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Breast cancer, a widespread malignancy affecting women globally, often arises from mutations in estrogen/progesterone receptors. Conventional treatments like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy face limitations such as low efficacy and adverse effects. However, nanotechnology offers promise with its unique attributes like targeted delivery and controlled drug release. Yet, challenges like poor size distribution and environmental concerns exist. Biogenic nanotechnology, using natural materials or living cells, is gaining traction for its safety and efficacy in cancer treatment. Biogenic nanoparticles synthesized from plant extracts offer a sustainable and eco-friendly approach, demonstrating significant toxicity against breast cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. They surpass traditional drugs, providing benefits like biocompatibility and targeted delivery. Thus, this current review summarizes the available knowledge on breast cancer (its types, stages, histopathology, symptoms, etiology and epidemiology) with the importance of using biogenic nanomaterials as a new and improved therapy. The novelty of this work lies in its comprehensive examination of the challenges and strategies for advancing the industrial utilization of biogenic metal and metal oxide NPs. Additionally; it underscores the potential of plant-mediated synthesis of biogenic NPs as effective therapies for breast cancer, detailing their mechanisms of action, advantages, and areas for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing pollution of ecosystems by both biological and non-biological contaminants has recently fostered the rapid development of biosensors, thus opening a new investigation area in analytical sciences. Here, we review the applications of immunosensors in food safety, human health, environmental sciences, water pollution, and agriculture. We present the analysis of cancer markers, pathogens, antigens, antibiotics, pesticides, toxins, allergens, hormones, and phytohormones. Immunosensors comprise electrochemical, microgravimetric, optical, and thermometric immunosensors. Immunosensors have advantages such as enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, antibody-based biosensors have outperformed traditional methods in identifying and analysing various compounds. Immunosensors are able to detect compounds at nanomolar to picomolar levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics consumption has been associated with various health promoting benefits, including disease prevention and even treatment by modulating gut microbiota. Contrary to this, probiotics may also overstimulate the immune system, trigger systemic infections, harmful metabolic activities, and promote gene transfer. in children, the fragile immune system and impaired intestinal barrier may boost the occurrence of adverse effects following probiotics' consumption. To overcome these health challenges, the key focus has been shifted toward non-viable probiotics, also called paraprobiotics. Cell wall polysaccharides, peptidoglycans, surface proteins and teichoic acid present on cell's surface are involved in the interaction of paraprobiotics with the host, ultimately providing health benefits. Among other benefits, paraprobiotics possess the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immunity, exert anti-adhesion, anti-biofilm, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-proliferative, and antagonistic effects against pathogens, while also enhance clinical impact and general safety when administered in children in comparison to probiotics. Clinical evidence have underlined the paraprobiotics impact in children and young infants against atopic dermatitis, respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, in addition to be useful for immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, this review focuses on probiotics-related issues in children's health and also discusses the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. qualities for qualifying as paraprobiotics and their role in promoting the children's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus emblica or Indian gooseberry is an integrated part of Ayurvedic and Traditional Chinese Medicines. For several decades, the well-known ancient herb has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine to cure diseases like fever, diabetes, constipation, jaundice, ulcers, biliousness, anemia, anorexia, and dyspepsia. In the traditional system, Indian gooseberry has various ethnomedicinal applications. In the Ayurvedic system, different methods of administration (anupan) have shown different ethnomedicinal properties of Indian gooseberry. Seventy well-known chemical components in Indian gooseberry have been identified through phytochemical evaluation, among which the flavonoids and phenols are most prominent. From the toxicity perspective, it is considered a safe herb in India, and is taken as a food supplement in European countries. The wide-spectrum pharmacological activities of the crude extracts and isolates of Indian gooseberry are attributed to the predominance of phenols and flavonoids. Thus, it is important to study the exact mechanism of the activity of the phytochemicals in Indian gooseberry, especially in anti-cancer activities. Extract of Indian gooseberry enhances proliferation in several cancer cells in vitro, including stem cells like ovarian cancer (OC) cells, and also has been observed to possess anti-proliferative characteristics in vivo. This review intends to explore the therapeutic potential of Indian gooseberry based on scientific reports and attempts to find the gaps for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural biomass is proven ecofriendly and effective adsorbent for the remediation of contaminants from wastewater. Here, rice husk biochar (600 °C) prepared by a one‐step pyrolysis method is used for the remediation of different contaminants in real samples. An onsite biofilter unit is fabricated with parallel trenches of different layers of coconut coir and biochar and is used as a biofiltration unit. The efficiency of the designed unit is assessed for the removal of different contaminants in pilot‐scale experiments. Results show that removal efficiency varies from metal to metal and ranges from 5.52% to 90.76% using the biofilter unit. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis before and after the adsorption represent the changes in the morphology and surface functionalization of the biochar. Results indicate that the designed biofilter unit could also be used as a promising agent for the remediation of pharmaceutical and other emerging contaminants from wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) are popular in different research fields due to their unique physical and chemical properties and superior antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, larvicidal, and catalytic potentials. Although conventional wet methods like colloidal synthesis, calcination, and spark ablation for synthesizing MNPs are effective, their synthesis uses an array of reducing and stabilizing agents and gases, making the process tedious. Additionally, metal nanoparticles induce oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species (ROS), showing high toxicity. Research and development in green chemistry have gained momentum and massive attention because of being efficient, clean, economical, environment-friendly, and free of hazardous byproducts. Recently, seed extracts in-lieu of chemical stabilizers and reducing agents have become popular because of the single-step green synthesis of MNPs. Seeds provide the researchers with a cost-effective alternate to other biological methods due to low maintenance costs, culture/growth independence for biomass, and diversity of phytochemicals as reducing and capping agents. Thus, effective green synthesis approaches are considered sustainable for MNP synthesis. This review depicts the literature on the challenges associated with metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and discusses their synthesis using seed extracts. The application section of the review discusses the antimicrobial, anticancer, and larvicidal activities of seed extracted-synthesized metallic nanoparticles. Furthermore, insights into the different biological potentials of the synthesized green MNPs have also been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) presence in different environments is attributed to anthropogenic, biogenic and geogenic activities, and it exhibits different toxicity levels depending on its oxidative state and presence in the environment. It also affects water health by changing its alkalinity, oxidation–reduction potential and may also react with other toxic metals and become more toxic in combination with them. As contamination has become a worldwide concern due to adverse effects on health like cardiovascular as well as haematological effects, neurological effects and skin lesions. Due to severe health issues, the development of As removal technologies has become of utmost importance. This review intends to provide information about the source and impact of As on the environment, contamination status of arsenic in different sources and the effect of other heavy metals. We evaluated various effects and consequences of As on soil fertility, plants, photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen metabolism, antioxidants system and biologically active compounds. The impactful use of sustainable monitoring and removal solutions could be an essential and economical way to address the problems of As toxicity in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a progressive, unalterable physiological degradation process of living organisms, which leads to deterioration of biological function and eventually to senescence. The most prevalent factor responsible for aging is the accumulation of damages resulting from oxidative stress and dysbiosis. D-galactose-induced aging has become a hot topic, and extensive research is being conducted in this area. Published literature has reported that the continuous administration of D-galactose leads to the deterioration of motor and cognitive skills, resembling symptoms of aging. Hence, this procedure is employed as a model for accelerated aging. This review aims to emphasize the effect of D-galactose on various bodily organs and underline the role of the Lactobacillus sp. in the aging process, along with its anti-oxidative potential. A critical consideration to the literature describing animal models that have used the Lactobacillus sp. in amending D-galactose-induced aging is also given. Key points: • D-Galactose induces the aging process via decreasing the respiratory chain enzyme activity as well as ATP synthesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased ROS production. • D-Galactose induced aging primarily affects the brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and skin. • The anti-oxidative potential of Lactobacillus sp. in improving D-galactose-induced aging in animal models via direct feeding and feeding of Lactobacillus-fermented food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh fruit and vegetables are highly utilized commodities by health-conscious consumers and represent a prominent segment in the functional and nutritional food sector. However, food processing is causing significant loss of nutritional components, and the generation of waste is creating serious economic and environmental problems. Fruit and vegetables encompass husk, peels, pods, pomace, seeds, and stems, which are usually discarded, despite being known to contain potentially beneficial compounds, such as carotenoids, dietary fibers, enzymes, and polyphenols. The emerging interest in the food industry in the nutritional and biofunctional constituents of polyphenols has prompted the utilization of fruit and vegetable waste for developing enriched and functional foods, with applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the utilization of waste for developing diverse and crucial bioactive commodities is a fundamental step in sustainable development. Furthermore, it provides evidence regarding the applicability of fruit and vegetable waste in different food formulations especially bakery, jam, and meat based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol is essential for normal human health, but elevations in its serum levels have led to the development of various complications, including hypercholesterolemia (HC). Cholesterol accumulation in blood circulation formsplaques on artery walls and worsens the individuals' health. To overcome this complication, different pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are employed to reduce elevated blood cholesterol levels. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are the most commonly used drugs, but their prolonged use leads to several acute side effects. In recent decades, the potential benefit of ingesting yogurt on lipid profile has attracted the interest of researchers and medical professionals worldwide. This review aims to give an overview of the current knowledge about HC and the different therapeutic approaches. It also discusses the health benefits of yogurt consumption and highlights the overlooked phyto-enrichment option to enhance the yogurt's quality. Finally, clinical studies using different phyto-enriched yogurts for HC management are also reviewed. Yogurt has a rich nutritional value, but its processing degrades the content of minerals, vitamins, and other vital constituents with beneficial health effects. The option of enriching yogurt with phytoconstituents has drawn a lot of attention. Different pre-clinical and clinical studies have provided new insights on their benefits on gut microbiota and human health. Thus, the yogurtphyto-enrichment with stanol and β-glucan have opened new paths in functional food industries and found healthy andeffective alternatives for HC all along with conventional treatment approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dark septate endophytes (DSE) exert a plethora of effects in regulating plant growth, signalling and stress tolerance. The advent of metagenomics has led to the identification of various species of DSE to be associated with plant organs. They are known to modulate growth, nutrient uptake, phytohormone biosynthesis and production of active bioconstituents in several plants. The interactions between the DSE and host plants are mostly mutualistic but they can also be neutral or exhibit negative interactions. The DSE has beneficial role in removal/sequestration of toxic heavy metals from various environmental sites. Here, we discuss the beneficial role of DSE in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metal stress, drought conditions, high salinity and protection from various plant pathogens. Furthermore, the underlying mechanism of stress resilience facilitated by DSE-plant interaction has also been discussed. The article also provides insights to some important future perspectives associated with DSE-mediated phytoremediation and reclamation of polluted land worldwide thus facilitating sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa , widely known as 'Marijuana' poses a dilemma for being a blend of both good and bad medicinal effects. The historical use of Cannabis for both medicinal and recreational purposes suggests it to be a friendly plant. However, whether the misuse of Cannabis and the cannabinoids derived from it can hamper normal body physiology is a focus of ongoing research. On the one hand, there is enough evidence to suggest that misuse of marijuana can cause deleterious effects on various organs like the lungs, immune system, cardiovascular system, etc. and also influence fertility and cause teratogenic effects. However, on the other hand, marijuana has been found to offer a magical cure for anorexia, chronic pain, muscle spasticity, nausea, and disturbed sleep. Indeed, most recently, the United Nations has given its verdict in favour of Cannabis declaring it as a non-dangerous narcotic. This review provides insights into the various health effects of Cannabis and its specialized metabolites and indicates how wise steps can be taken to promote good use and prevent misuse of the metabolites derived from this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major constraint of agricultural productivity globally and is recognized to be severely elevated by alterations in the climatic conditions. High salinity levels cause osmotic pressure and ionic imbalance and adversely affects plant's morphological, physiological and biochemical aspects, which subsequently hampers plant growth or death of the plant. Furthermore, as alterations in soil properties lead to an acceleration in salinity levels, our concern of how plants cope with salinity stress is becoming progressively meaningful. In this context, various signaling moieties and cross-talk between several sensors and signal transduction pathways, are required to increase plant tolerance against salinity stress. To protect from salinity, plants secrete different signaling moieties that trigger several stress-adaptation responses and cause either plant acclimation or programmed cell death. Among these signaling molecules, nitric oxide (NO) is a multifaceted, small gaseous reactive moiety that regulates numerous plant developmental progressions and provides endurance to different abiotic factors, including salinity stress. NO is known to be significant for plants exposed to salinity stress. It improves plant potential to cope with salinity by boosting plant growth, photosynthetic activity, stomatal conductance, accumulation of compatible solutes, maintains ion homeostasis, and reverse oxidative damage by stimulating anti-oxidant defense apparatus. It also alters the expression of defense-associated genes, thereby influence the phenotypic response of plant genotypes. Thus, it was concluded that NO is a crucial signaling molecule which remarkably mitigate salinity-induced adverse effects in plants by regulating various developmental aspects in plants. The aim of the present review is to provide an overall update on the NO mediated salinity stress tolerance in plants including NO metabolism, signal transduction via inducing various genes and post-translational modifications (PTMs), plant growth, photosynthetic activity, mineral nutrition, anti-oxidant defense system, gene expression and its cross-talk with phytohormones and with hydrogen sulfide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a fatal and severe disease to the humankind. There are various potent and effective sources such as natural herbs which have various bioactive compounds to combat cancer. Zingiber officinale is a perennial herb of the Zingiberaceae family having various medicinal properties as well as anti-oxidant potential. The active secondary metabolites in the ginger contribute to its anti-oxidant and anti-cancer property. Various methods are used in detecting how ginger can be used as an agent to combat diseases. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant assays provide the idea about the cell-viability and anti-oxidant property of ginger. When the production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) increases in the body, it can have various negative impacts. To nullify these impacts, ginger extract is effective on the cells. The cytotoxic nature and anti-proliferative properties of ginger directly contribute to various cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis which have a significant impact on cancer cells. The results also describe the effect of ginger on free radicals. It is concluded that ginger can be used as an alternative source of anti-cancer drugs as it has been proved to be effective in multiple studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metalloids are a subset of particular concern to risk assessors and toxicologists because of their well-documented potential hazards to plant system. Most of the metalloids are major environmental contaminants which affect crop productivity when present in high concentrations in soil. Metalloids are coupled with carrier proteins of the plasma membrane and translocated to various organs causing changes in key metabolic processes, damages cell biomolecules, and finally inhibit its growth. Phytoremediation-based approaches help in understanding the molecular and biochemical mechanisms for prerequisite recombinant genetic approaches. Recent advancements in proteomics and plant genomics help in understanding the role of transcription factors, metabolites, and genes in plant system which confers metal tolerance. The present review summarizes our current status of knowledge in this direction related to various physiological responses, detoxification mechanisms, and remediation strategies of metalloids in crop plants in relation to plant-metalloid tolerance. Further, the role of various transcription factors and miRNAs in conferring metal tolerance is also briefed. Hence, the present review mainly focused on the alterations in the physiological activities of plants due to metalloid toxicity and the various mechanisms which get activated inside the plants to mitigate their toxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress arising due to abiotic factors affects the plant's growth and productivity. Among several existing abiotic stressors like cold, drought, heat, salinity, heavy metal, etc., drought condition tends to affect the plant's growth by inducing two-point effect, i.e., it disturbs the water balance as well as induces toxicity by disturbing the ion homeostasis, thus hindering the growth and productivity of plants, and to survive under this condition, plants have evolved several transportation systems that are involved in regulating the drought stress. The role of membrane transporters has gained interest since genetic engineering came into existence, and they were found to be the important modulators for tolerance, avoidance, ion movements, stomatal movements, etc. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed the role of transporters (ABA, protein, carbohydrates, etc.) and channels that aids in withstanding the drought stress as well as the regulatory role of transporters involved in osmotic adjustments arising due to drought stress. This review also provides a gist of hydraulic conductivity by roots that are involved in regulating the drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the food and agricultural sectors are concerned about environmental problems caused by raw material waste, and they are looking for strategies to reduce the growing amount of waste disposal. Now, approaches are being explored that could increment and provide valueadded products from agricultural waste to contribute to the circular economy and environmental protection. Edible mushrooms have been globally appreciated for their medicinal properties and nutritional value, but during the mushroom production process nearly one-fifth of the mushroom gets wasted. Therefore, improper disposal of mushrooms and untreated residues can cause fungal disease. The residues of edible mushrooms, being rich in sterols, vitamin D2, amino acids, and polysaccharides, among others, makes it underutilized waste. Most of the published literature has primarily focused on the isolation of bioactive components of these edible mushrooms; however, utilization of waste or edible mushrooms themselves, for the production of value-added products, has remained an overlooked area. Waste of edible mushrooms also represents a disposal problem, but they are a rich source of important compounds, owing to their nutritional and functional properties. Researchers have started exploiting edible mushroom by-products/waste for value-added goods with applications in diverse fields. Bioactive compounds obtained from edible mushrooms are being used in media production and skincare formulations. Furthermore, diverse applications from edible mushrooms are also being explored, including the synthesis of biosorbent, biochar, edible films/coating, probiotics, nanoparticles and cosmetic products. The primary intent of this review is to summarize the information related to edible mushrooms and their valorization in developing value-added products with industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, appears as a major pandemic having adverse impact on public health and economic activities. Since viral replication in human enterocytes results in its faecal shedding, wastewater surveillance is an ideal, non-invasive, cost-effective and an early warning epidemiological approach to detect the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review techniques for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in municipal wastewater, and disinfectants used to control viral spread. For detection, concentration of ribonucleic acid involves ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation and polyethylene glycol precipitation. Identification is done by reverse transcriptase amplification, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, helicase dependent amplification, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, high throughput screening and biosensor assays. Disinfectants include ultraviolet radiations, ozone, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorites and hydrogen peroxide. Wastewater surveillance data indicates viral presence within longer detection window, and provides transmission dynamics earlier than classical methods. This is particularly relevant for pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbicide glyphosate is widely used to control weeds in grain crops. The overuse of glyphosate has induced issues such as contamination of surface water, decreased soils fertility, adverse effects on soil microbiota and possible incorporation in food chains. Here we review biochemical, agricultural, microbiological and analytical aspects of glyphosate. We discuss uptake, translocation, toxicity, degradation, complexation behaviour, analytical monitoring techniques and resistance emergence in crops. We provide data of glyphosate toxicity on different ecosystems. Experiments reveal that excessive glyphosate use induces stress on crops and on non-target plants, and is toxic for mammalians, microorganisms and invertebrates. The long half-life period of glyphosate and its metabolites under different environmental conditions is a major concern. Development of analytical methods for the detection of glyphosate is important because glyphosate has no chromophoric or fluorophoric groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent times, plants are facing certain types of environmental stresses, which give rise to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxides, superoxide anions and so on. These are required by the plants at low concentrations for signal transduction and at high concentrations, they repress plant root growth. Apart from the ROS activities, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) have major contributions in regulating growth and developmental processes in plants, as they also play key roles as signaling molecules and act as chief plant immune defense mechanisms against various biotic as well as abiotic stresses. H2S and NO are the two pivotal gaseous messengers involved in growth, germination and improved tolerance in plants under stressed and non‐stress conditions. H2S and NO mediate cell signaling in plants as a response to several abiotic stresses like temperature, heavy metal exposure, water and salinity. They alter gene expression levels to induce the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, osmolytes and also trigger their interactions with each other. However, research has been limited to only cross adaptations and signal transductions. Understanding the change and mechanism of H2S and NO mediated cell signaling will broaden our knowledge on the various biochemical changes that occur in plant cells related to different stresses. A clear understanding of these molecules in various environmental stresses would help to confer biotechnological applications to protect plants against abiotic stresses and to improve crop productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants study has emerged as new topic of interest which unravels the therapeutic potential of different species of plant of therapeutic interest. Uttarakhand state is the niche as well as the repository of diverse medicinal plants that have an immense role in the pharmaceutical industry and can help in sustaining the livelihood of people living in this area in the near future. Approximately, 300 plant species have been recorded from the Uttarakhand, illustrating the richness of herbal plant in the state and empowering the herbal-dependent industry in sub-Himalayan region. The potential medicinal value lies in all the parts of plants like root, shoot, fruits and leaves for treating various illnesses. Thus, there is urgent need to record the traditional knowledge about aromatic and medicinal plants as they are on the verge of extinction. Therefore, present study focuses on collecting the information about medicinal plants used in traditional medical system by the natives of Uttarakhand, India for curing the different ailments of water-borne and role of government and private sector in conserving this rich reservoir of medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mountain areas people's dependent on plants for their sustenance especially for medicine and value of medicinal plants in traditional healthcare practises provides clues to latest areas of research in biodiversity conservation. However, information on the uses of plants for medicine is deficient from interior areas of Himalaya. Himachal Pradesh has a rich heritage of medicinal plants. Inspite of this, acute jaundice and viral hepatitis diseases are highly prevalent nowadays among the residents of the state. Total 57 plant families are used for the treatment of liver ailments. The majority of the medicinal plants belongs to the family Asteraceae followed by Berbridaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Gentianaceae, respectively. The present study aimed to review and highlight the available ethnomedicinal plants in Himachal Pradesh for the treatment of the liver disorders. The over-exploitation, habitat degradation and changing environmental conditions may lead to the extinction within few years. Therefore, regular monitoring of population habitats, development of conventional protocol, and establishment of species in-situ conditions and replication of this approach in other parts of Indian Himalayan region have been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphates are one of the major constituent of herbicides, pesticides, insecticides and nerve gas. Azinophos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, fonofos and disulfoton are well-known organophosphate pesticides (OPs) having extensive applications in agriculture, horticulture, pest control, plastic making, flame retardants and for several household applications. OPs are the ester forms of phosphoric acid, usually considered as safe for agriculture use due to their relatively fast degradation rates. Acute or chronic exposure to OPs can produce varying levels of toxicity in humans, animals, plants, and insects. These are known to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, not only in insects but also in aquatic and terrestrial organisms leading to respiratory, reproductive, nervous, hepatic and renal abnormalities. OPs disrupt the growth promoting mechanism by inhibiting various enzymes, transcuticular diffusion and permeability which is essential for the growth of plants. Regular use of OPs subside the microbial community and reduces soil fertility. Due to environmental concerns associated with the accumulation of OPs in food products and water supplies, there is an urgent need to develop rapid, reliable and economical method amenable to onsite applications. Here, we review different classes of organophosphate pesticides, their environmental issues, analytical techniques for estimation, and eco-friendly biodegradation approaches for its efficient bioremediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In natural soil environment, microbial communities demonstrate a cooperative relationship with crops yield through the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In present report, we have explored the PGPRs for the plant growth promoting activities. In our recent report, the isolated strains were isolated from the industrial soil. Out of four rhizobacterial species, two strains (Bacillus thuringiensis PS-1 and Azotobacter chroococcum PS-2) have shown higher PGPR activity. Both stains were selected for their growth promoting activity in garden pea (Pisum sativum) variety P88 which had significantly higher germination percentage. Four different treatments, P. sativum without bacterial inoculum, P. sativum + B. thuringiensis PS-1, P. sativum + A. chroococcum PS-2 and P. sativum + bacterial consortium (control) were considered to make the comparative analysis of parameters like seed germination, plant height, plant relative water content, chlorophyll content, number of pods, number of leaves and root length in P. sativum. Among these treatments, seeds treated with bacterial consortium were significantly better in terms of plant height (87.78 ± 4.15 cm; p < 0.05); weight (93.45 ± 4.85 g; p < 0.05); number of leaves (80 ± 3.54; p < 0.05) and chlorophyll content (2.56 ± 0.78; p < 0.05) on day 60 post-inoculation. P. sativum + consortium treated group has showed the best result among all the treated and non-treated groups. Meticulous use of these rhizospheric bacteria could aid phytoremediation against the agrochemicals and heavy metals along with plants better growth. Highlights • Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Bacillus thuringiensis PS-1 and Azotobacter chroococcum PS-2 were isolated. • Both strains were tested for their plant growth promoting activities against pea (Pisum sativum) variety P88. • Consortium treated group showed the best result among all the treated and non treated groups (at p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]