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This article focuses on the evaluation of Martin Lienhard's ideas that gave impetus to my vision of Peruvian literature. Beginning to learn about the work of M. Ilenhard from his book Cultura popular andina.yforma novelesca 0982),1 penetrated the essence of Peruvian literary development (and, more broadly, that of Central Andean literatures) from several approaches. Namely: Lienhard's questioning of the notion of narrative transculturation, of the possibility of applying the terms mestizo and syncretic to a large part of literary creations written in Spanish, the reason for his term "cultural diglossia," his emphasis on the millennial nature of the Peruvian dualism coast/highlands, his interpretation of modern poetry in Quechua. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines a series of chronicles in Spanish written in the second half of the sixteenth and the early seventeenth centuries by focusing on the untranslatability of the Quechua term w'aka. I explore a corpus of texts that present different interpretations of the word, which is transcribed as huaca or guaca in Spanish sources. The article examines the untranslatability of the word in the writings of Bartolomé de Las Casas, José de Acosta, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, and the Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Moreover, the article provides an interpretation about how the practice of untranslatability from indigenous languages to Spanish reveals mechanisms of cultural domination. After examining how writers incorporated the term huaca into their chronicles, I argue that the untranslatability of the native word reflects specific dynamics of appropriation that writers grappled with as they negotiated the terms of Spanish cultural domination in Peru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the formation of identities in the Ancash region based on a Narrative Inquiry of two families living in the city of Huaraz, the parents are Hirka and Quyllur. Both have faced the same external influences but have opted for different identity constructions. Narrative inquiry employs three dimensions: interaction, continuity, and situation. The data analysis was based on the composition of meanings and the interpretative perspective of the experiences that consist of organizing meanings based on the data and a reflective process by the researcher, and the presentation of the advances to a support group to discuss, review and adjustment of the obtained data. From the analysis of the experiences, we can conclude that Hirka represents cultural resistance and Quyllur cultural assimilation. The first considers that their cultural practices have been inherited from their ancestors; on the other hand, Quyllur does not have this intergenerational awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research describes argument marking in the Huarpean languages --Millcayac and Allentiac--, focusing on the determination of their marking locus and alignment type. With respect to the locus, several systems are observed coexisting in the synchronic stage described by Luis de Valdivia. In both languages, a split alignment is observed in flagging constructions, between nominative-accusative and neutral, and secundative and indirective alignments. In the indexing constructions, a nominativeaccusative alignment and one of secundative type are recognized. Finally, regarding the diachronic process, we propose that the Huarpean languages might have exhibited a predominance of marking through flagging, and that they would have gradually incorporated argument indexing constructions at the time they were documented by Valdivia, possibly as a result of the influence of surrounding Andean languages, especially Quechua. In fact, from this language, they would have received the case marker -ta and the object morpheme pu-. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lengas is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article we describe Basque solidarity for language revitalization in the context of two language-cultures indigenous to Latin America; Mapuche and (southern) Quechua. We explain Basque solidarity broadly in section 2, whereas in section 3 we contextualize this collaboration within a framework of four processes or historic trends. We draw conclusions and key questions from each trend in order to understand Basque solidarity for language revitalization of "Latin-American languages". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research is to analyze the intersubjective communication of the Andean identity, especially of Ayacucho, with the film Retablo [Altarpiece] that vindicates the inhabitants of the Peruvian highlands. The historical process of the Andean communities had its own way until the arrival of Spaniards. These communities remained for years, even today, stable in their organization preserving the order established by their founders. The social justice of the Andean communities apply punishment in public to those responsible for actions that go against the morality of the community. The film Retablo reflects and analyzes the experience of many peasants who cover up their spontaneity largely for fear of rejection. In the structuring of Andean communities, unrestricted respect for cultural individuality is encouraged. On the contrary, state is seen as alien, a powerful apparatus of discrimination compromised with the owners of the broad media, especially in political and social participation in pre- and post-electoral scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kichwa language is used in commercial names in Quito, the capital of Ecuador, where most of the population self-identifies as mestizo and does not speak Kichwa. The usage of Kichwa is very limited in social interactions in Quito, yet its presence in the city's linguistic landscape is evident. These names are associated with concepts like organic, artisanal, or national; and so assign an additional commercial value to the product. Accordingly, surveys and interviews show that the meanings of Kichwa words in commercial names are unknown by the population. This use of the Kichwa language represents a case of cultural exploitation as it is causing the language to be resignified through a process of language commodification resulting in commercial benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific etymology, as opposed to the naive or the purely impressionistic, finds its strongest support in historical linguistics, and, in turn, within this discipline, in its consecratory discovery of the regularity of sound change. By virtue of this attribute, the researcher, in this case the etymologist, is capable of finding the etymology of a given term of which he wasn't yet sure. Furthermore, by taking into account the regularity of the change, he can predict it, even in absence of available corroborating corpus at hand. Empirical confirmation for an etymological prospect can be found either with the discovery of novel dialect forms not previously known, or by virtue of unsuspected evidence provided by philologically interpreted written record. The present work aims to demonstrate the importance of written source, printed or manuscript, as a rich and inexhaustible vein of information thanks to which the hypothetical postulations made by the etymologist can be tested and eventually corroborated. More specifically, this essay will test the impressive predictive potential of regular sound change by using examples taken from Quechua and Aymara. Our exposition goes as follows: after a general introduction on the development of historical linguistics in the Andean region, we focus our discussion on regular sound change and its predictive nature within Andean linguistics studies with corroborating evidence of dialectal as well as documental (published) material. A fourth section provides new and revealing archival evidence. In sum, the evidence provided, both printed or unpublished, revolves around the etymology of onomastic terms such as , a nobility title, and , a well-known Andean ethno-toponym. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study analyses the links between scribes from the city of Quito during the seventeenth century and the indigenous people that inhabited this major city and its surroundings. It delves into the nature of these links, their development, their consequences, and the forces that shaped them; analysing almost one hundred notary volumes and a thousand documents, among which are included the main typologies of notarial protocols. By studying the special connection between certain scribes and the indigenous population in the city of Quito, it maintains that during the seventeenth century, a group was formed of scribes from Quito, who specialized in the republic of Indians, whose defining characteristic was their use and their spreading of the local indigenous language (Quechua) in their notaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a study on the influence that translating into one's mother tongue has on the written communication of students in bilingual intercultural schools in the province of Andahuaylas (Apurímac, Peru). An experiment was designed with five teaching modules that used examples in the Quechua language and a methodology based on the translation of words, phrases, sentences, and text into the students' native language. The sample comprised 97 students from two schools; the research employed a descriptive statistical analysis and a Pearson's correlation test with a significance level of a = 0.05, performed with the statistical package SPSS 25. It was found that the only significant correlation was between the translation of words and phrases (p-value < 0.05), and this correlation was very strong and positive (R > 0.90). The study concludes that translation from a second language (Spanish) into a native language (Quechua) has a positive impact on the development of students' written communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecuadorian Andean Spanish (EAS) has been in intense and sustained contact with Kichwa, a variety of Quechua spoken in Ecuador. Different studies have shown the influence of Kichwa in this variety of Andean Spanish at different levels, such as lexical, phonetic/phonological, morphosyntactic, and pragmatic (Bustamante 1991; Haboud 1998, 2018; Palacios 2005, 2007; Haboud y de la Vega 2008; Pfänder y Palacios 2013; Muysken 2019). Although morphological influence of Kichwa over EAS is minimal, there is evidence of the use of the Kichwa morpheme -ka in both Kichwa-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals (Lipski 2014; Muysken 2019). Nevertheless, no previous study analyzes the presence of this particle in the speech of EAS monolinguals. Thus, the present study offers a preliminary analysis about the distribution and discourse role of -ka in the speech of EAS monolinguals from the city of Ambato (EAS Ambateño). The data was obtained through sociolinguistic interviews and fieldwork notes collected between 2018 and 2019. The results show that EAS monolinguals from Ambato use -ka with different constituents (e.g., pronouns, nouns, adverbs, verbs, conjunctions). Regarding its role in the discourse, it is argued that -ka is a particle that evokes contrast (contrastive focus). Since we are in a language contact scenario, it is of the utmost importance to consider social, historical, and demographic factors of the city of Ambato along with the background of the speakers in order to understand the dynamics of the languages (Kichwa and Spanish) and try to find a possible answer to how this particle was incorporated in the speech of EAS monolinguals from Ambato. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spanish Andean varieties, también 'also, too' has been recognized as a particle with multiple usages besides its canonical function of an additive (Babel 2010; Calvo Pérez 2000; Cerrón-Palomino 2003; Escobar 2000; Pfänder 2009; Toscano 1953). Among these usages, también as a marker of indefiniteness has been proposed by Cerrón-Palomino (2003). The author argues that its origin corresponds to the linguistic contact with Quechua and the suffix -pas, which fulfills additive and indefinite functions. The present study focuses on the function of también in direct or indirect interrogative structures, a usage that to a certain extent is related to the indefinite value described by Cerrón-Palomino (2003). The present analysis is based on empirical data of the Spanish of Quito collected on Twitter and from intuitions of native speakers of this Spanish variety. Building on the traditional description of this usage of también as an adverb of doubt that marks emphasis on the lack of knowledge of what is asked (Cordero 2021; Miño-Garcés 2020; Toscano 1953), this study offers an in-depth pragmatic account that shows that the usage of the structure 'interrogative pronoun + también' corresponds to a conventional implicature. The realis and irrealis moods of the speakers are in an interplay, and the usage of the structure is felicitous only when the speaker does not intend to resolve their lack of information by means of the interrogative clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we will approach the analysis of a phenomenon of variation of Spanish in contact with Quechua from the theoretical perspective of Contact Linguistics. We will analyze the innovative functions of the marker ya también in an oral corpus compiled in the province of Cuzco, Peru. In the corpus, ya también is used as a marker that possess the inclusion and ordering values of the adverb también, as well as the update of a change or new information and emphasis that have been indicated for the adverb ya in Spanish (Delbecque 2006; Deloor 2011; Garrido 1993; Girón Alconchel 2011). On the other hand, it has developed innovative values as a discursive marker since it behaves as a focuser to address the interlocutor's attention to certain new or added information in the conversation, or in the narration of events that contrasts with previous information. We postulate that the observed phenomenon is a contact induced change with the Quechua language that has emerged from the exploitation of the linguistic resources available to the bilingual speaker, especially in those areas in which he perceives similarities in both languages, creating thus innovative communication strategies that allow a more effective interaction (Jarvis & Pavlenko 2008; Palacios 2013; Palacios & Pfänder 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a new approach to the (re)ordering of subject and object morphemes in verb agreement of Ayacuchan Quechua. Our analysis is based on Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993), which proposes operations on morphemes in the morphological component. We conclude that the addressee feature of the second-person object morpheme -nki «wins» when it comes to specificity and, therefore, it appears in a subject position, which results in the occurrence of -yki as an allomorph and the appearance of -su. Finally, we propose the occurrence of -su as a transitional defective morpheme, which cannot be considered as a third or second person pronoun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many languages preposed adverbial clauses repeat the previous verb or predicate, which phenomenon has been termed tail-head linkage (THL henceforth, Thompson & Longacre, 1985; de Vries, 2005). This paper aims to describe THL constructions in Santiagueño Quichua (Quechua) according to two parameters: a) the degree of semantic overlap between the predicates of the THL constructions, and b) the degree of event integration of the preposed adverbial with its main clause. The first parameter allows the identification of verbatim constructions -with exact repetition of the previous predicate- and non verbatim constructions -without exact repetition-. The second parameter manifests itself in the form the head clause might adopt, where it is a converb or it takes switch reference suffixes. The interplay of both parameters shows that the different THL constructions possess diverse discourse functions, particularly regarding thematic coherence (Givón, 2001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, I employ a philological approach to reading and analyzing Spanish-language historical documents that include Quechua, Aymara, and other non-Spanish terms to shed light on the records left by Native individuals, particularly women, in colonial Peru. Careful and rigorous attention to voice and language expands our understanding of the speaker's intended meanings. Through this approach, I write an alternative history based on strategic speculation, but woven out of textual snapshots contextualized within their broader history and pieced together with an eye for narrative and plot as well as cultural and linguistic nuances. I illustrate this critical position and a methodology with the recasting of Kusi Warkay, an Indigenous woman often perceived as a poverty-stricken widow, but who was in fact one of the last local power players with enough influence among Inkas and Spaniards to also be considered as an important actor on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the examples of the Quechua grammars composed between 1560 and 1753: a total of nine missionary arts. It analyses the marking of the examples, their topics, their function and their origin so that, on the one hand, it brings to light the links that exist between the grammars of this tradition and, on the other hand, it connects the examples used by the missionaries with the didactic and evangelizing purposes of these grammatical texts. To this end, this paper focuses on the analysis of the chapters related to nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the studies of Alfredo Torero, Ecuadorian-Colombian Quechua is often considered to come from a variety that was formerly spoken on the central coast of Peru and introduced into Ecuador through maritime trade long before the formation of the Inca empire. Based on a dialectal comparison and an examination of historical sources, we refute this thesis and show that Northern Quechua is the product of a strong influence of Cuzco Quechua on the speech of the North Peruvian settlers that were brought by the Incas into Ecuador. Finally, this case study leads us to question the genetic classification of Quechua dialects proposed by Torero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the central paradoxes of textbook authorship in Indigenous languages is that some of those for whom the textbooks are intended find it challenging to read them. Here, through examining cases of Quechua across the Andes in Peru and in Ecuador, we consider the role of orthography in this paradox. Textbook authors must decide on an alphabet for writing textbooks. Yet, the selection of a particular alphabet or changing the alphabet can cause unforeseen difficulties in reading and teaching with the books. Teachers often have experiences with the letters and with reading and writing that are linked to larger-scale questions about what 'the Quechua language' is and how one writes in Quechua. These experiences affect their own and others' interactions with linguistic varieties and with textbooks, playing a significant role in what and how they teach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revitalization of Latin American Indigenous languages started many years ago, but only some university libraries in the United States have taken steps to advocate for preservation, access, inclusion, and diversity through collection building covering these languages and cultures. This study examines holdings of Quechua, Nahuatl, Guaraní, Zapotec, Maya, Mapudungun, and Aymara materials in 87 university libraries in the United States. This study seeks to answer the question: are university libraries in the United States supporting inclusion and diversity through the purchase of Latin American Indigenous language materials? In addition, the author explores what initiatives university libraries could take to further the revitalization and advancement of these Indigenous languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute las opiniones del autor sobre las diferentes variedades regionales de quechua habladas por los migrantes con un enfoque en el caso de Reina Maraz, incluyendo temas relacionados con la marginación social, las luchas y desafíos de los pueblos indígenas mapuche quechua hablantes y las migraciones de Bolivia en Argentina.

Copyright of Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Already in pre-Hispanic times the Mapuche (Mapudungu(n)) and Quechua languages were in contact. Due to this, lexical elements were adopted by the general language of Chile. Quechua terms were included in the lexicons that are part of the colonial mapudungu(n) grammars (published in 1606, 1765 and 1777), in the Vocabulario Araucano of 1642-1643, and also in modern dictionaries. Some terms are no longer used, but others are still in force in the language spoken today. Speakers are apparently unaware of their ultimate provenance. The lexicon belongs to various semantic fields (clothing, food, etc.), and has given rise to derived forms. Some terms have also been incorporated into the Spanish spoken in Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives and Research Questions: This study explores the effects of bilingualism on the production of subject personal pronouns (SPPs) in speakers of two null-subject languages, Quechua and Spanish. The paper also seeks to determine if these effects can be explained by general bilingual accounts, such as the Interface Hypothesis (IH), or by contact-specific accounts. Methodology: This is a sociolinguistic variationist study; therefore, the data were collected with sociolinguistic interviews. Data and Analysis: The data consist of transcriptions of audio recordings of eight Spanish monolingual and eight Quechua-Spanish bilingual speakers of Huancayo (Peru). The data were analyzed by using the statistical software SPSS 23.0 and Goldvarb X. Findings: The IH predicts that the overt SPP rate of the bilinguals should be higher than that of the monolinguals and that the pragmatic switch reference constraint should be difficult for the Quechua first language speakers to master. The results show, however, that their rates are similar, and that switch reference was the most robust predictor for the bilinguals. This study's results suggest that indirect transfer from the mandatory Quechua switch reference subordinating particle – pti is taking place. Originality: This is one of the first variationist studies examining the IH predictions regarding SPP production in bilinguals speaking an indigenous American null-subject language alongside Spanish. In addition, this is the first study to show, through statistical analyses, the contact-specific effect the other language can exert on a particular constraint in the subject pronoun expression of the bilinguals. Significance: The results of the study suggest that even subtle transfer in situations of language contact can be accurately explained by contact-specific accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct object clitics in Latin American Spanish are subject to great variability in features across dialects. Variability also characterizes bilingual acquisition and especially clitic doubling structures in language contact contexts. We focus on the distribution of clitics and Differential Object Marking (DOM) in clitic doubling structures among Shipibo-Spanish bilinguals, Quechua-Spanish bilinguals, and monolingual speakers of Spanish in contact with Quechua. We analyze a continuum of clitic forms and DOM as complex cases of feature reassembly and functional convergence that results in new interface rules with scalar hierarchies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will discuss the question of the formation of the mixed and secret Kallawaya language, spoken by traditional herbalists at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I argue that Kallawaya arose from lexical re-orientation, having been created by Quechua native speakers. As such it does not present an instance of selective replication (Matras 2000). To support this claim, I will discuss lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence. In contrast to what has been claimed by Stark (1972), only a small part of the Kallawaya lexicon links to Pukina. Moreover, the Kallawaya grammar is as good as identical to that of Southern Quechua but contains some grammatical markers that do not trace back to Quechua or Aymara. It is the aim of this paper to concentrate on these deviant markers, investigating possible relationships with Pukina. I will show that demonstrated links to Pukina are scarce and that the formation of Kallawaya is better explained as a case of lexical re-orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the extent to which official fears about the failure of Christianization became projected onto language during periods of extirpatory zeal in the seventeenth-century Archdiocese of Lima. Quechua and Spanish, as 'languages of conversion' and 'languages of the converted' became, simultaneously, tools of extirpation and sources of missionary anxiety. I first explore seventeenth-century understandings of language as a transformative force that simultaneously enabled and threatened to undermine the project of conversion in the colonial Andes. Next, I examine the distinct but complementary roles allotted to Quechua and Castilian as instruments of education and reform. While officials intended to strengthen Andeans' commitment to orthodox Catholicism through indoctrination in a Christianized register of Quechua, attempts to teach Spanish to Andean children were connected to the belief that the language itself would 'naturally' transfer Spanish Catholic beliefs and customs to neophytes. Finally, I explore little-traversed records to examine the ways Andeans employed Spanish in their own lives and for their own purposes, often outside the purview of colonial officialdom. Situated at the intersection between official aims and intents regarding languages in the Archdiocese of Lima and the decisions made by Andeans themselves, this study opens up new avenues for understanding the relationship between Spanish and Quechua and the roles assigned to each in peoples' lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American urban contexts are defined by their demographic, cultural and linguistic diversity. In the same way, schools are multilingual and multicultural spaces, enriched, in many cases, by students who speak indigenous languages. In contrast, the Argentinian school has historically transmitted one 'national' language, identity and culture, in line with homogenizing values and school practices. The present study inquiries about the instruction of Spanish guided by linguistic ideologies bind together to monolingual and assimilation of diversity, focusing on teacher teaching on school context at Ciudad de Buenos Aires, with students who are either Quechua speakers or speakers of Andean Spanish (dialect in contact with Quechua). According to this, one of the goals in this paper is to provide theoretical tools about language contact (Spanish-Quechua), such as the concept of Linguistic Transferences (Clyne, 1976) and typological generalities of Quechua. The other goal is to offer resources for the language teacher considering Standard Spanish as well as the languages and dialects of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuzco Quechua (CQ), a periphrastic construction optionally marked for the past tense is said to serve as past habitual. The study focuses on the evolution of this construction in CQ. Its development replicates the cline suggested by Bybee et al. in 1994 and supports their findings but not in full: Although the habitual marker in CQ is restricted temporally to the past, it bears no past tense marking. The article sketches the different stages and concludes that the construction in question had further grammaticalized to a past imperfective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many phonological patterns target classes of sounds that can be defined phonetically, a large number of patterns in descriptive grammars involve sounds that cannot be easily characterised in phonetic terms. This finding suggests that phonological patterns themselves must be taken into account when learning phonological representations, and that phonological classes may emerge in learning from both phonetic factors (bottom-up) and phonological patterns (top-down). The current work presents a case of a phonetically unnatural class in South Bolivian Quechua that is active in the phonology of the language, and provides experimental support that this class is referred to by speakers' grammars. While many cases of phonetically unnatural classes have been documented in descriptions of language patterns, in most cases there is little or no evidence that these patterns or classes are represented by speakers as they are described by linguists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue that Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in Peru has turned into a depoliticized endeavor, fed by a modernist national frame and a positivist/modernist linguistics (García et al., 2017). Situating my discussion amid the context of discourses of IBE, I will focus on Quechuaspeaking urban youth activists and the way they challenge three key issues that have been historically entrenched in the discourse of IBE and language diversity in general: the restriction of Quechua speakers to "mother tongue" speakers, the dichotomy between local and global identities, and the defensive stance towards neoliberalism and the market economy. In a context of tensions and challenges for multilingualism and of new circumstances for minoritized languages and their speakers (Pietikainen et al., 2016), these young people are questioning the depoliticized, limiting, and fictitious views of Quechua and Quechuaness from the IBE discourse. Put it differently: they are disinventing Quechua as IBE conceives it and reinventing it within a much more inclusive and politicized project, in a way that should interest educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the government of Rafael Correa in Ecuador (2007-2017), the program Citizen Link functioned as one of the main government communication devices. At the end of this program, José Maldonado, a native of Peguche, read a summary of these in Kichwa. During this summary, and in general in the program, Correa and Maldonado exchanged comments and jokes, often focused on a dispute about the competence in the Kichwa language. The objective of this work, which will be based in some categories of discourse analysis and focus on the Links made in the indigenous community of Zumbahua, will be to demonstrate that the Ecuadorian president uses several polyphonic strategies to reinforce an ethos of competition in relation to the Kichwa language and the indigenous worldview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • First perceptual study to take into account a mixed language and its source languages. • Vowels with highly overlapping 'intermixed' acoustic spaces can still be aurally contrastive. • Media Lengua listeners identify differences in mid- and high-vowel production. • Young Quichua listeners identify differences in mid- and high-vowels while older listeners do not. • Theoretical implications raised for models of L2/non-native speech perception. Abstract This study explores mid and high vowel perception in and across Ecuadorian Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua (a mixed language containing Quichua systemic elements and Spanish lexicon). Quichua and Media Lengua were originally considered three vowel systems comprised of /i, u, a/. However, recent production results reveal that mid vowels /e, o/ may have entered these languages through Spanish lexical borrowings. The aim of the present study is to test listener perception with minimal pairs containing different mid and high vowels to determine how listeners identify them. A two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) identification task experiment with paired stimuli, gradually modified along 10-step continua, revealed that listeners of all three languages demonstrate a relatively high degree of consistent response patterns with the exception of older Quichua listeners. The results of this study coupled with the 'intermixed' acoustic spaces in which the vowels are produced also call into question the predictions that might be made in theoretical models of L2/non-native speech perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cusco, Peru, is a booming tourist destination and the birthplace of Quechua, the Incas' language. While the grandeur of the Incas attracts tourists, Quechua and its speakers are generally stigmatized. In this environment, I find a noteworthy presence of written Quechua in Cusco's historic center, particularly in domains that are often frequented by non-Quechua speakers. Quechua is found in Cusco's botanical garden; in a public market; on a main avenue; and on street, restaurant and shop names. Applying the tenets of Linguistic Landscape (LL), I propose that Quechua serves a cultural (rather than communicative) purpose whose presence showcases the local indigenous culture and serves to inspire pride among its speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an acoustic study describing the vowel spaces of bilingual Quechua–Spanish speakers in Cochabamba, Bolivia, with a particular focus on the height of mid and high vowels, in order to explore longstanding questions about the nature of Quechua vowel categories. South Bolivian Quechua is generally described as phonemically trivocalic with high-vowel lowering in presence of uvular consonants, but there has been little acoustic study of vowel formant characteristics (Cerrón-Palomino 1987, Laime Ajacopa, Cazazola & Pairumani 2007). The current study quantifies previous impressionistic observations of the vowel system and describes the acoustic properties of the Quechua vowels. Eleven bilingual speakers of South Bolivian Quechua and Spanish were recorded in a Quechua translation task and a Spanish list-reading task. Results of Bayesian models indicate that Quechua high vowels do appear to undergo systematic lowering following uvular consonants, supporting earlier descriptions. The results also demonstrate that lowering is consistent throughout the duration of the vowels, challenging a purely coarticulatory motivation for the observed lowering pattern. The allophonic mid-vowels of Quechua and the phonemic high and mid vowels of Spanish also have formant characteristics that may differ from one another, providing evidence for the hypothesis that these bilingual speakers could potentially command two separate vowel systems with different bases of articulation. These findings are also relevant for questions related to the nature of three-vowel systems, and whether or not they may contain true mid-vowel allophones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ecuador there exists a dynamic language contact continuum between Urban Spanish and Rural Quichua. This study explores the effects of competing phonologies with an analysis of voice onset time (VOT) production in and across three varieties of Ecuadorian highland Spanish, Quichua, and Media Lengua. Media Lengua is a mixed language that contains Quichua systemic elements and a lexicon of Spanish origin. Because of this lexical-grammatical split, Media Lengua is considered the most central point along the language continuum. Native Quichua phonology has a single series of voiceless stops (/p/, /t/, and /k/), while Spanish shows a clear voicing contrast between stops in the same series. This study makes use of nearly 8,000 measurements from 69 participants to (i) document VOT production in the aforementioned language varieties and (ii) analyse the effects of borrowings on VOT. Results based on mixed effects models and multidimensional scaling suggest that the voicing contrast has entered both Media Lengua and Quichua through Spanish lexical borrowings. However, the VOT values of voiced stops in Media Lengua align with those of Rural and L2 Spanish while Quichua shows significantly longer prevoicing values, suggesting some degree of overshoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the terminology for the major internal organs of the torso across the Quechuan language family. From both semasiological and onomasiological points of view, differences in the synchronic organization of the semantic field across individual Quechua varieties as well as the diachronic developments that brought them about are described. Particular attention is also paid to semantic reconstruction within the field at the proto-Quechua level, and, with recourse to recent efforts at internal reconstruction, also beyond. Another recurrent theme is the interrelation between lexical data and the conceptions of anatomy and bodily functions encountered in quechua-speaking communities. A major conclusion is that an engagement with such perspectives allows for a considerably richer understanding of lexical organization in synchrony and diachrony than linguistic data alone could provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Quechua concept of larphay. In the Ch'isikata Quechua language the positions of subject, action, and object are not stable: the subject person can be transformed and for that, the action of larphay is relevant. In this text I will explain the notion of larphay through the narration of tales about the relationship between humans and non-humans. In many tales the non-humans (animals, vegetables, and objects) are transformed into humans in order to seduce and deceive, or to larphay -- to unload his non-human condition into the human. The «larphayed» people have been transmuted into the tian (double) of the non-human. Similarly, humans in certain circumstances can transform into vegetable, animal, mineral entities, or non-human supra-beings. This is possible due to the lack of boundary definition -- chawpi -- which allows for this exchange between beings of diverse conditions (cay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]