE energy sources - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to propose a methodology for assessing an optimal portfolio of investment instruments that minimise the social costs of decarbonising economic activity while improving the environmental objectives proposed in EU legislation. Design/methodology/approach: The methodology defines the net social cost of decarbonisation related to a portfolio of four instruments: installation of solar PV and wind generation, thermal insulation of households and deployment of heat pumps. The social cost is minimised by restricting it to the minimum level of the targets proposed in the Spanish National Energy and Climate Plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase generation from renewable sources and reduce energy consumption. The empirical approach also includes differences between regions according to the expected effect for instruments. Findings: The application of this methodology to the environmental objectives defined in the current Spanish National Energy and Climate Plan for 2030 concludes that it is clearly possible to reduce the social cost of decarbonisation while improving environmental performance through a reorientation of investment instruments. In this case, such a reorientation would be based on a minimisation of efforts in thermal insulation of households and a maximisation of measures aimed at the installation of heat pumps. Originality/value: The paper proposes a novel methodology for a social cost assessment that improves the allocation of a portfolio of environmental instruments. This portfolio could be extended in further work to include instruments related to transport or support for industrial decarbonisation, such as the deployment of renewable hydrogen, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. On-demand ride service platform with differentiated services.
- Author
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Ma, Lina, Tao, Zhijie, and Wei, Qiang
- Subjects
CONSUMER preferences ,QUALITY of service ,CUSTOMER satisfaction ,RIDESHARING services ,EXTERNALITIES ,DECISION making - Abstract
The rapid growth of on-demand ride service platforms has made it increasingly important for these platforms to efficiently match services by understanding driver characteristics and consumer preferences. This paper aims to investigate the pricing strategy by considering the impact of consumer preference heterogeneity and the different service types offered by drivers. The findings of this study reveal the need for the platform to strike a balance between service cost and the benefits of high-quality drivers, which can be referred to as the "cost-performance ratio". If the "cost-performance ratio" that attracts high-quality drivers is high, the platform will attract high-quality drivers or drivers of all types to participate while offering differentiated services. Otherwise, the platform will only provide services through low-quality drivers. Furthermore, the platform will also consider when to offer differentiated services based on network externalities and service quality. When the network externalities of the two types of services are similar, the platform will differentiate them based on service quality differences. Overall, considering consumer preference heterogeneity, drivers of service types, and network externalities, this paper provides guidance for platforms to make optimal decisions that enhance their service offerings and improve overall customer satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. To What Extent Could Alternative Economic Models Increase Investment in the Renovation of and Reduce Energy Poverty in Social Housing in Flanders?
- Author
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Van de moortel, Els and Allacker, Karen
- Subjects
ECONOMIC models ,COST of living ,HOUSING ,EXTERNALITIES ,INCENTIVE (Psychology) - Abstract
An important share of the social housing stock in Flanders is outdated, resulting in a high energy demand for heating. Energetic renovation is hence urgently needed. The current economic model, however, does not stimulate this due to a split incentive. As energy prices have increased in the past few years, more tenants have suffered from energy poverty. This paper investigates three alternative economic models aiming at increasing the incentive for renovation, while financially protecting the tenants. In the first alternative model, tenants are protected by inducing a maximal cost of living based on their income. In the second alternative model, a fixed rent is applied, while the third alternative model proposes to share the cost benefits of the energetic renovation. The paper analyses the alternative models by assessing the costs and income for social housing companies and the costs for tenants for an unrenovated building, a renovation with a low investment cost and a deep energetic renovation. The results show that limiting the cost of living based on income seems most interesting as this is beneficial for the tenants and gives an incentive for the social housing companies to renovate. To reduce energy poverty, a deep renovation is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Negative externalities on property values resulting from water impairment: The case of the Pigeon River Watershed
- Author
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Cho, Seong-Hoon, Roberts, Roland K., and Kim, Seung Gyu
- Subjects
- *
EXTERNALITIES , *PAPER mills & the environment , *WATER quality , *WATERSHEDS - Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine whether willingness to bear the negative externality from water quality impairment differs between those who do and those who do not receive economic benefit from the impairment source. Differences were tested using a hedonic analysis of ambient water quality in two discrete housing markets in the Pigeon River Watershed, which have been polluted by the operation of a paper mill. The results suggest that North Carolina residents residing in subwatersheds with impaired portions of the Pigeon River, who experience economic benefit from the paper mill in addition to its harmful effects on water quality, do perceive the pollution as a negative externality. In contrast, the effects of both the degraded river and its contributing streams on property values are perceived as negative externalities by watershed residents in Tennessee who experience only harmful effects from the pollution. Differences in willingness to bear the water-impairment externality were not indicated by variables representing view of and proximity to impaired water bodies. The results suggest that the perception of water quality to which property owners implicitly apply value should be considered when establishing water-quality regulations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Use of Extended Exergy Analysis to Quantify Advantages and Drawbacks of Decentralizing Industrial Production Lines.
- Author
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Sciubba, Enrico
- Subjects
EXERGY ,ENERGY conversion ,THERMODYNAMICS ,EXTERNALITIES ,ARGUMENT - Abstract
In the ongoing debate about the feasibility of enforcing a transition to decentralized energy conversion systems, arguments are often presented that lack scientific rigor. Granted, the issue is multi-faceted and fundamentally multi-disciplinary, and possible solutions strongly depend on the selection of location as well as on local climate and demographics. Furthermore, decentralizing the final energy distribution leads to potential socio-economic considerations that involve value judgements. However, the most serious problem is that media have appropriated the topic and are often publishing opinion papers authored by non-specialists and even by representatives of interest groups. The present paper proposes an approach that is innovative on two counts: first, it treats "final energy" as any other commodity and therefore expands the field of investigation to the problems arising from the decentralization of a generic production line or technological chain; second, it argues that a method solidly rooted in Thermodynamics, the Extended Exergy Accounting, may be used to quantify the total amount of primary exergy resources requested by a decentralized strategy (as opposed to a centralized one), so that a comparison can be performed and discussed on a rational, unbiased and scientific basis. This is an introductory paper that reports some theoretical results of the method: realistic applications are perforce excluded because the idea is that the procedure must be drafted in such a way to be applicable to different socio-economic scenarios and locations and to remain valid under a broad range of boundary conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Research on the efficiency optimization of food reserve under the complementary reserve mode of government and enterprise in China.
- Author
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Qijun Jiang and Xiaoyang Ji
- Subjects
SOCIAL responsibility of business ,GOVERNMENT business enterprises ,COST functions ,SOCIAL responsibility ,EXTERNALITIES ,SUBSIDIES - Abstract
Food reserve is the cornerstone of national strategic security. China strives to build a complementary reserve system between government and enterprises, and how to improve the efficiency of food reserves is a matter of great concern to the government and society. Based on the analysis of the connotation of food reserve efficiency, this paper constructs the revenue function and the cost function of food reserve in an emergency and uses the cost-benefit method to explore the best ratio of government reserve, corporate social responsibility reserve, and commercial inventory when maximizing the efficiency of food reserve. This ratio is closely related to the total food reserve, the scale of supply interruption, the reserve cost of food stored by enterprises, and the government's subsidy cost for the social responsibility reserve. The unit subsidy cost of government to social responsibility reserve is inversely proportional to the proportion of corporate social responsibility reserve to corporate reserve. Doing a good job in the social responsibility management of food enterprises is an effective way to improve the efficiency of food reserves. To expand the scale of social responsibility reserves and realize "storing food in enterprises," the subsidies given by the government for corporate social responsibility reserves should not be too high. Taking food social responsibility reserve as an important part of corporate social responsibility, it's the key to promoting enterprises to actively undertake food social responsibility reserves. The conclusion of this paper provides a theoretical basis and decision-making reference for how to improve the efficiency of food reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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25. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHEAST ASIA'S DIGITAL ECONOMY: CURRENT STATUS, DEVELOPMENT MOTIVATION AND CHALLENGES.
- Author
-
Miao Yu
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,EXTERNALITIES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MARKETING research - Abstract
Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Research on the Tourists’ Sense of Well-Being and Its Spillover Effect.
- Author
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Zhao Qinqin, Chu Tianshu, and Jiang Haoyuan
- Subjects
TOURISTS ,WELL-being ,EXTERNALITIES ,TOURISM ,QUALITY of life - Abstract
The high-quality development of tourism aims to improve tourists’ sense of well-being and fulfillment. The improvement of tourists’ sense of well-being will not only enable tourists to obtain positive emotional experiences but is also an important way to improve their quality of life. However, the existing research has not yet reached a clear conclusion on how tourists’ sense of well-being is formed, whether tourists’ sense of well-being will spill over (i.e., knowledge sharing) after tourists obtain it, and whether the destination familiarity brought by the spillover of sense of well-being (i.e., knowledge sharing) will affect other tourists. Therefore, based on the experience marketing theory and the embodiment theory, this paper empirically examines the formation and spillover effect of tourists’ sense of well-being through structural equation modeling (SEM). The research shows that: (a) Subject presence has a positive effect on tourists’ sense of well-being, which further promotes knowledge sharing and realizes the spillover of tourists’ sense of well-being, and tourists’ sense of well-being plays a mediating role between subject presence and knowledge sharing; (b) Destination familiarity resulting from the spillover of sense of wellbeing (i.e., knowledge sharing) plays a negative moderating role in the positive impact of subject presence on tourists’ sense of well-being. This paper not only expands the boundaries of research on tourists’ sense of well-being and embodiment theory to some extent but also provides theoretical support and countermeasures for the high-quality development of China’s tourism and even service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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27. Birch Paper Company Revisited: An Exercise in Transfer Pricing.
- Author
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Manes, Rene P.
- Subjects
TRANSFER pricing ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,ADVANCE pricing agreements ,TAX laws ,EXTERNALITIES ,CONFLICT management - Abstract
Abstract: This exercise examines the possibility of using shadow prices to calculate transfer prices between divisions of the multi-division or conglomerate firm and of basing divisional profit statements on transfer prices derived in this way. In order to demonstrate the proposal, a well known Harvard Buisiness School case is modified in two ways so that two different linear programming solutions can be derived. Divisional income statements are then computed which indeed do exactly distribute the total profit of the firm each time, but these statements are found to have several unsatisfactory features for purposes of income determination. The exercise concludes by suggesting extensions for study and problem solving for the student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1970
28. The Benston Paper.
- Author
-
BORTS, G. H.
- Subjects
ECONOMIES of scale ,FINANCIAL institutions ,CAPITAL costs ,EXTERNALITIES ,BANKING industry & economics - Abstract
The author comments on the paper "Economies of Scale of Financial Institution," by George Benston published in the May 1972 issue of the "Journal of Money, Credit and Banking." It is the author's goal to sharpen Benston's research, and to do so, several questions are presented regarding his study. The author explains that Benston ignores externalities, but he does mention externalities in bank costs. The author also questions why Benston does not present a discussion on costs of capital employed in banking.
- Published
- 1972
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29. Can Farmers Punch Their Tickets to Wealth? The Spillover Effect of High-Speed Railway on Agriculture Development.
- Author
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Xiao, Ting, Yu, Xin, and Ding, Liang
- Subjects
HIGH speed trains ,AGRICULTURAL development ,FARMERS' attitudes ,EXTERNALITIES ,DATA analysis - Abstract
This paper studied the impact of high-speed railway linesonagricultural outputin the regions along their routes. It also investigated the heterogeneity of this impactbased on the terrain characteristics. The results of empirical testsusing county-level data show that ahigh-speed railway line can bring higher agricultural "dividends" to counties along the line. Notably, low altitude areas and regionswith gentle terrain exhibit a more pronounced promotional effect on local agricultural output. High-speed railways mainly promote agricultural output by promoting the mechanization of agriculture in counties along the route, thus reinvigorating the agricultural population and the development of specialty agriculture. Ourfindingsprovide quasi-microscopic evidence of the potential benefits of transportation infrastructure construction to break down geographical barriers and facilitate production factor flow, and providesa theoretical basis for the economic spillover effects of high-speed railway construction. Plain Language Summary: This paper studied the impact of high-speed railway lines on agricultural output in the regions along their routes. It also investigated the heterogeneity of this impact based on the terrain characteristics. The results of empirical tests using county-level data show that a high-speed railway line can bring higher agricultural "dividends" to counties along the line. Notably, low altitude areas and regions with gentle terrain exhibit a more pronounced promotional effect on local agricultural output. High-speed railways mainly promote agricultural output by promoting the mechanization of agriculture in counties along the route, thus reinvigorating the agricultural population and the development of specialty agriculture. Our findings provide quasi-microscopic evidence of the potential benefits of transportation infrastructure construction to break down geographical barriers and facilitate production factor flow, and provides a theoretical basis for the economic spillover effects of high-speed railway construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. China's macroeconomic policies and spillover effects.
- Author
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Niemeläinen, Julia
- Subjects
EXTERNALITIES ,INTEREST rates ,ECONOMIC policy ,INVESTMENT management - Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of China's capital controls, external asset holdings and the real interest rate, and analyzes the quantitative effects of China's macroeconomic policies between 2000 and 2015, including capital controls, interest rate policy, exchange rate policy and fiscal policy, on the dynamics of China's trade balance vis-a-vis the United States and the world real interest rate. In my analysis, I take into account the demographic differences between the countries, which affect the external imbalances directly and indirectly by affecting the transmission of the macroeconomic policies. Capital controls in China remain stringent even though they have somewhat eased in 2010s, and its gross external asset holdings differ from its peer countries both in terms of the largest functional categories and by type of investment. The average interest rate spread with the US has narrowed down. According to my analysis, the macroeconomic policies overall, and mainly the undervaluation of the real exchange rate, have had a positive impact on China's trade balance. The impact of the macroeconomic policies on the real interest rate has been positive, countering the negative trend induced by demographic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
31. Estimating additional health and social costs in eating disorder care for young people during the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for surveillance and system transformation.
- Author
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Obeid, Nicole, Coelho, Jennifer S., Booij, Linda, Dimitropoulos, Gina, Silva-Roy, Patricia, Bartram, Mary, Clement, Fiona, de Oliveira, Claire, and Katzman, Debra K.
- Subjects
YOUNG adults ,COVID-19 pandemic ,EXTERNALITIES ,EATING disorders ,EMERGENCY room visits - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Eating Disorders is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Human–Hyena (Crocuta crocuta) Conflict in the Tarangire Ecosystem, Tanzania.
- Author
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Raycraft, Justin
- Subjects
SPOTTED hyena ,WILDLIFE conservation ,EXTERNALITIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL management - Abstract
Interactions between people and large carnivores on shared landscapes can have harmful social and ecological consequences. Human–carnivore coexistence depends on an assemblage of sociological factors including effective management institutions that address the social costs of carnivore conservation and promote tolerance toward wildlife. In East Africa, large carnivores are particularly troublesome for herders who depend on livestock for subsistence and wellbeing. This paper provides an overview of human–hyena conflict in the Tarangire ecosystem of northern Tanzania. It presents descriptive results from a questionnaire survey (n = 1076) administered as part of an anthropological study (2019–2020; 2022; 2023) of human–wildlife interactions across twelve villages inhabited by Maasai agropastoralists. The survey instrument was designed through community-based participatory research methods to convey herder concerns about the impacts of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) on the livestock economy. Based on the perceptions and local ecological knowledge of Maasai interlocutors, the paper provides an overview of the spatial and temporal patterns of human–hyena interactions. Perceived frequencies of hyena attacks on kraaled livestock were unevenly distributed geographically, with those homesteads surrounding Manyara Ranch most heavily affected. Based on herder-reported livestock losses, the costs of depredation by spotted hyenas across the study area were estimated at approximately USD 904.84 per household per year. Most homesteads lacked fortified bomas and would benefit from the provision of lights and fencing materials to improve kraal structures. The paper's central finding is that spotted hyenas represent a pressing, everyday concern for local pastoralists. Unsurprisingly, herders despise hyenas and are intolerant of sharing landscapes with them. For carnivore conservation outside protected areas to thrive in Tanzania, conservationists and policy makers must engage more meaningfully with the lived experiences of local herders who bear the brunt of conservation costs on their livelihoods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. CROWDMATCH: Optimizing Crowdsourcing Matching through the Integration of Matching Theory and Coalition Games.
- Author
-
Adesokan, Adedamola, Kinney, Rowan, and Tsiropoulou, Eirini Eleni
- Subjects
GAME theory ,CROWDSOURCING ,MATCHING theory ,UTILITY functions ,EXTERNALITIES ,SCALABILITY - Abstract
This paper tackles the challenges inherent in crowdsourcing dynamics by introducing the CROWDMATCH mechanism. Aimed at enabling crowdworkers to strategically select suitable crowdsourcers while contributing information to crowdsourcing tasks, CROWDMATCH considers incentives, information availability and cost, and the decisions of fellow crowdworkers to model the utility functions for both the crowdworkers and the crowdsourcers. Specifically, the paper presents an initial Approximate CROWDMATCH mechanism grounded in matching theory principles, eliminating externalities from crowdworkers' decisions and enabling each entity to maximize its utility. Subsequently, the Accurate CROWDMATCH mechanism is introduced, which is initiated by the outcome of the Approximate CROWDMATCH mechanism, and coalition game-theoretic principles are employed to refine the matching process by accounting for externalities. The paper's contributions include the introduction of the CROWDMATCH system model, the development of both Approximate and Accurate CROWDMATCH mechanisms, and a demonstration of their superior performance through comprehensive simulation results. The mechanisms' scalability in large-scale crowdsourcing systems and operational advantages are highlighted, distinguishing them from existing methods and highlighting their efficacy in empowering crowdworkers in crowdsourcer selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Country performance during the Covid-19 pandemic: externalities, coordination, and the role of institutions
- Author
-
Lago-Peñas, Santiago, Martinez-Vazquez, Jorge, and Sacchi, Agnese
- Subjects
Policy coordination ,Original Paper ,Democratic institutions ,Externalities ,Decentralization ,Covid-19, Policy coordination, Externalities, Decentralization, Democratic institutions, Political fractionalization ,Business and International Management ,Covid-19 ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Political fractionalization - Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the most powerful examples of negative externalities in local communities, entire countries and across the globe, calling for the coordination of policies at all levels. We focus on the role played by institutions at the country level in fighting the spread of Covid-19 by making policy coordination more difficult or, on the contrary, more effective. Specifically, we consider the type of political regimes, political fragmentation, and decentralization settings, after controlling for several non-institutional factors. We assemble several data sources with the most recent available information on Covid-19 performance for up to 113 countries around the world. Our main results, which are robust to alternative specifications, show that having either democracies or autocracies does not represent a crucial issue for successfully addressing the pandemic. Most significantly, we find that countries with centralized political parties, which fundamentally allow for better coordination at the national level, perform significantly better than those with decentralized political parties. Although federal countries do appear to have had consistently greater difficulties than unitary countries, a finding that fits well with the role of coordination, overall, the role played by fiscal and administrative decentralization is not robust, but this latter is a result conditioned by the lack of data availability.
- Published
- 2021
35. Help-and-Haggle: Social Commerce Through Randomized, All-or-Nothing Discounts.
- Author
-
Yang, Luyi, Jin, Chen, and Shao, Zhen
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC commerce ,CONSUMERS' surplus ,EXTERNALITIES ,CONSUMERS ,PRICE cutting ,OPERATIONS management ,BUSINESS referrals - Abstract
This paper studies a novel social commerce practice known as "help-and-haggle," whereby an online consumer can ask friends to help her "haggle" over the price of a product. Each time a friend agrees to help, the price is cut by a random amount, and if the consumer cuts the product price down to zero within a time limit, she will get the product for free; otherwise, the product reverts to the original price. Help-and-haggle enables the firm to promote its product and boost its social reach as consumers effectively refer their friends to the firm. We model the consumer's dynamic referral behavior in help-and-haggle and provide prescriptive guidance on how the firm should randomize price cuts. Our results are as follows. First, contrary to conventional wisdom, the firm should not always reduce the (realized) price-cut amount if referrals are less costly for the consumer. In fact, the minimum number of successful referrals the consumer must make to have a chance to win the product can be nonmonotone in referral cost. Second, relative to the deterministic price-cut benchmark, a random price-cut scheme improves firm payoff, extracts more consumer surplus, and widens social reach. Additionally, in most instances, it also reduces the promotion expense while increasing profit from product sales at the same time. Third, help-and-haggle can be more cost effective in social reach than a reward-per-referral program that offers a cash reward for each successful referral. However, using the prospect of a free product to attract referrals cannibalizes product sales, potentially causing help-and-haggle to fall short. Yet, if consumers are heterogeneous in product valuations and referral costs or face increasing marginal referral costs, help-and-haggle can outperform the reward-per-referral program. This paper was accepted by Elena Katok, operations management. Funding: L. Yang acknowledges the Berkeley Haas Center for Growth Markets [2022 Grant Award]. C. Jin acknowledges the Singapore Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund [Tier 1 Grant 251RES2101]. Z. Shao acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72071188]. All authors acknowledge the Networks, Electronic Commerce and Telecommunications (NET) Institute [2022 Summer Research Grant]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4948. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Safe Circular Food Systems: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Identify Emergent Risks in Food Waste Nutrient Cycling.
- Author
-
Berry, Brieanne, Blackmer, Travis, Haedicke, Michael, Lee, Susanne, MacRae, Jean D., Miller, T. Reed, Nayak, Balunkeswar, Rivet-Préfontaine, Louis, Saber, Deborah, Silka, Linda, Thakali, Astha, Wildwistle, Jared, Yoder, Chyanne, and Isenhour, Cindy
- Subjects
FOOD waste ,NUTRIENT cycles ,EXTERNALITIES ,ENVIRONMENTAL risk ,PROBLEM solving - Abstract
With growing awareness of the environmental, economic, and social costs associated with food waste, there is a concerted effort on multiple scales to recover the nutrient value of discarded food. These developments are positive, but the rapid movement toward alternatives and the complexity of solving problems located at the intersection of economic, social, and environmental systems also have the potential to produce unanticipated risks. This paper draws upon long-term stakeholder-engaged research throughout New England, with a focus on Maine, to develop a transdisciplinary, systems-based model of the potential social, economic, and environmental risks of food waste nutrient cycling. Our effort is intended to help inform the creation of safe, functional, and environmentally benign circular food systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Measuring household social capital in rural Vietnam using MIMIC approach.
- Author
-
Chuong, Huynh Ngoc and Chi Hai, Nguyen
- Subjects
SOCIAL capital ,SOCIAL participation ,HOUSEHOLDS ,SOCIAL networks ,EXTERNALITIES - Abstract
The concept of social capital has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential for improving individual and collective well-being, and for its significance in shaping social, economic, and political structures. This study aims to measure the social capital of rural Vietnam households with data from 2008 to 2016. The authors identified different aspects of household social capital as well as social capital proxies from livelihood papers. This paper applied the fundamental theories (the resource theories and network theories to measure the household social capital in Vietnam. We propose to apply the MIMIC model (multiple indicator multiple cause model) to construct the household social capital along with integrating the indicators in both views of household social capital. Results highlight the importance of understanding the multifaceted nature of social capital, which includes different forms of social networks, social participation, and social costs. The findings suggest that participation in diverse organizations plays a vital role in the formation of household social capital. In addition, the MIMIC model shows that participation in social networks is the most important factor in the formation of household social capital. Therefore, we give some implications for the measurement as well as characteristics in the social capital of households in Vietnam. The study contributes to the existing literature on social capital by emphasizing the importance of understanding the different aspects of social capital and how they interact with each other in shaping the livelihoods of rural Vietnamese households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility as a Management Philosophy Oriented towards the Management of Externalities: Proposal and Argumentation.
- Author
-
Licandro, Oscar, Vázquez-Burguete, José Luis, Ortigueira, Luis, and Correa, Patricia
- Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the theoretical discussion on the best way to define Corporate Social Responsibility. The methodology used is a bibliographic review through a search for articles in different catalogues (Redalyc, Ebsco, JStor, SAGE, Science Direct, and Springer), focusing on articles that addressed the study of definitions of this concept. The different ways of defining it are identified and analysed in order to find a definition can encompass all the others. The paper also proposes that locating this concept at the level of management philosophy (and not simply as a desirable or expected behaviour) facilitates the construction of agreements around a consensual definition, unlike under the predominant behavioural approach of its conceptualisation as corporate behaviour. The paper concludes by proposing to define Corporate Social Responsibility as a management philosophy based on the responsible management of the company's operational externalities on stakeholders, society, and the environment. It is concluded that this definition contributes to the theoretical discussion, strengthens empirical research, and improves the application of Corporate Social Responsibility in the corporate world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The social cost of carbon driven by green behaviors.
- Author
-
Fu, Min, Zhang, Yixiang, Tian, Lixin, and Zhen, Zaili
- Subjects
EXTERNALITIES ,DISTRIBUTION (Probability theory) ,CARBON pricing ,SUSTAINABLE development ,CARBON nanofibers ,GREEN technology ,MOTOR vehicle driving - Abstract
With the change of climate issues and the needs of economic development, the idea of practicing green and low-carbon behaviors sinks deeper and deeper into people's hearts. This paper based on the social cost of carbon (SCC) model, this paper constructs a new carbon social cost model by adding the impact of green low-carbon behavior. Classify climate states, based on Bayesian statistical knowledge, study the posterior probability distribution of climate state transitions, and discuss the optimal carbon policy for different climate states by balancing emission utility costs and utility weighted carbon marginal products. This article also discusses the damage caused by rising temperatures and explores their impact on carbon price policies. then, the paper calculates SCC under four kinds of climate states, which will be visually displayed with graphs. Finally, we compare SCC obtained in this paper with that in other researches. The results show that: (1) Climate status has a significant impact on carbon policy, and carbon price predictions will dynamically change with climate status. (2) Green low-carbon behavior has a positive impact on climate status. (3) There are differences in the impact of the three types of damage caused by rising temperatures on carbon price policies. (4) Green development is conducive to stabilizing the value of SCC. (5) Close monitoring of the climate state helps to update the probability of damage in time so that we can precisely adjust the corresponding policies on SCC. This study provides theoretical and empirical reference for the government to formulate carbon price policies and promote the development of social green behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. FDI and Firm Productivity: A Comprehensive Review of Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Models.
- Author
-
Santos, Eleonora
- Subjects
MACROECONOMIC models ,FOREIGN investments ,COBB-Douglas production function - Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on foreign direct investment (FDI), productivity, and technology upgrading, with a focus on macroeconomic and microeconomic models. It compares the performance of various models used to study FDI and its effects on firms' productivity, via skill and technology upgrading, offshoring, institutional quality, and other related factors. This review highlights the differences and similarities between macroeconomic and microeconomic models, their empirical strategies, and their ability to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms through which FDI affects productivity and other variables. The empirical literature on the impact of FDI on the productivity of local firms is derived from association studies, which use a neoclassic production function and an augmented Solow-type equation. These models have been shown to be inadequate in capturing the dynamic and complex nature of FDI and the associated externalities, particularly vertical externalities. This paper identifies three criticisms of the literature on pecuniary externalities, including a lack of models that focus specifically on the mechanism of forward linkages, inadequate measures to assess linkage effects, and the failure to include crucial determinant factors in empirical models. Overall, this paper calls for more comprehensive and nuanced models that incorporate the dynamic and complex nature of FDI and its externalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Green Bond Pricing and Optimization Based on Carbon Emission Trading and Subsidies: From the Perspective of Externalities.
- Author
-
Hu, Yuanfeng, Tian, Yixiang, and Zhang, Luping
- Abstract
In this paper, we establish a model based on real options theory and fractional Brownian motion (FBM) with jumps to price green bonds, and thus alleviate the externalities of green bonds. We assume that the floating value of green bonds is linked to the carbon price. The carbon emission trading mechanism and government subsidy policy are introduced into this model, and the expression is derived from the stochastic differential utility framework based on the fast Fourier transform method. Based on the numerical analysis and the simulations, this paper analyzes when governments are facing financial and carbon emission constraints and how policymakers balance the allocation between carbon allowances and government subsidies to help green bonds reach the exogenous equilibrium price. Our results have implications in terms of optimizing the distribution of economic resources by the reasonable pricing of green bonds. It is in line with the current theme of global energy conservation and emission reduction, and also has certain guiding significance for the development of the carbon emission trading market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Differences in family caregiver experiences and expectations of end-of-life heart failure care across providers and settings: a systematic literature review.
- Author
-
Valleggi, Alessandro, Passino, Claudio, Emdin, Michele, and Murante, Anna Maria
- Subjects
HEART failure ,CAREGIVERS ,HEART failure patients ,QUALITY of life ,EXTERNALITIES ,LIFE expectancy - Abstract
Heart failure impacts patients' quality of life and life expectancy and significantly affects the daily behaviours and feelings of family caregivers. At the end-of-life, the burden for family caregivers depends on their emotional and sentimental involvement, as well as social costs. Objectives: The aim of this work is to determine whether and how family caregivers' experiences and expectations vary in relation to the places of care and teams involved in heart failure management. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted, by screening manuscripts dealing with the experience of Family Care Givers' (FCGs) of patients with Advanced Heart failure. Methods and results were reported following the PRISMA rules. Papers were searched through three databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science). Seven topics were used to synthetize results by reporting qualitative information and quantitative evidence about the experience of FCGs in places of care and with care teams. Results: Thirty-one papers, dealing with the experience of 814 FCGs, were selected for this systematic review. Most manuscripts came from the USA (N = 14) and European countries (N = 13) and were based on qualitative methods. The most common care setting and provider profile combination at the end of life was home care (N = 22) and multiprofessional teams (N = 27). Family caregivers experienced "psychological issues" (48.4%), impact of patients' condition on their life (38,7%) and "worries for the future" (22.6%). Usually, when family caregivers were unprepared for the future, the care setting was the home, and there was a lack of palliative physicians on the team. Discussion: At the end-of-life, the major needs of chronic patients and their relatives are not health related. And, as we observed, non-health needs can be satisfied by improving some key components of the care management process that could be related to care team and setting of care. Our findings can support the design of new policies and strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Investigating the Knowledge Spillover and Externality of Technology Standards Based on Patent Data.
- Author
-
Lee, Pei-Chun
- Subjects
INNOVATION adoption ,EXTERNALITIES ,DATABASES ,ECONOMIC expansion ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Knowledge accumulation is considered a crucial factor for generating sustained economic growth. Therefore, both knowledge spillovers and externalities are considered drivers of economic development. Standardization is a vital feature of technological progress. It involves triggering adoptions of innovation by reducing market uncertainty between consumers and producers. Standards cannot be implemented without using technology covered by the claims of patents. This paper investigates knowledge spillover through the inward and outward knowledge flow from technology standards. Studies have investigated the quantitative and qualitative effects of technological standards. However, there still exists a lack of understanding regarding the knowledge spillover and externality that results from technological standardization. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap in the literature by elucidating the codified knowledge spillover that underlies patented technologies at the technical, organizational, and industrial standard levels. This paper explores the characteristic patterns of knowledge spillover associated with technology standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The Causal Relationship Between Income Deprivation and Depression with Special Emphases on the Importance of Spatiality.
- Author
-
Bilicz, Hanga Lilla
- Subjects
MENTAL depression ,HEALTH education ,EXTERNALITIES ,MENTAL health - Abstract
Copyright of Economic & Regional Studies/Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Feedback control of the COVID-19 outbreak based on active disturbance rejection control.
- Author
-
Haonan Zhang, Wen Tan, Mei Yu, and Yiming Li
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,PARTICLE swarm optimization ,EPIDEMIOLOGICAL models ,EXTERNALITIES - Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 causes a serious threat to human health and life around the world and puts enormous pressure on the healthcare system. The lockdown policy has effectively reduced the number of cases and suppressed the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, but it also requires high social and economic costs. In this paper, we aim to use feedback control to help decision-makers establish lockdown policies, which can effectively constrain the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic with minimalfinancial loss. The time-dependent susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model is used for the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic. The feedback control is based on a modified nonlinear active disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) that includes modified nonlinear extended state and nonlinear state error feedback with parameters tuned by particle swarm optimization, and the performances are compared with a well-known proportional- –integral–-derivative (PID) controller. The final simulation results show that the modified nonlinear ADRC has better performances and is more robust against uncertainties in the parameters of the epidemiological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Monetary Policy Spillovers to Polish Financial Markets.
- Author
-
Grothe, Magdalena
- Subjects
MONETARY policy ,EXTERNALITIES ,FINANCIAL markets - Abstract
Copyright of Polish Journal of Economics / Gospodarka Narodowa is the property of SGH Warsaw School of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. National Big Data Experimental Area and the Unexpected Booming of the Housing Price in Guiyang of Guizhou Province of China.
- Author
-
Zhang, Lu, Yu, Hongfei, Zhou, Zhongfa, Yi, Fangxin, and Li, Dong
- Subjects
HOME prices ,SUBURBS ,BIG data ,REGIONAL development ,URBAN growth ,PRICE increases - Abstract
Enterprise Zone is an important part of the regional economic development strategy. This paper investigates the impact of overall urban development and construction of the National Big Data (Guizhou) Experimental Area on the housing prices and found out that the construction of the National Big Data (Guizhou) Experimental Area is more conducive to the rise in suburban housing transaction prices. The paper empirically proves that the construction of the National Experimental Zone is more conducive to small family housing and leads to the increase in the suburban housing trading area, which further implies that the National Big Data (Guizhou) Experimental Area project may lead to the migration of residents to the suburbs, thus the increasing the housing price. Such regional planning is conducive to the changing spatial distribution of the residents, relocating the residents to find jobs and live in the suburbs, and increasing the value of suburban areas. This paper provides evidence to quantify the externalities and the premium of the housing prices in the surrounding area and provides empirical evidence on the spatial externalities in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Pronatal Property Rights over Land and Fertility Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Ethiopia
- Author
-
Niels Kemper, Klaus Deininger, and Daniel Ayalew Ali
- Subjects
ECONOMIC GROWTH ,OWNERSHIP OF LAND ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,Land administration ,Agrarian reform ,FERTILITY BEHAVIOR ,ECONOMIC WELFARE ,WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE ,EXTERNALITIES ,WORLD POPULATION POLICIES ,Economics ,EARLY MARRIAGES ,POLICY MAKERS ,SPILLOVER ,Land tenure ,Socioeconomics ,POPULATION GROWTH ,POPULATION ,health care economics and organizations ,media_common ,education.field_of_study ,TOTAL FERTILITY RATE ,NUMBER OF CHILDREN ,WORLD POPULATION ,CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ,WOMEN ,MEN ,AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES ,INCENTIVES ,MOTHER ,ENTITLEMENTS ,NEWBORN CHILD ,POPULATION PROBLEM ,WAR ,FERTILITY RATES ,BULLETIN ,ADOPTION ,media_common.quotation_subject ,POPULATION DEVELOPMENT ,FAMILY SIZE ,education ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,Development ,DEMOCRACY ,LAND OWNERSHIP ,INHERITANCE ,HUMAN REPRODUCTION ,POLICY CHANGE ,PUBLIC SERVICES ,POPULATION CENSUS ,SCHOOL EXPENDITURES ,AGE ,ENUMERATION AREAS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,RURAL POVERTY ,RURAL AREAS ,FERTILITY ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,FERTILITY RATE ,AGE GROUPS ,NUMBER OF BIRTHS ,PROGRESS ,LABOR MARKET ,ENVIRONMENT ,RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,FAMILY TIES ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,WORKSHOP ,ENVIRONMENTAL ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,LAND TENURE ,DEBT ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,HUMAN RIGHTS ,RATE OF POPULATION GROWTH ,Demographic economics ,PROPERTY ,FAMILY SIZES ,Land reform ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,UNMARRIED WOMEN ,NEWBORN ,Natural experiment ,RESOURCES ,POPULATION CONTROL ,DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,IMPACT ON FERTILITY ,REPRODUCTIVE DECISIONS ,POPULATION MATTERS ,FERTILITY BEHAVIOUR ,CENSUS DATA ,OLD-AGE ,CENSUS ,FAMILY PLANNING INFORMATION ,FERTILITY PATTERNS ,UNFPA ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,POPULATION POLICIES ,EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS ,MARRIAGE ,WOMAN ,ECONOMIES ,CHILD LABOR ,POLICIES ,POLICY ,FAMILY PLANNING ,LARGER FAMILIES ,LAND DEGRADATION ,HUMAN CAPITAL ,POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS ,SEX ,RESPECT ,CHILD WELFARE ,TAXES ,POLITICAL DECISION ,LAND ,Total fertility rate ,Population ,NATURAL RESOURCE BASE ,Fertility ,PUBLIC POLICY ,NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL ,FEWER CHILDREN ,POLICY RESEARCH ,EXPENDITURES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,CHILDBEARING AGE ,CHILDBEARING ,HOUSEHOLD SIZE ,PEOPLE ,LIFETIME FERTILITY ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,EXPECTATIONS ,ECONOMIC RIGHTS ,POPULATION CHANGE ,ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ,DIVORCE ,RADIO ,ECONOMICS ,MARITAL STATUS ,COMMITTEE ON POPULATION ,LIVE BIRTH ,GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT ,POPULATION SIZE ,ECONOMIC CHANGE ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,PRESENT VALUE ,CENSUSES - Abstract
This study exploits a natural experiment to investigate the impact of land reform on the fertility outcomes of households in rural Ethiopia. Public policies and customs created a situation where Ethiopian households could influence their usufruct rights to land via a demographic expansion of the family. The study evaluates the impact of the abolishment of these pronatal property rights on fertility outcomes. By matching aggregated census data before and after the reform with administrative data on the reform, a difference-in-differences approach between reform and non-reform districts is used to assess the impact of the reform on fertility outcomes. The impact appears to be large. The study estimates that women in rural areas reduced their life-time fertility by 1.2 children due to the reform. Robustness checks show that the impact estimates are not biased by spillovers or policy endogeneity.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Territorial Impact Assessment, Cost Benefit Analysis and Do Not Significant Harms principle for sustainable works and plans design.
- Author
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Prezioso, Maria
- Subjects
COST benefit analysis ,ENVIRONMENTAL economics ,EXTERNALITIES ,SUSTAINABLE design ,ECONOMIC geography - Abstract
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- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Collusive Stability with Relative Performance and Network Externalities.
- Author
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Lu, Yi-Shan, Tsai, Chien-Shu, Lee, Jen-Yao, and Lee, Chung-Yang
- Subjects
EXTERNALITIES ,NETWORK effect ,ORGANIZATIONAL performance ,INDUSTRIAL laws & legislation - Abstract
In this paper, we aim to investigate the collusive stability in the presence of network externalities among firms with relative performance in the firm's objective functions. We demonstrate that collusive stability is increasing (decreasing) in the degree of relative performance, product substitutability and network effect when the network effect is sufficiently large (small). A competition agency might need to provide different guidance for anti-competitive regulation in the network industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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