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Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide, with an increasing burden projected in the coming years. It involves complex neurological decline primarily affecting the Substantia nigra and Locus coeruleus, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Objective: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Parkinson's disease, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and available therapies, encompassing both traditional pharmaceutical treatments and emerging technological advancements. Methods: A thorough review of literature was conducted, synthesizing information from various studies and clinical trials to elucidate the current understanding of Parkinson's disease and its management strategies. Results: Parkinson's disease is characterized by the gradual loss of dopamine-producing cells and the presence of Lewy bodies in the brain. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, and treatment typically involves pharmaceutical interventions such as levodopa, COMT inhibitors, dopamine agonists, and deep brain stimulation. Additionally, advancements in technology offer promising avenues for objective symptom assessment and personalized treatment approaches. Conclusion: The management of Parkinson's disease requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating traditional pharmacological treatments with emerging technologies and complementary therapies like dance therapy, tai chi, and speech therapy. By combining these diverse modalities, healthcare professionals can provide more effective and personalized care, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for individuals living with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder in the EU and 18% of the US population experiences an anxiety disorder at any one time. However, only 20% of individuals experiencing anxiety receive a formally administered intervention, highlighting a need for evidence-based interventions that can be self-administered. Music listening can be flexibly self-administered and may be useful for anxiety reduction, but further evidence is needed. The current paper addressed this by conducting the first systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies testing music listening interventions for naturally occurring state anxiety. A protocol was registered on PROSPERO ID: CRD42018104308. Searches were carried out of the Cochrane Library, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science and CINAHL databases, yielding 6208 records. After screening for eligibility, 24 controlled studies were included in the review and 21 were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analyses showed that music listening had an overall significant large effect on alleviating anxiety (d = -0.77 [95% CI = -1.26, -0.28], k = 21). It was concluded that music listening is effective for reducing anxiety in a range of groups. Further research should focus on clinical groups with diagnosed mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known on the subject?: Psychiatric treatment is commonly seen as not treating the whole person, but as using technical fixes for symptoms.Both in treatment and when reading their medical files, lay people often feel personally disrespected. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: We suggest that some practitioners are aware of their patients as humans: They respect the service user's understandings and relationships, including the one between patient and practitioner.Two mechanisms for bonding and building mutual respect (translation and contextualization) are described. What are the implications for mental health nursing?: Every intervention emerges from an encounter, and therefore, talk cannot merely be instrumental but must also be an exchange.Translation means that the service user understands the provider, and vice versa. Contextualization means that patients and practitioners interact not only in those roles, but as people with a broader history and network of relationships. Neither technical nor personal understandings are privileged, but used flexibly and as needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Malaria control in Tanzania currently relies primarily on long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying, alongside effective case management and behaviour change communication. This study explored opinions of key stakeholders on the national progress towards malaria elimination, the potential of currently available vector control interventions in helping achieve elimination by 2030, and the need for alternative interventions that could be used to supplement malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania. Methods In this exploratory qualitative study, Focus group discussions were held with policy-makers, regulators, research scientists and community members. Malaria control interventions discussed were: (a) improved housing, (b) larval source management, (c) mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin to reduce vector densities, (d) release of modified mosquitoes, including genetically modified or irradiated mosquitoes, (e) targeted spraying of mosquito swarms, and (f) spatial repellents. Results Larval source management and spatial repellents were widely supported across all stakeholder groups, while insecticide-spraying of mosquito swarms was the least preferred. Support for MDA with ivermectin was high among policy makers, regulators and research scientists, but encountered opposition among community members, who instead expressed strong support for programmes to improve housing for poor people in high transmission areas. Policy makers, however, challenged the idea of government-supported housing improvement due to its perceived high costs. Techniques of mosquito modification, specifically those involving gene drives, were viewed positively by community members, policy makers and regulators, but encountered a high degree of scepticism among scientists. Overall, policy-makers, regulators and community members trusted scientists to provide appropriate advice for decision-making. Conclusion Stakeholder opinions regarding alternative malaria interventions were divergent except for larval source management and spatial repellents, for which there was universal support. MDA with ivermectin, housing improvement and modified mosquitoes were also widely supported, though each faced concerns from at least one stakeholder group. While policy-makers, regulators and community members all noted their reliance on scientists to make informed decisions, their reasoning on the benefits and disadvantages of specific interventions included factors beyond technical efficiency. This study suggests the need to encourage and strengthen dialogue between research scientists, policy makers, regulators and communities regarding new interventions.

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: PhotoVoice as a participatory methodology has been used within mental health to support marginalized communities in addressing the challenges they encounter.The PhotoVoice methodology aims to encourage and foster collaborative and equal partnerships. However, reports of previous projects highlight that not every stage of the process remains participant‐centric.There is limited reporting on participant involvement in the latter stages of projects, such as exhibition design. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: It provides a detailed description of the phases involved in planning and executing a mental health PhotoVoice project.It provides an illustration of how collaborative partnerships can extend into the design and construction of a photography exhibition and its narrative. What are the implications for practice?: PhotoVoice is an ideal methodology for use within the field of mental health nursing as it promotes service user inclusion in research, places value on lived experiences and provides a creative medium through which service users and family members can advocate for themselves and others.PhotoVoice is an effective and creative methodology for disseminating and communicating both the individual and collective outcomes to the general public.When implementing this methodology, clinicians and researchers need to be cognisant of the necessity to include participants as equal partners at every stage, including in the design of photography exhibitions and disseminating the findings to academic and public audiences. Introduction: PhotoVoice is a participatory methodology in which marginalized communities represent their lived experiences through photography. While the methodology aims to foster partnerships throughout all phases, the literature suggests that in the field of mental health, some phases are often completed without participant involvement. Aims: This paper elaborates on how the PhotoVoice method was used to engage service users and family members around their experience of involvement in a co‐produced and co‐facilitated mental health education intervention, in order to enhance public and policymakers knowledge of the project. Methods: Ten participants were recruited and trained in the PhotoVoice method. Participants documented, through photography, their experiences of involvement in the education intervention. Following this, participants came together to co‐produce and disseminate the photography exhibition to the public. Results: PhotoVoice proved to be a flexible and creative method by which to include marginalized groups. By adhering to the collaborative principles of the methodology, service users and family members can retain decision‐making power from the project's inception to its conclusion. Implications for Practice: PhotoVoice is ideal for use within mental health nursing as it coincides with the recovery principle of promoting collaborative partnership between service users, family members and clinicians. Mental health nurses work directly with service users and family members throughout their recovery journey. The PhotoVoice methodology is coherent with the recovery principles of empowerment, collaboration and prioritizing the lived experiences of the individual. As such, this methodology has the potential to enhance greatly what mental health nurses can know and understand about the lived experiences of service users and family members. In turn, engaging with the PhotoVoice methodology can provide a platform from which further collaborative engagement between service users, family members and clinicians can take place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria control in Tanzania currently relies primarily on long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying, alongside effective case management and behaviour change communication. This study explored opinions of key stakeholders on the national progress towards malaria elimination, the potential of currently available vector control interventions in helping achieve elimination by 2030, and the need for alternative interventions that could be used to supplement malaria elimination efforts in Tanzania. Methods: In this exploratory qualitative study, Focus group discussions were held with policy-makers, regulators, research scientists and community members. Malaria control interventions discussed were: (a) improved housing, (b) larval source management, (c) mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin to reduce vector densities, (d) release of modified mosquitoes, including genetically modified or irradiated mosquitoes, (e) targeted spraying of mosquito swarms, and (f) spatial repellents. Results: Larval source management and spatial repellents were widely supported across all stakeholder groups, while insecticide-spraying of mosquito swarms was the least preferred. Support for MDA with ivermectin was high among policy makers, regulators and research scientists, but encountered opposition among community members, who instead expressed strong support for programmes to improve housing for poor people in high transmission areas. Policy makers, however, challenged the idea of government-supported housing improvement due to its perceived high costs. Techniques of mosquito modification, specifically those involving gene drives, were viewed positively by community members, policy makers and regulators, but encountered a high degree of scepticism among scientists. Overall, policy-makers, regulators and community members trusted scientists to provide appropriate advice for decision-making. Conclusion: Stakeholder opinions regarding alternative malaria interventions were divergent except for larval source management and spatial repellents, for which there was universal support. MDA with ivermectin, housing improvement and modified mosquitoes were also widely supported, though each faced concerns from at least one stakeholder group. While policy-makers, regulators and community members all noted their reliance on scientists to make informed decisions, their reasoning on the benefits and disadvantages of specific interventions included factors beyond technical efficiency. This study suggests the need to encourage and strengthen dialogue between research scientists, policy makers, regulators and communities regarding new interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Howard's moral fortification theory of criminal punishment lends itself to justifying correction for children in schools that is supportive. There are good reasons to include other students in the learning opportunity occasioned by doing right in response to wrong, which need not exploit the wrongdoing student as a mere means. Care ethics can facilitate restorative and problem-solving approaches to correction. However, there are overriding reasons against doing so when this stigmatises the wrongdoing student, since this inhibits their learning. Responses that avoidably stigmatise students impermissibly undermine both the developmental ethos of education, and students' recognition and respect for each other as equals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliotherapy has developed from prescribed self-help books from a clinician to groups where a selection of poetry is read aloud. There is little research on the benefit of a reading group on an older adult psychiatric ward. This research aims to identify the experiences of participants in a reading group, investigating the value of reading aloud. Ten 1 hour groups were run on a psychiatric ward. Using phenomenographic methods participants were interviewed and the transcripts analysed. There were 39 attendances with 15 different people attending. Of the 15 people who attended 4 consented to take part in the research. Of those interviewed experiences emerged of empathy, confidence, and identity. Reading aloud increased confidence and a sense of self-identity. Using themes, topics could be discussed and feelings and emotions articulated in a safe and supportive environment. However further research is suggested before Bibliotherapy is recommended as part of routine clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Recovery‐oriented care is a means of providing mental health treatment, focused on the patient's individual needs and active involvement in one's own care. However, this approach presents with challenges, particularly in psychiatric hospitals, which tend to be focused on symptom reduction. What does the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This study examines the influence of three different recovery‐oriented training programmes/interventions (namely, illness management and recovery, peer support, and psychiatric advance directives) on the attitudes and practice of mental health staff (including nurses) in an inpatient setting, using a mixed‐methods methodology. We quantitatively assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices developed following recovery‐oriented training, compared to staff not trained in these interventions. We interviewed staff exposed to the different interventions to learn about their personal views and characterized the benefits and challenges they experienced.Mainly, the illness management and recovery training created a positive change in the work attitude and some work‐related practices of mental health staff and the increased presence of a person‐centred approach supporting patient autonomy. However, and contrary to expectations, there was no increase in practices that support personal goals or provide individually tailored services.Peer support had an experiential impact among mental health staff, initiating a more humane, positive approach to patients.Psychiatric advance directives were reported as more challenging to implement and with limited impact. What are the implications for practice?: Recovery‐oriented trainings can be internalized and implemented by staff in medical model psychiatric settings.Despite recovery‐oriented training, challenges do occur—notably, they are hardest to implement in acute wards/patient states and by psychiatric nurses.Using multiple recovery‐oriented programmes/interventions can accelerate the momentum for change in traditional settings and promote positive practice.Ongoing comprehensive mental health staff training on recovery‐oriented care programmes is essential in order to sustain change over time.Training is not enough in itself—hospital administrations need to be actively involved in promoting recovery‐oriented policies. Introduction: Developing person‐centred recovery‐oriented care is a challenge in mental health systems, particularly psychiatric hospitals. Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices developed following recovery‐oriented training of nurses and other staff; to identify the benefits and challenges involved in the implementation of recovery‐oriented intervention in psychiatric wards. Method: A mixed‐methods study compared recovery knowledge, attitudes and practices of 37 mental health ward staff trained in recovery‐oriented intervention, against 35 staff not trained. Fifteen staff were interviewed about their experiences, and protocols were qualitatively analysed. Results: The quantitative outcomes partially confirmed positive changes in attitudes and some practices. Qualitative interviews complemented these findings, revealing greater use of a person‐centred approach and support for patient autonomy. However, we did not find differences between groups in quantitative outcomes pertaining to personal goals or providing individually tailored services. Discussion: This study validates the implementation of recovery training and practices in psychiatric settings, and identifies the challenges involved. We discuss psychiatric nurse conflicts in implementation in acute wards. Implications for practice: Our findings support the need for broader staff training in recovery‐oriented interventions. Recruiting the support of the hospital administration for recovery‐oriented intervention programmes is key, both ethically and structurally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary The findings revealed that the patients perceived seclusion as an intervention that is punitive and a means used by the staff to exert control., Patients perceived that staff incitements and lack of communication skills led to their being secluded., The findings provided recommendations and strategies for seclusion reduction that were based on the patients' first-hand seclusion experiences., Abstract This phenomenological study used Husserlian's philosophy to explore and describe the lived experiences of psychiatric patients who were secluded at a free-standing acute care hospital located in South-western United States ( US). The study is crucial because very few studies have been conducted in this area in the US. The study examined a purposive sample of 20 patients, 3 days post-seclusion. Data were generated through face-to-face, semi-structured interviews incorporating open-ended questions and probes to facilitate discussion until saturation was reached. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data analysed using Colaizzi's seven steps method. Results were described according to the themes and subthemes identified. Findings uncovered four themes: (1) alone in the world; (2) staff exert power and control; (3) resentment towards staff; and (4) time for meditation. The findings from this study illuminated the views surrounding patients' seclusion experience. It provided first-hand information on the patients' seclusion experience that might be helpful to the mental health professionals in the seclusion reduction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to present an innovative, culturally and age-appropriate design and implementation of an intervention with at-risk youths in a rural community. This article discusses the use of a participatory action research model to develop and inform a culturally adapted intervention to reduce depressive symptoms and prevent the onset of major depression among middle school girls. The design and development of this intervention is outlined, as are several innovative concepts to depression-prevention research with at-risk rural adolescents, and a review of the quantitative and qualitative findings of the peer facilitators' manual feedback, training, and facilitating experiences and overall satisfaction. Within a modular, manualized, treatment protocol, cultural adaptation to address this very real issue is essential to engaging and retaining rural youths. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a brief group cognitive-behavioral (CB) depression prevention program for high-risk adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms at 1 - and 2-year follow-up. Method: In this indicated prevention trial, 341 at-risk youths were randomized to a group CB intervention, group supportive expressive intervention, CB bibliotherapy, or educational brochure control condition. Results: Significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms were shown by group 03 participants relative to brochure control participants by 1-year follow-up and bibliotherapy participants by 1- and 2-year follow-up but not relative to supportive expressive participants. Supportive expressive participants showed greater symptom reduction than CB bibliotherapy participants did at 2-year follow- up. Risk for onset of major or minor depression over the 2-year follow-up was significantly lower for group CB participants (14%; odds ratio = 2.2) and CB bibliotherapy participants (3%; odds ratio = 8.1) than for brochure controls (23%). Conclusions: Results indicate that this group CB intervention reduces initial symptoms and risk for future depressive episodes, although both supportive expressive therapy and CB bibliotherapy also produce intervention effects that persist long term. Indeed, CB bibliotherapy emerged as the least expensive method of reducing risk for future episodes of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary • Enhanced observation can be an intrusive and impersonal approach to monitoring individuals requiring intensive nursing care. However, the evidence for what could replace it effectively is not well known. • This study looks at research studies that study alternatives to enhanced observation and argues that there are other ways, perhaps involving less intrusive monitoring or organizing care differently, that could be used as a more acceptable replacement. • The paper also argues that more research is needed into this area of mental health nursing. Formal ‘enhanced observations’ involving allocating one or two nurses to place an patient under continuous observation when acutely ill and at risk of self-harm are ineffective, contribute to impersonal care, are stressful to practitioners and reinforce the perception of a custodial environment. The aim of this literature review was to systematically bring together published studies and research that identified alternative approaches to ‘enhanced observations’ from those proposed in the Standing Nursing and Midwifery Advisory Committee guidelines on individuals receiving care on open acute inpatient settings. The literature search strategy resulted in the retrieval of five empirical studies, with further analysis revealing six potential interventions relating to the development of an alternative approach to observations. These are: (1) assessment; (2) nurse autonomy; (3) ward management initiatives (4) engagement and collaboration; (5) a team approach; and (6) intermittent observations. The review emphasized how enhanced observations and the development of alternative approaches are a complex activity requiring planning and consideration to facilitate appropriate implementation. The review also highlights a dearth in empirical evidence for alternatives, and a need to revise current practices because of the dissatisfaction from clients and practitioners involved in this intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this depression prevention trial, 341 high-risk adolescents (mean age = 15.6 years, SD = 1.2) with elevated depressive symptoms were randomized to a brief group cognitive-behavioral (CB) intervention, group supportive-expressive intervention, bibliotherapy, or assessment-only control condition. CB participants showed significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms than did supportive- expressive, bibliotherapy, and assessment-only participants at posttest, though only the difference compared with assessment controls was significant at 6-month follow-up. CB participants showed significantly greater improvements in social adjustment and reductions in substance use at posttest and 6-month follow-up than did participants in all 3 other conditions. Supportive-expressive and bibliotherapy participants showed greater reductions in depressive symptoms than did assessment-only controls at certain follow-up assessments but produced no effects for social adjustment and substance use. CB, supportive-expressive, and bibliotherapy participants showed a significantly lower risk for major depression Onset over the 6-month follow-up than did assessment-only controls. The evidence that this brief CB intervention reduced risk for future depression onset and outperformed alternative interventions for certain ecologically important outcomes suggests that this intervention may have clinical utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This trial compared a brief group cognitive–behavioral (CBT) depression prevention program to a waitlist control condition and four placebo or alternative interventions. High-risk adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms (N=225, M age=18, 70% female) were randomized to CBT, supportive–expressive group intervention, bibliotherapy, expressive writing, journaling, or waitlist conditions and completed assessments at baseline, termination, and 1- and 6-month follow-up. All five active interventions showed significantly greater reductions in depressive symptoms at termination than waitlist controls; effects for CBT and bibliotherapy persisted into follow-up. CBT, supportive–expressive, and bibliotherapy participants also showed significantly greater decreases in depressive symptoms than expressive writing and journaling participants at certain follow-up points. Findings suggest there may be multiple ways to reduce depressive symptoms in high-risk adolescents, although expectancies, demand characteristics, and attention may have contributed to the observed effects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]