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Abstract Primordial carbon delivered to the early earth by asteroids and meteorites provided a diverse source of extraterrestrial organics from pre-existing simple organic compounds, complex solar-irradiated macromolecules, and macromolecules from extended hydrothermal processing. Surface regolith collected by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft from the carbon-rich asteroid 162173 Ryugu present a unique opportunity to untangle the sources and processing history of carbonaceous matter. Here we show carbonaceous grains in Ryugu can be classified into three main populations defined by spectral shape: Highly aromatic (HA), Alkyl-Aromatic (AA), and IOM-like (IL). These carbon populations may be related to primordial chemistry, since C and N isotopic compositions vary between the three groups. Diffuse carbon is occasionally dominated by molecular carbonate preferentially associated with coarse-grained phyllosilicate minerals. Compared to related carbonaceous meteorites, the greater diversity of organic functional chemistry in Ryugu indicate the pristine condition of these asteroid samples.

An X-ray analyzer-based optics with a zoom function is proposed for observing various samples with apparent-absorption contrast, phase contrast and scattering contrast. The proposed X-ray optics consists of a collimator crystal and an analyzer crystal arranged in a nondispersive (+, −) geometry with a sample placed between them. For the implementation of the zoom function, an asymmetrically cut crystal in the rotated-inclined geometry was used for the analyzer. Proof-of-principle experiments were performed at the vertical wiggler beamline BL-14B of the Photon Factory. First, the magnification was set to 1×, and then it was zoomed into the optimal magnification (10×). At these magnifications, tri-modal contrast cross-sectional images of a sample were obtained by computed tomography. It was confirmed that the image quality at 10× was superior to that at 1×. This achievement opens up new possibilities for observing an entire sample or regions of interest within a sample at optimal magnification, and is expected to be useful for materials science, condensed matter physics, archeology and biomedical science.

Beamline 13 of the Photon Factory has been in operation since 2010 as a vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray undulator beamline for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments. The beamline and the end-station at branch B have been recently upgraded, enabling microscopic XPS, XAS, and ARPES measurements to be performed. In 2015, a planar undulator insertion device was replaced with an APPLE-II (advanced planar polarized light emitter II) undulator. This replacement allows use of linear, circular, and elliptical polarized light between 48 and 2000 eV with photon intensities of 109–1013 photons s−1. For microscopic measurements, a toroidal post-mirror was renewed to have more focused beam with profile sizes of 78 µm (horizontal) × 15 µm (vertical) and 84 µm × 11 µm at photon energies of 100 and 400 eV, respectively. A high-precision sample manipulator composed of an XYZ translator, a rotary feedthrough, and a newly developed goniometer, which is essential for microscopic measurements, has been used to control a sample specimen in six degrees of freedom, i.e. translation in the X, Y, and Z directions and rotation in the polar, azimuthal, and tilt directions. To demonstrate the performance of the focused beams, one- and two-dimensional XPS and XAS scan measurements of a copper grid have been performed. It was indicated from analysis of XPS and XAS intensity maps that the actual spatial resolution can be determined by the beam size.

The Hybrid Ring with a superconducting-linac injector as a highly flexible synchrotron radiation source to enable new experimental techniques and enhance many existing ones is proposed. It is designed to be operated with the coexistence of the storage (SR) bunches characterized by the performance of the storage ring, and the single-pass (SP) bunches characterized by the performance of the superconducting linac. Unique experiments can be performed by simultaneous use of the SR and SP beams, in addition to research with various experimental techniques utilizing the versatile SR beam and research in the field of ultrafast dynamics utilizing the ultrashort pulse of the SP beam. The extendability of the Hybrid Ring will allow it to be developed into a synchrotron radiation complex.

The structure of hydrous amorphous SiO2 is fundamental in order to investigate the effects of water on the physicochemical properties of oxide glasses and magma. The hydrous SiO2 glass with 13 wt.% D2O was synthesized under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and its structure was investigated by small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction experiments at pressures of up to 10 GPa and room temperature. This hydrous glass is separated into two phases: a major phase rich in SiO2 and a minor phase rich in D2O molecules distributed as small domains with dimensions of less than 100 Å. Medium-range order of the hydrous glass shrinks compared to the anhydrous SiO2 glass by disruption of SiO4 linkage due to the formation of Si−OD deuterioxyl, while the response of its structure to pressure is almost the same as that of the anhydrous SiO2 glass. Most of D2O molecules are in the small domains and hardly penetrate into the void space in the ring consisting of SiO4 tetrahedra.

This paper reports on the development of a specialized inkjet printing head and equipment for high-resolution printing of QD dispersed inks. First, to achieve a robust process, we proposed an inkjet head design compatible with higher ink viscosity and with an ink circulation system to avoid particle aggregation. Further, we introduce a multi-restrictor inside the head to minimize ink fluid pumping pulsations on the print head and a drive-pernozzle technology with individual nozzle waveform control. Results include down to 0.8 pL ± 1.8% droplet variation across all nozzles, with a three-sigma accuracy 1.0 µm for droplet landing position. By combining optimized ink, inkjet head, and equipment technology, we successfully fabricated color converter-type micro-LED display panels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An X-ray analyzer-based optics with a zoom function is proposed for observing various samples with apparent-absorption contrast, phase contrast and scattering contrast. The proposed X-ray optics consists of a collimator crystal and an analyzer crystal arranged in a nondispersive (+,) geometry with a sample placed between them. For the implementation of the zoom function, an asymmetrically cut crystal in the rotated-inclined geometry was used for the analyzer. Proof-of-principle experiments were performed at the vertical wiggler beamline BL-14B of the Photon Factory. First, the magnification was set to 1, and then it was zoomed into the optimal magnification (10). At these magnifications, tri-modal contrast cross-sectional images of a sample were obtained by computed tomography. It was confirmed that the image quality at 10 was superior to that at 1. This achievement opens up new possibilities for observing an entire sample or regions of interest within a sample at optimal magnification, and is expected to be useful for materials science, condensed matter physics, archeology and biomedical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure of hydrous amorphous SiO2 is fundamental in order to investigate the effects of water on the physicochemical properties of oxide glasses and magma. The hydrous SiO2 glass with 13 wt.% D2O was synthesized under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions and its structure was investigated by small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction experiments at pressures of up to 10 GPa and room temperature. This hydrous glass is separated into two phases: a major phase rich in SiO2 and a minor phase rich in D2O molecules distributed as small domains with dimensions of less than 100 Å. Medium-range order of the hydrous glass shrinks compared to the anhydrous SiO2 glass by disruption of SiO4 linkage due to the formation of Si-OD deuterioxyl, while the response of its structure to pressure is almost the same as that of the anhydrous SiO2 glass. Most of D2O molecules are in the small domains and hardly penetrate into the void space in the ring consisting of SiO4 tetrahedra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have measured shear flow and residual structural anisotropy of SiO2 glass uniaxially compressed in a diamond-anvil cell at room temperature with in situ optical-microscope and ex situ x-ray diffraction techniques, respectively. Large shear flow began at 8-10GPa and continued at least up to 20 GPa, where the macroscopic differential strain reached 70%. Recovered samples after shear flow were in the fully densified state and showed a large microscopic differential strain of 3% only in the intermediate-range network structure. These phenomena may be attributable to the changes in the Si-O bond covalency and the Si-O-Si bond angle with pressure and stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce acoustic noises and vibrations of electrical machines caused by magnetostriction, it is necessary to make clear the distribution of magnetostriction on magnetic core. The distribution of magnetostriction has been visualized by measured two-dimensional magnetostriction of electrical steel sheet and vector magnetic characteristics analysis technique. The distributions of vector magnetic characteristics and magnetostriction and the relationship between the magnetic flux density vector and two-dimensional magnetostriction have been made clear in the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the microscopic structure of densifiedSiO2 glass, we have conducted ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations on the decompression process of SiO2 glass in its relaxed state from high pressures up to 40 GPa. When decompressed from high pressures above at least 15 GPa, the density and structure always converge to those of densified glass, while the coordination number of silicon decreases to four rapidly. This is in good agreement with previous experimental studies and strongly suggests that densified glass behaves as a high-pressure polymorph of SiO2 glass. In comparison to ordinary glass, although the coordination number of densified glass is almost the same, the size of an intermediate-range network consisting of SiO4 tetrahedra is smaller. Detailed analyses clarify that SiO4 tetrahedra in densified glass are deformed and the Si-O bonds are less covalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the nature of the transformation in liquid iodine, which is reported to occur at around 4 GPa, we have conducted x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements up to 9 GPa. In the XAFS spectra, the oscillation attributable to the molecular bond persisted to 9 GPa but showed a significant decay above 4-5 GPa. Similarly, in the pair-distribution function obtained from XRD profiles, the peak assigned to the molecular bond persisted to 9 GPa but showed a significant broadening above 4-5 GPa. While the volume contracts significantly (more than 30 %), the molecular bond expands by about 5 % with increasing pressure between 1 and 9 GPa. Detailed analyses, with the aid of Reverse Monte Carlo modeling techniques, clarify that the transformation may be characterized by the onset (or drastic increase in the probability) of rebonding among adjacent molecules and the change in electronic state (possibly metallization) without molecular dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]