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Introduction The purpose of this study was to identify the relation of daily prosthesis usage time (DPUT) of individuals with amputation with quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. Methods The research was carried out on 125 individuals with amputation. Prosthetic-related parameters were searched, as well as demographic data. A generic (Nottingham Health Profile [NHP]) questionnaire and a questionnaire specific to individuals with amputation (Trinity Amputation and Prosthesis Experience Scales [TAPES]) QoL measurements were used. Results Ninety-one males and 28 females with a mean age of 42.4 ± 14.7 years participated in the study. The average DPUT was 11.1 ± 4.4 hrs/d. Study results showed that there was significant correlation between both of the QoL questionnaires (NHP and TAPES) and DPUT. High correlation was determined between DPUT and NHP total score and NHP-Pain, and very high correlation was found between DPUT and NHP-Physical Activity subscale. A moderate negative correlation was found between DPUT and NHP-Energy Level, NHP-Emotional Reaction, NHP-Social Isolation, and NHP-Sleep. A moderate negative correlation was found between DPUT and TAPES-Activity Restriction. A high correlation was found between DPUT and residual limb pain, prosthetic satisfaction, time interval after amputation, and number of prosthetic fittings. A moderate correlation was found between DPUT and walking aids, whereas a poor relationship was shown between phantom pain and DPUT. Conclusions This study showed that "the average DPUT"may be used in terms of short assessment of QoL of individuals with amputation. The outcomes of this study pointed out that especially prosthetic-related parameters affected the QoL in individuals with amputation. In problems resulting from routine assessment and questionnaires having so many items, a single-item question, "the average DPUT,"may be used effectively in a shorter period and is helpful for organizing a rehabilitation program. Clinical Relevance A single-item question, "The average daily prosthesis usage time (DPUT),"be used effectively in a shorter assessment of quality of life of individuals with amputation and is helpful for organizing a rehabilitation program. © Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Convergent validity and responsiveness to change of the single-item physical activity measure were assessed in adults aged 60 years and older, at baseline (n = 205) and 6 months (n = 177) of a health promotion program, Choose to Move. Spearman correlations were used to examine associations between physical activity as measured by the single-item measure and the Community Health Activities Model Program for Seniors (CHAMPS) questionnaire at baseline and for 6-month change in all participants and for sex and age (60–74 years, and ≥75 years) subgroups. Effect size assessed responsiveness to change in physical activity for both tools. Baseline physical activity by the single-item measure correlated moderately with physical activity by the CHAMPS questionnaire in all participants and subgroups. Correlations were weaker for change in physical activity. Effect size for physical activity change was larger for the single-item measure than for the CHAMPS questionnaire. The single-item measure is a valid, pragmatic tool for use in intervention and scale-up studies with older adults.

In this paper, an efficient O ( n 2 ) algorithm is proposed to solve a special case of single-item lot-sizing problems (SILSP) in which both the production and holding costs are piecewise linear, there is an all-unit discount with one breakpoint for the production cost, and the inventory is bounded. The algorithm is based on a key structural property that may be of more general interest, that of a just-in-time ordering policy. Finally, we show that when the problem is extended to two items, it is NP-complete.

Attitudes toward multiculturalism in educational contexts – i.e., multicultural attitudes – are desirable qualities for good teaching practices. Unfortunately, little is known about the antecedents of prospective teachers’ multicultural attitudes. Before this backdrop, we argue that prospective teachers’ multicultural ideology, national pride, and intergroup contact are related to their multicultural attitudes. Studying these relationships can offer valuable insights for initial teacher education programs. We assessed prospective teachers’ (n = 72) multicultural attitudes (adapted version of the Teachers’ Multicultural Attitude Survey), multicultural ideology (Multicultural Ideology Scale), national pride (single item from large scale studies) and intergroup contact (experiences in multicultural classrooms and intergroup friendship). Results showed that higher multicultural ideology and lower national pride were related to more positive multicultural attitudes. We found no such relation for intergroup contact. Based on these new insights into prospective teachers’ multicultural attitudes, we argue that initial teacher education programs should reinforce and develop prospective teachers’ multicultural ideology and consider the role of national pride.

Purpose The primary objective was to determine the feasibility of implementing the TrueNTH SHAReClinic as a pan-Canadian sexual health and rehabilitation intervention for patients treated for localized prostate cancer. Methods The feasibility study was designed to evaluate the accessibility and acceptability of the intervention. Participants from five institutions across Canada were enrolled to attend one pre-treatment and five follow-up online clinic visits over 1 year following their prostate cancer (PC) treatment. Results Sixty-five patients were enrolled in the intervention. Website analytics revealed that 71% completed the intervention in its entirety, including the educational modules, with an additional 10% completing more than half of the intervention. Five thousand eighty-three views of the educational modules were made along with 654 views of the health library items. Over 1500 messages were exchanged between participants and their sexual health coaches. At 12 months, the intervention received an overall average participant rating of 4.1 out of 5 on a single item satisfaction measure. Conclusion Results support the TrueNTH SHAReClinic as highly acceptable to participants as defined by intervention adherence and engagement. The TrueNTH SHAReClinic demonstrated promise for being a feasible and potentially resource-efficient approach to effectively improving the sexual well-being of patients after PC treatment.

Purpose/Objective: This study examined the clinical utility of a single item for anxiety from the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) in determining the need for mental health referral for veterans with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research Method/Design: Three hundred eighty veterans referred for TBI evaluation were administered the NSI and a common anxiety screening measure (Beck Anxiety Inventory; BAI). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to determine ideal BAI total cutoff scores for a single item of the NSI pertaining to anxiety (i.e., “anxious or tense”). Results Using multiclass ROC curve analyses, NSI scores of 3 and 4 for the sample were comparable to scores of 11 and 22 on the BAI, respectively. Post hoc ROC curve analyses were then conducted on the sample after removal of potentially invalid NSI protocols (i.e., Validity-10 scores greater than 22), and NSI scores 3 and 4 corresponded with scores of 11 and 20, respectively. Conclusion/Implications A minimum score of 3 (severe) on the NSI item was deemed sufficient to indicate the need for further mental health referral without warranting additional screening for anxiety. Further analyses also revealed that removal of positive Validity-10 protocols did not significantly change ROC curve findings, suggesting that the particular NSI item for anxiety can still be used for clinical purposes despite an otherwise invalid protocol. Implications for treatment and recommendations pertaining to when additional screening might be required are discussed.

This study aimed to assess the utility of a single survey item to predict the impact of burnout on safety and quality of healthcare providers as perceived by their colleagues. The primary objective is to determine if the item predicts the frequency of patient safety event reports within certain clinical departments. The secondary objective will be to determine if there is an acceptable cutoff score for the item which predicts low versus high numbers of safety events reported by healthcare providers in each clinical department. Participants were 424 healthcare providers in an academic medical center in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The item was designed to assess for the perception of the impact of burnout on work in terms of quality or safety using a 5-point Likert scale. Data from a patient safety event reporting system was accessed for the year of survey completion (2017). A negative binomial regression was used to assess the ability of the item to predict reported patient safety event reports. The item was found to significantly predict objective safety event data. Sensitivity and specificity, as well as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses, were conducted to determine appropriateness of cutoff scores to identify low- and high-risk clinical departments. The item was found to demonstrate adequate sensitivity (82%) using a cutoff score of 4 on the survey item. However, the area under the curves (AUCs) which assess diagnostic accuracy fell in the poor range. These results suggest that healthcare administrators could deploy this single item as a brief pulse or screener of teams of individuals who are within a work unit and use a cutoff score of 4 as a means to assess for hot spots where healthcare provider burnout may be putting patients at high risk in terms of safety. Correction: This article was corrected on June 4, 2021, to fix a numerical error in the x-axis of Figure 1.

Behavioral economics has shown that single-item demand indicators are promising for capturing crucial aspects of nicotine reinforcement. It is suggested that brief breakpoint measures perform comparably to full-length demand indices in characterizing nicotine dependence; however, there have been no thorough assessments of their validity in clinical settings. This study aimed to assess the validity and accuracy of a single-item breakpoint in informing on tobacco demand. The sample consisted of 88 treatment-seeking smokers (% males = 70.5%) enrolled in substance use treatment. Participants provided data on smoking characteristics and completed the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, a single-item breakpoint measure and a 14-item cigarette purchase task (CPT). Hierarchical regressions were performed to compare the predictive capability of a single-item breakpoint and full-length tobacco demand indicators in determining nicotine addiction severity. The single-item breakpoint was significantly correlated with all indices stemmed from the CPT and both latent factors (all r values = .250–.368). Neither the brief breakpoint nor the full-length breakpoint significantly predicted nicotine dependence. After controlling for sex and smoking variables, factor 2 [β = .565, p

Background As the implementation of sensor-based assessment for sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) has practical limitations when applied on a large-scale, most studies rely on subjective data. We aimed to examine the criterion validity of a single-item question to assess daily breaks in ST and other PA-related outcomes for the first time using sensor-based data as the criterion. Methods In a sample of 858 adults, breaks in ST and other PA-related parameters were assessed through sensor-based accelerometry and subjective data, which included a comprehensive questionnaire with a specific question (‘During the day, do you usually sit for a long time in a row or interrupt frequently?’) with a three-level closed answer. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to determine the agreement between the single-item question and sensor-based data. Results Positive correlations were found for self-reported breaks in ST with sensor-based breaks in ST in both women (ρ=0.37; 95% CI=0.29–0.44) and men (ρ=0.15; 95% CI=0.04–0.26). Self-reported breaks in ST were inversely correlated with ST in women (ρ =−0.33; 95% CI=−0.40 to 0.25). For both sexes, self-reported breaks in ST showed a positive correlation with light-intensity PA (ρ=0.39; 95% CI=0.31–0.46 women; ρ=0.13; 95% CI=0.02–0.24 men), however, positive correlations between self-reported breaks in ST and moderate-to-vigorous PA (ρ=0.13; 95% CI=0.02–0.24) were found only in men. Conclusions Our single-item question can be used as an indication for ranking people’s breaks in ST during the waking day, although acknowledging that some misclassification will occur, especially in men. There must be an effort to include this question in future national and international surveys to replicate these findings.

Objective We tested the construct validity and responsiveness of a single-item instrument for measuring absolute presenteeism-the single-item presenteeism question (SPQ). Methods Two self-report questionnaire surveys were conducted among employees of 24 small- or medium-sized companies (N = 1021) concerning the recognized predictors of presenteeism-absenteeism, subjective health risks, work engagement, and workplace social capital. Responsiveness was measured by determining whether changes in the presence of predictors between the surveys were accompanied by commensurate changes in SPQ presenteeism. Results SPQ presenteeism exhibited significant associations with the predictors, denoting adequate construct validity. Regarding responsiveness, unfavorable changes in most predictors were associated with increased SPQ presenteeism, as expected. Conclusions We confirmed the construct validity and responsiveness of the SPQ-an instrument that can be employed to promote workplace health and productivity management.

Collecting real-world evidence via ‘at home’ assessments in ambulatory patients or healthy volunteers is becoming increasingly important, both for research purposes and in clinical practice. However, given the mobile technology that is frequently used for these assessments, concise assessments are preferred. The current study compared single-item ratings with multiple-item subscale scores of the same construct, by calculating the corresponding Bland and Altman 95% limits of agreement interval. The analysis showed that single-item ratings are usually in good agreement with assessments of their corresponding subscale. In the case of more complex multimodal constructs, single-item assessments were much less often in agreement with multiple-item questionnaire outcomes. The use of single-item assessments is advocated as they more often incorporate assessments of all aspects of a certain construct (including the presence, severity, and impact of the construct under investigation) compared to composite symptom scores.

Background Prevalence of electronic health records (EHRs) has significantly increased, and EHRs are a known contributor to clinician burnout. However, it is unknown whether the use of multifunctional EHRs is associated with nurse practitioner (NP) burnout in primary care practices. This is a major gap in the literature because 69% of practicing NPs deliver primary care services to patients. Purpose This study aimed to investigate whether the use of multifunctional EHRs is associated with primary care NP burnout. Method This study is a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data collected from NPs in two states (Pennsylvania and New Jersey). Nurse practitioners completed surveys measuring burnout, use of multifunctional EHRs, demographics, and characteristics of their practice. Use of multifunctional EHRs was operationalized using two items-computerized capabilities and electronic reminder systems. Burnout was measured using a validated, single item asking NPs to self-report their feelings of burnout. A multilevel cox regression model was built to test for associations between the use of multifunctional EHRs and NP burnout. Results Of 396 NPs included, 25.3% reported burnout. The use of multifunctional EHRs did not increase primary care NP burnout (risk ratio = 0.30, 95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.71, p = .01). Implications for practice With 25.3% of NPs burned out, it is imperative to reduce NP burnout. However, computerized capabilities and electronic reminder systems did not contribute to feelings of NP burnout. Future research examining other EHR components is needed to understand which features of the EHR contribute to NP burnout.

Conditional multi‐item promotions are a prevalent marketing tactic whereby consumers have to buy a certain number of products to get a discount. This paper examines how framing a multi‐item promotion in terms of savings on multiple items versus a single item (e.g., “buy two, get X% off on both” vs. “buy two, get 2X% off on the cheaper item”) affects consumers’ decision‐making and product choices. Two laboratory studies and a field study at a boutique clothing store demonstrate that the “2X% on cheaper” framing makes consumers more likely to select similarly priced primary and secondary items. This strategy is driven by increased focus on promotional savings under the “2X% on cheaper” framing, which leads consumers to spend more on their secondary items. Overall, this research shows how a subtle change in the framing of multi‐item promotions changes consumers’ product selection strategies and shopping basket composition.

Score Predictor Factor Analysis (SPFA) was introduced as a method to compute factor score predictors that are – under some conditions – more highly correlated with the common factors resulting from...

Background OPTION5 is a scale used to evaluate shared decision making (SDM) in health care from an observer’s perspective; however, to date, there is no simplified Chinese version of this scale. Objectives This study aims to produce a simplified Chinese version of the OPTION5 scale and to test its psychometric properties. Methods One rater observed and audio-recorded consultations between general practitioners (GPs) and chronically ill patients in a Beijing community health service center (CHSC) from May to June 2019. Meanwhile, demographic data of the patients and GPs were collected via information forms. Two raters assessed inter- and intra-rater reliability by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and weighted Cohen’s Kappa values. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s α value. Concurrent was calculated by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. Results A total of 209 consultations were recorded and evaluated. As concerns inter-rater reliability, the ICC of the OPTION5 was 0.859 on the total score level, with Cohen’s weighted k ranging from 0.376 (item 5) to 0.649 (item 2) on the single item level. With regard to intra-rater reliability, the ICC was 0.945 on the total score level, with Cohen’s weighted k ranging from 0.469 (item 5) to 0.883 (item1) on the single item level. Cronbach’s α value of all 5 items amounted to 0.746. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient between OPTION5 and OPTION12 for Chinese versions was 0.660. Conclusions The simplified Chinese version of the OPTION5 scale, developed using stringent translation procedures, demonstrated satisfactory psychometric characteristics. Specifically, inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were excellent, while criterion validity was moderate. The simplified Chinese version of the OPTION5 scale can be implemented in clinical settings to evaluate SDM of treatment during consultations between GPs and chronically ill patients.

The use of single-item (SI) measures to operationalise a construct has endured extensive methodological critique, and its practical advantages over multiple-item (MI) measures pale in comparisons to the theoretical advantages of MI measures. Among constructs that have been operationalised with a single item, job satisfaction remains one of the favourites, although empirical knowledge about its validity is limited to data derived from management, marketing and human resources fields. Little is known about its validity among human service professionals. Using two cross-sectional surveys, the present article describes validity of SI versus MI measures of job satisfaction in predicting life satisfaction and turnover intention among social workers across organisations and professional specialisations, including supervisors, managers and administrators. Results in both studies suggested that SI measure of job satisfaction was methodologically and analytically suitable for examining job-related outcomes. It established convergent validity with MI job satisfaction measures and discriminant validity with job dissatisfaction measures. It demonstrated comparable demographic outcomes, association and predictive relationship with life satisfaction and turnover intention in the same magnitude as MI job satisfaction. It accounted for comparable variance in life satisfaction and turnover intention and generated bivariate, multivariate and mediation model outcomes that are systematically similar to those of MI job satisfaction measures. The article stipulates conditions for the use of SI job satisfaction measures, offers suggestions about how to resolve methodological impasse in choosing between SI and MI measures, and concludes with recommendations that include criteria for choosing between SI and MI measures for research.

Aim The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of two single-item self-report (SR) questions to assess physical inactivity in patients with heart failure (HF). Methods and results This is a cross-sectional study using data from 106 patients with HF equipped with accelerometers for 1 week each. Two SR items relating to physical activity were also collected. Correlations between accelerometer activity counts and the SR items were analysed. Patients were classified as physically active or inactive on the basis of accelerometer counts, and the SR items were used to try to predict that classification. Finally, patients were classified as having high self-reported physical activity or low self-reported physical activity, on the basis of the SR items, and the resulting groups were analysed for differences in actual physical activity. There were significant but weak correlations between the SR items and accelerometer counts: rho = 0.24, P = 0.016 for SR1 and rho = 0.21, P = 0.033 for SR2. Using SR items to predict whether a patient was physically active or inactive produced an area under the curve of 0.62 for SR1, with a specificity of 92% and a sensitivity of 30%. When dividing patients into groups on the basis of SR1, there was a significant difference of 1583 steps per day, or 49% more steps in the high self-reported physical activity group (P < 0.001). Conclusions There might be utility in the single SR question for high-specificity screening of large populations to identify physically inactive patients in order to assign therapeutic interventions efficiently where resources are limited. Funding Agencies|Swedish National Science Council [K2013-69X-22302-01-3, 2016-01390]; Swedish National Science Council/Swedish research council for health, working life and welfare, VR-FORTE [2014-4100]; Swedish Heart and Lung AssociationSwedish Heart-Lung Foundation [E085/12]; Swedish Heart and Lung FoundationSwedish Heart-Lung Foundation [20130340, 20160439]; Vardal Foundation [2014-0018]; Medical Research Council of Southeast Sweden [FORSS 474681]

The maintenance of information in visual working memory has been shown to bias the concurrent processing in favor of matching visual input. The present study aimed to examine whether this bias can act at an early stage of processing to enhance target feature perception in single-item displays. Participants were sequentially presented with two distinct colored stimuli as memory samples and a retro-cue indicating which of the two samples should be maintained for subsequent memory test. During the retention interval, they had to discriminate the gap orientation of a Landolt target presented through a single visual stimulus that could match one or neither of the two samples. Across two experiments, we consistently found that discrimination performance was more accurate when the Landolt target was situated within a stimulus that matched the sample being retained in visual working memory, as compared with when the target was not. This effect cannot be attributed to the mechanism of passive priming, because we failed to observe priming effects when the stimulus containing the target matched the sample that was retro-cued to be irrelevant to the working memory task, as compared to when the stimulus matched neither sample. Given the fact that target stimuli were presented in single-item displays wherein external noise was precluded, the present findings demonstrate that the working memory bias of visual attention operating in the absence of stimulus competition facilitates early perceptual processing at the attended location via signal enhancement.

Purpose The self-rated health (SRH) item is frequently used in health surveys but variations of its form (wording, response options) may hinder comparisons between versions over time or across surveys. The objectives were to determine (a) whether three SRH forms are equivalent, (b) the form with the best construct validity and (c) the best coding scheme to maximize equivalence across forms. Methods We used data from 58,023 respondents of the Swiss Health Survey. Three SRH forms were used. Response options varied across forms and we explored four coding schemes (two considering SRH as continuous, two as dichotomous). Construct validity of the SRH was assessed using 34 health predictors to estimate the explained variance. Results Distributions of response options were similar across SRH forms, except for the “good” and “very good” options (“good” in form 1: 58.6%, form 2: 65.0% and form 3: 44.1%). Explained variances differed across SRH forms, with form 3 providing the best overall explained variance, regardless of coding schemes. The linear coding scheme maximised the equivalence across SRH forms. Conclusion The three SRH forms were not equivalent in terms of construct validity. Studies examining the evolution of SRH over time with surveys using different forms should use the linear coding scheme to maximise equivalence between SRH forms.

Introduction The primary objective of this study was to identify the single question on the Maslach Burnout Inventory – Educator Survey (MBI-ES) that correlated with high emotional exhaustion (EE) among pharmacy practice faculty. Methods We analyzed data collected from the electronic administration of the MBI-ES to faculty at United States (US) colleges and schools of pharmacy in 2014. For our primary outcome, we used Spearman's rho correlation (rs) to identify a single question on the MBI-ES that was highly correlated with high EE (one of three subscales of MBI-ES). We calculated likelihood ratio statistics for each level of the item with the largest rs with total EE, then converted those to adjusted predicted probabilities of high EE. De-identified data were collected via Qualtrics version 60949 (Provo, Utah) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 22.0 (Armonk, NY). Results The single item, “I feel emotionally drained from my work” (rs = 0.833, p = 0.01), was most correlated with high EE score on the MBI-ES. Faculty who reported “I feel emotionally drained from my work” once per week and few times per week had 62.8% and 93% chance of having high EE, respectively. Conclusion The single item that was most highly correlated with EE may be used for further evaluation of faculty who may be at risk for burnout. Interventions for reducing burnout among pharmacy practice faculty are critically needed for sustaining our pool of faculty.

Tractors play a crucial role within the mechanization of Indian agriculture. The farm power and machinery jointly represent the most important single item of expenditure constituting about 60% of the overall investment on a farm. Tractor industries play a very important role because the agriculture sector contains a major contribution to India’s GDP. This study was concerned with a view to gathering information regarding status and tractor utilization pattern implement wise, at the farmers' level. The study was confined to the Pusa block of the Samastipur district of Bihar state. By personal interview employing a structured questionnaire, 34 respondents were selected from the 17 villages. the maximum intensity of tractors was in village Bishanpur Dimangra (8.46%) followed by Narayanpur Khairi (5.46 %), and Madhopur Khairi (4.46%). Among the available 30-35hp tractors, the maximum tractor 26.82% were owned by Marginal farmer followed by 14.63% Small farmer and 14.63% Semi medium farmer each. within the 36-40hp group of tractors, the maximum percent of owners were Semi medium farmer (21.95%) and followed Small farmer (9.75%). the foremost popular tractor power range was 30-35hp with (51.21%) followed by 36-40hp with (43.9%) and not popular greater than 40 hp tractor within the study area. Maximum use of cultivator found among different categories of farmers was marginal farmers which were (36.1.%) whereas the minimum use by medium farmers (16.6%). The study reveals that the tractor is principally used for seedbed preparation by all categories of farmers followed by transportation and threshing.

Prior research focusing on social anxiety and impairment in friendships has explored the role of specific behaviors within friendships, such as receiving favors from a friend, in its relation to social anxiety symptoms and friendship quality. In a prior study, we examined three types of reactions to favors (negative reactions to favors, positive reactions to favors, and expectation of tit-for-tat behavior) and explored how these reactions relate to social anxiety, which resulted in the creation of the Favor Scale, a measure of an individual’s response to friendly giving. In the current study, we explore the psychometric properties of the Favor Scale in a sample of individuals with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) and a sample of healthy controls (NOSAD). Results largely replicated the three-factor structure of the Favor Scale (with the removal of a single item in the GSAD group) and findings suggested both tit-for-tat behavior and negative reactions to favors are elevated in GSAD individuals compared to NOSAD individuals.

In five experiments, we established and explored the contrast diversity effect-the effect of diversity of negative evidence on inductive inferences drawn from a single observation of a target exemplar. In Experiments 1 through 3, we show that increasing the diversity of negative evidence in a contrasting category led people to infer that a target exemplar corresponded to a higher level category and led to greater generalization of a novel property associated with the target. Further, we demonstrated two boundary conditions in which the effect only occurred when the negative evidence was consistent with a higher level category that both united the contrast exemplars and distinguished them from the target (Experiment 4) and when the negative evidence and the target shared an obvious parent category (Experiment 5). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that increasing the diversity of negative evidence alone increases generalization from a target so long as the negative evidence is drawn from a single contrast category that excludes, but shares a common parent with, the target. Implications for general theories of induction are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Consider a fundamental problem in microeconomics: selling a single item to a number of potential buyers, who independently draw their values from regular and publicly known distributions. There are four mechanisms widely studied in the literature and widely used in practice: Myerson Auction (OPT), Sequential Posted Pricing (SPM), Second-Price Auction with Anonymous Reserve (AR) , and Anonymous Pricing (AP). OPT is revenue-optimal but complicated, which also experiences several practical issues such as fairness. AP is the simplest mechanism, but also generates the lowest revenue among these four mechanisms. SPM and AR are of intermediate complexity and revenue. A quantitative approach to comparing the relative power of these mechanisms is to study their revenue gaps, each of which is defined as the largest ratio between the revenues from a pair of mechanisms. This letter surveys some recent developments on establishing tight revenue gaps, and highlights some open questions.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the single item measure (SIM) to detect change in PA when compared to hip-worn accelerometry. A secondary aim was to provide further data on validity of the measure at a single time point.MethodsValidity of the SIM to determine the number of days of ≥30 minutes of accelerometer-derived moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was assessed in 120 participants (78% female, 19% male, 3% other; age: 46 ± 11 years). Analysis of change was based on change in the number of days that participants completed ≥30 minutes of MVPA determined by the SIM and accelerometry over two 7-day periods in 90 participants (age: 47±11 years). Accelerometer data were analysed as total minutes of MVPA per day (MVPA-total) and as sustained bouts of 10 minutes or more of MVPA (MVPA-bouts). Validity of the SIM to detect change in MVPA, using accelerometer data as the reference measurement, was examined through Spearman's correlation and agreement in classification of change between SIM and accelerometry. Responsiveness to change was assessed by standardised response means and Cohen's d.ResultsStandardised response means for PA change were moderate for the SIM (0.77), MVPA-total (0.57) and MVPA-bouts (0.79). The correlation for change in number of days ≥30 minutes MVPA between the SIM and accelerometry were small to moderate (MVPA-total: r = 0.36 and MVP-bouts: r = 0.40). The SIM displayed moderate accuracy (60%-63%), using accelerometer data as the reference measurement, in detecting increases in days ≥30 minutes of MVPA.ConclusionThe SIM is a potentially useful assessment tool for evaluating change in MVPA, particularly when device-based measures or longer self-report measures are not feasible.

espanolEl estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la variable latente preocupacion por el cancer (PPC) sobre la medida de item unico Cancer Worry Chart (CWC) a traves del metodo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Participaron 165 adultos sanos con historia familiar de cancer (Medad= 40.25 anos; DE= 12.99), que asistian a la consulta externa de instituciones de salud de Peru. El CWC presenta un predominio de respuestas que expresan una menor preocupacion por el cancer (M= 2.27; DE = .98). El uso de SEM, reporta indices de ajuste muy buenos para el modelo (SB-χ2 = .0051; gl = 1; p = .943; CFI = 1.00; RMSEA [IC90%] = .00 [.00, .04]; SRMR = .007), con una carga factorial de .949 y comunalidad de .90. El constructo PPC explica el 90% de la variabilidad de los puntajes del CWC. Este hallazgo brinda evidencia complementaria de validez de constructo del CWC. EnglishDimensionality of a single item of cancer worry through structural equation models.The study aims to analyze the influence of the latent variable cancer concern (PPC) on the measurement of the single item Cancer Worry Chart (CWC) through the method of structural equations (SEM). 165 healthy adults with a family history of cancer participated (Mage= 40.25 years; SD= 12.99), who attended the outpatient clinic of health institutions in Peru. The CWC has a predominance of responses that express less concern about cancer (M= 2.27; SD= .98). The use of SEM reports very good adjustment rates for the model (SB-χ2 = .0051; gl = 1; p= .943; CFI = 1.00; RMSEA [IC90%] = .00 [.00, .04]; SRMR = .007), with a factor load of .949 and communality of .90. The PPC construct explains 90% of the variability of the CWC scores. This finding provides complementary evidence of CWC construct validity.

Single-item questions assessing patient satisfaction following total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) provide immediate and comprehensible information. However, they have limited reliability as satisfaction as a concept is influenced by factors unrelated to surgery. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate variation in pain, function and joint awareness relative to the patients’ satisfaction response following THA/TKA. We analysed absolute and improvement scores on the Oxford Knee or Hip score (OKS or OHS) and the Forgotten Joint Score-12 (FJS-12) across satisfaction groups. Patient-reported outcome measures were assessed prior to surgery and at 12-month follow-up. Postoperative satisfaction was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale single-item question. We analysed data from 434 TKA patients (mean age 70.4 ± 9.2 years; 54.8% female) and 247 THA patients (mean age 67.3 ± 11.8 years; 57.5% female). Satisfied or very satisfied patients showed higher absolute scores and better improvement in function, pain and joint awareness at 12 months (both, p

In spine surgery single item patient-reported outcome assessment has been used for many years. Items 1 and 2 of SF-36 are used for assessment of general health. We used these items to explore single item, self-rated, general health assessment after spine surgery. Patients operated for lumbar disc herniation or lumbar spinal stenosis between 2007 and 2017, were recruited from the national Swedish spine register. A total of 16,910 procedures were eligible for analysis. The responsiveness of the SF-36 general health assessment items to surgical treatment was evaluated with the standardized response mean (SRM). Improvement in self-rated general health was used to dichotomize SF-36 profiles and EQ VAS distributions. For disc herniation, 5852 (83%) patients reported improvement in general health 1 year after surgery. For spinal stenosis, the corresponding numbers were 6,482 (66%). The additional improvement after year 1 was small. The responsiveness of the SF-36 item 2 (the health transition item) to surgical treatment of disc herniation or spinal stenosis was substantial. There was a clear association between improvement in SF-36 item 2 and improvements in all domains of SF-36. Surgery for disc herniation or spinal stenosis improve patients’ perception of general health 1 year after surgery. The improvement in general health after year 1 is limited. The SF-36 item 2 is a responsive measure of self-rated general health that may be used for dichotomization of SF-36 and EQ VAS data when evaluating surgical outcome in spine surgery.

Months after healing, a number of COVID-19 syndrome survivors are affected by both psychological and physical limitations. They are mainly troubled with long-term fatigue, which is a crucial aspect of Long Covid syndrome. This paper aims to investigate the level and persistency of fatigue among COVID-19 survivors from the first wave of the pandemic in Western Liguria and to elucidate the role of gender, age, and lifestyle. It also provides data to the scientific community to help drawing a consistent picture of Long Covid syndrome. The patients were requested to fill a Fatigue Assessment Questionnaire twice: (i) a few weeks after discharge from hospital or home confinement and (ii) a few months later. Statistical analysis was carried out on the global scores and on the score for every single item of the questionnaire. The outcome of the two questionnaires were analyzed separately and compared. Females are more affected by fatigue than males. This results holds for both physical and mental fatigue. All the males’ fatigue scores were reduced at the second control, while 40% of females worsened it. Home-confined patients showed a higher fatigue score at the first check. In the initial stages of the recovery, patients are more affected by physical, rather than mental, fatigue. This is worth of further investigation as well as the reasons leading to a higher initial fatigue score for home cared patients.

Burnout is an important occupational hazard and early detection is paramount in preventing negative sequelae in physicians, patients, and healthcare systems. Several screening tools have been developed to replace lengthy diagnostic tools for large-scale screening, however, comprehensive head–to–head evaluation for performance and accuracy are lacking. The primary objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of five burnout screening tools, including a novel rapid burnout screening tool (RBST). This was a cross-sectional study involving 493 hospital staff (anaesthesiology and intensive care doctors, nurses, and ancillary staff) at the COVID-19 frontline across four hospitals in Singapore between December 2020 and April 2021. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was used as the reference standard. Five burnout screening tools, the single-item MBI measure of burnout (SI-MBI), dual-item MBI (DI-MBI), abbreviated MBI (aMBI), Single Item Burnout Question (SIBOQ), and the RBST, were administered via a 36-item online survey. Tools were administered simultaneously and responses were anonymised. Burnout prevalence was 19.9%. The RBST and the SI-MBI had the two highest accuracies (87.8% and 81.9% respectively) and AUROC scores (0.86, 95% CI: 0.83–0.89 and 0.86, 95% CI: 0.82–0.89 respectively). However, the accuracy of the RBST was significantly higher than the SI-MBI (p &lt, 0.0001), and it had the highest positive likelihood ratio (+LR = 7.59, 95% CI 5.65–10.21). Brief screening tools detect burnout albeit with a wide range of accuracy. This can strain support services and resources. The RBST is a free screening tool that can detect burnout with a high degree of accuracy.

Researchers use ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to study a range of behaviors related to psychopathology. However, it is unclear whether brief measures of coping behaviors accurately capture the intended responses. In this secondary analysis of a single-case experimental design, eight individuals with borderline personality disorder ( Mage = 21.57, 63% female, 63% Asian American) completed daily diary entries for 12 weeks, along with hourly EMA entries on 2 days. Participants provided qualitative descriptions of their behaviors and classified them into one of five functional categories. Independent researchers also classified each qualitative description into the same categories. Overall, agreement between participants and researchers was low, Krippendorff’s α = .47, 95% confidence interval [0.43, 0.52]. The type of emotion experienced, researcher confidence, and word count of responses affected agreement. Generating items that capture the breadth of possible behaviors, are brief enough for frequent administration, and are consistently understood by participants is an important continued challenge in EMA research.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Measurement of SUI is often accomplished through use of a single item: Do you leak urine with coughing, sneezing, laughing or physical activity? Response to this item may...

While many memory disorders occur with normal rates of forgetting, an accelerated rate of long-term forgetting (ALF) may occur, sometimes in the absence of a learning deficit. Detecting ALF presents a problem as it is desirable that the learned material is re-tested after each of several delays. This may result in earlier retrievals confounding later tests, with evidence suggesting that both positive and negative interaction can occur between successive tests. An earlier study (Baddeley et al., 2019) tested cued recall of a series of four crimes or four visual scenes by probing a different sample of features from all four crimes/scenes at each delay. Even though no question was asked twice, the interpolated tests markedly reduced the rate of forgetting. We suggest that this decelerated forgetting effect may result from the retrieval of probed features activating other associated features within that episode, hence facilitating their recall on subsequent tests. If so, the effect should be removed when only single and separate episodes, or individual items, are tested at each delay. We test this by probing a separate episode at each delay (Experiment 1), or by replacing integrated episodes with recognition memory for isolated words (Experiments 2 and 3) or visual scenes (Experiments 4 and 5). As predicted, we find no reduction in the rate of forgetting, in contrast to our earlier studies. The theoretical and clinical implications of our results are discussed. We conclude that the previously developed Crimes and Four Doors Tests (Baddeley et al., 2019) and the present single item recognition tests are complementary and are both likely to be necessary to ensure the reliable detection of ALF.

Background: The Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) is a commonly used self-reporting questionnaire used to measure adult attachment styles. The RQ has two parts. RQ1, a single item where individuals have to indicate their preferred relationship style, and RQ2, where individuals can rate their relationship style in more detail using four different scales. Agreement is expected between the highest levels selected and the style chosen in RQ1. An advantage of the RQ is its brevity, whereas a disadvantage is that it constitutes a single item. A validation of RQ has not been clearly demonstrated, even though it has convergent validity in relation to other measurements in this area. Methods: 168 patients completed the RQ, the short version of the Experience in Close Relationships (Revised) questionnaire (ECR-R), and scales of depression and interpersonal problems. Regression analysis was conducted to examine the congruity in regard to attachment theory. Results: ratings from 15.5% of the patients showed disagreement between RQ1 and RQ2. Each type of attachment measured by the RQ was predicted by the ECR-R scores, as hypothesized. In the predictive analysis of depression and interpersonal problems, both RQ dimensions and ECR-R scores were coherent. Conclusions: RQ is a valid self-reported measurement that can be applied clinically on the condition that the rater identifies an agreement between RQ1 and RQ2.

Objectives The topic of older adult loneliness commands increasing media and policy attention around the world. Are surveys of aging equipped to measure it? We assess the measurement of loneliness in large-scale aging studies in 31 countries by describing the available measures, testing correlations between them, and documenting their construct validity. Methods We use data from several “sister studies” of aging adults around the world. In each country, we document available loneliness measures, test for measurement reliability by examining correlations between different measures of loneliness, and assess how these correlations differ by gender and age group. We then evaluate construct validity by estimating correlations between loneliness measures and theoretically hypothesized constructs related to loneliness: living alone and not having a spouse. Results There is substantial heterogeneity in available measures of loneliness across countries. Within countries with multiple measures, the correlations between measures are high (range 0.384–0.777, median 0.636). Although we find several statistically significant differences in these correlations by gender and age, the differences are small (gender: range −0.098 to 0.081, median −0.026; age group: range −0.194 to 0.092, median −0.003). Correlations between loneliness measures and living alone and being without a spouse are all positive, almost universally statistically significant, and similar in magnitude across countries, supporting construct validity. Discussion This article establishes that even single-item measures of loneliness contribute meaningful information in diverse settings. Similar to the measurement of self-rated health, there are nuances to the measurement of older adult loneliness in different contexts, but it has reliable and consistent measurement properties within many countries.

Objectives To determine the feasibility of eliciting utilities with a standard gamble self-completion questionnaire that uses a single-item approach in melanoma patients. Methods 150 patients with low-risk melanoma completed a paper standard gamble questionnaire. Six scenarios described the adjuvant treatment of high-risk melanoma with interferon alfa-2b with varied side effects. Patients were asked to directly state the maximum death risk they would accept to prevent these health states. Methods were the same as in a study by Kilbridge et al. (J Clin Oncol 19(3):812–823, 2021. 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.3.812), except that they used computerised interviews and an iterative risk variation (Ping–Pong method) to elicit utilities. Results The rate of missing values in the standard gamble was 1.0%. The percentage of patients who misordered scenarios was very similar to the reference study (11.3% vs. 11.2%). Mean utilities were also similar with a maximum difference of 0.02 points, but median utilities were not (between 0.21 points below and 0.05 points above the reference study). Conclusions One-item utility elicitation with questionnaires might be a feasible alternative to computerised face-to-face interviews to conduct a standard gamble in melanoma patients.

Single-item scales are widely used in the field of user experience to report the emotions. However, they are strongly criticized and discouraged by the scientific community. While they have several practical advantages, single-item scales are mainly criticized for their psychometric weakness. Our research explores to what extent single-item scales reflect what a user has experienced during his or her interaction with technology, overall, but also at specific moments such as first and last impressions. This research also explores the sensitivity of these measures across different contexts of use brought by the presence or absence of certain interface features. We conducted a correlational study with 40 users while interacting with financial institution websites. We used two methods to evaluate the experience: lived and measured implicitly using psychophysiological instruments on one hand and self-perceived and measured using single-item scales, on the other hand. Overall, our results suggest limited correlations and in most cases contradictory between lived and perceived experience. We conclude by highlighting the limits to be taken into account when professionals are led to use single-item scales.