Search

DNA strand breaks were determined in leucocytes of induced sputum (IS) and compared with DNA strand breaks in blood lymphocytes from 42 bitumen-exposed workers pre and post shift. Comet assay results were expressed in arbitrary units based on visual scoring (sputum leucocytes) and Olive tail moment (OTM, blood lymphocytes). DNA damage in IS leucocytes was overall high but did not change during shift. Level of DNA strand breaks in IS samples correlated with total cell count and neutrophil content (Spearman rank correlation coefficient rs = 0.47, p = 0.001, rs= 0.48, p = 0.001, respectively) and with IL-8 concentration before and after shift (rs = 0.31, P = 0.048, and rs = 0.43, P = 0.005). DNA damage in IS was not associated with DNA strand breaks in blood lymphocytes (rs = -0.04, p = 0.802 before shift, rs = 0.27, p = 0.088 after shift). A higher level of DNA strand breaks was measured in blood lymphocytes before shift (median OTM 1.7 before and 1.3 after shift, p = 0.023). A strong correlation was found between the number of neutrophils and IL-8 concentration in IS before and after shift (rs = 0.77 and rs= 0.75, p < 0.001). This study showed an association between genotoxic and inflammatory effects in the lower airways and compared simultaneously DNA strand breaks in IS and blood of bitumen-exposed workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endotoxins are ubiquitous in the environment and represent important components of bioaerosols. High exposure occurs in rural environment and at several workplaces (e.g. waste collecting, textile industry etc.). Adverse effects on human health induced by inhalation of endotoxin are described in several studies. Up to now the endotoxin levels are mainly measured using the Limulus amoebocyte-lysate (LAL) assay. This assay is well established, but for a suitable characterization of bioaerosols more parameters are necessary. Additional information, e.g. concerning the pyrogenic activity of organic dust samples may be delivered by whole blood assay. Whereas on the one hand protection measures at workplaces are demanded to avoid lung function impairment due to endotoxin exposure, on the other hand a protective effect of exposure to microbial agents like endotoxins with regard to allergy development has been observed. On the cellular level toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and IL-1 receptor as well as surface molecules like CD14 have been shown to play a pivotal role in the endotoxin activation cascade. In this review we summarize the mechanism of endotoxin recognition and its manifold effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chestnut and natural rubber latex (NRL) allergy are often associated in the latex-fruit syndrome. Aim of the study: To establish whether the concurrent NRL and chestnut IgE antibody reactivity are the results of co-sensitization or cross-reactivity. Methods: Sera from 19 patients with chestnut- and NRL-specific IgE were selected and tested for reactivity with recombinant (r) latex allergens. Cross-reactivity was explored by IgE-inhibition experiments using chestnut or NRL allergens as solid phase on ImmunoCAP. Results: IgE-antibodies were detected to rHev b 6.01 (prohevein) in 58% of the sera, to rHev b 5 in 32%, to rHev b 12 in four of 13 sera, to rHev b 7.02 and rHev b 11 in four, and to rHev b 1 in two of 19 sera. rHev b 8-IgE antibodies were found in nine sera (47%), whereas six displayed mono-sensitization to rHev b 8 with regard to our test panel. Three of 16 sera showed IgE to cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants. In most sera recognizing rHev b 5 and/or rHev b 6.01 as major allergens the IgE-reactivity to NRL remained unaffected by chestnut extract and chestnut-IgE remained unaffected by NRL extract. Conversely, in sera with rHev b 8 as dominant allergen IgE-binding to NRL was nearly completely inhibited by chestnut and vice versa. IgE-binding to rHev b 8 was abolished by chestnut extract. Conclusions: Although patients have concomitant IgE antibody reactivity to chestnut and NRL, cross-reactivity could be demonstrated mainly in those patients with IgE to Hev b 8 (profilin) from NRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Characterized native and recombinant Hevea brasiliensis (rHev b) natural rubber latex (NRL) allergens are available to assess patient allergen sensitization profiles. Objective Quantification of individual IgE responses to the spectrum of documented NRL allergens and evaluation of cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) for more definitive diagnosis. Methods Sera of 104 healthcare workers (HCW; 51 German, 21 Portuguese, 32 American), 31 spina bifida patients (SB; 11 German, 20 Portuguese) and 10 Portuguese with multiple surgeries (MS) were analysed for allergen-specific IgE antibody (sIgE) to NRL, single Hev b allergens and CCDs with ImmunoCAP™ technology. Results In all patient groups rHev b 5-sIgE concentrations were the most pronounced. Hev b 2, 5, 6.01 and 13 were identified as the major allergens in HCW and combined with Hev b 1 and Hev b 3 in SB. In MS Hev b 1 displayed an intermediate relevance. Different sIgE antibody levels to native Hevea brasiliensis (nHev b) 2 and rHev b 6.01 allowed discrimination of SB with clinical relevant latex allergy vs. those with latex sensitization. Sensitization profiles of German, Portuguese and American patients were equivalent. rHev b 5, 6.01 and nHev b 13 combined detected 100% of the latex-allergic HCW and 80.1% of the SB. Only 8.3% of the sera showed sIgE response to CCDs. Conclusions Hev b 1, 2, 5, 6.01 and 13 were identified as the major Hev b allergens and they should be present in standardized latex extracts and in vitro allergosorbents. CCDs are only of minor relevance in patients with clinical relevant latex allergy. Component-resolved diagnostic analyses for latex allergy set the stage for an allergen-directed immunotherapy strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endotoxin has been identified as important component of organic-dust exposure and is suspected as main cause of work-related adverse health effects in dusty areas. Although the determination of endotoxin levels by using the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is internationally accepted, reliability and variation of values measured with this test remain a point of discussion. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to determine the influence of different parameters on endotoxin activity measured in airborne samples. This study thus analyzed: (a) dust filter extraction procedures, (b) storage of samples, (c) usage of different commercially available LAL assays, and (d) results of the whole blood assay (WBA) compared to the LAL test. Using a parallel sampler, 120 filters were loaded with dust at 4 different occupational settings and extracted in 2 labs using a standardized protocol. Parameters like Tween in the extraction medium, extraction volume, centrifugation speed, and material of tubes used for extraction were tested. The LAL test and the WBA were able to determine the differences in dust load of filters obtained from the settings investigated. In addition, results varied significantly with modifications in extraction procedures. Using Tween for filter extraction mainly influenced the resulting endotoxin activity. In addition, LAL test differences according to manufacturer of LAL test, extraction volume, and whether the samples are freshly processed or frozen also resulted in significant variations in the endotoxin levels. In conclusion, a reliable assessment of exposure to endotoxin activity is only possible if standard operation procedures (SOPs) for sampling and determination are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data concerning the irritative effects of current exposure to fumes of bitumen on the airways in humans are limited. To assess the effects of fumes of bitumen on the airways a cross-shift study was conducted with monitoring of inflammatory process in upper and lower airways of workers exposed to fumes of bitumen and a reference group. All workers were examined immediately before and after shift. At both time points, spirometry was performed and nasal lavage fluid (NALF), induced sputum and spot urine were collected. Cellular composition and inflammatory mediator profile of the NALF and sputum samples were analyzed. Personal air sampling in each mastic asphalt worker's breathing zone was carried out to measure exposure to fumes of bitumen. The present cross-shift study with 202 mastic asphalt workers exposed to fumes of bitumen and 55 roadside construction workers as the reference group showed that fumes of bitumen released under high processing temperatures by mastic asphalt handling can exert acute and (sub-)chronic irritative effects on the upper and lower airway assessed with nasal lavage and induced sputum analysis. Airborne personal exposure to fumes of bitumen was associated with significant cross-shift declines in lung function parameters. Pre-shift lung function parameters (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV(1)] and forced vital capacity [FVC]) were significantly higher in the exposure group that pointed to a 'healthy worker effect.' Possible carry-over effects could be observed in elevated pre-shift levels of several inflammation parameters in exposed workers indicating a (sub)chronic inflammation in these groups. Elevated interleukin-8 and protein levels in bitumen-exposed workers in sputum samples were found, but not in the nasal lavage fluid. The results emphasize irritative effects on the upper and lower airways under high exposure to fumes of bitumen. A more detailed analysis will be provided when all workers will be enrolled in that study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastic asphalt workers may be exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in bitumen. We conducted a cross-shift study to determine genotoxic effects after exposure to bitumen. For this purpose, external and internal exposure of 202 mastic asphalt workers exposed to bitumen and 55 construction workers without exposure to bitumen was assessed. Exposure by inhalation to fumes of bitumen during the shift was measured by personal ambient monitoring. To assess overall exposure to bitumen (by inhalation and dermal absorption), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and the sum of 1-, 2 + 9-,3-,4-hydroxyphenanthrene (OHPhe) were determined in pre- and postshift urine. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) adducts, anti-benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (anti-BPDE) DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites, and micronucleus frequencies were determined as biomarkers of genotoxic effects in white blood cells (WBC). Concentrations of fumes of bitumen were correlated with a moderate association with 1-OHP and OHPhe after work shift (r(s) = 0.25, P < 0.001 and r(s) = 0.36, P < 0.001). Significantly increased 8-oxodGuo adduct levels were observed after shift in both exposure groups (P < 0.0001). Paradoxically, decreased DNA strand break frequencies were observed after shift in both groups (P < 0.05). Postshift values in DNA strand break frequency were associated with 1-OHP (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.19, P = 0.01). Significantly more 8-oxodGuo adducts and DNA strand breaks were found in workers exposed to bitumen before and after shift compared with the reference group. However, no dose-dependent association was observed between exposure and genotoxic effects. Nevertheless, the findings indicate that workers exposed to bitumen exerted a higher level of DNA damage (8-oxodGuo and DNA strand breaks) in WBC compared with reference subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data concerning the influence of sequence variants of metabolizing enzymes on the effect modulation of current exposure to fumes of bitumen in humans are limited. To assess effect modulation of genetic variants of metabolizing enzymes, 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in metabolic enzymes were analyzed regarding their impact on the urinary levels of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Based on personal ambient monitoring data for bitumen emissions a group of 180 workers exposed to fumes of bitumen under high processing temperatures during a shift were divided into two exposure groups: 24 with high exposure (> 10 mg/m(3)) and 156 with low ( G, which showed increased levels of 1-OHP (p = 0.013) and OHPhe (p = 0.001). The GG variant of EPHX1 15543A > G showed a significant effect (p = 0.006) only on OHPhe. Selected variants of metabolic enzymes can modulate the metabolite levels under exposure to bitumen. The SNP-related modulation of these biomarkers did not exceed a factor of two and is more pronounced for OHPhe than for 1-OHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immunoglobulin (Ig) E-double positivity for honeybee (HB) and yellow jacket (YJ) venom causes diagnostic difficulties concerning therapeutical strategies. The aim of this study was to clarify the cause and relation of the cross-reactivity in patients with insect venom allergy. Methods: For this purpose, 147 patients with suspected stinging insect allergy and CAP-FEIA-double positivity were investigated for specific sIgE to additional cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant (CCD)-containing allergens: timothy grass pollen, rape pollen, natural rubber latex (NRL), bromelain, and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Sera with sIgE to NRL were further investigated with the commercially available recombinant latex allergens. Reciprocal inhibition assays with both venoms and HRP were performed. Results: About 36 of 147 (24.5%) patients had sIgE to both venoms only. However, 111 of 147 (75.5%) additionally reacted to CCD-carrying allergens. 89 of 111 CCD-reactive sera had NRL-sIgE. In cases where inhibition experiments were performed, the NRL-sIgE binding was completely abolished in the presence of HRP. Only nine of 61 sera were positive for at least one recombinant latex allergen; all of them were negative in history and NRL-skin prick test. In 43 sera containing sIgE to CCD, HRP inhibition revealed unequivocal results: In 28 of 43 (65%) an HRP-inhibition >70% of sIgE to one venom occurred, pointing out the relevant venom. In three of 43 sIgE proved to be entirely CCD-specific. Conclusions: Our data indicate that in cases of IgE positivity to both insect venoms supplementary screening tests with at least one CCD-containing allergen should be performed; HRP being a suitable tool for this test. In addition, subsequent reciprocal inhibition is an essential diagnostic method to specify cross-reacting sIgE results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New IgE sensitizations to proteins in allergen extracts have been shown to occur during allergen-specific immunotherapy (IT). Methods: Twenty-four healthcare workers (HCWs) – patients included in a latex IT study – were analysed, 16 in active treatment and eight in placebo. Sera were obtained at baseline and after 6 months of IT and analysed with immunoblotting and CAP System with eight single recombinant latex allergens (rHev b 1, 3, 5, 6.01, 8, 9, 10, 11, and a mix of rHev b1, 5, 6.01 and 8). Results: After IT with latex, three patients in the active treatment group had new IgE sensitizations, one to Hev b 5, one to Hev b 11 and another to Hev b 6.01. No other significant variation in mean of specific IgE to latex or recombinant allergens were observed in patients who received placebo or active treatment. A significant ( P = 0.012) negative correlation (−0.72) was observed between maximal tolerated dose and specific IgE to Hev b 6.01 at baseline. After IT, immunoblot analysis demonstrated a significant increase in IgE binding in a band of approximately 22 kDa ( P = 0.032) that may correspond to Hev b 6.01. New or more intense bands appeared in seven patients of the active group, while in three subjects a reduction was observed. Conclusions: Hev b 6.01 seems to be the most relevant latex allergen in HCWs. New or more intense IgE binding to latex allergenic components occurs during latex immunotherapy. However, the levels of specific IgE against these new components are low and do not seem to have clinical relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding proteins in natural rubber latex extracts have been identified. In the case of Hev b 6 a differentiation was made between the precursor protein prohevein (Hev b 6.01) and its two post-transcriptionally formed proteins, the N-terminal hevein (Hev b 6.02) and the C-terminal domain (Hev b 6.03). All three components act as independent allergens. The aim of this study was a detailed analysis of the T-cell responses and the IgE-binding capacity of Hev b 6.01, Hev b 6.02 and Hev b 6.03 by using these allergens as recombinant maltose-binding fusion (MBP) proteins and the usage of synthetic modified hevein peptides. Latex-allergic health care workers (HCWs) suffering from rhinitis, conjunctivitis, contact urticaria and/or asthma with increased specific IgE-antibodies to latex were tested for their IgE-binding capacity and T-cell reactivity (by proliferation response) to the recombinant MBP-rHev b 6.01, MBP-rHev b 6.02, MBP-rHev b 6.03, to native Hev b 6.02, to modified hevein peptides and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). For testing of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II restriction of MBP-rHev b 6.01 induced peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses, monoclonal antibodies against HLA-DR, HLA-DP or HLA-DQ were added. Seventeen of 18 (94%) serum samples from latex-allergic HCWs had increased levels of specific IgE to MBP-rHev b 6.01, 16 (89%) to MBP-rHev b 6.02 and 13 (72%) to MBP-rHev b 6.03. A significant difference existed between the specific IgE-values of MBP-rHev b 6.02 and MBP-rHev b 6.03 ( P < 0.01). Proliferation responses of PBMC of the same 18 latex-allergic patients were positive for MBP-rHev b 6.01 and MBP-rHev b 6.03 in 83 and 67% of the tested PBMC suspension, whereas the proliferation responses induced with MBP-rHev b 6.02 or native Hev b 6.02 were very low (5.6 and 22.2%). Sera from nine additional latex-allergic patients showed specific IgE binding to the native Hev b 6.02, but none of these sera showed specific IgE binding to the modified Hev b 6.02-peptides [whereby all eight cysteine residues were substituted by serine (C → S) or by alanine (C → A)]. Proliferation responses induced by the modified Hev b 6.02 peptides were not significantly different from that induced by Hev b 6.02. Potential HLA-DR4Dw4(DRB1*0401)-restricted T-cell epitopes of Hev b 6.01 predicted by two computer algorithms were only found in the Hev b 6.03-part of Hev b 6.01. In the Hev b 6.01 precursor the regions responsible for IgE binding and those for inducing the T-cell proliferation responses are settled in different parts of the protein. The Hev b 6.02 domain is responsible for IgE binding and carries discontinuous B-cell epitopes whereas Hev b 6.03 is a better inducer of a proliferation response and contains HLA-DR4-binding motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the last few years many efforts have been made to reduce the incidence of latex allergy. The identification of the major latex allergens and their recombinant production are useful steps towards the understanding of latex allergy and its management. A clear advantage of the recombinant proteins in general is the possibility to produce large-scale quantities at highly reproducible quality. Recombinant allergens also facilitate the study of the molecular bases of the immune reactivity of the proteins. Nevertheless, they have to be validated against native proteins for equivalence in allergenicity before they can be more widely adapted for clinical use. Currently 13 latex allergens have been included in the latest nomenclature list of the International Nomenclature Committee of Allergens and assigned the official names Hev b 1–13. With the use of single native and/or recombinant allergens the determination of specific sensitization profiles for different patient groups dependent on their various routes of exposure is possible. The specific IgE-diagnostic was further improved significantly by addition of recombinant Hev b 5 to natural latex extract, which was underrepresented in the initial test extract. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Presents the case study of a latex-allergic nurse with symptoms due to encasing materials of mattresses. Analysis of the total water-extractable protein content; Occurrence of conjunctivitis and ocular itch; Analysis of the elastic encasing materials for mattresses.

Presents a comprehensive data collection on latex allergens investigated at the molecular level in order to demonstrate their individual importance in latex allergy. Normal latex allergens; Particle-bound proteins; C-serum proteins; Allergens in natural rubber latex products; Co-sensitization and crossreactivity of latex allergens.

Background The rubber elongation factor in Hevea rubber (Hey b 1) is one of the most important latex allergen and is leading cause of latex type I hypersensitivity in children with spina bifida. Objective The aim of this study was to define the allergenic and antigenic epitopes of Hey b 1. Methods The immunoglobulin- (Ig)E and IgG antibody binding rites on Hey b I allergen were delineated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using synthetic overlapping peptides covering the whole Hey b 1 sequence. In order to improve the binding capacity and specificity all peptides were biotinylated at the N-terminal end via a 6-aminohexanoic acid as spacer and then adsorbed to streptavidin pre-coated microtitre plates. Fine mapping to define the essential amino acid residues for the antibody binding was achieved by using overlapping peptides with one amino acid offset. Results It was demonstrated that the IgE epitopes were located in different regions of Hey b I including the C-terminal segment (121–137) and the segments with amino acid residues of 30–49 and 46–64. Two monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) II2F3 and II4G9 raised against purified Hey b 1 recognized the C-terminal segment only. The results of epitope mapping with three rabbit antisera revealed that five positive peptides, including the epitope peptides 31–49, 46–64 and 121–137, were involved in the antibody-binding sites. Fine mapping on the scgments 46–64 and 121–137 showed that the two MoAbs reacted with the peptide 125–134 in the C-terminal region, whereas the peptide with amino acids 124–134 was essential for recognition by human IgE antibodies. Epitopes to rabbit polyclonal IgG and human IgE were also found to be involved in the amino acid residues of 47–59. Conclusion Our results indicate that the most allergenic/antigenic portions of Hey b 1 allergen are the C-terminal region and the region with amino acid residues of 31–64. In both regions, the minimal IgE-binding epitope is almost identical with the IgG-binding epitope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoiding powdered latex gloves is generally accepted as being an important way for health service employees to avoid latex-linked allergies affecting the skin and respiratory tract. A questionnaire study was performed to test whether this preventive measure would also be adequate to prevent symptoms in employees with an existing allergy. Using a standardised questionnaire, 329 health service employees with occupational latex allergy were asked about their quality of life, periods without contact with allergens and symptoms related to allergens. At the time when the questionnaire was administered the symptoms were declining markedly. Powdered latex gloves were avoided by all subjects. Seventy-seven per cent of subjects with skin allergy and 68% of subjects with respiratory tract allergy had no allergic symptoms. We conclude therefore that avoiding latex gloves is also an effective preventive measure for insured subjects with existing latex allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on latex allergy that affects well-recognized risk groups. The highest prevalence appears in children requiring multiple surgeries, especially those with spina bifida (SB). Natural rubber latex (NRL) contains more than 200 proteins and peptides, some of which are capable of eliciting immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. It is known that manufacturing processing of latex can alter the structure of proteins; thus, ammoniated latex contains less allergenic determinants and has been proved to offer inferior results to those of nonammoniated extracts for the study of sensitization to latex

The IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub- Committee, under the auspices of the World Health Organization and the International Union of Immunological Societies, maintains the systematic nomenclature of allergenic proteins and publishes a database of approved allergen names on its Web site, . In this paper, we summarize updates of allergen names approved at the meetings of the committee in 2011 through 2013. These changes reflect recent progress in identification, cloning, and sequencing of allergens. The goals of this update were to increase consistency in the classification of allergens, isoallergens, and variants and in the incorporation of the evolutionary classification of proteins into allergen nomenclature, while keeping changes of established names to a minimum in the interest of continuity. Allergens for which names have been updated include respiratory allergens from birch and ragweed pollen, midge larvae, and horse dander; food allergens from peanut, cow's milk, and tomato; and cereal grain allergens. The IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub- Committee encourages researchers to use these updated allergen names in future publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional and domestic cleaning is associated with work-related asthma ( WRA). This position paper reviews the literature linking exposure to cleaning products and the risk of asthma and focuses on prevention. Increased risk of asthma has been shown in many epidemiological and surveillance studies, and several case reports describe the relationship between exposure to one or more cleaning agents and WRA. Cleaning sprays, bleach, ammonia, disinfectants, mixing products, and specific job tasks have been identified as specific causes and/or triggers of asthma. Because research conclusions and policy suggestions have remained unheeded by manufactures, vendors, and commercial cleaning companies, it is time for a multifaceted intervention. Possible preventive measures encompass the following: substitution of cleaning sprays, bleach, and ammonia; minimizing the use of disinfectants; avoidance of mixing products; use of respiratory protective devices; and worker education. Moreover, we suggest the education of unions, consumer, and public interest groups to encourage safer products. In addition, information activities for the general population with the purpose of improving the knowledge of professional and domestic cleaners regarding risks and available preventive measures and to promote strict collaboration between scientific communities and safety and health agencies are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Sensitization prevalence to moulds reached from less than 10% in the general population to more than 25% in atopic and/or asthmatic subjects. To diagnose Ig E-mediated mould sensitization, skin prick test ( SPT) and specific Ig E ( sIgE) measurement are recommended. However, concordance of SPT and sIgE results is often less than 50% and standardization of the extracts is required to achieve reliable test results. Objective The aim of our study was to analyse mould SPT solutions ( SPTs) with respect to quantity and quality of protein, antigen and human Ig E-binding content as a prerequisite for further in vivo studies. Methods Commercial SPTs of Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Penicillium chrysogenum from six manufacturers as well as two in-house extracts from Aspergillus versicolor were investigated. Protein-, antigen- and Ig E-binding contents were quantified by Bradford assay, sandwich ELISA and Ig E- Immuno CAP-inhibition tests. Protein composition and Ig E and Ig G binding were analysed by SDS- PAGE and immunoblotting, respectively. Results Median protein concentrations were similar in all mould SPT extracts (90-110 μg/mL). In contrast, antigen contents and Ig E-binding capacity showed a high variability with median antigen values from 4 to 118 μg/mL and Ig E inhibition results between 30 to 95%. Whereas almost all SPTs of A. alternata and A. versicolor showed complete sIgE inhibition with mean values > 80%, only three extracts for A. fumigatus, two extracts for C. herbarum and none of the tested extracts for P. chrysogenum exceeded 50% sIgE reduction. Quantitative amounts of protein, antigenic and Ig E-binding structures were not comparable with the quality of the corresponding protein or immunoblot pattern, with the exception of A. alternata SPTs. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Commercially available mould SPT extracts showed high variability raising the question of comparability and reliability of SPT results. Possible consequences for diagnostic test outcome will be investigated in the next step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin prick testing (SPT) in combination with the clinical history of the patient is one important step in the diagnosis of IgE-mediated occupational allergies. However, skin test performance is related to the quality of allergen extracts. The present consensus document was prepared by an EAACI Task Force consisting of an expert panel of allergologists and occupational physicians from Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Austria, and Poland. All members of the panel were also involved in the data collection within the European multicentre study STADOCA ( Standard diagnosis for occupational allergy). The aim of this Task Force was the assessment of the quality of commercially available SPT solutions for selected occupational allergens under standardized procedure conditions in different European centres and institutes of Occupational Medicine. The data evaluation shows a wide variability among SPT solutions and also indicates that the sensitivity of several SPT solutions is low. Therefore, improvement and standardization of SPT solutions for occupational allergens is highly recommended. Clinical practitioners should also not presume that their SPT solutions are fully reliable. The main objective of the document is to issue consensus suggestions for the use of SPT with occupational allergens based on the European multicentre study STADOCA, on existing scientific evidence and the expertise of a panel of allergologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cross-reactivity between grass pollen and grain flour allergens is well known, but their significance in apprentice bakers with primary sensitization to grass pollen is not known. Methods: Twenty-five subjects with mild asthma (most of them with hay fever), but without prior occupational flour exposure, underwent standardized experimental inhalation challenges with placebo and wheat and rye flours in randomized order on three consecutive days. Sensitization to flours and environmental allergens was assessed by skin prick tests and specific IgE antibodies in sera. IgE inhibition experiments were performed with wheat and rye flours as solid phases, and grass and tree pollen as inhibitors. Results: Five subjects experienced a positive reaction after flour inhalation (responders), whereas 20 subjects did not show such a reaction (non-responders). All responders showed sensitizations to flours, whereas only 25% of the non-responders demonstrated the same sensitization. Specific IgE concentrations to flours, but also to grass and tree pollen, were higher in responders. Inhibition experiments demonstrated cross-reactivity between flours and grass or tree pollen, with higher inhibition rates in responders. Conclusions: Subjects with pronounced sensitizations to grass or tree pollen, but without prior occupational exposure to flours, may experience both sensitization and allergic asthmatic reactions to flours due to cross-reactive grass and tree pollen allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several wheat flour allergens relevant to baker's asthma have been identified in the last 25 years. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sensitization to these allergens in German bakers. Methods: Using recombinant DNA technology, the following wheat flour allergens were cloned, expressed in Escherichia coli and purified: five subunits of the wheat α-amylase inhibitors (WTAI-CM1, WTAI-CM2, WTAI-CM3, WDAI-0.19 and WMAI-0.28), thioredoxin, thiol reductase or 1-cys-peroxiredoxin homologues, triosephosphate-isomerase, αβ-gliadin, serpin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase, a nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP), dehydrin, profilin and peroxidase. In addition, ImmunoCAPs with the recombinant allergen ω-5-gliadin and two cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs), horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and the N-glycan of bromelain (MUXF), were used. Specific IgE was measured in wheat flour-positive sera from 40 German bakers with work-related asthma/rhinitis and 10 controls with pollinosis. Results: Thirty bakers (75%) had IgE to at least one of the 19 single allergens. Most frequent was IgE to WDAI-0.19, HRP and MUXF (25% each), followed by WTAI-CM1 (20%), thiol reductase (16%), WTAI-CM3 (15%), WTAI-CM2 and thioredoxin (12.5%), WMAI-28, triosephosphate-isomerase, αβ-gliadin (10%), 1-cys-peroxiredoxin (7.5%), dehydrin, serpin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (5%), ω-5-gliadin, nsLTP and profilin (2.5%). Fifteen bakers (38%) had IgE to any α-amylase inhibitor and 12 (30%) to at least one CCD. The controls reacted exclusively to CCDs (80%), profilin (60%), thioredoxin (30%), triosephosphate isomerase and nsLTP (10%). Conclusions: The single allergen sensitization profiles obtained with 17 recombinant wheat flour allergens and two CCDs revealed no major allergen for German bakers. The highest frequencies were found for α-amylase inhibitors and CCDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Powdered latex gloves or latex gloves with high allergen content are forbidden in Germany since 1998. It was the aim of this study to test the hypothesis that nationwide preventive measures enable health care workers with latex allergy to work without health risks about 10 years afterwards. Methods: Ninety-one health care workers who had been reported to the accident insurance between 1996 and 2004 for occupational latex allergy were examined in 2007. The survey included a questionnaire, a physical examination, spirometry, methacholine testing, skin prick testing and serum IgE measurements to latex and environmental allergens. Results: Recent work-related possibly allergic symptoms were reported by 32 subjects (35%), among them 18 subjects (20%) with symptoms of the eyes, nose or airways. Current sensitization to latex was detected in 61 subjects (67%), and 60 subjects (66%) were atopic. Eleven subjects (12%) showed mild airway obstruction, and 27 subjects (30%) were considered hyperresponsive to methacholine. Whereas overall recent symptoms of the eyes, nose or airways were associated with current latex sensitization (OR 4.5; 95% CI 1.3-16.2), this was not the case for objective outcome parameters (spirometry, bronchial hyperresponsiveness). Conclusions: Although most subjects had only mild disease, ongoing work-related symptoms of the eyes, nose or airways in a substantial number of subjects with latex allergy suggest the need for further secondary preventive measures in German healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Occupational wood dust exposure can induce allergy and may be one cause of respiratory health problems among woodworkers. Objective The objective was to determine the prevalence and quantitative level of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to beech and pine wood in exposed workers. Wood sensitization was specified with regard to cross-reactivity and was correlated to the reported symptoms. Methods Danish workers ( n=701) were investigated for sIgE to beech and pine. Wood samples from workplaces were analysed and coupled to ImmunoCAPs. Workers sensitized to wood were tested for cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) and environmental allergens. IgE binding was specified for glycogenic vs. proteinogenic epitopes by inhibition tests. Results The prevalence of wood sensitization among all workers was 3.7%. There was no association between sensitization prevalence or sIgE concentrations and self-reported allergic symptoms. Beech- and pine-sensitized workers showed a high prevalence of CCD sensitization (73%). However, workers with a single sensitization to wood had no sIgE to CCDs. Specifying IgE epitopes demonstrated that sera of workers reporting allergic symptoms recognized proteinogenic IgE-epitopes on wood allergens, whereas workers without allergic symptoms had primarily sIgE-epitopes to glycogenic structures. Although 96% of the wood-sensitized workers were atopic, no significant correlation was found between wood sensitization and sIgE to beech and birch pollen, but an association was found between sIgE against CCDs and pine pollen. Conclusion Sensitization prevalence to beech and pine wood measured by tailored ImmunoCAPs was not correlated to allergic symptoms. We recommend the application of CCD tools to assess the relevance of individual wood sensitization. Cite this as: S. Kespohl, V. Schlünssen, G. Jacobsen, I. Schaumburg, S. Maryska, U. Meurer, T. Brüning, T. Sigsgaard and M. Raulf-Heimsoth, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1099–1106. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cite this article: Quirce S, Lemière C, de Blay F, del Pozo V, Gerth Van Wijk R, Maestrelli P, Pauli G, Pignatti P, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Sastre J, Storaas T, Moscato G. Noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in occupational settings. Allergy 2010; 65: 445–458. The present document is a consensus statement reached by a panel of experts on noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in the investigation of occupational respiratory diseases, such as occupational rhinitis, occupational asthma, and nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis. Both the upper and the lower airway inflammation have been reviewed and appraised reinforcing the concept of ‘united airway disease’ in the occupational settings. The most widely used noninvasive methods to assess bronchial inflammation are covered: induced sputum, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) concentration, and exhaled breath condensate. Nasal inflammation may be assessed by noninvasive approaches such as nasal cytology and nasal lavage, which provide information on different aspects of inflammatory processes (cellular vs mediators). Key messages and suggestions on the use of noninvasive methods for assessment of airway inflammation in the investigation and diagnosis of occupational airway diseases are issued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Skin prick testing (SPT) is the basic method for diagnosing IgE-mediated allergies. However, skin reactivity is related to the quality of allergen extracts, which are often poorly defined for occupational allergens. Objective To compare wheat and rye flour SPT solutions from different producers. Materials and methods Standardized SPTs were performed in seven allergy centres with wheat and rye flour solutions from four producers in 125 symptomatic bakers. Optimal cut-off levels for weal sizes were assessed with the Youden Index. Comparisons between SPT results of different solutions were made with flour-specific IgE (sIgE) as the gold standard. Sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values, and test efficiencies were calculated and compared with McNemar and χ2-tests. The influence of the choice of the gold standard (sIgE or challenge) test was examined for 95 subjects. Additionally, SPT solutions were analysed for protein and antigen content. Results The optimal cut-off level for all SPT solutions was a weal size of ⩾1.5 mm. While differences between wheat and rye flours were small, differences between producers were important. Variability of sensitivities (0.31–0.96), negative predictive values (0.42–0.91), and test efficiencies (0.54–0.90) were higher than variations of specificities (0.74–1.00) and positive predictive values (0.88–1.00). Similar results were obtained when using challenge test results as the gold standard. Variability could be explained by the different antigen contents of the SPT solutions. Conclusion There is a wide variability of SPT solutions for wheat and rye flour from different producers, mainly with respect to sensitivities, negative predictive values, and test efficiencies. Improvement and standardization of SPT solutions used for the diagnosis of baker's asthma are highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The allergen content of diagnostics and immunotherapeutics is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the allergen content of different grass pollen preparations for skin prick testing and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT). Methods: Five skin prick test (SPT) solutions and 10 sublingual immunotherapeutics were analysed for protein and allergen concentration by Bradford assay, inhibition of IgE-binding to Phleum pratense ImmunoCAPs and content of the main allergen Phl p 5 by two-site enzyme immunoassay. In addition, the grass pollen preparations were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting analyses. Results: Protein concentrations of SPT solutions ranged from 15 to 427 μg/ml, and Phl p 5 concentrations ranged from 0.15 to 18.3 μg/ml. The ranking of SPT solutions concerning Phl p 5 content and IgE inhibition capacity was the same, and the ranking of protein and allergen content was closely correlated ( r = 0.9). Protein content of the maintenance doses of the immunotheurapeutics ranged from 5 to 153 μg, Phl p 5 content ranged from 0.2 to 21.6 μg. IgE inhibition capacity of the maintenance doses was closely correlated to their Phl p 5 and protein content. SDS-PAGE and immunoblots confirmed the differences in protein and allergen content. Conclusions: Grass pollen preparations for SPT and SLIT varied greatly concerning protein and allergen content. Whereas this result corresponds to previous analyses results of SPT solutions, it was the first comparison of grass pollen immunotherapeutics. For diagnosis and therapy, these differences should be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "Oral allergy syndrome to fig," by A. Antico, G. Zoccatelli, C. Marcotulli, and A. Curioni, published in a previous issue.

Background: Wheat and rye flours are among the most important allergens causing occupational asthma. Usually, the diagnosis of baker’s asthma is based on inhalation challenge tests with flours. Aims of the study: To evaluate the relevance of flour-specific serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and skin prick test (SPT) in the diagnosis of baker’s asthma and to define flour-specific IgE concentrations and wheal sizes that allow a prediction of the outcome of challenge testing. Methods: Bronchial and nasal challenge tests with wheat (rye) flour were performed in 71 (95) symptomatic bakers. Determinations of flour-specific IgE as well as SPTs were performed in all subjects. Analyses included the calculation of sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) at different IgE concentrations and different wheal sizes, and receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) plots with the challenge result as gold standard. Results: Thirty-seven bakers were positive in the challenge with wheat flour, while 63 were positive with rye flour. Depending on the flour-specific IgE concentrations (wheal size), PPV was 74–100% (74–100%) for wheat and 82–100% (91–100%) for rye flour, respectively. The minimal cut-off values with a PPV of 100% were 2.32 kU/l (5.0 mm) for wheat flour and 9.64 kU/l (4.5 mm) for rye flour. The shapes of the ROC plots were similar for wheat and rye flour. Conclusion: High concentrations of flour-specific IgE and clear SPT results in symptomatic bakers are good predictors for a positive challenge test. Challenge tests with flours may be avoided in strongly sensitized bakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In order to enable reproducible and comparable exposure measurements of fungal alpha-amylase (α-amylase) in different laboratories and countries, the entire procedure from sampling of airborne dust to measuring extracted samples (including standards and the used enzyme) immunoassays must be standardized. The aim of this study was to establish optimal elution and assay conditions. Methods A parallel sampler was used for simultaneous collection of 10 samples of inhalable dust in bakeries and mills in Germany, England, the Netherlands and Spain. Three enzyme-immunoassays (EIAs) for detection of fungal α-amylase based on monoclonal antibodies or polyclonal antibodies were used for the measurement of the parallel-sampled filters ( n=432) extracted using several methods. The results were analysed by regression analysis of variance. Additional filters ( n=54) were extracted and analysed using two EIAs to investigate the storage stability of the extracts. Results Although α-amylase concentrations correlated well ( r⩾0.88), differences were found between the EIAs in the sensitivity and nominal values (up to a mean factor 5.8). The best elution medium for airborne filters (phosphate-buffered saline ‘PBS’ with 0.05% Tween-20) led to 1.2 to two times higher α-amylase allergen yields than extraction in PBS only, while higher Tween-20 concentrations decreased the extracted α-amylase yield. During storage of frozen dust/filter extracts for 3–4 months at −20°C, a loss of approximately 40% of measurable α-amylase was observed, which could be partially prevented by addition of 0.1% casein to the medium directly after extraction. Conclusion Although the effects of only a few of many possible causes of variation were investigated, for these factors a clear choice could be made with regard to optimal elution conditions and the use of validated EIAs with calibrated standards, thus making significant progress towards a completely standardized procedure for airborne α-amylase measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exposure to airborne wheat allergens in the bakery trade is associated with a high risk of occupational allergy and asthma. Control and reduction of allergen exposure require relatively simple but reliable monitoring techniques. We developed new rabbit IgG-based enzyme immunoassays (EIA) for wheat allergens, which might be a convenient alternative for the thus far used human IgG4 inhibition assay. Methods: The reactivity and specificity of rabbit antibodies were assessed by EIA and immunoblotting, and compared with those of IgE from wheat-sensitized bakers, and with the antibodies used in the IgG4 inhibition EIA. An IgG inhibition and a sandwich EIA were developed for analysis of airborne dust samples. Results: Human IgG4 and rabbit IgG inhibition EIAs had comparable sensitivities, with limits of detection (LOD) between 18 and 88 ng/mL, while the sandwich EIA was much more sensitive (LOD<0.2 ng/mL). Human IgG4 and rabbit IgG reacted in immunoblotting with most of the IgE-binding wheat proteins, although with quantitative differences. All three assays showed a strong reaction with wheat proteins, and some cross-reactivity with rye and barley, but were further highly specific for cereal flour proteins. Concentrations measured with the three EIAs in 432 airborne dust samples were highly correlated ( r>0.95) and their absolute values showed less than 10–20% differences. Conclusion: The rabbit IgG EIAs are valid substitutes for the human IgG4 inhibition EIA, with important practical advantages. The inhibition EIA is recommended for routine wheat allergen measurements. The sandwich EIA may be used to measure low allergen levels, as in short task-related exposure measurements or in subfractions of airborne dust samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Hevea brasiliensis latex serum is commonly used as the in vivo and in vitro reference antigen for latex allergy diagnosis as it contains the full complement of latex allergens. Objective This study quantifies the concentrations of the significant allergens in latex serum and examines its suitability as an antigen source in latex allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy. Methods The serum phase was extracted from centrifuged latex that was repeatedly freeze-thawed or glycerinated. Quantitation of latex allergens was performed by two-site immunoenzymetric assays. The abundance of RNA transcripts of the latex allergens was estimated from the number of their clones in an Expressed Sequence Tags library. Results The latex allergens, Hev b 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 13, were detected in freeze-thawed and glycerinated latex serum at levels ranging from 75 (Hev b 6) to 0.06 nmol/mg total proteins (Hev b 4). Hev b 6 content in the latex was up to a thousand times higher than the other seven latex allergens, depending on source and/or preparation procedure. Allergen concentration was reflected in the abundance of mRNA transcripts. When used as the antigen, latex serum may bias the outcome of latex allergy diagnostic tests towards sensitization to Hev b 6. Tests that make use of latex serum may fail to detect latex-specific IgE reactivity in subjects who are sensitized only to allergens that are present at low concentrations. Conclusion Latex allergy diagnostics and immunotherapy that use whole latex serum as the antigen source may not be optimal because of the marked imbalance of its constituent allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood dust is known to cause allergic occupational asthma and obeche (Triplochiton scleroxylon) is a prominent exponent in this field. However, the knowledge about wood allergens is still limited. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize obeche wood allergens.Obeche extracts were prepared from freshly ground in comparison to 7 years stored wood dust and investigated by Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis, enzyme-linked allergosorbent test and immunoglobulin (Ig)E-immunoblot. Allergens were detected by specific IgE of seven obeche allergic patients’ sera and protein analysis was performed by mass spectrometry. Cross-reactivity was demonstrated by ImmunoCAP-inhibition with sera of seven obeche and four latex-allergic patients.Obeche extracts showed different protein pattern and IgE-binding capacities depend on the age of the wood dust. A 38 kDa protein was identified as major obeche wood allergen, detected by six of seven (85%) obeche allergic patients’ sera and was entitled as Trip s 1. Trip s 1 is homologous to plant class I chitinases and exhibited enzyme activity demonstrated by chitinolysis. Co-recognition or cross-reactivity of Trip s 1 according to structural similarity was seen in sera of latex allergic patients. IgE inhibition studies with obeche as solid phase and Trip s 1 and latex hevein as inhibitor demonstrated that Trip s 1 was a more effective inhibitor in obeche as well as in latex allergic patients’ sera.Trip s 1 is a new obeche wood allergen of the plant class I chitinase family. This finding may explain the dominant role of obeche in sensitization against wood dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have shown that allergy to natural rubber latex is associated with cross reactivity to other plants. We have investigated a possible cross reactivity with a tree belonging to the Sterculiaceae family, Tryplochiton scleroxylon, in a patient allergic to obeche wood, that began to suffer symptoms of allergy in contact with latex. Determinations of specific IgE by CAP to obeche, natural rubber latex (NRL) and recombinant allergens of latex were done. Immunoblotting was performed to study allergens detected by serum of our patient. CAP-inhibition methods were used to study cross-reactive between NRL and obeche wood. In obeche extract, 4 bands were found of an apparent molecular weight of 18, 38, 75 and 199 kDa. In NRL extract the allergens have a molecular weight around 18, 21, 32, 38, 60, 70 and 199 kDa. IgE to latex was almost completely inhibited (96%) by the obeche extract in CAP-inhibition studies. Using obeche extract as inhibitor, IgE binding to native hevein (nHevb 6.02) was reduced by 25%. The results obtained in CAP-inhibition demonstrate the existence of cross-reactivity between proteins in NRL and obeche wood. In our patient, a band of apparent molecular weight of 38 kDa could be the most important allergen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin prick tests (SPTs) play an important role in the diagnosis of baker's asthma and in the investigation of sensitization frequencies in field studies. It was the aim of our study to compare different SPT solutions for wheat and rye flour sensitization and to assess the validity of test results. Skin prick tests with wheat and rye flour were performed in parallel with extracts from different companies and compared with the results of bronchial challenge tests with both flours (69 rye flour and 51 wheat flour challenge tests). Additionally, specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) to wheat and rye flour were tested. SPT solutions were analysed for protein content and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Skin prick test solutions for diagnosis of wheat and rye flour sensitization from three companies differed in protein concentrations and composition with the consequence of widely differing SPT results. Sensitivity of SPTs in comparison with allergen-specific bronchial challenge as a gold standard was between 40 and 67%, specificity was between 86 and 100%, the positive predictive value (PPV) ranged from 81 to 100% and the negative predictive value (NPV) from 44 to 70%. These numbers were only marginally affected by using a combination of challenge test result and sIgE value as a more specific gold standard. Improvement and standardization of SPT extracts for wheat and rye flour is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Class I chitinase in natural rubber latex (NRL) has been assumed to be an important allergen, especially concerning its cross-reactivity with fruits like avocado and banana. Objectives: The present study aimed to produce a recombinant latex class I chitinase from Hevea brasiliensis leaves and to study its immunoglobulin (Ig)E-binding reactivity. Methods: A class I chitinase-specific complementary DNA from H. brasiliensis leaves was synthesized, subcloned, sequenced and overexpressed in fusion with the maltose-binding protein (MBP) in Escherichia coli . The IgE-binding reactivity of this protein was studied by the Pharmacia CAP SystemTM and by immunoblot experiments using sera from latex-allergic patients. Results: The rHev b 11.0102 was found to have a length of 295 amino acid residues and contains an N-terminal hevein-like domain with a 56% homology to hevein. Analysis by the CAP method revealed the presence of rHev b 11.0102-specific IgE antibodies in 17 of 58 sera (29%) of IgE-mediated latex-allergic subjects tested. Immunoblot analysis of the MBP–rHev b 11.0102 fusion protein and the MBP carrier protein as a negative control confirmed the IgE-reactivity of rHev b 11.0102. Conclusion: Due to its IgE-reactivity rHev b 11.0102 represents an allergen of intermediate prevalence in NRL. Its property to cross-react with certain fruits makes it an important supplement in the diagnostic panel of recombinant NRL allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the bioaerosol exposure of refuse collectors, field measurements were performed under real working conditions within the framework of a research project. Influencing variables such as different types of refuse, community structure, collection interval and season were taken into account. Overall, 1612 samples were taken in towns of Westfalia, Germany. With workplace levels on a scale of 103 to less than 104 CFU/m3 for the loader, the results show a surprisingly low total fungi concentration in comparison with earlier studies. Total bacteria concentrations, in contrast, were largely on a scale of 104 CFU/m3, with 105 CFU/m3 being registered sporadically, especially in apartment-block districts. Endotoxin levels were high especially in the summer months, occasionally reaching values of more than 50 EU/m3, whereas they were normally below 10 EU/m3 in autumn and winter. Inside the cab, the exposure level for the entire spectrum was at least one power of ten lower. The factors believed to account primarily for the low total fungi concentration were workplace hygiene, the prevailing 1-week collection interval, and the low in-process exposure time resulting from the effective deployment of automatic lifting devices. In contrast, the type of refuse was not found to have a significant influence. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Chi t 1.01, a hemoglobin of the midge Chironomus thummi thummi, is a widespread environmental and occupational allergen. The aim of the present investigation was to identify and compare peptides involved in B-cell epitopes of Chi t 1.01 recognized by 15 human IgE sera, six murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and a polyclonal rabbit antiserum. Methods: Synthetic peptides 19-21 amino acids long covering the whole Chi t 1.01-sequence were covalently coupled to activated paper disks as well as adsorbed to wells of immunoplates and used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. For one epitope mapping, we used overlapping synthetic octapeptides with one amino-acid offset. Results: Peptides containing the amino acids 13-17, 23-29, and 40-50 were recognized by three of the mAbs, while three other mAbs reacting with none of the peptides obviously recognized conformational epitopes. Binding sites for rabbit antibodies and for human IgE antibodies were scattered over the whole molecule. The peptide 80-100 seemed to comprise at least one important IgE epitope. Depending on the method of antigen binding to the solid phase, differing results were obtained. Conclusions: Several linear epitopes in Chi t 1.01 are recognized by human IgE antibodies, by mAbs, and by polyclonal rabbit antibodies. In addition, the results indicate the presence of conformational epitopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated that allergy to natural rubber latex (NRL) is associated with cross‐reactivity to certain foods. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of NRL sensitization and allergy in children with atopic dermatitis (n=74). We also examined cross‐reactions between latex and foods, and compared the frequency of suspected latex cross‐reacting fruits in children with and without NRL‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Twelve of the 74 atopic children studied (16.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 8.7–26.6%) had circulating IgE antibodies to latex. These NRL‐sensitized children were older and they showed significantly higher total IgE values (p<0.003) when compared with the group of children without NRL sensitization. Of the specific food IgE evaluations, 18.4% (93 out of 505) were positive, and 69.9% were observed in the group of children with latex‐specific IgE, most frequently to potato, tomato, sweet pepper, and avocado. An isolated latex‐specific IgE response without food‐specific IgE was never observed. Exclusively in the latex‐positive group, conformity with the report of allergic symptoms after ingestion of food and increased food‐specific IgE was found. Twenty children without proven latex sensitization showed increased food‐specific IgE, most frequently to potato, banana, and chestnut. Avocado‐specific IgE was never determined in this patient group. No significant differences were detected concerning the sensitization to potato, banana, and kiwi between NRL‐sensitized children and the group of 20 children without latex‐specific IgE. The competitive CAP inhibition using sera from children with specific IgE to both latex and food showed different cross‐reactivities between latex and the specific food. A close relationship existed between latex and avocado (median inhibition: 100%), whereas sensitization to latex... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summarizes the important aspects of allergy research work on purified allergens. Denominations of allergens; Relation of everyday life with exposure to an enormous number of potential allergens in the environment; Identification and characterization of allergens.

The article examines the sera of healthcare workers (HCW) with symptomatic latex allergy and sera from Portuguese patients with multiple surgeries (MS) and spina bifida (SB) patients are being examined. The DNA fragment of 1167 base pair was the gene encoding for a Hevea brasiliensis (Hev b) 7.02 isoform. Sera of HCW are 33 percent of the SB sera showed Hev b 7.02-specific immunoglobulin E. MS sera are all negative.

A correction to the article "Allergen concentration in natural rubber latex" that was published in the previous issue is presented.

Examines the detection of triose-phosphate isomerase (TPIS) in serum Immunoglobulin E antibodies from wheat-allergic patients. Effects of inhalation of wheat flour to bakers; Similarity between wheat TPIS and amino acids of a latex allergen; Range of sera obtained from allergic bakers.