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Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872 Figs 1D, 2E, 2F, 2J, 3D, 3H, 4, 5 Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872: 97. Syntypes: ♂, ♀, Mexico; NHRS. Apiomerus tristis Champion, 1899: 232, 238. Syntypes: ♂, ♀, Mexico: Tepic; BMNH. Syn. nov. Apiomerus venosus: Stål (1872: 97) (original description), Lethierry & Severin (1896: 146) (catalog), Champion (1899: 233) (key), Wygodzinsky (1949: 18) (catalog), Costa Lima et al. (1951: 342) (revision), Maldonado (1990: 9) (catalog). Apiomerus tristis: Wygodzinsky (1949: 18) (catalog), Costa Lima et al. (1951: 343) (revision), Maldonado (1990: 9) (catalog). Revised diagnosis: Recognized by a combination of the following characteristics: (1) relatively large size (> 14 mm in length), (2) well delineated quadrate cell, (3) basal spot of connexivum 7 that is roughly equal in size to or only slightly larger than marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view), (4) males with lyre-shaped medial process of pygophore with broadly spaced, slightly curved rami, (5) elongate and relatively broad paddle-shaped basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and (6) large number of endosomal denticles (about 40), the basal most of which are clustered rather than arranged into two orderly rows. Redescription: Male: Medium to large, 14.37–16.30 mm in length, width across humeral angles 4.49–4.94 mm (n=5). COLORATION: Mostly black; anterior pronotal lobe dark brown or black, posterior pronotal lobe and legs dark brown or black (Fig. 1D); corium black or dark brown, majority of veins white or pale-yellow, usually with all or a majority (3 sides) of the quadrate cell and basal portions of most veins completely outlined; forewing membrane bicolored with basal portion pigmented and distal portion hyaline; basal spot of connexivum 7 roughly the same size as or only slightly larger than marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view); lateral spots of abdominal sterna 3–5 white or pale-yellow. STRUCTURE: Medial process of pygophore lyre-shaped in caudal view (Fig. 2E–F); rami widely separated and slightly bent away (laterally) from one another midway along their length; paramere weakly bent, with bristles subequal to or slightly longer than its maximal width (Fig. 2J); dorsal phallothecal sclerite arrow-shaped in dorsal view, without pair of triangular projections near base, apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite slightly reflexed and shallowly notched; basal dorsolateral sclerites of endosoma elongated, broad at base, tapering distally and slightly rounded and hooked at apex, slightly rotated along length; dorsal surface of endosoma with about 40 denticles total that are clustered proximally and arranged into two longitudinal rows apically; dorsolateral surface of endosoma with slight to moderate sclerotization near base. Female: Large, 17.50–18.47 mm in length, width across humeral angles 5.29–5.62 mm (n=5). Biology: Specimens have been collected at elevations ranging from 100–2,000 meters and adults are typically active during June, July, and August. Distribution: Common throughout central and southern Mexico and has been collected from Guatemala too. Discussion: Apiomerus venosus displays polychromatism across its range with many central and western populations being very darkly colored (e.g., pronotum, corium, and legs black) and some eastern populations being much lighter in color overall (e.g., pronotum, corium, and legs light brown, see Fig. 4). This aptly named species has conspicuous white veins over most of the corium. In some western (Jalisco and Nayarit) and eastern (Chiapas) populations however, the extent of white coloring is limited to portions of the quadrate cell and apical margins of the corium. Stål described A. venosus based on male and female syntypes from Mexico which are housed at the NHRS. We here designate a male specimen (NHRS-GULI 000003183 = UCR_ENT 00041023) as the lectotype (Fig. 5A– C). Szerlip (1980) selected Champion’s male syntype of A. tristis (UCR_ENT 00048736) to serve as the lectotype but never published this act it in a Code-compliant way. We were able to examine an image (Fig. 5D) of this specimen which is housed at the BMNH and here formally designate it as the lectotype of A. tristis. The main differences between this species and A. venosus are wing color (a highly plastic trait, see Fig. 4) and (as noted in Szerlip’s description of the dissected genitalia) the number of endosomal denticles, 19 pairs of the former vs. 22–24 pairs of the latter (another trait that exhibits some plasticity and admittingly difficult to quantify for some specimens). Based on Szerlip’s description of this specimen and careful examination of other A. maya species group specimens collected near the type locality in Nayarit, Mexico which we held to be this species, A. tristis appears to be nothing more than a darker geographical variant of A. venosus. Therefore, we here synonymize the former with the latter. Type material examined: Apiomerus venosus Stål, 1872. Lectotype (present designation): ♂, MEXICO: exact locality and date unknown, Sallé (NHRS-GULI 000003183, UCR _ ENT 00041023) (NHRS). We examined photographs of Stål’s syntype series of A. venosus (4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀) housed at the NHRS. Images of the these are available at http://www3.nrm. se/en/het_nrm/v/apiomerus_venosus.html and the Heteroptera Species Pages (http://research.amnh.org/pbi/heteropteraspeciespage). Apiomerus tristis Champion, 1899. Lectotype (present designation): ♂, MEXICO: Nayarit: Tepic, July (year unknown), Schumann (UCR _ ENT 00048736) (BMNH). Additional specimens examined: 303 ♂♂, 357 ♀♀ (see Appendix)., Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 546-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159.","Champion, G. C. (1899) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II. Part CXLVII. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 217 - 240, pl. 13.","Lethierry, L. & Severin, G. (1896) Catalogue general des Hemipteres. Tome III. Heteropteres. Tingidae to Anthocoridae. R. Friedlander & Fils, Berlin, 275 pp.","Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los Reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia, 1, 1 - 102.","Costa Lima, A., Seabra, C. A. & Hathaway, C. R. (1951) Estudo dos Apiomeros (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 273 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761951000100004","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. (Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.","Szerlip, S. L. (1980) Biosystematic revision of the genus Apiomerus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in North and Central America. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 481 pp."]}

Apiomerus pipil Dispons, 1971 Figs 1C, 2C, 2D, 2I, 3C, 3G, 4 Apiomerus pipil Dispons, 1971: 6. Holotype: ♂, San Salvador: La Libertad; ISNB. Apiomerus guatemalensis Dispons, 1971: 10. Holotype: ♂, Guatemala; ISNB. Syn. nov. Apiomerus pipil: Maldonado (1990: 7) (catalog). Apiomerus guatemalensis: Maldonado (1990: 5) (catalog). Revised diagnosis: Recognized by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) large size (> 14 mm in length), (2) quadrate cell weakly delineated by light coloration, (3) basal spot of connexivum 7 that is roughly twice the size of the marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view), (4) males with V-shaped medial process of pygophore with narrowly spaced, relatively straight rami, (5) elongate basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma that are paddle-shaped (constricted through their midsection) and strongly twisted apically, (6) about 26 endosomal denticles that are arranged into two longitudinal rows of about 13 pairs (proximal denticles arranged into two orderly rows). Redescription: Male: Medium to large, 14.72–17.18 mm in length, width across humeral angles 4.44–5.30 mm (n=6). COLORATION: Mostly black; anterior pronotal lobe dark brown, posterior lobe brown (Fig. 1C); corium predominantly black or dark brown, only veins near forewing membrane white or pale-yellow (tan in some older specimens), quadrate cell of the corium is not completely outlined in white or pale-yellow; entire forewing membrane often brown with dark spots, sometimes bicolored with basal portion darkly pigmented and distal portion lighter; basal spot of connexivum 7 roughly twice the size of marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view); lateral spots of abdominal sterna 3–5 white or pale-yellow (in some specimens they may be tan). STRUCTURE: Medial process of pygophore V-shaped in caudal view (Fig. 2C–D); rami narrowly separated and relatively straight along their length; dorsal phallothecal sclerite arrow-shaped in dorsal view, with pair of subtle rounded projections near base; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite slightly reflexed and shallowly notched; basal dorsolateral sclerites of endosoma elongated, paddle-shaped, constricted at middle, slightly wider towards apex, and outwardly rotated apically; dorsal surface of endosoma with about 26 denticles arranged into two longitudinal rows comprised of about 13 pairs; dorsolateral surface of endosoma with slight sclerotization near base. Female: Large, 17.42–19.29 mm in length, width across humeral angles 5.34–5.86 mm (n=5). Biology: Specimens have been collected between elevations of 50–1400 m. Adults are typically active from June through September. Distribution: Apiomerus pipil ranges from southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Costa Rica. Discussion: Dispons (1971) described A. pipil and A. guatemalensis as two different species; the former was described from a pair collected from El Salvador and the later from a singleton male from Guatemala. We here synonymize the two, giving precedence to A. pipil acting as First Reviser following Art. 24.2 of ICZN (1999). While Szerlip (1980) did not include A. pipil as a member of the A. maya species group, the types of A. pipil bear many similarities with respect to general habitus and genitalic morphology to those of A. guatemalensis and A. venosus. The male holotype of A. pipil in particular possesses an arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite, a pair of elongate basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and longitudinal rows of peg-like endosomal denticles. Overall, this species is very similar to some A. venosus specimens. Apiomerus pipil tends to be slightly larger and lacks extensive white markings on the corial veins. The white or pale-yellow markings of the abdomen roughly double in size posteriorly on each successive connexivum. The rami on the pygophore are inserted much closer to one another than those of A. venosus. In his unpublished dissertation, Szerlip (1980) gave names to two other putative new species in the A. maya species group, “ Apiomerus azteca ” and “ Apiomerus maculatus.” He concluded that A. guatemalensis was different from these based on the elongate pointed shape of its basal dorsolateral endosomal sclerites. The types of A. guatemalensis and A. pipil share many similarities with other specimens from the same region that Szerlip had identified as either “ Apiomerus azteca ” and “ Apiomerus maculatus.” We have observed plasticity in these structures however and argue that their shape is not consistent enough to warrant recognition of four distinct species. Type material examined: Apiomerus pipil Dispons, 1971. Holotype: ♂, EL SALVADOR: La Libertad: San Salvador, 1-Jul-1954, J. Bechyné (UCR _ ENT 00038053) (ISNB). Allotype: ♀, same locality, date and collector as holotype (UCR _ ENT 00038054) (ISNB). Apiomerus guatemalensis Dispons, 1971. Holotype: ♂, GUATEMALA: exact locality and date unknown, Gisquière (UCR _ ENT 00038050) (ISNB); in poor condition with both antennae and the entire right foreleg missing and forewing membranes severely tattered. The total body length (including the apex of the forewings) that Dispons (1971) recorded (11 mm) is quite shorter than what we measured (14.72 mm). Additional specimens examined: 38 ♂♂, 55 ♀♀ (see Appendix)., Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 545-546, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Dispons, P. (1971) Notes sur quelques Apiomerus Hahn de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (HemipteraHeteroptera: Reduviidae, Apiomerinae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 47, 1 - 12.","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. (Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp.","Szerlip, S. L. (1980) Biosystematic revision of the genus Apiomerus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in North and Central America. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 481 pp."]}

Apiomerus immundus Bergroth, 1898 Figs 1A, 2A, 2G, 3A, 3E Apiomerus immundus Bergroth, 1898: 307. Syntype (s): Mexico; MZH. Apiomerus immundus: Champion (1899: 238) (revision), Van Duzee (1916: 30) (catalog), Wygodzinsky (1949: 17) (catalog), Costa Lima et al. (1951: 340) (revision), Maldonado (1990: 5) (catalog). Revised diagnosis: Recognized by the combination of the following characteristics: (1) relatively small size (26 endosomal denticles. Redescription (based on the lectotype only): Male: Small, 11.45 mm in length, width across humeral angles 3.47 mm. COLORATION: Mostly brown; anterior pronotal lobe dark brown, posterior lobe brown (Fig. 1A); corium brown, veins near forewing membrane largely lacking light coloration, quadrate cell of the corium is not outlined in white or pale-yellow; entire forewing membrane brown with dark spots; basal spot of connexivum 7 roughly twice the size of marking on the preceding segment (from dorsal view); lateral spots of abdominal sterna absent. STRUCTURE: Medial process of pygophore lyre-shaped in caudal view, rami short and nearly straight (Fig. 2A); paramere weakly bent, with bristles subequal to or slightly longer than its maximal width (Fig. 2G); dorsal phallothecal sclerite lacking distinct arrow-shaped in dorsal view, without pair of strongly developed triangular projections near base, apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite truncate and reflexed (Fig. 3A); basal dorsolateral sclerites of endosoma of moderate length, oblong, and covered with fine granules basally; dorsal surface of endosoma with>26 denticles arranged longitudinally; dorsolateral surface of endosoma with distinct sclerotization near base. Female: Unknown. Biology: Unknown. Distribution: The geographical range of this species remains unknown. The type specimen was collected in Mexico, but no additional locality data was provided. Discussion: This species is included in this revision based on its general appearance and the many male genitalic similarities it shares with species of the maya group, such as the lyre-shaped medial process of pygophore, enlarged basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and high number of endosomal denticles. This species however lacks the distinct arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite that other maya group species possess (Fig. 3A) and has heavier lateral sclerotization along the dorsolateral surface of endosoma basally (Figs 3A, 3E). Szerlip (1980) included A. immundus among his A. subpiceus species group, a likely artificial grouping that he referred to as “a catchall for species from Central Mexico, the Yucatan Peninsula and Cuba ” but did not examine Bergroth’s type specimen. Overall, A. immundus appears most similar to A. maya but lacks the paired triangular projections at the base of the dorsal phallothecal sclerite, has slightly longer, more oblong dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma with finer sculpturing, and appears to possess more endosomal denticles (>26). Type information: The species was described based on an unspecified number of male individuals (Bergroth 1898). A single type of Bergroth from MZH, subsequently provided with a curatorial syntype label, has been examined (Fig. 1B). As the original description does not exclude the possibility that the species was described based on more than one individual, following Recommendation 73F of ICZN (1999), the examined specimen is regarded as a syntype, and here designated as lectotype of A. immundus. Type material examined: Lectotype (present designation): ♂, MEXICO: exact locality and date unknown (UCR _ ENT 00040816) (MZH) (Fig. 1A)., Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on page 541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1898) Description de deux Reduviides noveaux (Hemipt.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 67, 307 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1898.22241","Champion, G. C. (1899) Insecta. Rhynchota. Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Vol. II. Part CXLVII. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana. Zoologia. R. H. Porter, London, pp. 217 - 240, pl. 13.","Van Duzee, E. P. (1916) Check list of the Hemiptera (excepting Aphididae, Aleurodidae and Coccidae) of America north of Mexico. New York Entomological Society, New York, 111 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7967","Wygodzinsky, P. (1949) Elenco sistematico de los Reduviiformes americanos. Instituto de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, Monografia, 1, 1 - 102.","Costa Lima, A., Seabra, C. A. & Hathaway, C. R. (1951) Estudo dos Apiomeros (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 49, 273 - 442. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761951000100004","Maldonado Capriles, J. (1990) Systematic catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World. (Caribbean Journal of Science, Special publication No. 1.) University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 694 pp.","Szerlip, S. L. (1980) Biosystematic revision of the genus Apiomerus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in North and Central America. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, California, 481 pp.","ICZN (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature) (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 306 pp."]}

Apiomerus maya species group Figs 1–5 Diagnosis: Males are recognized from other species of Apiomerus by a combination of an arrow-shaped dorsal phallothecal sclerite, a pair of enlarged basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma, and longitudinal rows of peglike denticles (between 26–40 in total) on the dorsal surface of the endosoma. Also, the medial process of the pygophore is wide and its base indistinct, giving the appearance of the rami being inserted directly on the posterior margin of the pygophore. Both sexes are predominately black (or dark brown) with reddish-brown antennae and white or pale-yellow markings on the corial veins, thoracic venter, and connexiva. Description: Male: Macropterous, body elongate ovoid, 11.5–17 mm in length. COLORATION: Body overall predominantly black; antenna reddish-brown; anterior pronotal lobe black or dark brown; posterior pronotal lobe and lateral surfaces of the legs variable, often dark brown; venter of neck, margins of prosternal stridulatory groove, anterior coxal cavities, mesal surface of forecoxa, fore- and mid trochanter and femur, corial veins (partially or completely), anterior portion of connexiva 2–7, area around of abdominal spiracles 2–7, and pair of spots on venter of pygophore white to pale yellow (or tan in some older specimens); membrane of hemelytra either entirely brown or bicolored with basal portion darkened and distal portion hyaline. VESTITURE: integument generally densely setose; head with long thin black or white setae; pronotum, scutellum, corium, and pleura covered with short thick white setae interspersed with longer, less conspicuous black setae; fore and mid legs densely setose, hind tibia more sparsely covered and with a short metatibial comb; abdominal venter sparsely covered with long shiny setae; medial process of pygophore with dense patch of long black setae; mesal surface of paramere covered with short fine setae, apex with long erect setae. STRUCTURE: HEAD: longer than wide, elongate ovoid, anteocular and postocular region subequal in length, latter slightly convex in dorsal view; clypeus slender in dorsal view and apically blunt; labrum short and triangular; eye globular and weakly reniform in dorsal and lateral views, respectively; interocular sulcus deep and strongly curved; ocellus large, located on distinct tubercle, distance between ocelli greater than between anterior margin of ocellus and eye; antennifer near eye, short, and unarmed. Antenna: long, surpassing posterior margin of pronotum; scapus surpassing clypeus; pedicel subequal in length and diameter to scapus; basiflagellomere longer than distiflagellomere, diameters of both same as pedicel. Labium: segment 2 (first visible) short and stout, not reaching anterior margin of eye; segment 3 long and straight, reaching anterior margin of prosternum; segment 4 short and laterally compressed in cross section, reaching roughly to the middle of the stridulatory groove. THORAX: anterior pronotal lobe with rounded lateral margins, shorter and narrower than posterior lobe, vertex deeply sculpted with crescent-shaped furrow; longitudinal sulcus distinct, almost reaching anterior margin; posterior pronotal lobe smooth, disc slightly convex, humeral angle located anteriorly to posterior margin of pronotum, rounded, and the lateral margin of which forming an angle of roughly 90°; posterolateral margin of posterior pronotal lobe strongly keeled; scutellum triangular, margins rounded. Legs: coxa short and globular; trochanter subtriangular; femora cylindrical; fore- and mid tibiae thickened apically; foretarsus with two tarsomeres; mid and hind tarsus with three tarsomeres. Hemelytron: exceeding tip of abdomen by less than 1/4 of its length, corium well developed and leathery. ABDOMEN: strongly convex ventrally; connexivum expanded laterally beyond margin of hemelytron, abdominal sternites distinct. GENITALIA: base of the medial process of the pygophore wide and indistinct, rami inserted on posterior margin of pygophore, nearly vertical in lateral or caudal views; paramere thickened from base to 2/3 its length then weakly or strongly bent mesad, point of insertion is at the apical third of the pygophore, slightly hooked apically; inner margin of genital capsule (exterior rim of pygophore) with small protuberance; anterior opening of pygophore with smooth rim; tergite 9 divided into flat lateral sclerites and a medial membranous area; aedeagus elongate when inflated, with articulatory apparatus broad and triangular; dorsal phallothecal sclerite heavily sclerotized and arrow-shaped (with the exception of A. immundus which is subconical), apex reflexed and either slightly or deeply notched; phallosoma weakly sclerotized laterally and with transverse striations; endosoma with a pair of elongated basal dorsolateral sclerites, either flat or twisted apically; endosoma membranous and lightly striated; dorsal surface of endosoma with longitudinal rows of peg-like denticles (between 20–40 in total); Female: Larger than male, 11.5–19 mm in length, similar to male except for the following: COLORATION: usually lacking conspicuous white or pale-yellow markings on the mesal surfaces of the fore- and mid femur and lateral spots on abdominal sterna 3–5. VESTITURE: metatibial comb much longer than that of male; abdominal venter densely covered with stiff shiny setae. STRUCTURE: ABDOMEN: lateral margins of tergite 8 rounded and not produced as deflexed lobes. GENITALIA: syntergite 9/10 roughly trapezoidal, lateral margins rounded; gonocoxa 8 large, L-shaped to roughly quadrangular, posterior margin lined with 20-30 very short, stout setae; gonoplac mitten-shaped, lightly fused medially, each side bearing a thumb-like dorsal medial projection topped with roughly two setae, and a strongly sclerotized posteriorly projecting lobe covered with many setae. Discussion: In these taxa, the base of the medial process is greatly reduced giving the impression of the rami being inserted directly on the posterior rim of the pygophore (Fig. 2A–F). The rami are often broadly spaced from one another and render the medial process either V-shaped, as frequently observed in A. pipil (see Fig. 2C), or lyreshaped (most male A. venosus, Fig. 2E–F). Other than using coloration, females in this group are best diagnosed through association with males as their genital morphology appears to be less variable at the species-level. Identification key to the Apiomerus maya species group 1 Small species (11.5–12.5 mm), body and hemelytra predominantly dark brown, males with basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma short to moderate in length, broad, flat, and round or oblong.......................................... 2 - Medium to large species (14–19 mm), body and hemelytra variable in color (brown or black with light-colored markings on connexiva and corium, distal portion of membrane of hemelytra sometimes hyaline), males with basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma elongate, often slightly twisted apically, and paddle-shaped........................................ 3 2 Dorsal phallothecal sclerite of males without a pair of prominent triangular projections at its base, basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma of moderate length, oblong, and with fine sculpturing (Fig. 3A).......... A. immundus Bergroth, 1898 - Dorsal phallothecal sclerite of males with a pair of prominent triangular projections at its base (Figs 3B, F), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma short, round, and smooth or subtly striated longitudinally (Fig. 3B)....... A. maya Dispons, 1971 3 Quadrate cell of corium of hemelytra weakly delineated and is not completely outlined by light coloration (Fig. 1C), medial process of pygophore of males V-shaped with narrowly separated rami (Fig. 2C), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma relatively narrow and short, constricted at middle (Fig. 3C), dorsal endosomal surface with about 26 peg-like denticles (proximal denticles forming two orderly rows) (Fig. 3C)......................................... A. pipil Dispons, 1971 - Quadrate cell of corium of hemelytra outlined entirely (or strongly delineated on at least three sides) by light coloration (Fig. 1D), medial process of pygophore of males lyre-shaped with widely separated rami (Fig. 2E–F), basal dorsolateral sclerites of the endosoma relatively broad throughout, not constricted at middle, dorsal endosomal surface with about 40 peg-like denticles (proximal denticles clustered) (Fig. 3D).................................................. A. venosus Stål, 1872, Published as part of Masonick, Paul & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Taxonomic revision of the Apiomerus maya species group (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae), pp. 537-556 in Zootaxa 5154 (5) on pages 539-541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5154.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/6655680, {"references":["Bergroth, E. (1898) Description de deux Reduviides noveaux (Hemipt.). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France, 67, 307 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.3406 / bsef. 1898.22241","Dispons, P. (1971) Notes sur quelques Apiomerus Hahn de L'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique (HemipteraHeteroptera: Reduviidae, Apiomerinae). Bulletin de la l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, 47, 1 - 12.","Stal, C. (1872) Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till en forteckning ofver alla hittills kanda Hemiptera, Jemte Systematiska meddelanden. 2. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-akademiens Handlingar, 10 (4), 1 - 159."]}

Voconia loki sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BBC757E0-8E3F-4CCC-9B5F-8E7FA5FAB7A2 Figs 1���2, 3H, 8, 10, 20 Diagnosis This species most closely resembles two other Southeast Asian species, V. isosceles sp. nov. and V. lasiosoma sp. nov., due to the finely granulose head and pronotum; legs and antennae yellow; pronotum dark with contrasting yellow posterior margin; and relatively denser and longer setation. Voconia loki sp. nov. is smaller (about 8.3 mm long) than these two species. It is also recognized from V. isosceles sp. nov. by the stout Cu-An 1 cell (less than half the length of the M-Cu cell), brown membranal veins that form the Cu-An1 and M-Cu cells, and the postocular region brown having dark patches adjacent to the medial ocellar margin. Apart from its smaller size, this species is distinguished from V. lasiosoma sp. nov. by the almost entirely yellow proximal half of the corium, reddish-brown distal half of the corium instead of black, and yellow legs instead of a darker yellowish-brown. Etymology Named after the cunning trickster from Norse mythology and from the Marvel Comics��� character, Loki, since this specimen deceived and tricked authors in a previous study (Hwang & Weirauch 2012) who misidentified it as ��� Kayanocoris wegneri ��� (V. wegneri comb. nov.). A proper noun in apposition. Type material Holotype BRUNEI ��� ♂; Belait District, 21.5 km N of Labi on Labi Rd, Karanga Forest; 4.58244 �� N, 114.50508 �� E; elev. 40 m; 28 Jun. 2010; C. Weirauch and W. Hwang leg.; collecting event: BR10_L18; hand collected; low-elevation dipterocarp forest; DNA voucher R_CW 1590; USI: UCR_ENT 00052216; UCR. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 8.3 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head (Fig. 3H): light brown; clypeus yellow; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, yellow. Thorax: pronotum darker than head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; proximal half of corium mostly yellow with small black spot, distal half reddish-brown with distal yellow spot; membrane dark with proximally pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M proximally pale, veins forming Cu-An 1 cell pale. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: dark brown; dorsal laterotergites yellow. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum (Fig. 3H): finely granulose with dense, long macrosetae interspersed among sparse pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with strong macroseta, base not protruded laterally; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Hemelytron: corium with dense long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large and three small spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent, long macrosetae interspersed. STRUCTURE. Head (Fig. 3H): elongate, about 1.2 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 0.9 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and shorter than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view wider than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.5 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.7 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins almost straight; glabrous markings on pronotum conspicuous and not depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum deep, elongated longitudinally; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 20) This species is only known from the type locality in Brunei on the island of Borneo. Remarks The holotype is referred to as Kayanocoris wegneri R_CW 1590 in Hwang & Weirauch���s (2012) molecular phylogeny, where it is recovered as the sister taxon to all other species of Gerbelius., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 61-63, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636, {"references":["Hwang W. S. & Weirauch C. 2012. Evolutionary history of assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae): Insights from divergence dating and ancestral state reconstruction. PLoS ONE 7 (9): e 45523. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0045523"]}

Voconia isosceles sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 826EFBC8-FA03-42DA-8E5E-E0D4F29A5B66 Figs 1���2, 7, 9, 20 Diagnosis This species most closely resembles another Southeast Asian species, V. loki sp. nov., due to the finely granulose head and pronotum, yellow legs and antennae, dark pronotum with contrasting yellow posterior margin, and the proximal half of the corium being entirely yellow, distal half dark with small distal yellow spot. Voconia isosceles sp. nov. is slightly larger (about 8.8 mm long), the membranal veins forming the Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells are paler than the remainder of the membrane, and the postocular region is dark with a semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli. Etymology The specific epithet is the Latin adjective ��� isosceles, -, -���, which has the same meaning as its equivalent geometric term used in English for a triangle having at least two sides of equal length (also known as a golden triangle). Refers to the yellow or golden isosceles triangle on the proximal half of the corium. Type material Holotype PHILIPPINES ��� ♂; Mindanao, Gingoog City, Mts Or., Mt Pomalihi, 21 km W of Gingoog City; [8.81�� N, 124.92�� E]; elev. 800���1000 m; 16���18 Oct. 1965; H.M. Torrevillas leg.; light trap; USI: UCR_ENT 00073814; BPBM. Description Male (Figs 7, 9) BODY LENGTH. About 8.8 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with dark patches adjacent to medial ocellar margin, semicircular pale stripe encircling both ocelli; labium lighter than head, yellow. Thorax: as head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter, yellow; scutellum dark with contrasting yellow apical spine. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium proximal half yellow, distal half reddish-brown with yellow spot at distal apex; membrane brown with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins forming Cu-An 1 and M-Cu cells paler than remainder of membrane. Legs: yellow. Abdomen: dark brown ventrally; laterotergites light brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with dense, long macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with dense, short macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Hemelytron: corium with dense long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent, long macrosetae interspersed. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view about as long as eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.4 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and as long as clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view wider than maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, not narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view narrower than synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, surpassing posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.3 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum conspicuous and not depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, raised; anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs: fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Abdomen: anterior margin of terga prominently carinulate; terga II and III with paired prominent longitudinal carinae, almost reaching posterior margin of tergum III. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 20) This species is only known from the type locality in the Philippines. Remarks Based on the record of a Miridae specimen from the same collection event as the holotype, Mt Pomalihi is presumably in Mt Balatukan Range Natural Park. The type locality is also shared with V. bakeri sp. nov. Though V. isosceles sp. nov. and V. loki sp. nov. closely resemble each other, we are treating them as separate species because they were not recovered as closely related taxa in our analyses (Figs 1���2). This hypothesis should be further tested with additional material., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 54-56, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Voconia nyx sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 374635C1-1613-483F-A653-17F63F0C9545 Figs 1���2, 4F���H, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20 Diagnosis This species is most similar to other Southeast Asian species of Voconia with a finely granulose head and pronotum and abducted corium with yellow spots on the posteromedial and distal apex. Despite the similarity in color, V. nyx sp. nov. is larger than V. minima sp. nov. (about 10.0 mm long) and has uniformly brown legs. It is distinguished from V. bakeri sp. nov. by its uniformly brown dorsal laterotergites, pale stripe along the posterior margin of the pronotum, and the abducted corium with an anteroproximal yellowish-brown stripe. Etymology Named after the Greek primordial goddess of the night, Nyx. Refers to the dark legs and antennae of this species, which differ from those of a similar yet lighter colored species, Voconia hemera sp. nov., named after the goddess of day. A proper noun in apposition. Type material Holotype PHILIPPINES ��� ♂ (dissected pygophore and aedeagus in vial); Laguna, Mt Maquiling; [14.13 �� N, 121.20 �� E]; elev. 100 m; 28 Feb. 1949; A.E. Bigornia leg.; USI: AMNH_PBI 00170705; AMNH. Description Male (Figs 8, 10) BODY LENGTH. About 10.0 mm; macropterous. COLORATION. Head: dark brown; postocular region with pale patches adjacent to lateral ocellar margin; labium lighter than head, brown. Thorax (Fig. 4F): as head; posterior pronotal lobe with posterior margin lighter; scutellum uniformly dark brown. Hemelytron (abducted): clavus dark reddish-brown with distal yellow stripe; corium dark reddish-brown with yellowish-brown stripe on anteroproximal margin, posteromedial and distal yellow spots; membrane dark with pale V-shaped marking along R and M veins; membranal veins R and M pale. Legs: dark reddish-brown. Abdomen: dark reddish-brown; dorsal laterotergites dark brown. INTEGUMENT AND VESTITURE. Head and pronotum: finely granulose with sparse, long macrosetae interspersed among dense pubescence; interocular region with two pairs of macrosetae paramedially; antennifer with short lateral setigerous tubercle; morphologically ventral surface of labium with sparse, long macrosetae. Thorax: anterolateral angles of pronotal collar with macrosetae; scutellar lateral carinae with long setation. Legs: posterior row of protuberances on mid and hind femora with three large spines on distal half and three or fewer small spines. Abdomen: ventral surface pubescent. STRUCTURE. Head: elongate, about 1.3 times as long as wide; anteocular region about one third of head length, about as long as postocular region (measured to anterior margin of neck); postocular region in dorsal view shorter than eye, lateral margins gently rounded; pedicel about 1.2 times length of head width; maxillary plates ellipsoidal, adjacent to and longer than clypeus; apices of maxillary plates in dorsal view directed straight; clypeus in dorsal view about as wide as maxillary plates; clypeal apex round, narrowed; interocular glabrous markings anterolaterally curved, joined at interocular sulcus paramedially; interocular sulcus in dorsal view bent anteromedially, subtriangular; eye width in dorsal view about as wide as synthlipsis; eye reaching ventral head margin in lateral view; ventrolateral swelling of buccula without lateral protrusion that surpasses buccular margin, flat margin; labial segment I in lateral view straight, not reaching posteroventral eye margin; morphologically dorsal surface of labial segment II nearly straight, about 0.6 times length of segment I. Thorax: pronotal collar in dorsal view narrow medially with anterolateral angles short, projected forward; anterior pronotal lobe about 0.6 times length of posterior pronotal lobe, lateral margins rounded; glabrous markings on pronotum thin and not deeply depressed; median apodeme depression of pronotum shallow, elongated transversely; scutellar spine long, raised (Fig. 4F); anteriad-directed process of prosternum smoothly rounded, without paramedial lobes; anterior margin of stridulitrum not elongated into protuberance; proepimeron with acute protuberance on posteroventral margin. Legs (Fig. 4G���H): fossula spongiosa present on fore and mid legs. Pygophore (Fig. 12): transverse bridge with triangular posterior margin; posterior region of ventral surface of pygophore in lateral view with large swelling; short median apical process bent posteriorly in lateral view; lateral pygophore margin with protuberance; posterior pygophore margin with clustered macrosetae on protuberance; parameres sinusoidal, apex tapered into squarely rounded tip. Aedeagus (Fig. 14): endosoma almost entirely covered with spicules; apex of dorsal phallothecal sclerite tongue-shaped in dorsal view; basal plate extension 4.6 times as long as wide. Female Unknown. Distribution (Fig. 17) This species is only known from the type locality on the Philippine island of Luzon. Remarks The holotype locality of Mt Maquiling is about 10 km from the holotype locality of V. hemera sp. nov. at Los Ba��os., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 69-70, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636

Gerbelius sp. 1 Material examined LAOS ��� 1 ♀; Vientiane Prov., Houayang Nat. Park; 18.09815 �� N, 102.67535 �� E; elev. 180 m; 19���20 Jun. 2008; A. Solodovnikov and J. Pedersen leg.; collecting event: LAO08-2G; mostly secondary rainforest; DNA voucher specimen R_CW 0705; USI: UCR_ENT 00052189; UCR. THAILAND ��� 1 ♀; Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam; 15.63553 �� N, 101.3987 �� E; elev. 698 m; 11���18 Aug. 2006; Katae Sa-nog and Buakaw Adnafai leg.; collecting event: T444; ecotone between mix deciduous/ dry dipterocarp; DNA voucher specimen R_CW 1185; USI: UCR_ENT 00002541; UCR., Published as part of Castillo, Stephanie, R��dei, D��vid & Weirauch, Christiane, 2022, Pseudocetherinae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) revisited: phylogeny and taxonomy of the lobe-headed bugs, pp. 1-95 in European Journal of Taxonomy 788 (1) on pages 26-27, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.788.1625, http://zenodo.org/record/5846636