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This paper expands the research on how shared prosperity is achieved in East Asian countries (regions). Based on welfare production regime theory, this paper advances a theoretical framework to link economic growth to income distribution. The main argument is that the match between the skills developed by social protection systems and the needs of product market strategies is key to economic progress. The skills and the social protection systems could also influence income allocation through distribution and redistribution. The net effect of the two channels determines the result of income equality. A longitudinal exploration of Japan, Taiwan and Korea in the export-led growth period (1961–1979) and the knowledge economy period (1980–1996) supports the argument. A policy implication of the argument is that China could strategically adjust its welfare production regime to achieve shared prosperity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well-developed services supply chain is crucial for regional integration. In the context of East Asia and ASEAN, it will allow countries at varying development stages to effectively participate in regional as well as global supply chains. This paper examines services from a supply chain perspective and discusses policy implications for liberalization of the sector in East Asian economies. In particular, the study focuses on global value chain (GVC) activities for services that are independent of linkages to the manufacturing sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seaweed farming is widely expected to transform the way we approach sustainable developments, particularly in the context of the 'Blue Economy'. However, many claims of the social and ecological benefits from seaweed farming have limited or contextually weak empirical grounding. Here we systematically review relevant publications across four languages to form a comprehensive picture of observed--rather than theorised--social and environmental impacts of seaweed farming globally. We show that, while some impacts such as improved water quality and coastal livelihoods are consistently reported, other promulgated benefits vary across cultivation contexts or are empirically unsubstantiated. For some communities, increasing dependence on seaweed farming may improve or worsen the cultural fabric and their vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks. The empirical evidence for the impacts of seaweed farming is also restricted geographically, mainly to East Asia and South- East Asia, and taxonomically. Seaweed farming holds strong potential to contribute to sustainability objectives, but the social and ecological risks associated with scaling up global production remain only superficially understood. These risks require greater attention to ensure just, equitable, and sustainable seaweed industries can be realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the end of the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s, Asia has begun the race for economic supremacy at the global level. The so-called "Four Asian Tigers" are those countries which have continually experienced rapid and significant economic growth over the last half of century and comprise the high growth and income economies of Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan. These East Asian countries were largely considered as economic models since their growth rates of real per capita gross domestic product in the period 1960-1995 reached around 6% per year. As economic growth represents the outcome of specific issues, the paper aims to identify and present the main factors that contributed to the meteoric growth of the Asian Tigers by focusing on the economies of three of them, namely Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea. The methodological approach was based on a quantitative method. The paper argues that important lessons related to economic growth could be drawn from the valuable experience of these countries. Also, it identifies and presents some of the most important factors, such as the developmental state and the rapid industrialization, that highly contributed to their impressive economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

East Asia has been considered a latecomer with respect to Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Since the turn of the last century, however, FTAs with East Asian participation have seen an intra- and extra-regional expansion. Many trade initiatives have been proposed, negotiated or even implemented. This introduces interesting perspectives for the analysis of trade agreements regarding their anticipatory trade effects. This paper focuses on the trade impact of FTAs at different stages that East Asian economies participate in. The central part of this study is an econometric analysis that applies panel data to the gravity model of international trade flows. We augment the traditional model with variables to estimate trade effects of bilateral and multilateral agreements and year-to-year changes in the stages of their implementation. Our results reveal that there exist anticipatory effects preceding the actual implementation of bilateral FTAs with East Asian participation. Further, anticipation effects are larger for bilateral than for multilateral agreements, possibly because the realisation of bilateral agreements is considered more realistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has increased rapidly in East Asian countries over the past two decades, and many studies find that it has significant linkages with economic growth. This paper examines the impacts of FDI in groups of 15 East Asian countries classified by level of economic development, using panel data analysis together with cointegration methods. The results show that favourable impacts of FDI on East Asian countries depend on complementary factors, particularly each host country's economic conditions such as levels of financial market development, institutional development, better governance, and appropriate macroeconomic policies. Furthermore, East Asian countries need to increase their investment in fundamental infrastructures, human capital development, and facilities for enhancing international trade and investment climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we argue that the path of economic development for would-be developers has changed fundamentally since the 1980s. Focusing on East Asia, and taking a broad perspective that spans the economic and social dimensions of development, we contend that the path charted by the 'late development' model has become all but impassible. The path is now better conceived as one of 'compressed development.' Key differences are 1) the extent and consequences of compression; 2) the primary mode of engagement with the world economy-via global value chains; and 3) the interaction of these. Compressed development forces states to address a number of simultaneous challenges, resulting in 'policy stretch.' We identify key features of an 'adaptive state' suited to navigating the path of compressed development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business groups played an important role in the economic development of East Asian countries. Yet business groups in East Asia face an uncertain future. Following the Asian Crisis, foreign creditors and investors have demanded that business groups have more transparent operations and stronger corporate governance. At the same time, as governments in East Asia have loosened trade barriers, business groups have become subject to intense competition in domestic markets. This paper argues that business groups can survive or even prosper by taking initiatives in corporate restructuring. This paper also highlights some areas for further research on business groups in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the adoption of ‘grow first clean up later’ environmental strategies, governments in the East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) turned to environmental ‘clean-up’ by enacting landmark environmental legislation, creating command and control environmental agencies and promulgating tough air and water emissions standards. Available evidence suggests there is wide variability in the performance of these new environmental regulatory agencies. Most attribute this variability to differences in ‘political will’. However, why have some governments among the East Asian NIEs been able to muster the ‘political will’ to impose duties on industrial polluters while others have not? This paper answers this question by summarizing a larger study (Rock, 2002) which examines the ‘politics of industrial pollution’ control in six East Asian NIEs. Each case study is based on extensive interviews, the collection of data on the effectiveness of pollution management policies, and the integration of both with the political economy literature on each economy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the author's insights on economic growth in East Asia. Reason for the economic growth in East Asia; Role of governments in East Asian growth; Outcome of increasing the share of investment; Economic conditions in other Asian and Pacific Rim countries as of 1996.

This paper proposes a new approach to the classification of Developmental States (DS) based on their public efforts to foster human development. We conceptualize DS within a multidimensional framework that includes three main dimensions (economic, social and democratic), and run a hierarchical cluster analysis for 112 countries in order to build a multidimensional taxonomy of DS. We propose a country-classification and characterize three country-groups with different developmental public efforts: i) the human development States; ii) the unbalanced developmental States and iii) the non-developmental States. Our multidimensional taxonomy offers a more complex understanding of the variety of public efforts devoted to promote human development, thus overcoming the restricted -economical- conception of DS, which is mainly focused to the East Asian region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the book "Industrial Transformation in Eastern Europe in the Light of the East Asian Experience." The book contains nine papers that explore the aspects of development and transformation in East Asia and Eastern Europe and investigates the relevance of East Asian economic experiences for Eastern Europe. The papers discuss social and political dimensions of economic transformation in Eastern Europe and Pacific Asia; the extent to which the gap between East Asian and Central and Eastern European countries' economic performance can be explained by the role of the state in the process of industrial transformation; privatization and the state in Russia, Eastern Europe and East Asia; China and the former Soviet Union on the eve of reform; institutional change and economic development in East-Central Europe and China, in light of the "East Asian model".

Abstract: Energy Market Integration (EMI) has been a goal for many regions, including the European Union and East Asia, for quite a long time. How it could play a role in facilitating equitable economic growth among a group of countries remains an empirical question that this paper will attempt to answer. The paper uses economic convergence analysis (including both the σ-convergence and β-convergence approaches) to examine the impact of EMI – measured by two newly constructed indexes (namely, the energy trade index and the energy market competition index) – at the country level on dynamic economic growth paths across countries. Its special interest lies in informing policy making related to promoting EMI. The results show that countries involved in a more integrated energy market are more likely to reduce their income disparity, suggesting that EMI may help the region to achieve equitable growth through the accelerated economic development of lagged economies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Based on optimum currency areas (OCA) theory and recent developments in the exchange rate regime literature, this paper evaluates the level of preparedness of East Asia for monetary integration by using the EMU as benchmark. Ten macroeconomic dimensions are explored in which the first five facets are measured relative to a reference country, namely the US, Japan, or China whilst the remaining five facets are measured in absolute terms, over the most recent years. In some ways, the exercise does signify the relative economic dominance of the three largest economies to the region. Results suggest that East Asia might be fairly prepared for a monetary integration especially when the reference country is the US. Another interesting observation is that amongst the eurozone founding members, Ireland has shown the lowest degree of conformity in a number of the criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of remarkable economic growth and financial development in the emerging economies of East Asia, this paper attempts to shed light on the ecological consequences (CO2 emission) of economic growth, foreign direct investment and financial development in the selected ASEAN-5 economies. Drawing on the data from 1982 to 2014, we employed a set of quantitative techniques for panel data analysis which entailed Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) and Fully Modified OLS (FMOLS) approaches. Our findings indicate that financial and economic development, as well as FDI, have a statistically significant long-run co-integrating relationship with environmental degradation (CO2 emissions) in the under analysis economies. It showed that in ASEAN-5 countries, economic growth, financial development and FDI leads to an increase in environmental degradation. The quadratic term for economic growth showed a negative impact on environmental degradation i.e. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Our key findings manifest and emphasise the importance of appropriate policies for more inclusive economic and financial development and sustainable foreign direct investment which does not impede on the environment. Image 1 • Remarkable economic growth, financial development and FDI Influx weighs on the environmental quality in ASEAN. • Financial and economic development and FDI have a significant long-run relationship with environmental degradation. • Weak evidence of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). • FDI leads to environmental degradation in ASEAN i.e. support for Pollution Heavens Hypothesis (PHH) in ASEAN. • Different aspect of financial development has varying impact on the Environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asia-10's stellar performance and provisional decline have prompted competing strands of scholarship to advance various development drivers, i.e. states, markets and culture. After an introductory presentation of nation-states' shifting roles and conceptualisations, this paper purports to provide a critical overview of the statecentric approach. The next step is to ascertain whether network theories can improve upon the statist perspective. The paper concludes that neither approach does justice to the complexity of East Asian development, and suggests that an eclectic approach is a better formula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecos de Economía is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The rise of China is seen by some observers as a precursor of inevitable hegemonic competition in East Asia. At the very least, it seems likely that China's influence in East Asia will grow at the expense of the United States. Whether this will eventually amount to a form of hegemonic transition is far less clear. It is, therefore, an opportune moment to consider the relative strengths and weaknesses of China and the US in East Asia. This paper suggests that the nature of hegemonic competition and transition is more uncertain and complex than some of the most influential theoretical understandings of hegemony would have us believe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian Development Bank (adb) has made increasingly important contributions to Asia's (and particularly East Asia's) regionalism over recent years, and especially since Haruhiko Kuroda became the Bank's president in February 2005. This paper argues that the adb's role here has become more significant because of the strong 'developmental' characteristics of East Asia's new regionalism. This is not least because, as a regional development bank, the adb has a predilection for linking development, regionalism and capacity-building together when promoting regional co-operation and integration (rci) in Asia. We may refer to this as 'developmental regionalism', where rci activities are particularly orientated to enhancing the economic capacity and prospects of less developed countries with the view of strengthening their integration into the regional economy, and thereby bringing greater coherence to regional community building overall. This analysis is partly based on field research undertaken by the author involving a series of research interviews conducted amongst adb officials and with outside analysts of the organisation. It first examines the evolution of the Bank's stance and policies on rci, and the impact made by President Kuroda and the newly formed Office of Regional Integration (orei) in this regard. The main developments of East Asia's new regionalism are then outlined from finance and trade perspectives. Thereafter, an evaluation is made of the adb's contributions toward the emerging developmental regionalism in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economía Institucional is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents information about the book "Development Strategies in East Asia and Latin America." The book contains twelve papers, originally presented at an international conference at the University of Tsukuba, Japan, in November 1994, that provide a comparative analysis of the still unfolding development experiences of East Asia and Latin America. The papers discuss the roles of the state and market in the development process, with special reference to the "East Asian miracle"; economic growth and equity;structural adjustment in East Asia and Latin America; the Brazilian economic development experience; two decades of economic policy in Chile; future economic policy challenges in Chile; structural adjustment and economic growth in Mexico; economic reform and government-business relations in Korea.

Development theory dealing with the highly industrialized countries of East Asia and Latin America has foundered in terms of its ability to generalize. The theories and concepts often are biased because they are derived from a selective and uneven reading of evidence from the two regions. This paper outlines the perceptions and misconceptions of a variety of theoretical perspectives on development, and then presents cross-regional evidence from East Asia and Latin America that suggests the need for a reformulation and synthesis of some of these earlier approaches. This theoretical synthesis focuses on three related themes: (I) the declining significance of industrialization; (2) the position of core and peripheral capital in commodity chains and export/marketing networks, which are becoming key units of analysis in the contemporary global manufacturing system; and (3) a new framework for differentiating the roles of the newly industrializing countries in the world economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reviews the highlights of five individual papers written independently for the special issue on East Asian dynamism of workplaces, raising the question of what are the factors that enabled the countries in the region to attain a rapid economic growth. It explores Asian, as distinct from Western, features linked to productivity in firms, such as Confucian ethics, familism, and group orientation. Asian societies, however, are now in great transition. Thus we are concerned with changes in work-related ethics and values among Asian workers. Confucian tradition, for examples which had been prevalent among Asians, has much weakened. Moreover conflict is emergent though consensus and harmony are still emphasized. Taken altogether this essay suggests that greater international scholarly dialogue and collaborative work are needed to enhance the understanding of intersocietal differences in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Population & Development Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two of the most interesting facts of the postwar international growth experience are (1) the conditional convergence finding that, after controlling for measures of education and government policies, poor countries tend to grow faster than rich ones; and (2) a small group of export-oriented economies in East Asia have been able to grow at rates that are so high that they defy historical comparisons. This paper shows that it is possible to explain these facts by combining a weak form of the factor-price-equalization theorem of international trade with the Ramsey model of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the East Asian economy. The vital question regarding the need for an economic reform, posed in the wake of the economic crisis of 1997, has divided both economists and policymakers. The case against major structural reform begins with the dramatic growth of these economies over the past twenty years. For example, Korea, the focus of this paper, has transformed itself into a major economic power, exporting cars and semiconductors to the world and quintupling its gross domestic product per capita between 1970 and 1995. East Asia's achievement is all the more remarkable given that most developing countries have achieved very little development and have fallen further behind the advanced economies. Indeed, East Asia has been used as an example to understand how other countries could achieve more rapid economic development and convergence. According to those who contend that major reform is unnecessary, the crisis of 1997 was the result of macroeconomic mismanagement and the effects of economic crises in Thailand that created a temporary liquidity shortage.

This article discusses the role of industrial policy in the economic growth of East Asia. All Asian nations, including Japan, have experienced some degree of official corruption, private collusion, artificial prices set either above or below market-clearing levels, and other distortions that ought to work against economic growth. But still, a number of East Asian economies have been quite successful at producing high economic growth and managing industrialization. The existence of industrial policy may have lowered the perception of risk, thereby raising expected rates of return on investment and yielding more rapid capital accumulation. By providing a generally favorable environment for business governments have encouraged banks to lend and firms to add capacity.

Finance is important for development. However, the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 and the global financial crisis of 2008 highlighted the serious risks associated with financial liberalization and excessive innovation. East Asia's strong focus on economic growth has necessitated a careful balancing of the benefits of financial liberalization and innovation against the very real risks inherent in financial sector development. This Article examines the role of regulatory, legal, and institutional infrastructure in supporting both financial development and limiting the risk of financial crises. The Article then addresses a series of issues with particular developmental significance in the region: trade finance, mortgage markets, SME finance, non-bank finance, and mobile financial services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper applies fuzzy clustering techniques to developed and emerging economies in East Asia, in order to arrive at an identification of potential subgroups of economies for monetary union. The statistical criteria employed is the one suggested by the Optimal Currency Areas theory, and the period examined includes the recent global crisis. Three alternative monetary anchor countries are proposed, namely the United States, Japan and China, and hence, to an extent, the analysis does indicate the relative importance of the three world's largest economies to East Asia. Due to the endogeneity of the convergence criteria in the eurozone, founding member states of EMU are used as a point of reference for East Asia to indicate the level of preparedness for monetary union in this region. Findings indicate that Singapore and Hong Kong are relatively prepared for integration. In addition, results do also signify the dominance of Japan despite the prevalence of the dollar standard in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses East Asian democracies and a reported increase in income inequality in South Korea and Taiwan as of September 2012, focusing on an analysis of the cross-national differences between the inequality issue in both countries since the 1990s. The impact of income distribution on a country's economic development is addressed, along with an analysis of reported increase in wage inequality in most of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Labor power and market inequality are also mentioned.

The high performing East Asian development model sparked controversies in the academia: its success was ascribed alternatively to nation-states, markets, and sociocultural factors. This paper undertakes a comparative assessment of the last two generations of submodels, i.e. ASEAN-4 and China, by quantifying and interpreting their total factor productivity (TFP) using the Solow Model. Results show that capital accumulation was their major growth driver before the beginning of the millennium. Subsequently growth is led by technical change in ASEAN-32, and capital inputs respectively in late industrialising economies, i.e., China and the Philippines. The main differences between the two submodels consist in levels in growth rates and technical progress contributions, which are strongly sped up in China by transition and integration in global production networks. For ASEAN-4 average null or negligible TFP values in the 1990s point to structural vulnerabilities that surface during the Asian fi nancial crisis. ASEAN-3's recovery is led by technical change though. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The rapid growth of energy consumption in conjunction with economic development during past decades in East Asia, especially China, caused severe air pollution problems at local and regional scales. Understanding of the meteorological conditions for air pollution is essential to the understanding of the formation mechanism of air pollutants and the development of effective emission control strategies to reduce air pollution. In this paper, the Fifth Generation National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)/Pennsylvania State University (PSU) Mesoscale Model (MM5) modeling system is applied to simulate meteorological fields during selected six 1-month periods in 2007/2008 over a triple-nested modeling domain covering East Asia, the eastern China, and Shandong Province at horizontal grid resolutions of 36-, 12-, and 4-km, respectively. MM5 generally reproduces well the observations in the eastern China but performs worse in the western China and northeastern China. Largest biases occur in 2-m temperatures (T2) and wind speed and wind direction at 10-m in haze months (i.e., winter) and daily mean precipitation (Precip) in non-haze months (i.e., summer), due to limitations of the model in simulating snow cover and convective precipitation. Meteorological predictions agree more closely with observations at urban sites than those at the coastal and mountain sites where the model performance deteriorates because of complex terrains, influences of urban heat island effect and land/sea breezes, and higher elevations. Model results at 12-km in Shandong Province show an overall better performance than those at 4- or 36-km while the results at 4-km show worst performance due to inaccurate land use and the model’s incapability in simulating meteorological processes at a fine scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article argues that the foreign direct investment (FDI) in the Arab world did not translate to economic growth as compared to Latin America or the East Asian Tigers, among others, and that the lack of outward-orientation and democracy deficit contributed to the country's weak FDI levels. A review of the literature on FDI on the Arab world is provided. The study's methodology that used population weighted regions as the units of observation, panel dataset and results are described. The conclusion with policy implications is presented.

This paper summarizes the understanding of some of the roles of the state in economic development in capitalist East Asia (South Korea, Taiwan, Japan), first in the post-Second World War decades, then in the last decade or so, and it is related to the consensus that Eastern European countries pretend to set up in their catch up development strategies. The argument is that these countries are focusing on Western European and North American experience of free market, but little attention is pay to the East Asia experience of developmental state, and thus, they are missing the opportunity to learn of how to "govern the market", strategies that were very effective in accelerating the transformation of the economy into higher value-added activities, with a skilled bureaucracy but not very sophisticated one, and very modest industrial policy tools. In contrast to what usually sustain by liberal and free market perspective, it is emphasized that there is a body of theory at hand to support a strategy of governing the market in a developing country context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses the evolution of growth in Latin America and the Caribbean in order to explain the poor performance of the regions relative to East Asia. Factors which have contributed to low growth performance in the regions; Adjustment process of East Asia and Latin America from currency crises; Elements which help countries avoid severe output losses following a crisis.

The recent economic development of East Asian countries has remarkably changed the marine transportation market, particularly the container transport market. This paper provides comparisons by using the Gini co-efficient and Theil's entropy among the major world economies in terms of container port traffic concentration over time. In terms of container port system concentration, Hong Kong is the least concentrated country, while Thailand is the most concentrated. In general, a trend of decreasing concentration, as well as rising competitiveness, has been realized in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 1997 witnessed a major malaise develop in the regional economy. The last half of 1997 saw one of the worst financial crises in the history of postwar Asian economies. In particular, some outstanding players in the economic growth race in East Asia were badly infected by an economic growth virus. The immediate impact of Asia's financial crisis is more accurately confined to Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand-five East Asian countries hardest hit. The immediate impact of the financial crisis was to put severe downward pressure on currencies of many countries in Southeast Asia. A development that contributed to the surge in capital inflows to the East Asian countries in the early to mid-1990s was the decline in asset yields in industrial countries.

Rapid economic growth in East Asia is stimulating increased demand for air transport. One of the undesirable consequences of this growth is a high level of airport and airspace congestion. This paper reviews and analyzes five major approaches being considered Lo help reduce such congestion. These approaches are: (1) new/larger airports, (2) greater use of surface transport alternatives, (3) larger capacity aircraft, (4) improved air traffic control systems and (5) economic rationing of runways and airspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the fundamental role played by factor accumulation in explaining the extraordinary postwar growth of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Participation rates, educational levels, and (excepting Hong Kong) investment rates have risen rapidly in all four economies. In addition, in most cases there has been a large intersectoral transfer of labor into manufacturing, which has helped fuel growth in that sector. Once one accounts for the dramatic rise in factor inputs, one arrives at estimated total factor productivity growth rates that are closely approximated by the historical performance of many of the OECD and Latin American economies. While the growth of output and manufacturing exports in the newly industrializing countries of East Asia is virtually unprecedented, the growth of total factor productivity in these economies is not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the problems concerning the financial liberalization in East Asia and growing presence of China in the world trading system. The economic growth and integration of East Asia is largely the result of the sweeping economic, social and political changes that have taken place in the 1980s. Two developments stand out as the main driving forces. The first is the widespread acceptance of liberal economic policies that have accelerated the process of trade and financial liberalization. The second major development is China's entry into the world trading system. In recent years, however, there has been increasing indication, and hence concern, that unless there are concerted efforts at policy coordination and cooperation between East Asia, Europe, and North America, these two developments could very well blunt East Asia's dynamism and possibly could even derail the continued economic liberalization of the region.

This article explores the reasons for the economic growth in East Asia. The growth of per capita gross domestic product averaged over 4 percent in China and the major East Asian economies (Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand) between 1960 and 1994, compared with less than 2 percent in other developing economies and 2.6 percent among the industrial countries. East Asia stands out as the only region where living standards are catching up to those in industrial countries, while other parts of the developing world seem to be struggling to either tread water or fall further and further behind. Researchers implicitly or explicitly highlights productivity growth as the key to East Asian success.

Presents the author's opinion on a study by Takatoshi Ito concerning the economies of Japan and East Asia. Economic difficulties faced by Japan; Factors that contribute to the economic development of Japan; Impact of industrial policy on Japanese economic development.

Discusses the authors' opinion on a study by Susan M. Collins and Barry P. Bosworth about economic growth in East Asia. Analysis of the data on total factor productivity growth rates presented by Collins and Bosworth; Reason for the lack of increase in the ratio of investment to gross domestic product in Hong Kong, China; Possible economic impact of labor-augmented technical change.

The article presents the book "East Asia by the Year 2000 and Beyond: Shaping Factors: A Study for the European Commission," edited by Wolfgang Pape. It discusses the impact of general sociopolitical characteristics on national economic development and assesses the cultural base in East Asia. It also considers the future of the Korea, addressing themes of possible unification, nuclear brinkmanship, globalization and domestic structural challenges and also examine the major factors shaping China and its relations with Greater China.

The article presents information about the book "The Institutional Foundations of East Asian Economic Development: Proceedings of the lEA Conference Held In Tokyo, Japan," edited by Yujiro Hayami and Masahiko Aoki. Sixteen papers in the book is from a conference held in Tokyo in December 1996 to explore the institutional conditions framing East Asian economic development. Papers focus on institutional conditions for effective technology borrowing in East Asia, the place of institutions in the economy, a West Asian's view of East Asian economic development, total-factor-productivity-growth controversies, institutions, and economic performance in East Asia.

Supply chain internationalization is promoting a new cascade of agglomeration and dispersion. Headquarter tasks agglomerate in major cities in developed countries, whereas labour-intensive tasks are shed to developing countries where off-shored tasks are geographical concentrated. The entire international supply chain is productivity and welfare-enhancing, raising the efficiency of human resource use. An international supply chain can also be a route for inclusive globalization. Such benefits are offset by potential risk of volatility deriving from idiosyncratic supply shocks triggered by powerful natural disasters and other reasons and from final demand shocks. This case study of East Asia illustrates these points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]