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Background Ovarian cancer management has not yet given a satisfactory result, and the recurrence rate is still high. One of the reasons for this is resistance to chemotherapy. Melatonin and cisplatin may be involved in the chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer. Methods A laboratory experiment was performed using melatonin and cisplatin in the SKOV3 cell, from September 2020 to November 2021 at the SCTE and Integrated Laboratory & Research Center Universitas Indonesia. Several variables were used, such as doxorubicin, melatonin, cisplatin, and combination of cisplatin and melatonin at several concentrations (1×, 3/4×, 1/2×, and 1/4×). A total of 24 samples were included and divided into 8 groups. The IC50 values of melatonin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin as well as cell viability was calculated via MTS assay. Subsequently, flow cytometry was performed to assess the effect of cisplatin and melatonin on the mechanisms of CTR1, p-glycoprotein, GSH, ERCC1, e-cadherin, and apoptosis. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were employed for the study. Results The IC50 values of melatonin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin were 1.841 mM, 117.5 mM, and 14.72 mM, respectively. The combination groups of cisplatin and melatonin reduced cell viability; decreased the CTR1 mean (19.73), Pgp (6.7), GSH (11.73), and ERCC1 (4.27) in the combination 1 (C1) group; and increased e-cadherin (32.2) and annexin V (53.57) also in the combination 1 (C1) group. Conclusions The combination of melatonin and cisplatin might have an impact on drug resistance via several mechanisms in ovarian cancer.

Gamma irradiation is an emerging technique in agriculture with the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of forage crops and improve their adaptability to infertile environments. This study examined how different doses of gamma irradiation affected the nutrient content, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) uptakes, and the in vitro digestibility of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott, a forage grass cultivated on acidic soil. The experiment involved the application of various gamma irradiation doses (0 Gy, 5 Gy, 10 Gy, 15 Gy, 20 Gy, 25 Gy, and 30 Gy). Four replications were done using a randomized block design, with 25 P. purpureum cv. Mott seeds in each repetition, totaling 700 seeds. The plants were grown in acidic soil with a pH of approximately 4.5–5. After two months of growth, the plants were harvested, and various parameters were analyzed. The research results indicated that the treatment had a significant effect on increasing organic matter content (p

Context: With recent biochemical studies, inflammation has been considered a therapeutic target. Mesenchymal stem cells are considered a therapeutic option because of the immunomodulatory effects of their bioactive factors, the secretome. Aims: To systematically review the potential of mesenchymal stem cell secretome therapy on inflammation through its effects on biomarker characteristics, organ damage, and survival rate. Methods: This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement. A literature search was performed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest, and through citation searching for records published in the last ten years. The eligibility criteria of the identified study as follows: Population (P): Human, animal, or in vitro models with inflammatory disease; Intervention (I): Stem cell secretome administration; (C): Healthy human, animal, or in vitro models; and Outcome (O): Inflammatory biomarker statistics, organ injury, or survival rate. AXIS tool was used to assess the quality of the records. Results: 3,258 records were found. The duplicates and undesired articles were excluded with automation tools. 38 relevant records were further identified through citation searching. The screening and exclusion of records based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria left 24 eligible studies. The studies show that secretome improves the biomarker characteristics by reducing proinflammatory cytokines levels while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines levels. Many studies show that secretome also improved organ injury and survival rate. Conclusions: Secretome alleviates inflammation with its immunomodulatory effects, which may be associated with improvements in organ injury and overall outcome.

Pure and encapsulated magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were synthesized using a hydrothermal method with Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) leaf extract. XRD analysis revealed a face-centered cubic structure for both types of nanoparticles, with an average crystallite size of 26.94 nm and 36.48 nm. The pure and encapsulated MgO nanoparticles were confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, the encapsulated MgO nanoparticles had a lower optical energy band gap of 5.304 eV compared to pure MgO nanoparticles at 5.506 eV. FTIR and BET results confirmed the presence of phytochemicals such as phenolic and flavonoid groups encapsulated over the surface of MgO nanoparticles. HRTEM analysis showed nearly spherical shaped encapsulated MgO nanoparticles with a thickness of 8.1 nm. Histogram represents the average particle size of encapsulated MgO NPs was found to be 37.08 ± 4.70 nm. In vitro analysis revealed that these nanoparticles exhibited anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant properties that were comparable to commercially available Metformin drug. The antidiabetic and antioxidant ability of encapsulated MgO NPs was shown by effective inhibition against carbohydrate digestive enzymes such as α- amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 48.71 µg/ml and 46.29 µg/ml respectively and DPPH radical with IC50 value of 48.012 µg/ml. Encapsulated MgO nanoparticles exhibited higher efficacy in vitro against carbohydrate digestive enzymes and DPPH free radicals than pure MgO nanoparticles due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid groups. The spectral analysis indicates that the use of Tinospora Cordifolia extract to synthesize MgO nanoparticles results in a green method that shows promise for various biomedical applications.

Background Ovarian cancer management has not yet given a satisfactory result, and the recurrence rate is still high. One of the reasons for this is resistance to chemotherapy. Melatonin and cisplatin may be involved in the chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer. Methods A laboratory experiment was performed using melatonin and cisplatin in the SKOV3 cell, from September 2020 to November 2021 at the SCTE and Integrated Laboratory & Research Center Universitas Indonesia. Several variables were used, such as doxorubicin, melatonin, cisplatin, and combination of cisplatin and melatonin at several concentrations (1×, 3/4×, 1/2×, and 1/4×). A total of 24 samples were included and divided into 8 groups. The IC50 values of melatonin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin as well as cell viability was calculated via MTS assay. Subsequently, flow cytometry was performed to assess the effect of cisplatin and melatonin on the mechanisms of CTR1, p-glycoprotein, GSH, ERCC1, e-cadherin, and apoptosis. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were employed for the study. Results The IC50 values of melatonin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin were 1.841 mM, 117.5 mM, and 14.72 mM, respectively. The combination groups of cisplatin and melatonin reduced cell viability; decreased the CTR1 mean (19.73), Pgp (6.7), GSH (11.73), and ERCC1 (4.27) in the combination 1 (C1) group; and increased e-cadherin (32.2) and annexin V (53.57) also in the combination 1 (C1) group. Conclusions The combination of melatonin and cisplatin might have an impact on drug resistance via several mechanisms in ovarian cancer.

Sumba Ongole (Bos indicus) is a native beef cattle that adapts well in Sumba Island of Indonesia. This study was carried out to perform a genome-wide association study for body weight (BW) and carcass weight (CW) in Sumba Ongole (SO) bulls. A total of forty-eight (n=48) SO bulls were used in this study. The data were collected from the slaughterhouse at Bogor City, West Java, Indonesia, and were analyzed using a genomic software of TASSEL 5.0 to obtain the best genetic marker. The result showed that the threshold Manhattan plot (-Log10P3) was used to select SNP markers for BW and CW in SO bulls. The two (2) SNP markers at BTA1, i.e., ARS-BFGL-NGS-3162 (CEP63 gene) and ARS-BFGL-NGS-78232 were significantly associated with BW and CW, respectively. Nonetheless, the genetic diversity in both SNP markers was low, with a PIC value of less than 0.30. In conclusion, the heterozygous TG bulls in CEP63 gene have higher CW than homozygous TT bulls.

Jenoubi cattle breed classified as a Bos indicus L., is one of Iraqi indigenous cattle that kept for milk production purpose, but the influence of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) on milk-related traits remain poorly understood. The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FABP4 gene of Jenoubi cows. The DNA samples were extracted from the blood of 21 cows. Along 565-bp nucleotide (nt) amplicon from the intron 2- exon 3- intron 3 of FABP4 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) while forward sequencing was used to detect SNPs and results were analyzed using bioinformatics software. The findings resulted the existence of two SNPs (c.3689G>A and c.3709G>C) in the exon 3 and four SNPs (g.3494A>C, g.3531A>T, g.3743T>C and g.3765T>C) in the intron regions. Therefore, three haplotypes of FABP4 gene were obtained in this study based on three SNPs of g.3494A>C, g.3531A>T and g.3765T>C. Nonetheless, those haplotypes were not significantly influencing to the milk quality traits of Jenoubi cows. However, the SNPs examined in this study might not be used as potential DNA marker to improve milk production traits of the current breed.

Background: Ovarian cancer management has not yet given a satisfactory result, and the recurrence rate is still high. One of the reasons for this is resistance to chemotherapy. Melatonin and cisplatin may be involved in the chemotherapy resistance of ovarian cancer. Methods: A laboratory experiment was performed using melatonin and cisplatin in the SKOV3 cell, from September 2020 to November 2021 at the SCTE and Integrated Laboratory & Research Center Universitas Indonesia. Several variables were used, such as doxorubicin, melatonin, cisplatin, and combination of cisplatin and melatonin at several concentrations (1×, 3/4×, 1/2×, and 1/4×). A total of 24 samples were included and divided into 8 groups. The IC50 values of melatonin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin as well as cell viability was calculated via MTS assay. Subsequently, flow cytometry was performed to assess the effect of cisplatin and melatonin on the mechanisms of CTR1, p-glycoprotein, GSH, ERCC1, e-cadherin, and apoptosis. Analysis of variance and Bonferroni test were employed for the study. Results: The IC50 values of melatonin, cisplatin, and doxorubicin were 1.841 mM, 117.5 mM, and 14.72 mM, respectively. The combination groups of cisplatin and melatonin reduced cell viability; decreased the CTR1 mean (19.73), Pgp (6.7), GSH (11.73), and ERCC1 (4.27) in the combination 1 (C1) group; and increased e-cadherin (32.2) and annexin V (53.57) also in the combination 1 (C1) group. Conclusions: The combination of melatonin and cisplatin might have an impact on drug resistance via several mechanisms in ovarian cancer.

During COVID-19, the suspension of the dine-in option at restaurants had significantly increased online food delivery crashes in Taiwan. Nevertheless, the majority of current studies remain focused on the common motorcycle, which has distinct driving habits and routes than a delivery motorcycle. Even though some recent studies identified the variables contributing to delivery motorcycle crashes, they still restricted in defining crash severity model and did not account for spatial dependences. In this study, two different models were used in this study: the generalized linear model (GLM), and the geographically weighted negative binomial model (GWNBR) to estimate crash frequency in a non-stationary pattern. In 2020, there were 2314 delivery motorcycle crashes in Taipei, according to the study area. Besides that, the point of interests data from 456 villages in Taipei city was considered as related crash factors for further analysis. According to the results, GWNBR showed the best performance in terms of log-likelihood, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Furthermore, this research reveals that commercial areas and bus stations had a significant impact on delivery motorcycle crashes. As per the coefficient distribution, the effect is exacerbated in rural areas where the traffic policy is still a major concern. As the popularity of delivery food services grows, this topic will become even more important in the future.

Swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is one of the Indonesian germplasm that adapts well to Borneo Island. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity, phylogenetic tree, and phylogeographic structure of Bornean swamp buffalo based on control region (D-loop) mitochondrial DNA sequences. A total of 120 animals were collected from three populations in Indonesia, i.e., the North, East, and South of Kalimantan Provinces. Along 1140 bp of D-loop mtDNA gene of Bornean swamp buffaloes was amplified with a design primer of F: 5'-CAA CAC CCA AAG CTG AAG TT-3’ and R: 5'-CGC TCC TCT TAG TCT CGT TG-3’. Therefore, the forward and reverse sequencing was performed to visualize the full length of D-loop mtDNA gene sequence (1140 bp). Results showed that a total of 47 haplotypes were detected in the animal study, with haplotype and nucleotide diversities of 0.936 and 0.005, respectively. Consequently, two haplogroups were observed in the animal study, i.e., Haplogroup A (North) and Haplogroup B (East and South). Based on structure analysis, Bornean swamp buffaloes were comparable to filing swamp buffaloes of China based on structure. According to the analysis of molecular (AMOVA), the geographical component contributed over 56.44% of the total mtDNA sequence variations. In conclusion, it was discovered that the haplogroups of buffalo from the East and South populations were identical.

Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle are Ongole cattle from India which were imported to Indonesia during the Dutch colonial era and were well adapted on Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle are known for high meat production. This research was conducted to identify one point mutation of g.415C/A (F94L marker) in the myostatin (MSTN) gene (exon 1) using PCR-RFLP method with TaqI restriction enzyme (T*CGA). DNA samples of SO bulls and cows (Total 153) from Sumba Island were used in this study. Results revealed that all samples in this study had CC genotype with C allele as the common allele. The mutation point of g.415C/A was not found in this study. However, one mutation point of g.400G/A was detected in this study without amino acid changes (synonymous). It was concluded that MSTN/TaqI gene in the present study is monomorphic and cannot be used as the genetic marker for productive traits of SO cattle.

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize Kacang goats (aged 12 years) in the highland (group 1) and lowland (group 2) areas of Jambi Province based on their body measure¬ments and body indices. Materials and Methods: A total of 320 goats were collected from lowland (n = 160), and highland (n = 160) areas with sex proportions of 80 bucks and 80 does for each area. Eight body mea¬surements and 12 body indices were used to characterize the Kacang goats from different areas. Results: The research showed that each animal group had one principal component (PC) for body measurements and four PCs for body indices. Thus, the body measurement of rump height (RH) and the body indices of area index, weight index, and thoracic development were suggested as the variables to distinguish the Kacang goats from different areas. However, the canonical correla¬tion (rc) value in the study was approximately 0.30 (low). Therefore, about 59.4% (lowland) and 60.6% (highland) of Kacang goats were characterized by the body measurements, and the body indices were indicated approximately 48.8% (lowland) and 61.2% (highland) of Kacang goats. A cluster analysis of the four Kacang populations revealed that Kacang goats in this study were grouped into a first cluster (Kerinci) and a second cluster (Muaro Jambi, Batanghari, and Sungai Penuh). Conclusion: It is concluded that body measurements and body indices cannot characterize the Kacang goats from lowland and highland areas. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7(4.000): 734-743]

Latar belakang: Entrapped penis adalah bentuk concealed penis yang didapat, disebabkan oleh jaringan sikatrik tebal yang terdapat pada penis. Jaringan sikatrik tersebut dapat disebabkan oleh sirkumsisi, operasi hipospadia atau trauma. Kasus: Kami melaporkan dua kasus entrapped penis yang muncul setelah operasi rekonstruksi pada hipospadia. Kasus pertama adalah laki-laki 13 tahun dan kasus kedua adalah anak laki-laki berusia 8 tahun, kedua pasien datang dengan keluhan entrapped penis. Kedua pasien lahir dengan kelainan hipospadia dan sudah menjalani beberapa kali operasi rekonstruksi untuk keluhan hipospadia yang dialami. Setelah operasi, kedua pasien mengeluhkan kondisi entrapped penis. Pada pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan kondisi entrapped penis, dengan ukuran penis yang normal saat diretraksi. Tidak terdapat keluhan kesulitan miksi, nyeri saat miksi maupun nyeri suprapubik. Pada pasien dilakukan operasi rekonstruksi untuk membebaskan jaringan ikat pada penis dan skin flap. Pada pasien dilakukan pemasangan kateter foley 12 Fr dan pembebatan penis selama 5 hari. Pasien juga diberikan antibiotika dan analgesik. Kedua pasien dipulangkan tanpa komplikasi. Simpulan: Entrapped penis merupakan suatu komplikasi yang sering terjadi pada operasi rekonstruksi hipospadia maupun sirkumsisi. Penanganan rekonstruksi terdiri dari pembebasan jaringan ikat pada penis, skin flap dan operasi lain yang diperlukan sesuai kondisi pasien.

Birth weight and calving interval are included of productivity traits that can be increased by selection program. However, the standard of desirable birth weight in cattle during the selection program is important to prevent dystocia incident risk. This study was aimed to select Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) based on Estimated Breeding Value of birth weight (EBVBW) and Most Probable Producing Ability of birth weight (MPPABW) and calving interval (MPPACI). Total of 758 records data of BW were collected from Lombok and Sumbawa islands, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Research showed the average of BW in Bali calves were 15.69±1.70 kg (Lombok) and 13.49±1.89 (Sumbawa). The average of CI in Bali cows at both islands were about 385 days. In addition, the heritability (h2) values of BW in both islands was about 0.90. The repeatability (r) values of BW in both islands were about 0.30. Meanwhile, the r value of CI in Sumbawa island was 0.39. The highest of EBVBW for sire was +4.25 kg by bull’s ID: 0838 (Sumbawa). Meanwhile, the highest of EBVBW for calves was +6.07 kg by calf’s ID: 0917 (Sumbawa). The highest of MPPABW was +2.67 kg by cow’s ID: 0872 (Sumbawa). The lowest of MPPACI was -25.70 days by cow’s ID: 02076 (Lombok).

The F94L mutation of the MSTN gene (MSTN-F94L) is considered not to cause disrupted the function of the myostatin gene drastically. Interestingly, this mutation has a very significant effect on muscle mass, carcass, or meat yield and meat quality without any associated severe negative problems. This study aimed to confirm the MSTN-F94L mutation in four local cattle breeds in Indonesia. A total of 518 individuals (140 of Bali, 107 of Sumbawa, 168 of Pasundan, and 103 of Holstein-Friesian (H-F) cattle) were used in this study. Genotype identification was performed by PCR-RFLP method. In the present study showed that the wild-type C allele was fixed (1.000) in Bali, Sumbawa, and HF cattle. However, the wild-type C allele and the mutant A allele were found in Pasundan cattle, even though the frequency of the mutant A allele was very low (0.012). Therefore, in conclusion, the mutation of the MSTN-F94L was detected in Pasundan cattle but no in all three cattle breeds. However, the presence of the mutant A allele in Pasundan cattle allegedly derived from Limousin bulls. The further investigation in other local and exotic breeds and its crossing will answer the status of the MSTN-F94L mutation in local cattle breeds in Indonesia.

Breed characterization in the livestock is important for the breeding program in the future. This research aimed to characterize Thin-tail sheep in the highland and lowland areas of Jambi Province based on 7 body measurements and body indices using multivariate analysis. Data were collected from 160 sheep consisted of 80 rams and 80 ewes from each area (320 sheep in total with 1-2 years old). The research showed that the principal component analysis (PCA) in this study was explained 65.84%-72.30% by body measurements and 78.23%-84.99% by body indices of the total phenotypic variance of animals. The body measurement of cannon circumference (CC) and body indices of area index (AI), relative cannon index (RCI), dactyl thorax index (DTI), conformation index (CI), and index of body weight (IBW) were selected as the discriminating variable for Thin-tail sheep in different areas. However, this study’s canonical correlation (rc) values were 0.44 for body measurements and 0.47 for body indices. Therefore, about 67.5% of Thin-tail sheep from the lowland area and 57.5% of Thin-tail sheep from the highland area can be characterized with body measurements. Hence, about 61.2% of Thin-tail sheep from the lowland area and 65.6% of Thin-tail sheep from the highland area can be characterized with body indices. Temperature, humidity, rainfall, and length of radiation in the highland areas are lower than in the lowland areas. The cluster analysis in four Thin-tail sheep populations revealed two clusters, i.e., cluster 1 consisted of Kerinci and Sungai Penuh and cluster 2 consisted of Muaro Jambi and Batanghari. It was concluded that about 60% of Thin-tail sheep could be characterized through their body indices.

Introduction and Objectives. Handball requires a range of physical skills, with throwing power being essential for scoring goals, passing, and enhancing overall speed. Plyometric training, a type of exercise that merges strength and speed to boost athletic performance, is well-regarded for its ability to improve explosive power and agility. This study explores the use of plyometric training in handball and assesses its effects on players' throwing power and speed. Materials and Methods. This experimental study employed a one-group pretestposttest design. The participants were members of the Sambas district handball team, aged 17-22 years, chosen through total sampling, resulting in 15 athletes. The intervention involved plyometric exercises conducted over four weeks, with three sessions each week. Data were collected using the Medicine Ball Javelin Quadrathlon strength test, and the analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. Results. The data analysis showed a significant difference between the pretest average score of 19.93 and the posttest average score of 22.00, indicating an increase of 2.07. The significance level was 0.000, which is less than 0.05, confirming that plyometric exercises significantly improve throwing strength and speed in handball. Conclusions. The results indicate that plyometric exercises effectively enhance strength and speed in handball throwing. These findings suggest that including plyometric exercises in handball training programs can lead to significant improvements in athletic performance. Coaches and trainers are advised to incorporate plyometric training to enhance players' explosive power and speed, thereby improving their performance in competitive handball. Therefore, plyometric exercises are recommended for handball players to boost their throwing abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bovine Pituitary specific transcription factor 1 (bPit-1) is one of amino acid that controling pituitary gland in mammals. The pituitary gland is important for secretion of growth hormone from growth genes. This study was carried out to detect polymorphism in the exon 6 of bPit-1 (g.1256G>A) in Pasundan cattle using PCR-RFLP method and its association with body weight. Total of 69 heads (15 males and 54 females) of Pasundan cattle from breeding station (BPPIBT-SP Ciamis, West Java) were used in this study. Research showed that two genotypes of bPit-1/HinfI gene were identified in this study i.e GG (0.90) and AG (0.10) with allele frequencies of 0.05 (A) and 0.95 (G). The polymorphic informative content (PIC) and number of effective allele (ne) values were 0.09 (low) and 1.11. respectively. The Chi-square (χ2) value in the population studied was 0.20 and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2

Critical Thinking Skills (CTSs) are fundamental skills possessed by students to adapt to the external challenges of 21st-century. To empower students’ CTSs, Guided Inquiry and INSTAD may work effectively. This research aimed to see the effectiveness of guided inquiry and INSTAD toward students’ critical thinking skills. This research was a quasi-experimental. The instrument to get the CTSs data was a valid essay test according to Facione. The sampling technique employed was the intact group sampling method. The number of participants involved was 188 XI grade science program students of SMAN 7 Surakarta; a middle-quality school. The total number of research sample was 64; 32 students in the Guided Inquiry class and the other 32 students in the INSTAD class. Hypothetical test using ANCOVA resulted in a 5% of significance level. The results indicated that there were significant differences of CTSs on circulatory system topic between the INSTAD and Guided Inquiry class. The students who experience the INSTAD class has higher CTSs than those joined the Guided-Inquiry class.

Indonesia has the largest tropical peatlands in the Asia-Pacific region and the world's second largest tropical peatlands. Growing concerns on peatland conservation and restoration emphasise the importance of these ecosystems for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Although Indonesia's peatlands are well-studied compared with other tropical countries, there are still uncertainties regarding its peat volume and carbon stock estimations, and how important it is locally and globally. To solve these uncertainties, this study estimated peat volume and carbon stock in Indonesia using the national peatlands data published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia and analysed greenhouse gas emissions among the major industrial sectors in the country and global emissions by peatland degradation. Our study posited that anthropogenic disturbance degraded Indonesian peatlands and that the country could become the largest greenhouse gas emitter in the world. Therefore, successful conservation and restoration of Indonesia's peatlands could significantly contribute to global climate change mitigation and adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted to identify the polymorphism in the intron 3 of the Growth Hormone (GH) gene and also to evaluate the association of the GH gene polymorphism with growth parameters and dressing percentage in the Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. A total of 267 individual DNA samples were used in the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The SO cattle growth parameters data (n=44) including birth weight (BW), weaning weight at 205 days of age (WW205), yearling weight at 365 days of age (YW365) and also dressing percentage (DP) (n=122) were investigated in this study. There were three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) of the GH gene based on the PCR-RFLP analysis with allele frequency was 0.87 and 0.13 for A allele and B allele respectively. The highest genotype frequency in the SO cattle is AA (0.76) and the lowest is BB (0.02). The Heterozygosity Observed (Ho) value in the SO cattle population is 0.23 and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value is 0.20. Therefore, the genetic diversity in the SO cattle based on the GH gene polymorphism is quite low. There is no association (P>0.05) in BW, WW205, YW365, and DP with genotypes of the GH gene. As the result, the GH gene in this study cannot be used as a genetic marker in the SO cattle breeding program.

Selection of livestock was purposed to increase productivity. A performance test was conducted using 25 males and 25 females of Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. The performance test were conducted in three periods (2014, 2015 and 2016) for about 535 days. Descriptive statistics ws used to analyze data of body weight. Cattle with age between 300 to 600 days were used for evaluation. Result showed that heritability value of yearling weight (YW365) was 0.77+0.68 as a high category. The highest breeding value of YW365 were 66.05 kg (male) and 41.89 kg (female). The average of corrected final weight (CFW) weight were 172.55+34.22 kg (male) and 159.80+37.73 kg (female). The performance test in this study obtained six A class (1 bull and 5 cows) based on the standard minimum of body measurements for SO cattle.

Bovine growth hormone receptor (bGHR) gene was one of the growth hormone family genes that important for body growth and development of cattle. This research was carried out to identify the polymorphism in the exon 10 of bGHR gene from 142 heads of Pasundan cows at West Java and its association with body length (BL), withers height (WH), heart girth (HG), and body weight (BW). There are two mutation points in the bGHR gene based on the sequencing analysis i.e. g.3322del.A and g.3338A>G. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at g.3338A>G was detected using PCR-RFLP method with AluI restriction enzyme and showed three genotypes of AA (0.49), AG (0.37), and GG (0.14). The allelic frequencies were 0.67 (A) and 0.33 (G). The number of allele effective (ne) value was 1.79 and described that A allele was the higher allele in the bGHR gene in this study. The polymorphic informative content (PIC) value was 0.34 and categorized as a moderate category. The Chi-square (χ2) analysis showed that the population sample was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2

An estimation of most probable producing ability (MPPA) value based on the calves performance is very important for the cow selection. The birth data record of 48 Sumba Ongole (SO) cows and record data from 52 callf birth’s performance were used to estimate the value of MPPA. High of r value (r > 0.30) was obtained at the body length (BL). Birth weight (BW), withers high (WH) and chest girth (CG) had a moderate value (0.10 < r < 0.30) of repeatability. The MPPA value of the cumulative calf birth’s performance of cows based on the highest birth records was 4.64 (cow number 3770) and the lowest was -4.64 (cow number 2283). Calf number B2076 (cow number 3586) had the highest ratio of WH (115.70); BL (124.26); CG (118.90), while the highest ratio of BW (168.35) was obtained in calf number B2095 (cow number 3731). It was concluded that the BW of birth had a moderate value of r (0.10) and could be used as a selection criteria accurately.