453 results
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2. Contribution of Hydrogen Bonds to Paper Strength Properties.
- Author
-
Przybysz, Piotr, Dubowik, Marcin, Kucner, Marta Anna, Przybysz, Kazimierz, and Przybysz Buzała, Kamila
- Subjects
PAPER analysis ,HYDROGEN bonding ,PAPER pulp ,DIPOLE moments ,BUTANOL - Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of hydrogen bonds between fibres on static and dynamic strength properties of paper. A commercial bleached pinewood kraft pulp was soaked in water, refined in a PFI, and used to form paper webs in different solvents, such as water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol, to determine the effect of their dipole moment on static and dynamic strength properties of resulting paper sheets. Paper which was formed in water, being the solvent of the highest dipole moment among the tested ones, showed the highest breaking length and tear resistance. When paper webs were formed in n-butanol, which was the least polar among the solvents, these parameters were reduced by around 75%. These results provide evidence of the importance of water in paper web formation and strong impact of hydrogen bonds between fibres on strength properties of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. National Academy of Sciences. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Autumn Meeting, 8-10 November 1956, Washington, D.C.
- Published
- 1956
4. Characterization of a new composite membrane for point of need paper-based micro-scale microbial fuel cell analytical devices
- Author
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Eduardo Cortón, Diana C. Martínez-Casillas, María Jesús González-Pabón, and Federico Figueredo
- Subjects
Microbial fuel cell ,Bioelectric Energy Sources ,Physiology ,Composite number ,OXYGEN PERMEABILITY ,02 engineering and technology ,TOXICITY SENSOR ,Toxicology ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,01 natural sciences ,Physical Chemistry ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Cross-Linking ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Membrane Electrophysiology ,Anodes ,Separator (electricity) ,WATER ANALYSIS ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.2 [https] ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Electrophysiology ,Chemistry ,Membrane ,Bioassays and Physiological Analysis ,Physical Sciences ,Medicine ,Engineering and Technology ,Protons ,0210 nano-technology ,PEM SUBSTITUTE ,Research Article ,Chemical Elements ,Surface Chemistry ,Vinyl alcohol ,Fabrication ,Materials science ,Science ,PAPER-BASED ANALYTICAL DEVICE ,010402 general chemistry ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Membrane Potential ,Oxygen permeability ,Electrodes ,Nuclear Physics ,Nucleons ,LOW COST MICROBIAL FUEL CELL MEMBRANE ,Chitosan ,Membranes ,Chemical Bonding ,Toxicity ,Electrophysiological Techniques ,Biology and Life Sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Anode ,Oxygen ,chemistry ,Chemical engineering ,Polyvinyl Alcohol ,Artificial Membranes ,Electronics - Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can evolve in a viable technology if environmentally sound materials are developed and became available at low cost for these devices. This is especially important not only for the designing of large wastewater treatment systems, but also for the fabrication of low-cost, single-use devices. In this work we synthesized membranes by a simple procedure involving easily-biodegradable and economic materials such as poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS) and the composite PVA:CS. Membranes were chemical and physically characterized and compared to Nafion®. Performance was studied using the membrane as separator in a typical H-Type MFCs showing that PVA:CS membrane outperform Nafion® 4 times (power production) while being 75 times more economic. We found that performance in MFC depends over interactions among several membrane characteristics such as oxygen permeability and ion conductivity. Moreover, we design a paper-based micro-scale MFC, which was used as a toxicity assay using 16 µL samples containing formaldehyde as a model toxicant. The PVA:CS membrane presented here can offer low environmental impact and become a very interesting option for point of need single-use analytical devices, especially in low-income countries where burning is used as disposal method, and toxic fluoride fumes (from Nafion®) can be released to the environment. Fil: Gonzalez Pabon, Maria Jesus. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Figueredo, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Martínez Casillas, Diana Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina Fil: Corton, Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina
- Published
- 2019
5. Characterization of a new composite membrane for point of need paper-based micro-scale microbial fuel cell analytical devices.
- Author
-
González-Pabón, María Jesús, Figueredo, Federico, Martínez-Casillas, Diana C., and Cortón, Eduardo
- Subjects
- *
MICROBIAL fuel cells , *PHYSICAL & theoretical chemistry , *PHYSICAL sciences , *NUCLEAR physics , *LOW-income countries , *TOXICITY testing , *WASTEWATER treatment - Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can evolve in a viable technology if environmentally sound materials are developed and became available at low cost for these devices. This is especially important not only for the designing of large wastewater treatment systems, but also for the fabrication of low-cost, single-use devices. In this work we synthesized membranes by a simple procedure involving easily-biodegradable and economic materials such as poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS) and the composite PVA:CS. Membranes were chemical and physically characterized and compared to Nafion®. Performance was studied using the membrane as separator in a typical H-Type MFCs showing that PVA:CS membrane outperform Nafion® 4 times (power production) while being 75 times more economic. We found that performance in MFC depends over interactions among several membrane characteristics such as oxygen permeability and ion conductivity. Moreover, we design a paper-based micro-scale MFC, which was used as a toxicity assay using 16 μL samples containing formaldehyde as a model toxicant. The PVA:CS membrane presented here can offer low environmental impact and become a very interesting option for point of need single-use analytical devices, especially in low-income countries where burning is used as disposal method, and toxic fluoride fumes (from Nafion®) can be released to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Identifying Peirce's "Most Lucid and Interesting Paper"
- Author
-
Ketner, Kenneth Laine
- Published
- 1987
7. Contribution of Hydrogen Bonds to Paper Strength Properties
- Author
-
Kazimierz Przybysz, Marcin Dubowik, Kamila Przybysz Buzała, Marta Kucner, and Piotr Przybysz
- Subjects
Hydrogen ,lcsh:Medicine ,02 engineering and technology ,Physical Chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Composite material ,lcsh:Science ,Multidisciplinary ,Organic Compounds ,Hydrogen bond ,Physics ,Butanol ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Solvent ,Chemistry ,Kraft process ,Physical Sciences ,Polar ,0210 nano-technology ,Research Article ,Chemical Elements ,Paper ,Propanol ,Materials science ,Materials by Structure ,Materials Science ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Dipole Moments ,010402 general chemistry ,Electromagnetism ,Tear resistance ,Chemical Bonding ,Ethanol ,Organic Chemistry ,lcsh:R ,Chemical Compounds ,Water ,Hydrogen Bonding ,0104 chemical sciences ,Oxygen ,Dipole ,Slurries ,chemistry ,Alcohols ,Mixtures ,Solvents ,lcsh:Q ,Methanol - Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate the influence of hydrogen bonds between fibres on static and dynamic strength properties of paper. A commercial bleached pinewood kraft pulp was soaked in water, refined in a PFI, and used to form paper webs in different solvents, such as water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol, to determine the effect of their dipole moment on static and dynamic strength properties of resulting paper sheets. Paper which was formed in water, being the solvent of the highest dipole moment among the tested ones, showed the highest breaking length and tear resistance. When paper webs were formed in n-butanol, which was the least polar among the solvents, these parameters were reduced by around 75%. These results provide evidence of the importance of water in paper web formation and strong impact of hydrogen bonds between fibres on strength properties of paper.
- Published
- 2016
8. Model Perception among Pre- and In-Service Chemistry Teachers.
- Author
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Barnea, Nitza
- Abstract
In science teaching insufficient emphasis is placed on the fact that models are simulations of reality based on a certain theory and that molecules are not miniatures of the models that represent them. The study reported in this paper investigated how chemistry teachers perceive the nature and functions of models. The research population included an experimental group of in-service teachers who attended a 56 hour training and a control group of pre- and in-service teachers. The training dealt with the model concept and ways to use various model types to illustrate chemical bonding and structure. Results indicate that: most of the participants thought of a model as a way to describe a process or a phenomena which we cannot see, they perceived models as a means to enlarge or reduce real processes or phenomena or to illustrate some theory, more teachers who took part in the training agreed that models can be used for prediction, and only teachers of the experimental group made a distinction between a mental image and a concrete model that can be seen and touched. It was concluded that the in-service training on models improved several aspects of the trainees' model perception. Contains four references. (Author/JRH)
- Published
- 1995
9. Learners' Mental Models of Metallic Bonding: A Cross-Age Study.
- Author
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Coll, Richard K. and Treagust, David F.
- Abstract
Mental models of metallic bonding held by learners' from three academic levels, secondary school (year-12), undergraduate and postgraduate, were probed using semi-structured interviews including the use of Interview about Events focus card depicting metallic properties and cards containing depictions of models from curriculum material. Learners hold realist views about the bonding and structure for metallic substances and prefer the sea of electrons model. However, undergraduate and postgraduate learners commonly utilized concepts from other models, such as the molecular orbital theory, to supplement their descriptions of their mental models. In addition, they were more critical of depicted models and held views of the continuous nature of metallic lattices that were more in accord with the scientific view. Few learners were able to describe the bonding in alloys, and although learners across all three academic levels offered reasonable explanations for the conductivity of metals, they were unable to explain malleability. It is recommended that it may be prudent to postpone the teaching of highly abstract mental models until later in an undergraduate degree program, since exposure to complex and abstract models is more appropriate for learners who wish to continue their studies in chemistry. (Contains 41 references.) (Author/ASK)
- Published
- 2000
10. Remediation, Bridging Explanations, Worked Examples and Discussion: Their Effectiveness as Teaching Strategies in a Freshman-Level Nonscience Major Chemistry Course.
- Author
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Mason, Diana and Crawley, Frank E.
- Abstract
This research investigated the teaching of concrete chemical concepts and procedures to beginning chemistry students. Data were collected for this study from students enrolled in a university-level course for nonscience majors (n=171). In the topic studied, chemical bonding, four different teaching strategies were investigated: remediation of basic concepts, bridging explanations, worked examples, and student-initiated discussions of concepts. Statistical analyses were used to compare each teaching strategy against the exam score on chemical bonding. Results of these comparisons indicated that none of the strategies were superior (p>.05); however, each had notable strengths and weaknesses. The students in the remedial group had the worst attendance, but scored the highest of all treatment groups on the bonding exam. Students in the worked examples treatment group had the best attendance, but derived the least benefit as indicated by the smallest increase between pre- and posttests and the weakest performance on the bonding exam. (Author/PR)
- Published
- 1993
11. Bonding, Aromaticity and Isomerization of Furfuraldehyde through Off‐Nucleus Isotropic Magnetic Shielding
- Author
-
Muntadar Abd Al-Barri Hussain Al-Yassiri
- Subjects
Full Paper ,chemical bonding ,furfuraldehyde ,Aromaticity ,General Chemistry ,aromaticity ,Full Papers ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Crystallography ,Chemistry ,Atomic orbital ,Chemical bond ,chemistry ,Furan ,Order (group theory) ,Density functional theory ,off-nucleus isotropic shielding ,Isomerization ,QD1-999 ,Basis set ,nucleus-independent chemical shift NICS - Abstract
Off‐nucleus isotropic magnetic shielding (σ iso(r)) and multi‐points nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS(0‐2 Å)) index were utilized to find the impacts of the isomerization of gas‐phase furfuraldehyde (FD) on bonding and aromaticity of FD. Multidimensional (1D to 3D) grids of ghost atoms (bqs) were used as local magnetic probes to evaluate σ iso(r) through gauge‐including atomic orbitals (GIAO) at density functional theory (DFT) and B3LYP functional/6‐311+G(d,p) basis set level of theory. 1D σ iso(r) responses along each bond of FD were examined. Also, a σ iso(r) 2D‐scan was performed to obtain σ iso(r) behavior at vertical heights of 0–1 Å above the FD plane in its cis, transition state (TS) and trans forms. New techniques for evaluating 2D σ iso(r) cross‐sections are also included. Our findings showed that bonds in cyclic and acyclic parts of FD are dissimilar. Unlike the C−O bond of furanyl, the C=O bond of the formyl group is magnetically different. C−C and C−H bonds in furanyl are found similar to those in aromatic rings. A unique σ iso(r) trend was observed for the C2−C6 bond during FD isomerization. Based on NICS(0‐2 Å) values, the degree of aromaticity follows the order of cis FD, Isomerization, bonding and aromaticity of furfuraldehyde (FD) have been evaluated through multidimensional off‐nucleus isotropic magnetic shieldings at the DFT‐GIAO/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory. Significant changes in magnetic behaviour were observed mainly for the rotated C−C bond that linked the furanyl with the formyl group. Other C−C bonds in furanyl behave like C−C bonds of aromatic rings. The transition state FD has more aromaticity than the cis or trans isomers.
- Published
- 2021
12. Disclosure of Ground‐State Zimmerman‐Möbius Aromaticity in the Radical Anion of [6]Helicene and Evidence for 4π Periodic Aromatic Ring Currents in a Molecular 'Metallic' Möbius Strip
- Author
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Michael Mauksch and Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Subjects
Pericyclic reaction ,topology ,Full Paper ,Aromaticity ,chemical bonding ,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ,Organic Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Full Papers ,Ring (chemistry) ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Delocalized electron ,Helicene ,chemistry ,Very Important Paper ,Möbius aromaticity ,Chemical physics ,magnetic properties ,Ground state ,Antiaromaticity - Abstract
In 1966, Zimmerman proposed a type of Möbius aromaticity that involves through‐space electron delocalization; it has since been widely applied to explain reactivity in pericyclic reactions, but is considered to be limited to transition‐state structures. Although the easily accessible hexahelicene radical anion has been known for more than half a century, it was overlooked that it exhibits a ground‐state minimum and robust Zimmerman‐Möbius aromaticity in its central noose‐like opening, becoming, hence, the oldest existing Möbius aromatic system and with smallest Möbius cycle known. Despite its overall aromatic stabilization energy of 13.6 kcal mol−1 (at B3LYP/6‐311+G**), the radical also features a strong, globally induced paramagnetic ring current along its outer edge. Exclusive global paramagnetic currents can also be found in other fully delocalized radical anions of 4N+2 π‐electron aromatic polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons (PAH), thus questioning the established magnetic criterion of antiaromaticity. As an example of a PAH with nontrivial topology, we studied a novel Möbius[16]cyclacene that has a non‐orientable surface manifold and a stable closed‐shell singlet ground state at several density functional theory levels. Its metallic monoanion radical (0.0095 eV band gap at HSE06/6‐31G* level) is also wave‐function stable and displays an unusual 4π‐periodic, magnetically induced ring current (reminiscent of the transformation behaviour of spinors under spatial rotation), thus indicating the existence of a new, Hückel‐rule‐evading type of aromaticity., Topology in chemistry: The consequences of Möbius topology are explored in anionic radicals of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by DFT methods. A stable Zimmerman‐Möbius minimum in the noose region of the [6]helicene radical anion, constituting smallest and historically oldest Möbius aromatic cycle, is disclosed as well as a metallic Möbius cyclacenide nanohoop exhibiting an unprecedented 4π‐periodic strong aromatic ring current and unusual stability, defying Hückel's rule.
- Published
- 2021
13. Basic Chemistry for the Cement Industry.
- Author
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Orangeburg-Calhoun Technical Coll., Orangeburg, SC. and Turner, Mason
- Abstract
This combined student workbook and instructor's guide contains nine units for inplant classes on basic chemistry for employees in the cement industry. The nine units cover the following topics: chemical basics; measurement; history of cement; atoms; bonding and chemical formulas; solids, liquids, and gases; chemistry of Portland cement manufacture; control, analysis, and testing; and organic chemistry and fuels. Unit objectives, tests, and answer keys are included in the book. (KC)
- Published
- 1994
14. The Valence Orbitals of the Alkaline-Earth Atoms
- Author
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Nicole Holzmann, Gernot Frenking, and Israel Fernández
- Subjects
010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Quantum chemistry ,Catalysis ,quantum chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Atomic orbital ,Transition metal ,Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters ,Physics::Atomic Physics ,Alkaline earth metal ,Valence (chemistry) ,PMDTA ,Full Paper ,Chemical Bonding ,bond theory ,010405 organic chemistry ,Organic Chemistry ,General Chemistry ,Full Papers ,0104 chemical sciences ,Crystallography ,chemistry ,Covalent bond ,density functional calculations ,Density functional theory ,alkaline-earth metals ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,valence orbitals - Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations of the alkaline‐earth oxides, imides and dihydrides of the alkaline‐earth atoms (Ae=Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba) and the calcium cluster Ca6H9[N(SiMe3)2]3(pmdta)3 (pmdta=N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) have been carried out by using density functional theory. Analysis of the electronic structures by charge and energy partitioning methods suggests that the valence orbitals of the lighter atoms Be and Mg are the (n)s and (n)p orbitals. In contrast, the valence orbitals of the heavier atoms Ca, Sr and Ba comprise the (n)s and (n−1)d orbitals. The alkaline‐earth metals Be and Mg build covalent bonds like typical main‐group elements, whereas Ca, Sr and Ba covalently bind like transition metals. The results not only shed new light on the covalent bonds of the heavier alkaline‐earth metals, but are also very important for understanding and designing experimental studies., Involve‐d! The valence orbitals of the heavier alkaline‐earth atoms Ca, Sr and Ba comprise the (n)s and (n−1)d orbitals (see figure), which sharply contrasts the lighter atoms Be and Mg. Thus, the alkaline‐earth metals Be and Mg build covalent bonds like typical main‐group elements, whereas Ca, Sr and Ba covalently bind like transition metals.
- Published
- 2020
15. In-Cage Interactions in the Clathrate Superconductor Sr
- Author
-
Julia-Maria, Hübner, Yurii, Prots, Walter, Schnelle, Matej, Bobnar, Markus, König, Michael, Baitinger, Paul, Simon, Wilder, Carrillo-Cabrera, Alim, Ormeci, Eteri, Svanidze, Yuri, Grin, and Ulrich, Schwarz
- Subjects
Full Paper ,clathrate ,chemical bonding ,high-pressure synthesis ,silicon ,strontium ,Full Papers ,Clathrates | Hot Paper - Abstract
The clathrate I superconductor Sr8Si46 is obtained under high‐pressure high‐temperature conditions, at 5 GPa and temperatures in the range of 1273 to 1373 K. At ambient pressure, the compound decomposes upon heating at T=796(5) K into Si and SrSi2. The crystal structure of the clathrate is isotypic to that of Na8Si46. Chemical bonding analysis reveals conventional covalent bonding within the silicon network as well as additional multi‐atomic interactions between Sr and Si within the framework cages. Physical measurements indicate a bulk BCS type II superconducting state below T c=3.8(3) K., Clathrate I Sr8Si46 is obtained at high‐pressure high‐temperature conditions. Conventional covalent bonding within the silicon network goes along with additional multi‐atomic inter‐actions between Sr and Si in the framework cages. The compound is a bulk BCS type II superconductor below T c=3.8(3) K.
- Published
- 2019
16. Chemically Bonded Stationary Phases that Use Synthetic Hosts Containing Aromatic Binding Clefts: HPLC Analysis of Nitro-Substituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Author
-
Zimmerman, Steven C., Saionz, Kurt W., and Zeng, Zijian
- Published
- 1993
17. Early Unstable CO 2 Fixation Products in Photosynthesis
- Author
-
Metzner, Helmut, Metzner, Barbara, and Calvin, Melvin
- Published
- 1958
18. Expression and interactions of stereo-chemically active lone pairs and their relation to structural distortions and thermal conductivity
- Author
-
Kasper Tolborg, Carlo Gatti, and Bo B. Iversen
- Subjects
Materials science ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Crystal structure ,DIFFRACTION ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Biochemistry ,HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS ,PBO ,lone pairs ,Oxidation state ,CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE ,General Materials Science ,thermal conductivity ,Lone pair ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Crystallography ,Degree (graph theory) ,ORIGIN ,electron densities ,chemical bonding ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,CHEMICAL-BONDS ,General Chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Research Papers ,0104 chemical sciences ,ELECTRON LOCALIZATION ,Molecular geometry ,Chemical bond ,QD901-999 ,Covalent bond ,BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS ,DENSITY ,quantum crystallography ,Density functional theory ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Stereochemically active lone pairs are an important non-bonding effect with significant implications on crystal structure and physical properties. This work reveals the highly repulsive nature of interactions between stereochemically active lone pairs, and shows how cooperative effects lead to stronger expression of stereochemically active lone pairs, affecting their impact on thermal conductivity., In chemistry, stereochemically active lone pairs are typically described as an important non-bonding effect, and recent interest has centred on understanding the derived effect of lone pair expression on physical properties such as thermal conductivity. To manipulate such properties, it is essential to understand the conditions that lead to lone pair expression and provide a quantitative chemical description of their identity to allow comparison between systems. Here, density functional theory calculations are used first to establish the presence of stereochemically active lone pairs on antimony in the archetypical chalcogenide MnSb2O4. The lone pairs are formed through a similar mechanism to those in binary post-transition metal compounds in an oxidation state of two less than their main group number [e.g. Pb(II) and Sb(III)], where the degree of orbital interaction (covalency) determines the expression of the lone pair. In MnSb2O4 the Sb lone pairs interact through a void space in the crystal structure, and their their mutual repulsion is minimized by introducing a deflection angle. This angle increases significantly with decreasing Sb—Sb distance introduced by simulating high pressure, thus showing the highly destabilizing nature of the lone pair interactions. Analysis of the chemical bonding in MnSb2O4 shows that it is dominated by polar covalent interactions with significant contributions both from charge accumulation in the bonding regions and from charge transfer. A database search of related ternary chalcogenide structures shows that, for structures with a lone pair (SbX 3 units), the degree of lone pair expression is largely determined by whether the antimony–chalcogen units are connected or not, suggesting a cooperative effect. Isolated SbX 3 units have larger X—Sb—X bond angles and therefore weaker lone pair expression than connected units. Since increased lone pair expression is equivalent to an increased orbital interaction (covalent bonding), which typically leads to increased heat conduction, this can explain the previously established correlation between larger bond angles and lower thermal conductivity. Thus, it appears that for these chalcogenides, lone pair expression and thermal conductivity may be related through the degree of covalency of the system.
- Published
- 2020
19. Physical Insights on the Ambiguous Metal–Graphene Interface and Proposal for Improved Contact Resistance.
- Author
-
Ghatge, Mayur and Shrivastava, Mayank
- Subjects
METAL-organic frameworks ,GRAPHENE ,INTERFACES (Physical sciences) ,DENSITY functional theory ,GREEN'S functions - Abstract
The ambiguous behavior of metal–graphene interface has been addressed in this paper using density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green’s function formalism. For the first time, the fundamental chemistry of metal–graphene interface, in particular role of sp-hybridized and sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, has been emphasized and discussed in detail in this paper. It was discovered that the sp-hybridized sites at the edge of a graphene monolayer contribute to 40% of current conduction when compared with sp2-hybridized atom sites in the graphene–metal overlap region. Moreover, we highlighted the insignificance of an additional metal layer, i.e., sandwiched contact, due to lacking sp-hybridized carbon sites. A fundamental way of defining the contact resistance, while keeping chemical bonding in mind, has been proposed. The bonding insight has been further used to propose the novel ways of interfacing metal with graphene, which results in a 40% reduction in contact resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Simulation of bonding effects in HRTEM images of light element materials
- Author
-
Daniela Künzel, Simon Kurasch, Axel Groß, Ute Kaiser, and Jannik C. Meyer
- Subjects
Materials science ,HRTEM ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Nanotechnology ,Electron ,lcsh:Chemical technology ,Molecular physics ,lcsh:Technology ,DFT ,Full Research Paper ,law.invention ,law ,Monolayer ,Atom ,General Materials Science ,lcsh:TP1-1185 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,High-resolution transmission electron microscopy ,lcsh:Science ,Scattering ,Graphene ,lcsh:T ,chemical bonding ,graphene ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Nanoscience ,Density functional theory ,lcsh:Q ,Atomic number ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
The accuracy of multislice high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) simulation can be improved by calculating the scattering potential using density functional theory (DFT) Gemming, T.; Möbus, G.; Exner, M.; Ernst, F.; Rühle, M. J. Microsc. 1998, 190, 89–98. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2818.1998.3110863.xDeng, B.; Marks, L. D. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A 2006, 62, 208–216. doi:10.1107/S010876730601004X. This approach accounts for the fact that electrons in the specimen are redistributed according to their local chemical environment. This influences the scattering process and alters the absolute and relative contrast in the final image. For light element materials with well defined geometry, such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride monolayers, the DFT based simulation scheme turned out to be necessary to prevent misinterpretation of weak signals, such as the identification of nitrogen substitutions in a graphene network. Furthermore, this implies that the HRTEM image does not only contain structural information (atom positions and atomic numbers). Instead, information on the electron charge distribution can be gained in addition.In order to produce meaningful results, the new input parameters need to be chosen carefully. Here we present details of the simulation process and discuss the influence of the main parameters on the final result. Furthermore we apply the simulation scheme to three model systems: A single atom boron and a single atom oxygen substitution in graphene and an oxygen adatom on graphene.
- Published
- 2011
21. Hasok Chang on the nature of acids.
- Author
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Scerri, Eric R.
- Subjects
STABILITY constants ,LEWIS acidity ,LEWIS acids ,ACIDITY function ,ACIDITY - Abstract
For a period of several years the philosopher of science Hasok Chang has promoted various inter-related views including pluralism, pragmatism, and an associated view of natural kinds. He has also argued for what he calls the persistence of everyday terms in the scientific view. Chang claims that terms like phlogiston were never truly abandoned but became transformed into different concepts that remain useful. On the other hand, Chang argues that some scientific terms such as acidity have suffered a form of "rupture", especially in the case of the modern Lewis definition of acids. Chang also complains that the degree of acidity of a Lewis acid cannot be measured using a pH meter and seems to regard this as a serious problem. The present paper examines some of these views, especially what Chang claims to be a rupture in the definition of acidity. It is suggested that there has been no such rupture but a genuine generalization, on moving from the Brønsted-Lowry theory to the Lewis theory of acidity. It will be shown how the quantification and measurement of Lewis acidity can easily be realized through the use of equilibrium theory and the use of stability constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Photolytic Cleavage of Sulfonamide Bonds
- Author
-
D'Souza, Leo and Day, Richard A.
- Published
- 1968
23. Hydrolysis of Amylotriose by Crystalline Salivary Amylase
- Author
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Pazur, John H. and Budovich, Tania
- Published
- 1955
24. Conversion of Kynurenine into 3-Hydroxykynurenine in Man
- Author
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Makino, Katashi, Arai, Kiyohisa, and Oka, Shintaro
- Published
- 1954
25. Carrageenan as a dry strength additive for papermaking.
- Author
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Liu, Zhenhua, Li, Xinping, and Xie, Wei
- Subjects
CARRAGEENANS ,RED algae ,PECTINS ,CALCIUM carbonate ,ADDITIVES - Abstract
Carrageenans are commercially important sulfated gums found in various species of red seaweeds (Rhodophyta), wherein they serve a structural function similar to that of pectins in land plants. In this study, carrageenan was used independently or in combination with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and/or Al
2 (SO4 )3 to explore its application as a dry strength additive in papermaking. Strength index determination, ash content detection, FTIR characterization and SEM observation were performed on prepared handsheets. The results showed that with 0.6% Al2 (SO4 )3 and 0.2% carrageenan as additives, the tensile index increased by 13.53% and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) retention increased by 57.06%. With 0.6% Al2 (SO4 )3 , 0.2% carrageenan and 0.03% CPAM as additives, PCC retention increased by 121% while the tensile index did not fall compared to handsheets without additives, indicating that carrageenan could enhance the strength of handsheets and be used as an anionic dry strength agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Thermal and sound insulation properties of recycled cotton/polyester chemical bonded nonwovens.
- Author
-
Sakthivel, Santhanam, Senthil Kumar, Selvaraj, Mekonnen, Seblework, and Solomon, Eshetu
- Subjects
SOUNDPROOFING ,THERMAL insulation ,CHEMICAL bonds ,ABSORPTION of sound ,POLYESTERS ,POLYESTER fibers ,POLYETHYLENE terephthalate - Abstract
This research paper reports a study on thermal and sound insulation samples developed from recycled cotton/polyester (recycled cotton/PET) for construction industry applications. The waste recycled cotton and polyester fiber is a potential source of raw material that can be considered for thermal and sound insulation applications, but its quantities are limited. While the quantities are limited, waste recycled cotton fiber was mixed with recycled/PET fiber in 50/50 proportions in the form of two-layer nonwoven mats with a chemical bonding method. The samples such as cotton (color and white), polyester (color and white), and cotton-polyester blend (color and white) were prepared. All the samples were tested for thermal insulation, sound absorption, moisture absorption, and fiber properties as per the ASTM standard. Also, behaviors of six recycled cotton/polyester nonwoven samples under high humidity conditions were evaluated. The sound absorption coefficients were measured according to ASTM E 1050 by an impedance tube method, the sound absorption coefficient over six frequencies 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz were calculated. The result revealed that nonwoven mats that are prepared from recycled/PET/cotton waste have confirmed more than 70% of the sound absorption coefficient and the recycled nonwoven mats provided the best insulation, sound absorption, moisture absorption, and fiber properties. The recycled waste cotton/ polyester nonwoven mats have adequate moisture resistance at high humidity conditions without affecting the insulation and sound-absorbing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Thermal and sound insulation properties of recycled cotton/polyester chemical bonded nonwovens.
- Author
-
Sakthivel, Santhanam, Kumar, Selvaraj Senthil, Mekonnen, Seblework, and Solomon, Eshetu
- Subjects
SOUNDPROOFING ,THERMAL insulation ,NONWOVEN textiles ,ABSORPTION of sound ,POLYESTERS ,POLYESTER fibers ,POLYETHYLENE terephthalate - Abstract
This research paper reports a study on thermal and sound insulation samples developed from recycled cotton/polyester (recycled cotton/PET) for construction industry applications. The waste recycled cotton and polyester fiber is a potential source of raw material that can be considered for thermal and sound insulation applications, but its quantities are limited. While the quantities are limited, waste recycled cotton fiber was mixed with recycled/PET fiber in 50/50 proportions in the form of two-layer nonwoven mats with a chemical bonding method. The samples such as cotton (color and white), polyester (color and white), and cotton-polyester blend (color and white) were prepared. All the samples were tested for thermal insulation, sound absorption, moisture absorption, and fiber properties as per the ASTM standard. Also, behaviors of six recycled cotton/polyester nonwoven samples under high humidity conditions were evaluated. The sound absorption coefficients were measured according to ASTM E 1050 by an impedance tube method, the sound absorption coefficient over six frequencies 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz were calculated. The result revealed that nonwoven mats that are prepared from recycled/PET/cotton waste have confirmed more than 70% of the sound absorption coefficient and the recycled nonwoven mats provided the best insulation, sound absorption, moisture absorption, and fiber properties. The recycled waste cotton/polyester nonwoven mats have adequate moisture resistance at high humidity conditions without affecting the insulation and sound-absorbing properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Chemical Bonding in Silicon Carbonyl Complexes
- Author
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Diego M. Andrada, Debdeep Mandal, and Tetiana Sergeieva
- Subjects
Full Paper ,Silicon ,chemical bonding ,Organic Chemistry ,Silylene ,Hot Paper ,chemistry.chemical_element ,carbonyl complexes ,Molecular orbital theory ,General Chemistry ,Full Papers ,Antibonding molecular orbital ,energy decomposition analysis ,Catalysis ,3. Good health ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chemical bond ,Chemical physics ,donor-acceptor ,Atom ,Chemical bonding model ,Lone pair ,silylenes - Abstract
Although silylene‐carbonyl complexes are known for decades, only recently isolable examples have been accomplished. In this work, the bonding situation is re‐evaluated to explain the origins of their remarkable stability within the Kohn‐Sham molecular orbital theory framework. It is shown that the chemical bond can be understood as CO interaction with the silylene via a donor‐acceptor interaction: a σ‐donation from the σ CO into the empty p‐orbital of silicon, and a π‐back donation from the sp 2 lone pair of silicon into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Notably, it was established that the driving force behind the surprisingly stable Si−CO compounds, however, is another π‐back donation from a perpendicular bonding R−Si σ‐orbital into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Consequently, the pyramidalization of the central silicon atom cannot be associated with the strength of the π‐back donation, in sharp contrast to the established chemical bonding model. Considering this additional bonding interaction not only shed light on the bonding situation, but is also an indispensable key for broadening the scope of silylene‐carbonyl chemistry., Revisiting the chemical bond on silylene‐carbonyl species reveals a donor‐acceptor interaction between the CO and the silylene. The bonding can be conventionally understood as a σ‐donation from the σCO into the empty p‐orbital of silicon, and a π‐back donation from the sp2 lone pair of silicon into the π*CO antibonding orbitals. Nonetheless, an unrecognized π‐back‐donation from the R−Si σ‐orbital into the π*CO antibonding orbital faithfully explains the relationship between structure and stability.
- Full Text
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29. A Systematic Analysis of the Structures of Heterologously Expressed Proteins and Those from Their Native Hosts in the RCSB PDB Archive.
- Author
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Zhou, Ren-Bin, Lu, Hui-Meng, Liu, Jie, Shi, Jian-Yu, Zhu, Jing, Lu, Qin-Qin, and Yin, Da-Chuan
- Subjects
PROTEIN expression ,HOSTS (Biology) ,RECOMBINANT proteins ,PROTEIN structure ,COMBINATORICS - Abstract
Recombinant expression of proteins has become an indispensable tool in modern day research. The large yields of recombinantly expressed proteins accelerate the structural and functional characterization of proteins. Nevertheless, there are literature reported that the recombinant proteins show some differences in structure and function as compared with the native ones. Now there have been more than 100,000 structures (from both recombinant and native sources) publicly available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) archive, which makes it possible to investigate if there exist any proteins in the RCSB PDB archive that have identical sequence but have some difference in structures. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic comparative study of the 3D structures of identical naturally purified versus recombinantly expressed proteins. The structural data and sequence information of the proteins were mined from the RCSB PDB archive. The combinatorial extension (CE), FATCAT-flexible and TM-Align methods were employed to align the protein structures. The root-mean-square distance (RMSD), TM-score, P-value, Z-score, secondary structural elements and hydrogen bonds were used to assess the structure similarity. A thorough analysis of the PDB archive generated five-hundred-seventeen pairs of native and recombinant proteins that have identical sequence. There were no pairs of proteins that had the same sequence and significantly different structural fold, which support the hypothesis that expression in a heterologous host usually could fold correctly into their native forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Structural analysis of the recognition of the -35 promoter element by SigW from Bacillus subtilis.
- Author
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Kwon, Eunju, Devkota, Shankar Raj, Pathak, Deepak, Dahal, Pawan, and Kim, Dong Young
- Subjects
RNA polymerases ,BACILLUS subtilis ,PHYSICAL & theoretical chemistry ,SOLID state physics ,HYDROGEN bonding ,PROMOTERS (Genetics) - Abstract
Sigma factors are key proteins that mediate the recruitment of RNA polymerase to the promoter regions of genes, for the initiation of bacterial transcription. Multiple sigma factors in a bacterium selectively recognize their cognate promoter sequences, thereby inducing the expression of their own regulons. In this paper, we report the crystal structure of the σ4 domain of Bacillus subtilis SigW bound to the -35 promoter element. Purine-specific hydrogen bonds of the -35 promoter element with the recognition helix α9 of the σ4 domain occurs at three nucleotides of the consensus sequence (G
-35 , A-34 , and G’-31 in G-35 A-34 A-33 A-32 C-31 C-30 T-29 ). The hydrogen bonds of the backbone with the α7 and α8 of the σ4 domain occurs at G’-30 . These results elucidate the structural basis of the selective recognition of the promoter by SigW. In addition, comparison of SigW structures complexed with the -35 promoter element or with anti-sigma RsiW reveals that DNA recognition and anti-sigma factor binding of SigW are mutually exclusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
31. Transient crosslinking kinetics optimize gene cluster interactions.
- Author
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Walker, Benjamin, Taylor, Dane, Lawrimore, Josh, Hult, Caitlin, Adalsteinsson, David, Bloom, Kerry, and Forest, M. Gregory
- Subjects
GENE clusters ,CHROMOSOME structure ,COMPUTATIONAL biology ,RIBOSOMAL DNA - Abstract
Our understanding of how chromosomes structurally organize and dynamically interact has been revolutionized through the lens of long-chain polymer physics. Major protein contributors to chromosome structure and dynamics are condensin and cohesin that stochastically generate loops within and between chains, and entrap proximal strands of sister chromatids. In this paper, we explore the ability of transient, protein-mediated, gene-gene crosslinks to induce clusters of genes, thereby dynamic architecture, within the highly repeated ribosomal DNA that comprises the nucleolus of budding yeast. We implement three approaches: live cell microscopy; computational modeling of the full genome during G1 in budding yeast, exploring four decades of timescales for transient crosslinks between 5kbp domains (genes) in the nucleolus on Chromosome XII; and, temporal network models with automated community (cluster) detection algorithms applied to the full range of 4D modeling datasets. The data analysis tools detect and track gene clusters, their size, number, persistence time, and their plasticity (deformation). Of biological significance, our analysis reveals an optimal mean crosslink lifetime that promotes pairwise and cluster gene interactions through “flexible” clustering. In this state, large gene clusters self-assemble yet frequently interact (merge and separate), marked by gene exchanges between clusters, which in turn maximizes global gene interactions in the nucleolus. This regime stands between two limiting cases each with far less global gene interactions: with shorter crosslink lifetimes, “rigid” clustering emerges with clusters that interact infrequently; with longer crosslink lifetimes, there is a dissolution of clusters. These observations are compared with imaging experiments on a normal yeast strain and two condensin-modified mutant cell strains. We apply the same image analysis pipeline to the experimental and simulated datasets, providing support for the modeling predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Predicting the mechanism and rate of H-NS binding to AT-rich DNA.
- Author
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Riccardi, Enrico, van Mastbergen, Eva C., Navarre, William Wiley, and Vreede, Jocelyne
- Subjects
BACTERIA ,ARGININE ,DNA ,BIOCHEMISTRY ,PROTEINS - Abstract
Bacteria contain several nucleoid-associated proteins that organize their genomic DNA into the nucleoid by bending, wrapping or bridging DNA. The Histone-like Nucleoid Structuring protein H-NS found in many Gram-negative bacteria is a DNA bridging protein and can structure DNA by binding to two separate DNA duplexes or to adjacent sites on the same duplex, depending on external conditions. Several nucleotide sequences have been identified to which H-NS binds with high affinity, indicating H-NS prefers AT-rich DNA. To date, highly detailed structural information of the H-NS DNA complex remains elusive. Molecular simulation can complement experiments by modelling structures and their time evolution in atomistic detail. In this paper we report an exploration of the different binding modes of H-NS to a high affinity nucleotide sequence and an estimate of the associated rate constant. By means of molecular dynamics simulations, we identified three types of binding for H-NS to AT-rich DNA. To further sample the transitions between these binding modes, we performed Replica Exchange Transition Interface Sampling, providing predictions of the mechanism and rate constant of H-NS binding to DNA. H-NS interacts with the DNA through a conserved QGR motif, aided by a conserved arginine at position 93. The QGR motif interacts first with phosphate groups, followed by the formation of hydrogen bonds between acceptors in the DNA minor groove and the sidechains of either Q112 or R114. After R114 inserts into the minor groove, the rest of the QGR motif follows. Full insertion of the QGR motif in the minor groove is stable over several tens of nanoseconds, and involves hydrogen bonds between the bases and both backbone and sidechains of the QGR motif. The rate constant for the process of H-NS binding to AT-rich DNA resulting in full insertion of the QGR motif is in the order of 10
6 M−1 s−1 , which is rate limiting compared to the non-specific association of H-NS to the DNA backbone at a rate of 108 M−1 s−1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2019
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33. Atoms in molecules as non-overlapping, bounded, space-filling open quantum systems
- Author
-
Bader, Richard F. W. and Matta, Chérif F.
- Published
- 2013
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34. Structural organization and energy storage in crosslinked actin assemblies.
- Author
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Ma, Rui and Berro, Julien
- Subjects
ACTIN ,CLATHRIN ,ENDOCYTOSIS ,FIBERS ,FIMBRIN ,POLYMERIZATION - Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis in yeast cells, short actin filaments (< 200nm) and crosslinking protein fimbrin assemble to drive the internalization of the plasma membrane. However, the organization of the actin meshwork during endocytosis remains largely unknown. In addition, only a small fraction of the force necessary to elongate and pinch off vesicles can be accounted for by actin polymerization alone. In this paper, we used mathematical modeling to study the self-organization of rigid actin filaments in the presence of elastic crosslinkers in conditions relevant to endocytosis. We found that actin filaments condense into either a disordered meshwork or an ordered bundle depending on filament length and the mechanical and kinetic properties of the crosslinkers. Our simulations also demonstrated that these nanometer-scale actin structures can store a large amount of elastic energy within the crosslinkers (up to 10k
B T per crosslinker). This conversion of binding energy into elastic energy is the consequence of geometric constraints created by the helical pitch of the actin filaments, which results in frustrated configurations of crosslinkers attached to filaments. We propose that this stored elastic energy can be used at a later time in the endocytic process. As a proof of principle, we presented a simple mechanism for sustained torque production by ordered detachment of crosslinkers from a pair of parallel filaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. New insights on repellent recognition by Anopheles gambiae odorant-binding protein 1.
- Author
-
Tzotzos, George, Iley, Jim N., and Moore, Elaine A.
- Subjects
CARRIER proteins ,INSECTS ,ANOPHELES gambiae ,INSECT baits & repellents ,OLFACTORY nerve ,ODORANT-binding proteins - Abstract
It is generally recognized that insect odorant binding proteins (OBPs) mediate the solubilisation and transport of hydrophobic odorant molecules and contribute to the sensitivity of the insect olfactory system. However, the exact mechanism by which OBPs deliver odorants to olfactory receptors and their role, if any, as selectivity filters for specific odorants, are still a matter of debate. In the case of Anopheles gambiae, recent studies indicate that ligand discrimination is effected through the formation of heterodimers such as AgamOBP1 and AgamOBP4 (odorant binding proteins 1 and 4 from Anopheles gambiae). Furthermore, AgamOBPs have been reported to be promiscuous in binding more than one ligand simultaneously and repellents such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-toluamide) and 6-MH (6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one) interact directly with mosquito OBPs and/or compete for the binding of attractive odorants thus disrupting OBP heterodimerisation. In this paper, we propose mechanisms of action of DEET and 6-MH. We also predict that ligand binding can occur in several locations of AgamOBP1 with partial occupancies and propose structural features appropriate for repellent pharmacophores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Exploring the behaviour of water in glycerol solutions by using delayed luminescence.
- Author
-
Grasso, Rosaria, Musumeci, Francesco, Gulino, Marisa, and Scordino, Agata
- Subjects
GLYCERIN analysis ,LUMINESCENCE ,CRYOPRESERVATION of organs, tissues, etc. ,NEUTRON diffraction ,HYDROGEN bonding - Abstract
The crucial role of water in the engine of life have encouraged many researchers in studying, both theoretically and experimentally, the possible “structure” of water. Many properties of water have been related to the interplay between two distinct and interconverting structural species, namely the low-density water (LDW) and the high-density water (HDW). Supported by the results obtained with other aqueous solutions, this paper deals with the possibility of using the ultra-weak delayed luminescence (DL) to investigate water structuring in a mixture with glycerol, characterized only by hydrogen bonds between the various molecules. Spectral and temporal characteristics of DL decays give information on the two components of the mixture, by evidencing the contribution of water at glycerol concentrations close to the values used in cryopreservation. DL results have shown a correlation with LDW clusters size as determined by other researchers on the basis of neutron diffraction experiments and computational modelling, as reported in Literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Two material removal modes in chemical mechanical polishing: mechanical plowing vs. chemical bonding.
- Author
-
Wu, Yuan, Jiang, Liang, Li, Wenhui, Zheng, Jiaxin, Chen, Yushan, and Qian, Linmao
- Subjects
CHEMICAL bonds ,ATOMIC force microscopy ,SURFACE roughness ,COPPER ,INTERFACIAL bonding - Abstract
With the rapid development of semiconductors, the number of materials needed to be polished sharply increases. The material properties vary significantly, posing challenges to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Accordingly, the study aimed to classify the material removal mechanism. Based on the CMP and atomic force microscopy results, the six representative metals can be preliminarily classified into two groups, presumably due to different material removal modes. From the tribology perspective, the first group of Cu, Co, and Ni may mainly rely on the mechanical plowing effect. After adding H
2 O2 , corrosion can be first enhanced and then suppressed, affecting the surface mechanical strength. Consequently, the material removal rate (MRR) and the surface roughness increase and decrease. By comparison, the second group of Ta, Ru, and Ti may primarily depend on the chemical bonding effect. Adding H2 O2 can promote oxidation, increasing interfacial chemical bonds. Therefore, the MRR increases, and the surface roughness decreases and levels off. In addition, CMP can be regulated by tuning the synergistic effect of oxidation, complexation, and dissolution for mechanical plowing, while tuning the synergistic effect of oxidation and ionic strength for chemical bonding. The findings provide mechanistic insight into the material removal mechanism in CMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Fast exploration of an optimal path on the multidimensional free energy surface.
- Author
-
Chen, Changjun
- Subjects
FREE energy (Thermodynamics) ,ACTIVATION energy ,REACTION mechanisms (Chemistry) ,DEGREES of freedom ,INTERPOLATION algorithms - Abstract
In a reaction, determination of an optimal path with a high reaction rate (or a low free energy barrier) is important for the study of the reaction mechanism. This is a complicated problem that involves lots of degrees of freedom. For simple models, one can build an initial path in the collective variable space by the interpolation method first and then update the whole path constantly in the optimization. However, such interpolation method could be risky in the high dimensional space for large molecules. On the path, steric clashes between neighboring atoms could cause extremely high energy barriers and thus fail the optimization. Moreover, performing simulations for all the snapshots on the path is also time-consuming. In this paper, we build and optimize the path by a growing method on the free energy surface. The method grows a path from the reactant and extends its length in the collective variable space step by step. The growing direction is determined by both the free energy gradient at the end of the path and the direction vector pointing at the product. With fewer snapshots on the path, this strategy can let the path avoid the high energy states in the growing process and save the precious simulation time at each iteration step. Applications show that the presented method is efficient enough to produce optimal paths on either the two-dimensional or the twelve-dimensional free energy surfaces of different small molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
39. Quo Vadis Quasicrystals?
- Author
-
Barber, Enrique Maciá
- Subjects
QUASICRYSTALS ,CRYSTAL structure ,PHOTONIC crystals ,CHEMICAL bonds ,OPTICAL devices - Abstract
This Special Issue aims at gaining a deeper understanding on the relationship between the underlying structural order and the resulting physical properties in aperiodic systems, including quasicrystalline and related complex metallic alloys, photonic quasicrystals, and other structures exhibiting long-range aperiodic order. This Special Issue contains 12 papers which highlight recent developments in quasiperiodic crystal structure, photonic quasicrystals and related optical devices, the intrinsic electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of icosahedral and decagonal metallic alloys, and the nature of chemical bonding in intermetallic compounds, from a multidisciplinary perspective. In light of the results presented in the contributions collected in this Special Issue, we can confidently expect that new insights into the interdisciplinary science of quasicrystals will be gained in the years to come, providing a sharper picture of their structures and related physical properties, and spurring further progress in practical issues related to both materials engineering science and nanotechnology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Physical Properties of the NbC Carbide.
- Author
-
Di Vernieri Cuppari, Marcio Gustavo and Santos, Sydney Ferreira
- Subjects
TRANSITION metal carbides ,HARDNESS ,PHASE diagrams ,CRYSTAL structure ,THERMAL properties - Abstract
Transition metal carbides are interesting materials with a singular combination of properties, such as high melting points, high hardness, good transport properties and relatively low costs, which makes them excellent candidates for several technological applications. The possible applications of NbC carbide remained unexplored as it was in the past expensive and available in limited volumes. In order to guide investigations of the applicability of NbC, a deeper understanding of the physical properties of this carbide is fundamental. In this review paper, key physical properties of NbC are compiled with emphasis on its chemical bonding, a careful description of the C-Nb phase diagram, the phases formed and the crystal structures. Thermal properties are discussed and correlated with the intrinsic and extrinsic features of NbC. Finally, elastic properties are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Geometries, Electronic Structures, Bonding Properties, and Stability Strategy of Endohedral Metallofullerenes TM@C 28 (TM = Sc − , Y − , La − , Ti, Zr, Hf, V + , Nb + , Ta +).
- Author
-
Liu, Dong, Shui, Yuan, and Yang, Tao
- Subjects
ELECTRONIC structure ,METALLOFULLERENES ,ORBITAL interaction ,MOLECULAR orbitals ,GEOMETRY ,TANTALUM - Abstract
We performed quantum chemical calculations on the geometries, electronic structures, bonding properties, and stability strategy of endohedral metallofullerenes TM@C
28 (TM = Sc− , Y− , La− , Ti, Zr, Hf, V+ , Nb+ , Ta+ ). Our calculations revealed that there are three different lowest-energy structures with C2v , C3v , and Td symmetries for TM@C28 . The HOMO–LUMO gap of all these structures ranges from 1.35 eV to 2.31 eV, in which [V@C28 ]+ has the lowest HOMO–LUMO gap of 1.35 eV. The molecular orbitals are mainly composed of fullerene cage orbitals and slightly encapsulated metal orbitals. The bonding analysis on the metal–cage interactions reveals they are dominated by the Coulomb term ΔEelstat and the orbital interaction term ΔEorb , in which the orbital interaction term ΔEorb contributes more than the Coulomb term ΔEelstat . The addition of one or two CF3 groups to [V@C28 ]+ could increase the HOMO–LUMO gap and further increase the stability of [V@C28 ]+ . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. USO DE MECANISMO DINÂMICO E INTERATIVO NO ENSINO DE QUÍMICA: UM RELATO DE SALA DE AULA.
- Author
-
CAMELO, A. L. M., MAZZETTO, S. E., and VASCONCELOS, P. H. M.
- Abstract
Copyright of HOLOS is the property of Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do norte - IFRN and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. On the Applicability of Elastic Network Models for the Study of RNA CUG Trinucleotide Repeat Overexpansion.
- Author
-
González, Àlex L., Teixidó, Jordi, Borrell, José I., and Estrada-Tejedor, Roger
- Subjects
TRINUCLEOTIDE repeats ,RNA-binding proteins ,MOLECULAR dynamics ,TROPONIN ,INSULIN receptors - Abstract
Non-coding RNAs play a pivotal role in a number of diseases promoting an aberrant sequestration of nuclear RNA-binding proteins. In the particular case of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), a multisystemic autosomal dominant disease, the formation of large non-coding CUG repeats set up long-tract hairpins able to bind muscleblind-like proteins (MBNL), which trigger the deregulation of several splicing events such as cardiac troponin T (cTNT) and insulin receptor’s, among others. Evidence suggests that conformational changes in RNA are determinant for the recognition and binding of splicing proteins, molecular modeling simulations can attempt to shed light on the structural diversity of CUG repeats and to understand their pathogenic mechanisms. Molecular dynamics (MD) are widely used to obtain accurate results at atomistic level, despite being very time consuming, and they contrast with fast but simplified coarse-grained methods such as Elastic Network Model (ENM). In this paper, we assess the application of ENM (traditionally applied on proteins) for studying the conformational space of CUG repeats and compare it to conventional and accelerated MD conformational sampling. Overall, the results provided here reveal that ANM can provide useful insights into dynamic rCUG structures at a global level, and that their dynamics depend on both backbone and nucleobase fluctuations. On the other hand, ANM fail to describe local U-U dynamics of the rCUG system, which require more computationally expensive methods such as MD. Given that several limitations are inherent to both methods, we discuss here the usefulness of the current theoretical approaches for studying highly dynamic RNA systems such as CUG trinucleotide repeat overexpansions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. DNA Repair Gene (XRCC1) Polymorphism (Arg399Gln) Associated with Schizophrenia in South Indian Population: A Genotypic and Molecular Dynamics Study.
- Author
-
Sujitha, S. P., Kumar, D. Thirumal, Doss, C. George Priya, Aavula, K., Ramesh, R., Lakshmanan, S., Gunasekaran, S., and Anilkumar, G.
- Subjects
DNA repair ,GENETIC polymorphisms ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,MOLECULAR dynamics ,SINGLE nucleotide polymorphisms - Abstract
This paper depicts the first report from an Indian population on the association between the variant Arg399Gln of XRCC1 locus in the DNA repair system and schizophrenia, the debilitating disease that affects 1% of the world population. Genotypic analysis of a total of 523 subjects (260 patients and 263 controls) revealed an overwhelming presence of Gln399Gln in the case subjects against the controls (P < 0.0068), indicating significant level of association of this nsSNP with schizophrenia; the Gln399 allele frequency was also perceptibly more in cases than in controls (p < 0.003; OR = 1.448). The results of the genotypic studies were further validated using pathogenicity and stability prediction analysis employing computational tools [I-Mutant Suite, iStable, PolyPhen2, SNAP, and PROVEAN], with a view toassess the magnitude of deleteriousness of the mutation. The pathogenicity analysis reveals that the nsSNP could be deleterious inasmuch as it could affect the functionality of the gene, and interfere with protein function. Molecular dynamics simulation of 60ns was performed using GROMACS to analyse structural change due to a mutation (Arg399Gln) that was never examined before. RMSD, RMSF, hydrogen bonds, radius of gyration and SASA analysis showedthe existence of asignificant difference between the native and the mutant protein. The present study gives astrong indication that the XRCC1 locus deserves serious attention, as it could be a potential candidatecontributing to the etio-pathogenesis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Joining of polymer to metal using material extrusion additive manufacturing
- Author
-
Alhmoudi, Aisha, Sheikh-Ahmad, Jamal, Almaskari, Fahad, and Bojanampati, Shrinivas
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Theory of surface chemistry and reactivity of reducible oxides.
- Author
-
van Santen, Rutger A., Tranca, Ionut, and Hensen, Emiel J.M.
- Subjects
- *
SURFACE chemistry , *METALLIC oxides , *REACTIVITY (Chemistry) , *CATALYTIC oxidation , *COVALENT bonds , *CONDUCTION electrons , *QUANTUM chemistry - Abstract
The increasing availability of computational data from quantum-chemical calculations on the reactivity and electronic structure of catalytically active oxidic systems make a revisitation of the classical questions on chemical bonding aspects of catalytically reactive systems useful. This Perspective paper starts with a short review of the different available systems. The elementary reactions that are part of the selective oxidation catalysis, such as substrate bond activation or oxygen insertion, are introduced. This is followed by a discussion of basic electronic features of the valence electron structure of oxide materials. We will initially compare the chemical bonding and reactivity of compounds with dominantly ionic versus covalent bonding. Surface reactivity descriptors for the two types of chemical bonds are indicated. It will appear that, except for longer range ionic interactions, binding to the metal cations is dominated by local covalent interactions and that ligand field theory type atomic orbital splitting as well as rehybridisation are important. Trends in bonding as a function of position of reducible metal in the periodic system are emphasized throughout the paper. At the surface, in addition to the changes in electronic structure, atom position relaxation and surface reconstruction effects may also have a large influence on the differences in reactivity. The reactivity of the oxygen atoms varies. They can be proton acceptors and generate Brønsted acidity, can assist heterolytic or radical type C H bond activation or when electrophilic will insert into hydrocarbon double bonds. At the end of the paper trends in catalytic reactivity are analyzed. The double volcano type curve found for the dependence of catalytic reactivity on the position of cation in the third row of the periodic system is shown to relate to the distribution of electrons with high spin over the ligand field split atomic orbitals of the respective cations. This will be discussed in the context of classical catalytic results that are based on Balandin type volcano plots of reactivity versus the catalyst material reactivity parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Systemic approach in the study of the properties and pressure-induced structural transformations in TaN: First-principles molecular dynamics simulations.
- Author
-
Ivashchenko, V.I., Shevchenko, V.I., Gorb, Leonid, and Leszczynski, Jerzy
- Subjects
- *
STRUCTURAL stability , *MOLECULAR dynamics , *VICKERS hardness , *FRACTURE toughness , *CHEMICAL bonds , *DEBYE temperatures , *VIBRATIONAL spectra - Abstract
[Display omitted] First-principles molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate pressure- and temperature-induced phase transitions in different TaN polymorphs. The driving forces and intermediate structures were established for the CoSn-like TaN (ε phase) to WC-type TaN (θ phase) and ε to NaCl type-TaN (δ phase) structural transformations that were observed in experiments and for the θ to hP4-194, θ to cP2-221, δ to cP2-221 and δ to tP4-129 phase transitions that were predicted in this investigation. Other possible TaN polytypes were systematically investigated and five new prospective phases were found: oP8-25, oP12-25, hP8-194, tP8-105 and tI8-109. All new structures are thermodynamically, dynamically and mechanically stable, and their formation energy is only slightly higher than that of the θ phase (by 0.014–0.032 eV/atom). The relative stability, electronic structure, chemical bonding, vibrational spectra, elastic moduli and their spatial anisotropy, Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, Debye temperature and optical properties (real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function, reflectivity spectrum) of the tantalum mononitrides mentioned above were systematically calculated and discussed. The oP12-25, tP8-105 and tI8-109 novel phases exhibit the Vickers hardness (33.1–34.2 GPa), fracture toughness (5.52–5.59 MPa m1/2) and Debye temperatures (609.7–616.1 K) that are higher compared to those of the known TaN structures. The TaN polytypes with the strong Ta-N bonds with minimal fraction of ionicity were found to possess the best mechanical properties. Further experimental investigations are highly desirable to confirm the results presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Cations Form Sequence Selective Motifs within DNA Grooves via a Combination of Cation-Pi and Ion-Dipole/Hydrogen Bond Interactions.
- Author
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Stewart, Mikaela, Dunlap, Tori, Dourlain, Elizabeth, Grant, Bryce, and McFail-Isom, Lori
- Subjects
NUCLEOTIDE sequence ,CATIONS ,HYDROGEN bonding ,DNA structure ,CONFORMATIONAL analysis ,GENETIC regulation - Abstract
The fine conformational subtleties of DNA structure modulate many fundamental cellular processes including gene activation/repression, cellular division, and DNA repair. Most of these cellular processes rely on the conformational heterogeneity of specific DNA sequences. Factors including those structural characteristics inherent in the particular base sequence as well as those induced through interaction with solvent components combine to produce fine DNA structural variation including helical flexibility and conformation. Cation-pi interactions between solvent cations or their first hydration shell waters and the faces of DNA bases form sequence selectively and contribute to DNA structural heterogeneity. In this paper, we detect and characterize the binding patterns found in cation-pi interactions between solvent cations and DNA bases in a set of high resolution x-ray crystal structures. Specifically, we found that monovalent cations (Tl
+ ) and the polarized first hydration shell waters of divalent cations (Mg2+ , Ca2+ ) form cation-pi interactions with DNA bases stabilizing unstacked conformations. When these cation-pi interactions are combined with electrostatic interactions a pattern of specific binding motifs is formed within the grooves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Diseño e implementación de una propuesta didáctica plurimetodológica para introducir el enlace químico en 3º Curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria (E.S.O).
- Author
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González-Felipe, Ma Esther, Aguirre-Pérez, Constancio, Ma Toledano, Rosa, Fernández Cézar, Raquel, and Váquez-Moliní, Ana
- Subjects
INQUIRY-based learning ,LEARNING ,SCIENCE education ,COMPULSORY education ,CHEMICAL reactions ,CHEMICAL bonds - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Electrónica de Enseñanza de las Ciencias is the property of Revista Electronica de Ensenanza de las Ciencias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
50. Identification of Chemical Bonds and Microstructure of Hydrated Tricalcium Silicate (C 3 S) by a Coupled Micro-Raman/BSE-EDS Evaluation.
- Author
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Zhu, Zheyu, Wang, Zhongping, Zhou, Yue, Chen, Yuting, and Wu, Kai
- Subjects
CHEMICAL bonds ,CALCIUM hydroxide ,CALCIUM silicates ,SILICATES ,MICROSTRUCTURE - Abstract
Identifying the phase evolution and revealing the chemical bonds of hydrated cements accurately is crucial to regulate the performance of cementitious materials. In this paper, a coupled Raman/BSE-EDS analysis was proposed to determine the chemical bonds of tricalcium silicate hydrates and the interface transition zone (ITZ) between inner C-S-H and anhydrates. The results show that the Raman/BSE-EDS method can accurately identify the chemical bonds of inner C-S-H and inner ITZ regions, which confirms the mixed structure of inner C-S-H and nano calcium hydroxide (CH). The inner ITZ shows a lattice change region with a thickness of 700–1000 nm, which can be attributed to the pre-disassembly process of C
3 S crystal. The successful application of coupled Raman/BSE-EDS provides new insight into the hydration process and multi-structure features of traditional cementitious materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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