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Anton M. Holter (1831-1921) was a pioneer Helena, Montana, lumberman and founder of the A.M. Holter Hardware Company. Papers (1831-1921) include correspondence, and organizational and financial records relating to mining, agriculture, lumber, real estate, and oil interests of three generations of the family, headed successively by Anton M. Holter, Norman B. Holter, and Norman J. "Jeff" Holter. Many of the enterprises were in partnership with Samuel T. Hauser. Interests include the A.M. Holter Hardware Company; Holter Realty; Holter Research Foundation; Judith Farms; Montana Flour Mills; and the Helena and Frisco, Helena and Victor, and Maginnis mining companies, This collection is arranged into several major subgroups. The first group is for the Holter Family and allied families. The second major group is for the Holter Family Enterprises. The remainder of the collection consists of records of numerous companies grouped together in categories, including Mining subgroups, Lumber and Timber subgroups, Agriculture subgroups, Real Estate and Investment subgroups, Mercantile subgroups, Oil subgroups, Utility and Transportation subgroups, and Miscellaneous subgroups. Within each subgroup the basic arrangement is alphabetical by the name of the company., The Holter Family Subgroup of the collection contains correspondence and other materials relating to individual family members. Within this subgroup is a series of family correspondence, which contains letters written between various Holters. The correspondence between Anton M. Holter and his sons, primarily Norman, Edwin, and Aubrey, and the correspondence between the three brothers, provides invaluable information concerning the many facets of the family's business activities and investments. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to read this family correspondence regardless of the topic of interest., The greatest value of the collection is its completeness and its century-long time span coverage. The materials serve to provide invaluable information on the Holter family; the family companies, particularly the A.M. Holter Hardware Company; the growth and development of Helena and vicinity; and the lumber, ranching, and mining industries in the Northwest. The only weakness in the collection is the lack of any meaningful materials documenting the political activities of the period. The name index accompanying this inventory is not meant to be a complete listing of all materials in the collection, but attempts to provide some guidance in relating companies and individuals. No effort was made to include the three main Holters, Anton, Norman, or Jeff, in the index. (Manuscript Collection 80).

Colorimetric gas detectors have been widely applied in many fields such as environmental sciences, industrial hygiene, process control, forensic science and indoor air quality monitoring. They have a history of about 100 years and include devices such as gas detector tubes and paper-based gas detectors. The sensitivity and selectivity of the colorimetric gas detector are relatively high compared to other types of gas detectors such as semiconductor, catalytic combustion and electrochemical gas detectors. Detection of gas concentration can be performed by the naked eye in some colorimetric gas detectors. These methods do not require an electrical power source and are simple, so they are suitable for field operations. This review introduces the history and provides a general overview of the development in the research of colorimetric gas detectors. Recently, the sensitivity and selectivity of colorimetric gas detectors have improved. New materials such as enzymes or particles with a large surface area have been utilized to improve selectivity and sensitivity. Moreover, new gas detectors without toxic materials have been developed to reduce the environmental load. At present, there is a rapid development of IoT sensors in many industrial fields, which might extend the applications of colorimetric gas detectors in the near future.

In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production. In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill. Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %.

The use of vegetable oil (natural ester) in electrical devices like power transformers is increasing due to their high biodegradability and better safety. The lifespan of power trans- formers is mainly defined by cellulose insulation condition, which usually works together with dielectric oil as electrical insulation and also as mechanical winding protector and compactor. That is why the aim and results of this research shows us not only the dielectric parameters evolution, but also the relationship between the mechanical factors and the moisture content of thermal accelerated ageing processes, with commercial vegetable oil, of Kraft paper and Diamond Dotted Paper (DDP). These are two of the most common insulating materials in electric power transformers. In addition, the new tests have been done by a different method of paper ageing analysis. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement Nº 823969 - BIOTRAFO.

The subsector of pulp and paper presented in 2013 an electric power consumption of 9.3% of electricity consumption in the industrial sector in Brazil. It experienced a significant growth of production in the last 20 years, exceeding 160%, and their consumption of electricity increased by 130%, reaching the level of 19,594GWh. Due to its characteristics, with a known structure and production processes, and its importance in the country's industrial sector, this subsector was selected for study in this paper, to evaluate the behavior of its long-term annual electricity demand, at the horizon of 20 years ahead, in energy efficiency scenarios through bottom-up approach. This approach is data intensive and requires data with good quality; it consists of a hierarchical structure that enables to check how specific actions can affect the results at each level and its effect on higher levels.

Strongly electric fish use gradients of ions within their bodies to generate stunning external electrical discharges; the most powerful of these organisms, the Atlantic torpedo ray, can produce pulses of over 1 kW from its electric organs. Despite extensive study of this phenomenon in nature, the development of artificial power generation schemes based on ion gradients for portable, wearable, or implantable human use has remained out of reach. Previously, an artificial electric organ inspired by the electric eel demonstrated that electricity generated from ion gradients within stacked hydrogels can exceed 100 V. The current of this power source, however, was too low to power standard electronics. Here, an artificial electric organ inspired by the unique morphologies of torpedo rays for maximal current output is introduced. This power source uses a hybrid material of hydrogel-infused paper to create, organize, and reconfigure stacks of thin, arbitrarily large gel films in series and in parallel. The resulting increase in electrical power by almost two orders of magnitude compared to the original eel-inspired design makes it possible to power electronic devices and establishes that biology's mechanism of generating significant electrical power can now be realized from benign and soft materials in a portable size.

This work demonstrates a stand-alone power source that integrates a paper-based hydrogen fuel cell with a customized chemical heater that produces hydrogen in-situ upon the addition of a liquid. The presented approach operates by capillary action and takes advantage of the hydrogen released as a by-product of an exothermic reaction used in point-of-care diagnostics. The paper-based fuel cell produces a maximum power of 25.8 mW (103.2 mW cm−2), which is suitable for powering a diversity of electrical devices such as commercially available digital pregnancy tests and glucometers. While device shape and dimensions can be customized, here it is shown that the fuel cell can be designed in a compact form factor and footprint comparable to a lateral flow test while providing a remarkable power output. This approach holds great promise for powering portable diagnostics, as the generated electric power could enable device functionalities required for advanced assays, such as device timing, actuation, and signal quantification. Part of the same liquid sample that is to be analyzed (urine, saliva, water, etc) could be used to trigger the hydrogen generation and start the fuel cell operation., J.P. Esquivel acknowledges support from Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship (APPOCS - GA.328144) within the 7th European Community Framework Programme. J. Buser and P. Yager were supported by a grant from DARPA DSO/BTO--HR0011-11-2-0007, awarded to Yager at the University of Washington. P. Yager was supported in part by funds from the Department of Bioengineering at the University of Washington. S. Rojas acknowledges financial support from project ENE2013-42322R. N. Sabaté would like to thank financial support received from ERC Consolidator Grant (SUPERCELL - GA.648518).

Electric power equipment has complex construction. Therefore, it is very important to have enough information about the state of equipment. High voltage transformers play a very important role in the electric power system. One of the most important parts of electric power equipment is the insulation system. Insulation system must be in a good condition for reliable and safe operation of electrical devices. Insulation system of electrical equipment is exposed to various factors which could have negative influence on its condition. Oil impregnated insulation paper is one of the oldest insulation systems used in electrical power equipment. Mineral oils have been used for decades as transformer fluids because of their excellent dielectric properties and availability. However, performance of mineral oil starts to be limited due to environmental consideration. The aim of this paper is to simulate a real insulation system of transformer and to show the influence of accelerated thermal ageing on the insulation system. Properties such as relative permittivity, dissipation factor and the breakdown voltage will be described and analysed.

Using mathematical programming with activity-based costing (ABC) and based on the theory of constraints (TOC), this study proposed a green production model for the traditional paper industry to achieve the purpose of energy saving and carbon emission reduction. The mathematical programming model presented in this paper considers (1) revenue of main products and byproducts, (2) unit-level, batch-level, and product-level activity costs in ABC, (3) labor cost with overtime available, (4) machine cost with capacity expansion, (5) saved electric power and steam costs by using the coal as the main fuel in conjunction with Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). This model also considers the constraint of the quantity of carbon equivalent of various gases that are allowed to be emitted from the mill paper-making process to conform to the environmental protection policy. A numerical example is used to demonstrate how to apply the model presented in this paper. In addition, sensitivity analysis on the key parameters of the model are used to provide further insights for this research.

An original partial discharge generated in oil insulation identification methodology based on simultaneously conducted measurements using electrical method, ultra high frequency method and acoustic emission method is presented in the paper. Three different partial discharge model sources as well as measuring instruments commonly applied for partial discharge detection in electrical power transformers are yielded within a laboratory research. Total of 45 scenarios, including proposed spark gap configurations, selected supply voltage levels and UHF frequencies are analyzed during measurements series. Furthermore, form among total of 93 descriptors assigned for every applied partial discharge model source configuration there are 24 proposed as potentially useful for partial discharge identification applications with their 95% confidence bounds. Attempt of discriminative descriptors selection for partial discharge source analysis in on-site transformer applications as well as a proposal of unique descriptors according to every selected spark gap configuration that could be potentially useful for partial discharge identification purposes are the main purpose of the presented paper. The proposed methodology verification on a real life transformer with particular consideration of the selected descriptors potential utility in the fields of partial discharge detection and identification in electrical power industry applications confirmed a proposed methodology usefulness.

Electronic Paper has been developed as a display by using funcitonalized polymer materials, but unlike the monitors for TVs and personal computers. It was mainly developed as a medium for illustrating static images (still pictures) for reading. Electronic Paper requires no electrical power to maintain the image, except when writing in new materials.It is anticipated to become a medium that can be used in place of paper. This leads to energy-saving and reduces the strain on the environment.

Variable-speed operation of wind turbines (WTs) achieved through electronic converters can decouple wind generator dynamics from power systems. Besides, the wide rotor operation range makes it possible for the WT to tap the potential of kinetic energy (KE) in the rotating mass. This study provides an overview of utilising KE from WTs for grid connections. The availability of KE in WTs is acquired by the rotor speed alternation, both in static and dynamic processes. For the static state, the rotors of WTs operate at a pre-defined power curve which leaves the generation margin for KE release; while for the dynamic process, the KE is passively changed by the imbalance between mechanical and electrical power. Some emerging technologies in frequency regulation and low-voltage ride through capability with the participation of KE stored in WTs are investigated. The applications of KE in terms of wind smoothing are summarised as well. Finally, this literature review also discusses some potential future applications of KE management.

This paper discusses the progress made on Côte d'Ivoire’s National Development Plan (PND) 2012–15. In the area of planning, the 2012–13 PND served to move planning to the forefront of public action. In addition, the National Bureau of Population has been set up to better address the problems of population and development. In the area of justice and human rights, the policy guidance paper has been prepared and is now being implemented. In the area of civil protection, the actions carried out have centered on strengthening the institutional and legal framework for preventing and managing risks and disasters and building up the operational capabilities of bodies in charge of civil protection.

This Joint Staff Advisory Note focuses on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Kenya. Kenya’s second Medium Term Plan (MTP-2) that covers 2013–2017 seeks to build on the successes of the MTP1. It aims to accelerate growth to reach double-digit levels, to create jobs for the Kenyan youth, and to further reduce the still high poverty levels. It highlights that to reduce maternal mortality, the MTP-2 outlines measures such as free maternal healthcare at the point of delivery and incentives for school enrolment.

At the present time, reliability and stability of electric power have been very important when it comes to electrical systems in any plants, especially in terms of distribution. Phoenix Pulp & Paper PCL (PPPC) in Khon Kaen, Thailand, is currently generating electric power about 90% of its current needed by themselves and buys the rest from Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). Nonetheless, the protection system should be installed to protect the electrical bus when electrical generating process trips or breakdown. Otherwise, it would cause the shutdown of electrical system and lose all manufacturing. To protect electrical system, PPPC therefore has to use load shedding system for cutting the connection of the machines from the system within few minutes. Power flow of electric power from 115 kV PEA to 11 kV via 2 transformers of 115 kV/11 kV and PPPC's 3 generators are studied in this research by setting the real electric power (P), reactive electric power (Q), current (I) and voltage (V) in the protection relay of load shedding system of 11 kV switchboards. In addition, motor control panel, simulated by SKM Power Tools program, is investigated in this research work. The simulation results: P, Q, I and V will be divided into 4 cases: the trips from TG-PUC, TG2, TG3 (in-house generation) and the one from PEA. In the case that there is a trip from PEA electrical distribution, P, only generated from the first three generators in house, will be insufficient to cover the plant's electric need and require around 6,512 kW more. As a result, the machines would have to be stopped running. However, if there is a trip from its in-house generation (TG-PUC, TG2 and TG3) instead, some P can be directly received from PEA. Thus, the load shedding scheme is important to protect the blackout system from electrical system's trip in distribution.

The paper presents new diagnostic method applied to assess aging degree for paper-oil insulation used in professional electrical power device, primarily including medium and high power transformers. The described method is based on modified diagnostics using the recovery voltage effect occurring in dielectrics (RVM – Recovery Voltage Methods). Modification of the RVM method applied so far, which is now used only to assess moistening degree for paper-oil insulation in power transformers, consists in a new parametric analysis of recovery voltage time characteristics. Simulation and experimental tests carried out in laboratory conditions for adequately prepared insulation samples have proven that the time-constant of recovery voltage decay (τR_MIN) is the most susceptible parameter as regards quantitative change in the function of aging of the examined insulation. This conclusion is also confirmed by statistical studies, in which a multi-parameter variance analysis method has been applied. An original equivalent circuit diagram of the insulation has been used to simulate aging degree of paper-oil insulation samples in numerical tests. The diagram is based on the Cole-Cole type dielectric response model.

The attached Joint Staff Advisory Note (JSAN) on the Implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper for Guinea, prepared jointly by the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF, was distributed with the member country’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) to the Executive Boards of the two institutions. The objective of the JSAN is to provide focused, frank, and constructive feedback to the country on progress in implementing its Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS).

The article concerns the presence of water in insulating systems consisting of cellulose materials impregnated with different electro-insulting liquids. This is a particularly important issue regarding power transformers with their strategic importance for an electrical power system. Water is a serious threat and can be the reason of a dangerous breakdown. Thus there is a need to have insulating system diagnostics in terms of water content. The article discusses the issue of water solubility in different electro-insulating liquids. The author determined the water saturation limits for these liquids. Moreover, the author determined water sorption isotherms for cellulose materials of different aging degree. On the basis of the obtained results, equilibrium curves were constructed for some selected kinds of insulation. The research results presented here allow to improve the reliability of determining moisture in cellulose insulation of various polymerization degree on the basis of water content measurement in an electro-insulating liquid.

This report documents the efforts taken to develop a preliminary design for the first commercial-scale CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) project associated with biomass power integrated into a pulp and paper operation. The Boise Wallula paper mill is located near the township of Wallula in Southeastern Washington State. Infrastructure at the paper mill will be upgraded such that current steam needs and a significant portion of the current mill electric power are supplied from a 100% biomass power source. A new biomass power system will be constructed with an integrated amine-based CO2 capture plant to capture approximately 550,000 tons of CO2 per year for geologic sequestration. A customized version of Fluor Corporation’s Econamine Plus™ carbon capture technology will be designed to accommodate the specific chemical composition of exhaust gases from the biomass boiler. Due to the use of biomass for fuel, employing CCS technology represents a unique opportunity to generate a net negative carbon emissions footprint, which on an equivalent emissions reduction basis is 1.8X greater than from equivalent fossil fuel sources (SPATH and MANN, 2004). Furthermore, the proposed project will offset a significant amount of current natural gas use at the mill, equating to an additional 200,000 tons of avoided CO2 emissions. Hence, the total net emissions avoided through this project equates to 1,100,000 tons of CO2 per year. Successful execution of this project will provide a clear path forward for similar kinds of emissions reduction that can be replicated at other energy-intensive industrial facilities where the geology is suitable for sequestration. This project also represents a first opportunity for commercial development of geologic storage of CO2 in deep flood basalt formations. The Boise paper mill site is host to a Phase II pilot study being carried out under DOE’s Regional Carbon Partnership Program. Lessons learned from this pilot study and other separately funded projects studying CO2 sequestration in basalts will be heavily leveraged in developing a suitable site characterization program and system design for permanent sequestration of captured CO2. The areal extent, very large thickness, high permeability in portions of the flows, and presence of multiple very low permeability flow interior seals combine to produce a robust sequestration target. Moreover, basalt formations are quite reactive with water-rich supercritical CO2 and formation water that contains dissolved CO2 to generate carbonate minerals, providing for long-term assurance of permanent sequestration. Sub-basalt sediments also exist at the site providing alternative or supplemental storage capacity.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are prepared by member countries in broad consultation with stakeholders and development partners, including the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF. Updated every three years with annual progress reports, they describe the country’s macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of growth and poverty reduction, as well as associated external financing needs and major sources of financing. This country document for Guinea, dated May 2012 is being made available on the IMF website by agreement with the member country as a service to users of the IMF website.

Guinea’s 2007–10 Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper is intended to reestablish strong, sustainable economic growth in a favorable political and institutional context. The percentage of underweight children under age five has increased from 25.8 percent in 2005 to 26.1 percent in 2008, indicating a slight increase in malnutrition. The coverage of vaccination against measles for children under age one declined from 85.3 percent in 2007 to 65.4 percent in 2008. The number of health centers nationwide remains unsatisfactory despite a modest increase from 399 in 2007 to 410 in 2009.

This Joint Staff Advisory Note focuses on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for Côte d’Ivoire, and discusses poverty trends, the PRSP’s strategic pillars, and key outcomes sought, including a sound macroeconomic framework, and monitoring and evaluation arrangements. IMF staff supports the authorities’ plans to link the strategic priorities of the PRSP with budgetary allocations and processes. The IMF staff also agrees with the assessment of poverty made in the PRSP, and urges an immediate and focused effort to reverse the rising trend in poverty.

The NDP aims at transforming Côte d’Ivoire into an emerging market and halving the poverty rate. The framework for poverty reduction can be improved by developing a program of targeted interventions to support growth in key strategic sectors, public investment management, maintaining fiscal and debt sustainability and implementation of energy sector reforms. The fiscal strategy focuses on scaling up public investment and sustainability. The public sector investment program and the macroeconomic projections of the PND are a good strategy. Risks to successful implementation are exogenous shocks, resistance to structural reforms, and sociopolitical instability in the country.

The first Annual Progress Report (APR) of Togo highlights many of the reforms implemented during the first year of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) while recognizing some weaknesses and implementation constraints. It draws attention to important advances in macrocritical structural reforms, notably in the areas of public financial management; fiscal governance; domestic arrears clearance to private suppliers; and banking sector restructuring. It also presents a macroeconomic framework consistent with the one agreed under the fifth Extended Credit Facility (ECF) review mission. It is recommended that the next APR should elaborate more on the macroeconomic challenges and risks.

This paper on Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers on Guinea explains medium-term development framework to achieve Millennium Development Goals and fulfill the authorities’ vision of Guinea as an emerging economy in 15 to 25 years, respectful of human rights and gender equality and supportive of the rule of law. It sets out medium-term policies that Guinea should implement to place itself on a path to development that would allow it to fulfill its ambition to become an emerging economy by 2035. This scenario foresees strong and lasting average annual growth, supported by ambitious policies for modernization of agriculture.

The IEEE Industry Applications Society (IAS) reviews paper on following topics: industrial power systems; commercial power systems; power system engineering; power system protection; electric machines; rural electric power; industrial drives; industrial power converter; power electronics devices; power electronics components; sustainable energy conversion systems; transportation systems; industrial lighting; industrial display; electrical safety; pulp industry and paper industry.

The government of the Republic of Congo launched a program aimed at consolidating peace and promoting economic and social development. The objectives included improvement of governance and consolidation of peace and security, promotion of growth and macroeconomic stability, improvement of public access to basic social services, improvement of the social environment, integration of disadvantaged groups, and combating HIV/AIDS. The review shows that much remains to be accomplished, and building on the significant gains of recent years, the decision to expand and strengthen the strategic poverty reduction framework was made.

Following an evaluation of the first Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework (PRSF) of Mali, the government adopted the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Framework (GPRSF) document, which aims at reducing poverty and achieving the MDGs. The Accelerated Growth Strategy, which maintains macroeconomic stability and pursues structural reforms, is based on improvement of governance and renewal of public action, development of productive and private sectors, and investment in human resources. The GPRSF groups provide details regarding implementation of sector policies and strategies, budget implementation status, and recommendations. It is recommended to ensure monitoring-evaluation of poverty reduction activities through the GPRSF action plan.

The power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the electrical power system due to its cost and potential failure????s consequences. To ensure a continuous energy supply, it is needed to assess abnormal condition such as thermal and electrical behavior. From this viewpoint, dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is very useful in detecting internal defects in oil-filled electrical equipment. A system has been developed that allows to simulate partial discharge and overheating in transformer????s insulation. By using this system, we have studied on DGA under low temperature overheating in mineral oil and vegetable oil.

Recently, there are growing interests on carbon emissions related in climate change which is worldwide emerging important issue. Some research works are now carrying out in order to reduce the carbon emis- sion in pulp and paper industries by the synthesis of precipitated calcium carbonate using the exhaust car- bon dioxide from combustion furnace or incinerator. However, for solving the original problems on car- bon emission, we need to consider the analysis of basic methodology on CO2 through the process efficiencies. There are two general tools for carbon emissions; one is the greenhouse gas inventory and the other is LCCO2 method which is applied to particular items of raw materials and utilities in unit process. In this study, the carbon emissions in wood-containing printing paper production line were calculated by using LCCO2 method. The general materials and utilities for paper production, such as fibrous materi- als, chemical additives, electric power, steam, and industrial water were analyzed. As the results, Na2SiO3 showed the highest loads in carbon emissions, and the total amount of carbon emissions was the highest in electricity. In the production line of printing paper using de-inked pulp and BTMP, as the mixing ratio of DIP was higher, the carbon emissions were decreased because of high use of electric pow- er in TMP process.

This IET Special Issue, features papers presented at VPPC 2014 and focuses on state-of-the-art research and development, as well as identifying future trends in the modelling, design, control, and optimisation of energy storage components and electric power sub-systems for advanced vehicles. These include electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), fuel cell vehicles (FCVs), as well as electrified and advanced tractions and propulsions for trains, subways, ships, and aeroplanes. After a new independent peer review process, five top level extended papers were selected for this Special Issue.

This report assesses the design, implementation, and effectiveness of Liberia’s first Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS). The PRS described the objectives for each pillar and sector, often with numerical projections, and these were essentially the intended outcomes. The Economic Corridors study and anecdotal evidence suggest that the initial emphasis on providing inputs to stimulate production brought farmers up against constraints in storage, transport and marketing, leading them to pull back on production after they encountered difficulty in selling their produce.

The Joint Staff Advisory Note gives positive feedback on the elaborations made in Burundi’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Report (PRSR-II), and commends the measures taken to eliminate the implementation weaknesses and pitfalls of PRSR-I. The note puts forth guidelines to be followed by the government in implementation of the strategies for achieving the desired results, and emphasizes the need for ensuring a broad social consensus. The Executive Board also emphasizes the need for prioritizing the areas for further development.

The Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy was implemented in an extremely challenging environment, adversely affecting the conduct of macroeconomic and sector policies. The accomplishments in regard to sector policies are highly encouraging. There was notable progress in the administration of justice and police reform efforts. However, there were no significant developments in public administration reform. Congo recognizes that continued, sustainable growth in a stable macroeconomic climate is essential to reducing poverty, and this requires consolidating peace and security, and promoting administrative and economic governance.

The driving force to get new lightweight composite materials into the air comes from the increasing cost of fuel worldwide. An airline industry’s response to higher fuel charges is to make aircraft lighter and fuel efficient. What appears to be a paradox is that as the cost of fuel is going up, so is the size of airframe; the new Airbus superjumbo A380 is an example. New composite materials including those based on carbon fibre (CFRP) and the glass fibre-metal laminate called GLARE are replacing aluminium alloys, and modern civil airliners like Boeing’s brand new Dreamliner 787 and the Airbus A350 may contain up to 50% by weight of composite material. The infrastructure required to support these new advances includes: fibre production and resin processing, manufacture of innovative fibre pre-preg architecture, new machine tools and assembly jigs, advanced fabrication processes and factory-of-the-future design, structure formulation of composite material systems, and revised test methods. In addition, is the need for improved design techniques to optimise airframe layout thereby maximising acceptable (safe) working loads. And at the same time, we must reduce fabrication costs through automation and low temperature curing matrix systems, and certify practical advanced inspection techniques for defect detection and repair. Demands in modern aircraft include efficient aerodynamic design and lightweight materials combined with high efficiency engines to fly the aircraft, and providing electrical power for all the electrical systems. Keeping cost down is essential, which can only be achieved by using less fuel and reducing dramatically maintenance expense. The expectation is for materials to last longer and for structures to operate safely and reliably at increasingly higher stresses. In the case of engine components, we expect the material to work successfully at greater elevated temperature. The requirement is to push the performance of the structure to its limit thereby stretching composite materials to their boundary of strength and endurance. Innovation in design and advancement in material ‘‘know-how’’ through discovery is no longer the single option. We see airframes made from composites, arriving at the probability of a successful outcome of a safe design by using intuition and our experience of circumstances that we have encountered before. But if we are to imagine the future differently, disaster as an act of God or of bad luck has to go. Predictive engineering design by intelligentinformed empiricism is the only ‘‘show in town’’. There has been an invisible college of continuum mechanicians, scattered in universities, who have for decades studied the behaviour of composite materials based on an idealization of what behaviour is all about, and coming up with countless models without any reference whatsoever to microstructure; neither have they cared about mechanisms that act at the small end of the size-scale, nor structurally-based constitutive equations. Consequently, current design codes for composite material structures in critical loading situations do not take creep, fatigue and environmental-induced mechanisms into account. To predict a result, say lifetime or a stress P. W. R. Beaumont (&) Engineering Department, Cambridge University, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK e-mail: pwb1000@hermes.cam.ac.uk J Mater Sci (2006) 41:6505–6509 DOI 10.1007/s10853-006-0209-2