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The quality and properties of biochar are generally influenced by the nature of the raw materials and pyrolysis techniques. To assess the quality of sesame biochar production, a disc chamber reactor set on a solar parabolic dish concentrator was proposed as a modified slow pyrolysis technique. To evaluate the physicochemical characterizations of the produced biochar, two pyrolysis settings were used: 470 °C for 1 h (T1) and 440 °C for 2 h (T2) to produce biochar from sesame stalk feedstock (SS) using the proposed solar disk chamber reactor. Ash content, mass fraction of elements (C, H, and O%), pH, surface area, zeta potential, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated. The results showed that the mass of T1 biochar decreased by 5% when compared to T2, while ash content, pH, fixed carbon, and volatile gases for both biochars were relatively close. The H/C and O/C molar ratios were below 1.00 and 0.4, respectively, indicating a loss of degradable polar contents and the formation of aromatic compounds. The surface area of T2 biochar was three times the surface area of T1, with the opposite trend in mean pore diameter. Two biochars showed the same FTIR peaks and SEM data, with small differences in their characteristics, demonstrating that pyrolysis time and temperature had a tight relationship. Both biochars showed approximately similar properties. The reactor's efficiency is mainly affected by solar energy and atmospheric conditions during operation, which influence the average surface temperature. In Egypt, climatic conditions would be more favorable in the summer to improve the efficiency of parabolic solar dish concentrators for producing high-quality biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food-borne zoonoses are of serious public health concern, with a high risk on human health in both developed and developing countries. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of zoonotic Anisakis larvae in smoked imported herring fish (Clupea harengus) and frozen mackerel (Scomber scomberus) from Assiut and Menoufia governorates, respectively in Egypt. All herring specimens were heavily infected with Anisakis larvae, while 9 out of 15 mackerel fish were infected. A total of 434 Anisakis larvae were collected from stomach, abdominal cavity, liver, between skin, muscles and gonads of 45 herring fish. In frozen mackerel, number of detected larvae was 78. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS-rDNA) ribosomal DNA confirmed that the Anisakis larvae belonged to Anisakis simplex species. Furthermore, by employing light and scanning electron microscope, the morphological characters of Anisakis larvae were also determined. These findings highlight the importance of detecting health hazards in seafood products for helping in the management and prevention of anisakiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to study the case of the stained glass window at the Royal Palace in Edfena, Egypt. The research also aims to identify the chemical composition and diagnose the manifestations of damage on the stained glass window. Therefore, the examination and analytical study were conducted using several different techniques, including AutoCAD, digital and stereo microscopies, scanning electron microscope - X-ray energy dispersion, X-ray diffraction, and microbiological examination. The microscopic study revealed that the surface of the painted glass suffers from the presence of layers of damaged products, which obscure the decorations and lead to opacity. Light holes spread across the layers of different paints with varying sizes, and pits appear as a result of corrosion. Using EDX, the element responsible for the color in the painted glass layer was determined, as well as the composition of the lead came. XRD was used to identify the crystalline compounds in the painted glass layer and the putty composition. In the end, an appropriate treatment plan was drawn up for the condition of the lead-stained glass window to preserve it from loss and damage due to its archaeological and artistic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to identify features of the industry and assess the pottery damage through various examinations and analyses, such as examination by polarised microscope (PLM), examination by Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-ray unit "SEM-EDX", analysis by X-ray diffraction powder XRD, and thermal analysis TGA. Archaeometric features of archaeological pottery were identified. The used clay is Nile Clay; the additives are sand, limestone powder, pottery powder (grog), and straw. The moulding technique is the hand and potter wheel technique. The surface treatment is a red wash and slip layer. The burning atmosphere is oxidising for the first and second pottery pieces and reducing for the third and fourth pottery pieces. The burning temperature is about 816°C for the first sample, 887°C for the second sample, 706°C for the third sample, and 651°C for the fourth sample. The texture is medium to coarse fabric for the first sample; the second sample fabric is fine; and the third and fourth samples have a coarse texture. The research proved that the pottery objects suffer from some different damage aspects such as fracture, loss of some parts, lack of strength, weakness, cracking, soil sediments, soot spots and black core, and salt crystallisation (chloride, sulphate, carbonate, and phosphate salts). The research proved the use of a mixture of distilled water, acetone, and ethyl alcohol at a ratio of 1:1:1, respectively, for removing clay soil deposits. EDTA is used to remove lime deposits. Nano-silica at a concentration of 0.5% is used to strengthen archaeological pottery by spraying. Paralloid B 82 dissolved in trichloroethylene at a concentration of 50% in assembling the pottery sherds; it is preferable to display it in the museum at a temperature of 20°C and a relative humidity of 55:60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper discusses a new technique for restoring glass artifacts with gaps and loss of fragility. Acrylic slides of Paraloid B-44 are the best in terms of use because the degree of glass transition (Tg) is about 60, which suits the temperature in Egypt. The slides were made with 40% Paraloid B-44 w/v in acetone and used to fill the lost parts for structural reinforcement. The paper also aims to study the glass vessel that was discovered in the excavations of the American Research Centre in Fustat in 1966 and kept in the stores of the Museum of Islamic Art in Cairo. The glass vessel was examined by optical digital microscopy (ODM) and ultraviolet imaging. After that, it was analysed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an EDX unit and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Then, the conservation processes were performed. The conservation of the glass vessel included disassembling the previous restoration, cleaning, reassembling, filling and supporting the lost parts, and consolidation. The study concluded important results about the composition of the glass, deterioration factors, and identifying the materials of the previous restoration that were found inappropriate and required removal and conservation. It also clarified the method and importance of using acrylic (paraloid B-44) slides in strengthening the fragility and thinness of glass artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is an important medical and forensic insect that is the main cause of ovine cutaneous myiasis. In the field of medical treatment using maggot therapy, this species could help to heal incurable infections. The morphological identification of the adult wing and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) of the first instar larvae was carried out and confirmed by DNA identification of the 3rd instar larvae of L. cuprina. The results showed a fraction of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) spanning approximately 269 bp. The topology of the Neighbor-Joining (NJ), Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree indicated that L. cuprina species were assigned correctly to the subfamily Luciliinae, family Calliphoridae. The male reproductive system comprises two testes, a pair of vasa differentia and a pair of accessory glands, a vesicula seminalis, and an ejaculatory duct. This inquired species has the common conventional spermatozoal pattern of Calliphoridae, a single-layered acrosome at the apex, a consolidated nucleus, totally crystallized mitochondrial derivatives, and an axoneme with a 9+9+2 microtubular configuration. This investigation revealed for the first time detailed morphological and mitochondrial DNA identification, as well as the morphology of the male reproductive system and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in L. cuprina, collected from Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nanoparticles (NPs) formed by Enterococcus thailandicus, Pseudomonas putida, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus, and P. geniculate were tested against soft rot/blackleg genera. The effects of NPs recorded on bacterial DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates concentration of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Enterobacter cloacae (soft rot), and Dickeya solani (soft rot/blackleg). Treated cells showed degradation in isolated DNA, decreased proteins and carbohydrates concentration compared with untreated cells. Using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), the treated cells showed collapsed and small pits in the cell wall. Using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), internal changes showed penetration of NPs inside the tested bacterial cells, the appearance of periplasmic space, formation of vacuoles, and condensation of cytoplasm. Disease severity ex vivo of potato tuber infected with tested genera demonstrated that NPs treatment didn't show any rotted tissue compared with untreated. The ability to uptake and accumulate FeNPs from the soil in potato (Solanum tuberosum) seedlings; Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was used. It recorded an increase in iron content of treated potato (Solanum tuberosum) seedlings with NPs, compared with untreated. FeNPs can be used to control soft rot/blackleg diseases, instead of copper pesticides. It could be a new, approach for disease management and increase the plant's nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a parasitoid to several stored product beetles. In this study, this parasitoid was recorded for the first time with density on the cowpea beetle Callosobruchus chinensis L, which was prevalent on both Egyptian bean (Vicia faba L) and cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata). A full description of this parasitoid and measurements of its body parts were done using a scanning electron microscope. The male and female were differentiated based on the antenna and a set of taxonomic and diagnostic characteristics were found. The current study provides basic information on the external morphology key identification, characteristics and measurements of taxonomically significant portions, backed by micrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope. This description can be used to include them in the taxonomic keys to differentiate them from closely similar species. The present study was carried out at the Atomic Energy Center in Egypt during field observation in small grain stores of cowpea and faba beans where the effectiveness of the parasite to control cowpea beetle, in particular, was observed. This parasitoid was the first time found on cowpea beetle in a high density, which necessitated carrying out an extensive morphological study of A. calandrae in order to identify it for future breeding. Additionally, it can be in future widely used in the biological management of pests that attack stored grains in general, and C. chinensis in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial interactions are frequently categorized according to how they affect each population in a binary system. We aimed to determine the interaction between P . aeruginosa, S . aureus, and E . coli in-vitro. In this experimental hospitalized patients' sputum, urine, and blood samples were used to collect a total of 90 clinical isolates for the study in Damanhour Medical National Institute, Behira, Egypt, followed by accurate identification and testing for antibiotic sensitivity. To examine the effect of the supernatant of P. aeruginosa on S. aureus and E. coli determined MIC using broth microdilution method. We also measured the activity of lasA protease by assessing the S. aureus cell lysis potential of P. aeruginosa culture supernatants. Extraction of pyocyanin was made to determine the change in the cell nature of S. aureus upon exposure to pyocyanin by using a scanning electron microscope and the shape of colonies on the culture media was determined. Finally, we detect lasA, operon phz, phzM, phzS and rhlAB genes for P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa showed a great impact on S. aureus isolates resistant to different antibiotics as it facilitates their killing and may drive the normal colonies of S. aureus into SCVs. The ability to form biofilm by S. aureus and E. coli decreased in the presence of Pseudomonas supernatant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood species identification and characterization of its weathering processes are crucial steps in the scientific approach of conservation of wooden cultural heritage. Many precious wooden objects of ancient Egypt are largely present in museums, nevertheless relatively little information is available concerning the nature of timber used and on their status of conservation. To address this gap, the wooden species of three relevant archaeological wood objects (statue, box, and coffin) arising from different Egyptian archaeological sites dated from the Old Kingdom (2,686–2,181 BC) to New Kingdom (1,550–1,069 BC) were deeply studied. Five hardwood and softwood species were identified belonging to Tamarix mannifera, T. gennessarensis, Ficus sycomorus, Vachellia nilotica, and Cedrus sp. Such data confirmed the recurrence of Vachellia and Tamarix among the most common timbers found in ancient Egypt. Scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and synchrotron x‐ray radiation diffraction were conducted to evaluate the archaeological wood deterioration. The formation of microcracks, biological degradation patterns (fungal colonization), or chemical characterization (accumulation of salts on and in‐between wooden cells) were detected. SEM micrographs showed the presence of fungal hyphae and conidial spores on the wooden cells. Significant changes in the chemical wood composition and decrease in the crystallinity index were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to present the components' characterization and condition assessment of an important deteriorated Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript housed in Al-Azhar Library, Egypt. Design/methodology/approach: Different analytical techniques used in this study were the portable digital optical microscope, stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope with EDX (SEM.EDX), portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH measurement and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Findings: The results obtained by different microscopes showed that the gilding in the surface of illuminated paper sheets was performed with gold leaves. Additionally, these microscopes revealed that the illuminated paper manuscript has different aspects of deterioration such as adhered dirt, staining, some micro-cracks, cracks and detachment of some parts in some illuminated areas. The results of elemental analysis by EDX, portable XRF and XRD analysis showed that the orange red pigment is red lead (Pb3O4), blue pigment is azurite (2CuCo3.Cu (OH)2), and the gold layer is has consisted of brass alloy (Cu-Zn) with a small amount of gold element (Au). The pH measurement stated that the historical paper in the acidity level. The ATR-FTIR analysis also revealed the oxidation of cellulose. Moreover, it was found from ATR-FTIR that Arabic gum was used as a binder for the pigments. Originality/value: This study presents the important results of analytical methods used for condition assessment and identification of the components of an important Mamluk-illuminated paper manuscript, where these results referred that the studied paper manuscript had different aspects of deterioration. The conservation steps either conservation treatment or preventive conservation are urgently needed in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basalt represents one of the most common stones used in the construction of our archaeological structures. However, basalt is a very dense, compact and hard igneous stone; it is highly deteriorated by physicochemical deterioration factors especially in the open air environments. Cracks are among the dangerous deterioration aspects in basaltic stones. They significantly contribute to accelerate their deterioration rates. Consequently, the cracks in basaltic stones have to be filled with a suitable mortar to stop their harmful impacts. In the present work, four types of organic binder based mortars were prepared and comparatively evaluated to select the best one for filling the cracks occurring in the studied archaeological basaltic stones at Abu Sir area. Examinations and analytical study were performed using transmission electron microscope, polarizing microscope, x-ray diffraction, colourimetric measurement, static water contact angle, compressive strength and scanning electron microscope attached with EDS. The results declared that the mortar named M4 (Acryclirsil + basaltic powder) is the most suitable composite for filling the cracks in the studied basalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to identify the pigments, ground layer, and previous restoration materials used in a polychrome wooden coffin using multi-analytical techniques. It utilized optical microscopy, technical imaging, scanning electron microscope attached to X-ray dispersion unit, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed the use of yellow as goethite a-FeOOH, blue as Egyptian blue [Cuprorivaite (CaCuSi4O10)], red as haematite (a-Fe2O3), and white as calcite (CaCO3). The black pigment as carbon (C) and the binding medium in both the calcite-based plaster layers and the polychrome layers was identified as animal glue. The previous consolidation material was primal AC33. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic areas are at the forefront of global attention because of their historical and social traits that reflect human civilization, giving them an economic weight that helps preserve the city's historical identity. For that, the aim of this paper is based on examining and analyzing the components of a deteriorated stucco window kept in the Restoration Lab of Bab Al-azab Area of the Citadel of Salah al-din Al-ayyubi, which was carried out via different techniques. The stucco window used in this study was inspected using a digital microscope and scanning electron microscope to determine the degradation of the stucco and wooden frame's outside surface. Besides, the polarized microscope involves studying minerals by studying the optical properties of stucco. Also, the light microscope was used to identify the wood. Besides, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed the presence of constituent elements for both the stucco and glass. In addition, X-ray diffraction estimated cellulose crystallinity to decrease. A technique called Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was also used to find changes in lignin, gypsum, anhydrite, and calcite, as well as cellulose and hemicellulose. A microbiological investigation indicated the presence of a fungal infestation on a wooden frame. This study showed that Salah El-Din Castle's semi-separate historical areas can be considered one of its architectural, planning, and historical models, which have their fabric and characteristics. • A Perforation technique requiring technical skills was used to make this window. • The stucco window was carefully examined and analyzed via different techniques. • Microbiological investigation indicated the presence of a fungal infestation of a wooden frame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gnathostomiasis is a fish-borne zoonotic infection caused by eating infected seafood or fish parasitized by third-stage nematode larvae of the genus Gnathostoma. Twenty-seven fish specimens of the European eel Anguilla anguilla (Anguillidae) were collected from water coasts of the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt. Of the 27 fish that were studied, 14 fish (51.58%) were parasitized with third-stage larvae (L3) of Gnathostoma sp. (Gnathostomatidae), these larvae were investigated as encapsulated on the surface of different visceral organs and some embedded in muscles of the infected fish. By using both light and scanning electron microscopes, the morphological examination of the recovered nematodes revealed that the main diagnostic features represented by an elongated body, measured 6.5±2 (7.8-9) mm long, and its greatest width observed at the posterior one-third of the body was 0.4±0.02 (0.38-0.44) mm with narrow lateral alae, the presence of a cephalic bulb measured 0.26±0.02 (0.18-0.28) mm long, 0.31±0.02 (0.28-0.34) wide and armed with six transverse rows of spines, mouth opening surrounded by two simple lateral lips, and conical tail terminated with a pointed mucron. The described species was morphologically and morphometrically compared with some of the previously recorded species of the same genus. Based on our detailed description, the present species was identified as Gnathostoma sp. recovered from A.anguilla as the first record in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to study a rare Roman glass cup, consisting of a set of glass breakages, preserved at the Museum of Archeology Department - College of Tourism and Archaeology, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. The cup was found at Qaryat Al-Faw site (also Qaryat Al-Fau), the capital of the first Kindah kingdom (fourth century BC-fourth century AD). It is located about 100 km south of Wadi ad-Dawasir, and about 700 km southwest of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. Qaryat Al-Faw archeological site reveals various features such as residential area, markets, roads, cemeteries, temples, and water wells. On the exterior surface of the glass cup, there are color graphics representing what seems to be Egyptian(zing) elements. This cup was the only one consisting of such elements in all sites cross the Arabian Peninsula. Scanning Electron Microscope and Differential Scanning Calorimetry were applied indicating soda glass type, and compared with the chemical analysis of con-temporary imported pieces from Egypt the present study indicated that no furnaces for the manufacture of glass were found in Qaryat Al-Faw site, which promotes the import hypothesis. According to preliminary interpretations, it is likely that the cup was of a Roman origin and was probably made in Alexandria in Egypt and dates from about the late first-early second century AD, and apparently brought to the site by one of Qaryat Al-Faw merchants. Although Qaryat Al-Faw is also famous of glass remains, there are no information about any local production of glass in the site and no kilns had been found. The local glass industry at Qaryat Al-Faw site, if any, was not documented during archaeological excavations conducted by the Dept of Archaeology, King Saud University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies some ceramic lustreware dishes with metallic glaze dating back to the Abbasid era (2-3rd century AH/8-9th AD) and preserved in Rashid archaeological stores. The samples were selected based on the diversity of textual and pictoral decorations including written words, plants, animals and geometric elements. The manufacturing process and mineral and chemical composition of the dishes have been subjected to several examination and analytical methods including stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The study revealed a heterogeneous distribution of the color grains on the surface of the dishes and nanoparticles of metallic silver/copper ranging between 50-100nm. The metal oxides of the silver nanoparticles appeared in high percentage compared to nano copper particles on the surface of the lustre metallic layer which fact accounts for the greenish brown color of the dishes. While Arabic gum was used for fixing the decorations, the lustre layer was fired at 500°C and the firing of the ceramic body varied between 700°C and 800°C. A treatment and maintenance plan is suggested to preserve the pieces from further damage owing to their high archaeological value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faba bean is amang the most strategic crops in Egypt and suffering from many destructive diseases especially chocolate spot caused by Botrytis fabae Sard. which can reduce yield production. Effect of chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with average particle size of 7.54 and 8.043 nm, respectively at five concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ppm), as well as recommended dose of carbendazim (CZ) 100 g/100L (field rate) were studied in vitro against aggressive isolate of Botrytis fabae (B.f4). All concentrations significantly inhibited the radial growth of B.f4 compared with the control treatment. In vitro results showed that ChNPs followed by AgNPs were effective over conventional chemical fungicide CZ. Where the radial growth of B.f4 decreased by increasing concentration of the different materials especially ChNPs at 20-40 ppm recording 73.33% and 100% growth inhibition, respectively. While 100 ppm of AgNPs and recommended dose of CZ rate of 75.33% and 46.11% growth inhibition, respectively. In addition, scan electron microscope (SEM) showed that, the mycelium of B.f4 treated by AgNPs did not have detruation changes at 20 ppm. Contrary to B.f 4 mycelia treated with ChNPs 20 ppm exhibited seriously shrunk after 72 h post treatment in relative to the control. The antifungal effect of ChNPs, showed marked covered distorted mycelia. Most B.f4 spore morphology treated with AgNPs 20 ppm appeared to be shrunk and abnormal shape 72 h post treatment compared with the control. In addition, AgNPs lead to deforming B. fabae spores and explosion of others. On the other hand, spore production of B. fabae treated with ChNPs 20 ppm was completely inhibited 72 h post treatment. The obtained results offers a possibility of developing new manufacturing fungicides using chitosan and silver nanoparticles as substances for save control of faba bean chocolate spot disease and minimize the impact of conventional fungicides in the agri-ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate of silica and alumina nanocomposites in consolidation and protection of archaeological glass from early Islamic period in Egypt. Archaeological glass is exposed to deterioration by moisture, as water is considered one of the most dangerous damage factors that attack glass artifacts. This results in many aspects of deterioration including weeping glass, cracks, dulling, formation of weathering crusts, salt growing, and corroded surfaces. From this standpoint, materials which are used in the consolidation and protection of those glass artifacts must have the property of hydrophobicity in order to protect them from the harmful effects of water. In the last decade, polymer-nanoparticle composites have attracted great interest in the field of culture heritage conservation due to their unique multifunctional properties resulting from the high surface area and chemical activity of the nanoparticles dispersed in the polymers. In this study, Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and alumina oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles are added to silicon based polymer (poly alkyl siloxane) (Silres BS-290) in order to improve their physiochemical and mechanical properties. This produced a significant improvement in the ability of the polymers to consolidate and protect archaeological glass. The treated samples are exposed to artificial ageing to test the efficiency of the consolidation materials. The properties of untreated, treated and aged glass samples were evaluated by TEM, stereo microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM), colormetric measurements, static water contact angle, density and hardness tests (physical and mechanical properities). Results showed that the treated sample with SiO2/Al2O3/Poly siloxane nanocomposites are good candidates for consolidation and protection of glass objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research paper aims to identify archaeometric features, damage and restoration of pottery artefacts from Tell EL-Hir in north Sinai Egypt, one of the archaeological sites dating back to Greco-Roman era. Polarized Microscopy PL", Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy dispersive X-ray unit SEM-EDX, X-Ray Diffraction analysis XRD, and Differential thermal analysis DTA were adopted for investigating and analyzing pottery sherds. The research identified archaeometric features proving that the used clay is Nile clay, the additives are sand, grog and calcite. Shaping technique is potter wheel. Surface treatment is slip layer. Firing atmosphere is oxidizing. Firing temperature might be about 726.78 °C for the first pottery vessel and 737.80°C for the second pottery plate. Research also proved that pottery pieces suffer from various damage aspects such as soil deposits, stains, cracking, fracture, loss of some parts, lack of durability, weakness, and salt crystallization. The studied pottery pieces were treated using mechanical and chemical cleaning using a mixture of acetone and toluene at a ratio of 1:2 respectively to remove clay soil deposits. EDTA was applied to remove lime deposits. Hydrogen peroxide 20% was used to remove soot. Nano Silica 1% was applied to strengthen archaeological pottery. Assembling the pottery sherds was done by Paralloid B72 50%. Replacement pottery plate was conducted by a mixture of Micro balloon and grog in a ratio of 2:1, respectively. After treatment, the pottery artefacts were ready for museum display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research paper discusses the deterioration aspects of the Mihrab (Prayer Niche) of Madrasa Gawhariyya, attached to Al-Azhar Mosque. The mihrab consists of decorative units made of marble, ceramic, and wood. Different factors, especially the previous restoration, resulted in many deterioration phenomena that led to the damage and deterioration of the decorative units of the mihrab. This research paper aims to study these aspects using different methods of examination and analysis, such as visual and optical examinations, Scanning Electron Microscope attached to Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results obtained gave important insights into the deterioration processes of the Mihrab, such as dirt, cracks, and crystallized salts on the surface, the deterioration of the ceramic units, in addition to the deformation and deterioration resulting from the previous restoration of the mihrab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smutted Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) plants with diseased spikelets and completely deformed inflorescences covered with black teliospores were collected from five locations at the borders of plantations in Kafr El-Sheikh province, Egypt, in April 2018. The fungus was isolated from infected plants and identified as Ustilago cynodontis (Passerini) Henn. based on its cultural and morphological characteristics, molecular techniques, and pathogenicity tests. Slender colonies of U. cynodontis with irregular edges were observed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) after 6 days at 28°C. The mature teliospores were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Crystal-like structures with a pyramidal shape were observed to be produced by the fungus in culture. The crystals were further examined using an energy dispersive spectroscopy system connected to the scanning electron microscope and their dimensions were measured (18 ± 2 µm × 16 ± 2 µm × 19 ± 2 µm). PCR analysis with internal transcribed spacer (ITS) specific primers yielded an amplicon that shared a 99% identity with U. cynodontis sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the Egyptian isolate of U. cynodontis shared the greatest similarity with isolates of U. cynodontis from Ethiopia, Iran, India, United States, Mexico, Spain, and China. Inoculation of Bermudagrass with the isolated fungus resulted in symptoms of smut similar to those observed in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the occurrence and characterization of U. cynodontis, the causal agent of Bermudagrass smut, in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alteration of abandoned mine sites and wastes generates variable secondary mineral phases that incorporate different toxic trace elements with a prospective threat to the neighboring ecosystems. The main focus of this study was to investigate the mineralogical and geochemical changes at neutral pH where dry condition prevails around oxidation-primary contacts interface and the surface in Um Gheig Pb/Zn mine, Eastern Desert, Egypt. The secondary minerals were determined by M4 Tornado μ-EDXRF, Raman microscope and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive system. Two alteration zones were recognized depending on ion availability and the Eh/pH conditions. The first include anglesite as an initial phase that quickly transformed into a more stable cerussite and hydrocerussite. Mendipite formation was controlled by the availability of Cl− ions in the solution. Hemimorphite was formed after sphalerite in the pore spaces, depending on the accessibility of Si ions from silicates dissolution. Iron (oxy) hydroxides were formed in a later stage due to their restricted mobility in carbonates. The second zone includes gypsum and anhydrite formed at the surface of the mine wastes due to continuous evaporation in arid environments. These secondary mineral phases can undergo different mineral transformations depending on the prevailing conditions. The element release ratios in the mine surface zone compared to the capillary fringe zone reached 12.1, 2.8, 1.6, 0.17, 0.09 and 0.03 for Sr, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni in the mine surface zone compared to 5.86, 0.01, 0.05, 0.02, 0.07 and 0.01 in the capillary fringe zone. The findings from this investigation have important implications for the management and the control of elements mobility from secondary phases formed in mined areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granite is one of the most common ornamental stones that were widely used in the areas of construction and sculpture in ancient Egypt. It is characterized by its high hardness, good polish, durability, and different colors. Granitic sculptures at Bubastis have been subjected to many deterioration factors, which have adversely affected them in heavy damage symptoms such as weathering, fissures, salt efflorescence, brittleness, microbial contamination, and loss of original features. In the current work, four types of commercial consolidants were evaluated to specify the consolidant of choice for the treatment of the studied granitic statue. Analytical study of the studied granitic statue was performed using x-ray diffraction analysis, polarizing microscope, and scanning electron microscope. The characteristics of the treated granitic samples were studied through colorimetric measurements, measuring of static water contact angle, abrasion resistance, and scanning electron microscope. The results declared that the polymer Aqua mix is the best consolidating material for the remediation of the granitic statue under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Botany is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scorpions are terrestrial arthropods inhabiting deserts. Exomorghological studies play an important role in the identification of different scorpions' species. The current study deals with the ecomorphology of four species of scorpions belong to the family buthidae (Leiurus quinquestriatus, Androctonus amoreuxi, Orthochirus innesi and Buthacus leptochelys) inhabiting New Valley governorate, Egypt. Random samples were implemented during the period from April to July, 2017 and July to September, 2019. Scorpions were obtained from the area under rocks, gap of soil, leaf litter, under bark, and within vegetation. Morphological characteristics of these species were done using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In conclusion, the differences among four species of studied scorpions were noticed in the dorsal carapace, respiratory pores of the third segment of mesosoma, pectinal teeth count between females and males, last segment of metasoma and telson. In all scorpions' species studied, one venom pore was detected except in Androctonus amoreuxi two venom pores in telson were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Al-Azhar is one of the oldest mosques in historic Cairo. It was constructed by the Fatimids between 970-972 A.D. Most of historic Cairo buildings included Al-azhar are made mainly of carbonate stones that belong to Eocene Mokattam formation. These carbonate stones exhibit considerable damage related in many cases to the salt crystallization. Mineralogical investigation revealed that the studied samples can be classified as pure limestone to dolomitic limestone. The samples extracted from deteriorated surfaces showed clearly the crystallization of gypsum and halite filling the pores of stone material when they examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These observations were confirmed by the means of Ion Chromatography (IC) analysis which in some samples the accumulations of chloride, sulphates and nitrates were high compared with the quarry samples. The strength of sample extracted from a surface where the salts occurred as subflorescence was showing a significant reduction by almost 42% while where salts occurred as efflorescence, the strength of the extracted cores showed slight reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructures of the carapaces of the spider crabs Schizophrys dahlak and Hyastenus hilgendorfi were examined under both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Image analyses of the cross-sectioned carapaces showed that both species have a hierarchical microstructure with three well-defined layers. The two innermost layers (exocuticle and endocuticle) consist of stacked fibers arranged in a twisted plywood fashion producing a "Bouligand structure". They have a similar structure but different thicknesses and height of the stacks. The cuticles are inter-stitched with pore canals of varying width between the studied species, running transversely to the layered structure. This variation in the width of the pore canals in the two species seems to be proportional to the size of the carapace and its surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutlets of 13 taxa of subfamily Cyperoideae (Cyperaceae) from Egypt were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopes to ascertain the taxonomic utility of the nutlet in corroborating and elaborating on distinctions between closely related genera and species. The studied taxa included representatives of tribes Fuireneae, Cypereae, Cariceae, Abildgaardieae and Schoeneae. Nutlet shape, size, color, surface, epidermal cell shape, anticlinal boundaries, outer periclinal cell wall and relief of outer cell walls were provided. It was found that the epidermis has useful microscopic characters to help in the taxonomic assessment of Cyperoideae. Seven different types of anticlinal cell wall boundaries were described, four types of outer periclinal cell walls, and five different forms of the secondary cell walls were recognized. A diagnostic key for the studied taxa based on nutlet characters was presented. The results showed congruence between the UPGMA dendrogram and principal component analysis in suggesting two major groups and six subgroups. The most important characters with the highest factor loadings along the first two PCA axes included nutlet shape, nutlet apex, surface topography and the presence of silica bodies. The results of this study confirmed the heterogeneity of the Cyperoideae and indicated that Fuireneae is the most heterogeneous tribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandstone surface samples were collected from Quseir Fm., a member of Nubian Sandstone at Gebel el-Silsila and subjected to petrographical investigation using polarizing microscope. X-Ray diffraction was carried out to determine mineralogy. Scanning electron microscope also was utilized for the morphological characterization of the rock components. This sandstone petrofacies is mainly quartz arenite. The depositional environment of the studied sandstones is fluvial to fluvial-marine, and they suffered post-depositional alterations. Alterations include diagenesis (clay infiltration and original detrital grains disintegration), weathering, deterioration phenomena as erosion, voids existence due to dissolution and absence of bound materials. Mineralogical characterization indicated that quartz is the main constituent of sandstone in addition to kaolinite clay mineral as a cementing material. Petrophysically, the studied samples subjected to porosity and permeability measurements. The measurements showed that the samples are highly porous and permeable. Permeability–porosity relation displayed two groups (A and B). Although porosity values are close to great extent, permeability is quite different for the two groups due to the different distributions of pore throats, perhaps as a result of uneven clay distribution within the two groups of samples. Many capillary pressure-derived parameters were calculated using experimental correlations. The results confirmed the presence of two flow groups, macroport group (group A) and megaport group (group B) that is the best in terms of reservoir quality. The two groups reflect the excellent properties for the studied potential reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) was isolated and characterized from 16 soil samples collected from different governorates in Egypt. Among 56 bacterial colonies obtained, only 16 colonies were characterized by traits of Bacillus. All the 16 isolates were toxic to the neonates of the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Damietta and El-Sharkyia bacterial isolates showed appreciable mortality rates (100 and 96.6%), respectively, which were higher than that caused by the standard isolates of Bt entomocidus (that produce Cry1 C toxin) for which they were selected for further characterization. Scanning electron microscope of Damietta bacterial isolate showed the presence of a bipyramidal crystal protein; consistent with the presence of Cry1 toxin class, however, El-Sharkyia bacterial isolate produced spherical-shaped crystals consistent of Cry2 toxin class. Electrophoretic patterns of different isolates and standards revealed different molecular weight bands, ranged from 195 to 8KDa. Damietta and El-Sharkyia bacterial isolates produced major protein bands with molecular weights of 130 KDa, which was also present in Bt entomocidus. Both isolates also shared protein bands with Bt entomocidus with molecular weights of 80, 70, 65, 51, and 22 KDa. The 16S rRNA sequences of both isolates were submitted to the NCBI Gene Bank database, with accession numbers of LC070660 for Damietta isolate and LC070661 for El-Sharkiya isolate. The existence of different Cry genes in the 2 isolates was studied by PCR, using general primers of 5 Cry genes. Cry1 gene was detected in both isolates; however, Cry 2 gene was detected only in Damietta isolate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated studies on pore fabric anisotropy have increased the general understanding of fluid flow patterns through reservoir rocks. In this study, pore anisotropy was studied based on measuring permeability and formation resistivity factors in vertical and horizontal directions for 130 plug samples from a total of 65 oriented block samples. These samples were representatively collected for the Nubia sandstones C and D in the western southern onshore of the Gulf of Suez. In addition, the porosity was measured using two techniques, namely water and helium injection. The effective pore radius r35 and the pore radius of the displacement pressure (rdp) were also measured. Petrographic studies of some representative thin sections and scanning electron microscope studies (SEM) were applied to study the mineral compositions of the studied samples to declare the most important porosity-reducing and porosity-enhancing diagenetic factors. The results show that the studied samples can be categorized into three rock types (RRTs), namely quartz arenite (RRT1), quartz wacke (RRT2) and mudstone (RRT3). The best storage and flow capacity was assigned to the RRT1 samples, whereas the least quality was assigned to the RRT3 samples. This could be attributed to wide pore throat distributions and the anisotropy of pore spaces due to the presence of a vertical subsidiary fracture system that dominated in many samples. This system was enhanced by introducing authigenic kaolinite as pore-filling clay minerals, causing the reduction in vertical permeability but supporting the vertical electric current flow. For the RRT3 samples, this vertical micro-fracture system was reduced by silica cementation which caused the reduction in both fluid and electric current flow. The pore anisotropy of most of the studied samples is in the range of slight anisotropy with some exceptions in the RRT3 samples which are characterized by moderate anisotropy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work introduces a laboratory multi-technique study for a unique heritage object from the Persian Safavid art preserved in Egypt. This study is alleged to be the preliminary one of such heritage embroidered and appliqued leather tapestry. The aim of the present study is to reveal the type(s) of fibers and dyes used in crafting this rare artwork and the deterioration forms as well. The study used the Stereo Microscope (SM), the Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with EDX unit (SEM-EDX), ATR-FTIR and the MALDI-TOF MS. The object is composed of different layers; a textile substrate, a blank leather layer upon the textile substrate, a blackish leather layer, pre-cut white leather patterns appliqued upon the blackish layer using threads, the entire surface is embroidered with dyed threads. The obtained results revealed that the textile substrate is a plain cotton. The embroidery threads are also cotton, dyed with natural indigo, madder and Persian berries. Dyes' mordants were not verified, probably due to the high proportion of dust and soiling matters. The object is suffering from many deterioration forms; namely drying, brittle fabric and threads, faded dyes, lost threads and parts, stains in both the textile substrate and the embroidery threads, and much amount of dust and soiling matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel abscess is one of the important diseases that can be caused by pyogenic bacteria. Abscess were mainly reported on the dromedary camel of the Nile Delta of Egypt, but rarely reported on Bactrian camel. The purpose of this study is to identify the pathogens isolated from the samples of camel abscess. The scanning electron microscope was applied for pathogenic morphological study. The 16S rRNA genes amplification and sequencing, and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) method were employed to identify the bacteria. In addition, drug sensitivity tests were performed for the potential prevention and control of the disease. The results showed that two bacterial strains of Staphylococcus were isolated. Amplification of 16S rRNA and construction of phylogenetic tree demonstrated that they were Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus sciuri (S. sciuri). The results of MALDI-TOF MS confirmed that the causative bacteria causing camel abscess were S. aureus and S. sciuri. Drug sensitivity tests showed that S. aureus was resistant to Amoxicillin, Penicillin G, Erythromycin, Linezolid, Clindamycin, and Chloramphenicol, and was moderately resistant to Rifampicin, Doxycycline, and Tetracycline, but was sensitive to seven other antibiotics. S. sciuri was resistant to Cefotaxime, but sensitive to fifteen other antibiotics. This study is the first report on S. sciuri infected camels and provides a scientific basis for selecting antibiotics that are effective for treating camel abscess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to synthesize a fast‐setting ion‐doped calcium silicate bioceramic by the sol–gel method and to characterize its in vitro apatite‐forming ability and cell viability. Calcium silicate (CS), doped calcium silicate with zinc and magnesium, with Ca/Zn molar ratios of 6.7:1 (DCS1), and 4.5:1 (DCS2), were synthesized by the sol–gel method. Matreva white MTA (WMTA, Matreva, CA, Egypt) was used as a control. The synthesized powders were characterized by x‐ray diffraction. Setting time was measured using the Gilmore needle indentation technique. The in vitro apatite‐forming ability of the materials was evaluated by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray. NIH3T3‐E1 cells viability was tested using MTT assay. The ion release of Ca, Si, Zn, and Mg was measured using inductive coupled plasma‐optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES). One‐way ANOVA was used to analyze setting time results. The Tukey's HSD post hoc test was used to establish significance (p < 0.001). For nonparametric data, the Kruskal–Wallis H test with Dunn's correction for post hoc comparison was used (p < 0.05). CS, DCS1, and DCS2 showed a significant decrease in setting time 33 ± 1.63 min, 28 ± 1.63 min, and 41.75 ± 2.87 min, respectively, compared to WMTA 91 ± 3.16 min (p < 0.001). DCS1 showed the highest apatite‐forming ability and cell viability compared to the other groups. Ca and Si ions release decreased in both DCS1 and DCS2. The physical and biological properties of CS can be successfully improved by the sol–gel synthesis and ions doping. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 108B:56–66, 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the impact of two isolates of Bacillus simplex (PHYB1 and PHYB9) for controlling the root rot disease of black cumin (Nigella sativa) caused by Fusarium camptoceras (PHYF1) under greenhouse and field conditions at Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The highest reduction percentage of infection (22.5%) was recorded by the treatment of PHYB1 as suspension than the control (60%). Both isolates of Bacillus spp. provided the root and foliar dry weight under greenhouse and seed production in the field. The results showed that the isolate PHYB1 as a formulation gave the highest impact in the root dry weight (0.28 g/plant), followed by PHYB9 (0.22 g/plant), with insignificant difference between them. PHYB9 suspension also provided the highest seed production (27.97 g/plant), whereas PHYB9 as a formulation gave the lowest (24.08 g/plant). Studies on the interaction between Bacillus spp. on F. camptoceras by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that both caused a complete mycoparasitism on the fungal growth. The bacterial growth was seen to adhere and colonize the hyphae, resulting in hyphal tissue maceration. Therefore, the use of both isolates of Bacillus spp. to control root rot disease of black cumin under greenhouse and field conditions can be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate and identify the layers, components, and painting techniques of a mural painting in Ain el-Lebekha Temple located in Kharga Oasis, the capital of the New Valley Governorate, about 200 km to the Nile valley and 232 km to the south of Asyut city, forming a depression of 160 km long and 80 km wide. Archaeological and historical references pointed out that Ain el-Lebekha dates back to the Roman period between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD. Multi analytical and investigation studies were done to identify and define the compositions, techniques, and components, and state of the mural painting layers in Ain el-Lebekha Temple. Moreover, the investigations and examinations with the optical microscope, polarizing microscope, and scanning electron microscope were used to show the state, number and technique of the surfaces and painting layers. XRD, FTIR, and SEM-EDS analytical methods were used to identify the compositions of the mural painting layers and ground layers. They illustrated that calcite and quartz were used in the ground layer, hematite in the red pigment paint, and the Arabic gum as an organic medium in the painting process. The obtained results will enrich our knowledge about mural paintings and materials in an important archaeological site of the Greco-Roman art in Egypt to support the restoration plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extinct organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst Duosphaeridium rugosum was first described from the Paleocene (Danian) of the southern USA. It has since been documented at several other localities around the world. Well-preserved specimens from the Danian of the Dakhla Formation in the Dababiya Corehole in southern Egypt, illustrated by light and scanning electron microscope images, reveal new morphological details, most notably parasutural features revealing the paratabulation. Detailed observations indicate that Duosphaeridium rugosum has an L-type ventral arrangement, an essentially straight sulcus, and apparently dextral torsion indicating a tentative affinity with the gonyaulacacean subfamily Cribroperidinioideae. Duosphaeridium rugosum occurs in an assemblage with many Danian markers; such as Danea californica, Carpatella cornuta and Lanternosphaeridium reinhardtii. Its earliest or first occurrence is contemporaneous with the upper part of nannoplankton zone NP2 and the uppermost part of the planktonic foraminiferal Parasubbotina pseudobulloides (P1a) zone. Its first occurrence is thus a useful stratigraphical marker for the Danian (earliest Paleocene). Duosphaeridium rugosum is associated with relatively abundant dinoflagellate cyst taxa such as Spiniferites, Achomosphaera, Fibrocysta, Pterodinium, Cordosphaeridium and Exochosphaeridium, which characterize neritic marine settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology (Botany) is the property of Egyptian Society of Experimental Biology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to identify the components and assess the current state of the painted reliefs in the funerary tomb of Petosiris, which is located in Tuna el-Gebel in the province of Minia, Southern Egypt. The tomb has been dated to the late 4th and early 3rd centuries. It is considered one of the most important archaeological tombs in Egypt because its inscriptions include some of the Pharaonic rituals. These inscriptions were considered an important archaeological record, since the containment of historical information, Pharaonic scenes, rituals and those painted reliefs have been carried out with a very impressive technology in the implementation and use of pigments . The tomb and its painted reliefs suffered from severe damage factors that threaten and even foreshadows the disappearance and loss of these inscriptions. Accordingly, the aim of the work in this article was to study the techniques that were used in the painting process, assess the conditions of the painted inscriptions, the characterization of the pigments and the organic medium used. A range of modern and sensitive examination and analysis methods have been used to provide us with information about the components of the tomb and painted compositions . The analytical study was performed using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The examination was carried out using optical microscope, polarized microscope and scanning electron microscopy. The investigation of samples showed the use of Egyptian blue pigment as a pigment for blue color. Hematite used to get the red color, Goethite for yellow, a mixture of carbon and hematite for black and Celadonite ferrous as pigment material for green. Moreover, egg yolk used as organic binder in the painted reliefs of the tomb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palynological and multivariate study of six species of Tamarix L. distributed in Egypt was carried out. Pollen morphology was examined by Light Microscope (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The systematic study of these species was conducted by means of numerical analysis using UPGMA clustering and PCO analysis based on 33 morphological characters, including life form, vegetative parts, fruits, floral characters, seeds and pollen grains. Pollen grains were found to be monads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, small-sized and homocolpate. Tamarix nilotica can be easily separated from other taxa by its subprolate pollen shape. Two major clades were identified by multivariate analysis of morphological characters; one of them included three species, namely T. amplexicaulis, T. passerinoides and T. macrocarpa. Our results indicate that there is a wide range of morphological similarity among the species of section Polyadenia. The other clade included T. aphylla, T. tetragyna and T. nilotica from section Tamarix and section Oligadenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nubian Sandstone is a thick sequence of clastic and thin carbonate sediments in the Jebel El Zeit section of eastern Egypt. The sequence is composed mainly of sandstone with shale and minor carbonate interbeds and was deposited in continental and fluviomarine to marine settings. Petrographically, quartz arenite and quartz wacke are the main facies of Nubian Sandstone. They have different secondary components, cement and matrix types, reflecting their different depositional environments and diagenetic histories. The Nubian Sandstone is one of the most prolific hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Suez oil province. The Nubian Sandstone has good reservoir quality with porosity varying from 10% to 29%, and permeability of up to 5000 millidarcies. The quality of the reservoir depends on its proportions of shale, diagenetic history and the depth of burial (compaction). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analyses indicate that kaolinite is the main clay mineral and is derived from the alteration of potash feldspar. Enhancement of oil recovery from the reservoirs of the Nubian Sandstone can be achieved by alkaline injection to dissolve the kaolinite. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • The Late Cretaceous clastics in the Shoushan Basin are divided into five microfacies. • The microfacies heterogeneity is due to the differential implication of the diagenetic factors. • These rocks are divided into some reservoir rock types to get a more accurate reservoir modelling. • The very fine massive sandstone microfacies has the best reservoir quality due to its dissolution. • The laminated siltstone and the bioturbated limestone are highly cemented by silica cement. The Late Cretaceous Upper Bahariya Member is one of the most prolific reservoir sequences in the North Western Desert of Egypt. In this paper, we describe core samples of the Upper Bahariya Member, including core photos, conventional core analysis, petrographical description, scanning electron microscope images, and XRD analysis. Samples for this study are from the reservoir sequence in four wells selected from the Shurouk Field in the Shoushan Basin to delineate the impact of the constraint mineral composition on the reservoir quality. The objective of this study is to get an accurate reservoir characterization of this reservoir by applying the rock typing technique to the studied sequence where four Lithofacies Associations (LFA1, LFA2, LFA3, and LFA4) and four corresponding Reservoir Rock Types (RRT1, RRT2, RRT3, and RRT4) were assigned. These are defined as 1) very fine massive sandstone (LFA1, RRT1), 2) laminated, cross-bedded and bioturbated sandstone (LFA2, RRT2), 3) laminated, highly argillaceous and ferruginated sandstone and siltstone (LFA3, RRT3), and 4) laminated and ferruginated siltstone and well cemented bioturbated limestone (LFA4, RRT4). Petrographically, these lithofacies were categorized into five microfacies; 1) glauconitic quartz arenite, 2) subfeldspathic arenite, 3) glauconitic sublithic arenite, 4) ferruginated subfeldspathic wackes, and 5) sandy fossiliferous packstone microfacies. Conventional core samples include bulk and grain densities (ρ b and ρ g , respectively), helium porosity (∅ He), and horizontal and vertical permeabilities (k H and k V , respectively). The application of the Dykstra-Parsons technique to the available permeability data indicates that the studied sequence is extremely heterogeneous (heterogeneity factor (V) = 0.90). Based on the available samples, the normalized porosity index (∅z), reservoir quality index (RQI), flow zone indicator (FZI), and the discrete rock type values (DRT) were estimated to determine the reservoir quality. The RRT1 samples are characterized by the best reservoir properties (av. ∅ He = 14.7%, av. k H 42.0 = md, av. RQI = 0.47 µm, av. FZI = 2.87 µm, and av. DRT = 13), whereas the lowest reservoir quality is assigned to the RRT4 samples (av. ∅ He = 18.8%, av. k H 0.30 = md, av. FZI = 0.15 µm, av. RQI = 0.04 µm, and av. DRT = 7). The low reservoir quality of the RRT4 is primarily attributed to the predominance of lower quality features (compaction effect, cementation, and presence of glauconite and authigenic minerals). Following the Improved Stratigraphic Modified Lorenz (ISML plot), the Upper Bahariya reservoir is subdivided into five Hydraulic Flow Units (HFUs) such as the HFU-2, and the HFU-4 that are considered superconductive flow units that alternate with three poorly hydraulic conductive HFUs (HFU-1, HFU-3, and HFU-5). The present integrated sedimentological and petrophysical workflow is considered a significant study of the Shoushan basin which can improve exploration activities as well as production optimization. In addition, dividing the studied clastic sequence into five microfacies association and four reservoir rock types can be extended to other equivalent subsurface Late Cretaceous clastic sedimentary rocks in the vicinity and other basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolomite is a carbonate mineral of calcium and magnesium having the chemical formula CaMg(CO 3) 2. It is a reservoir for significant petroleum reserves and mainly used as building and ceramic material. Thermoluminescence (TL) emission of this mineral has been examined in the literature, especially collected from Egypt, India, and Brazil. In this study, the aim is to investigate TL properties of dolomite mineral which has a wide reserve in Mersin/Turkey. Structural, morphological, and elemental analyzes were performed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP/MS), respectively. TL measurements were carried out using a TL/OSL reader with a90Sr/90Y beta source. The natural TL (NTL) curve of the sample showed two peaks at around 255 and 345 °C by the wideband blue filter whereas an additional peak at 115 °C was observed under the beta irradiation. In addition, at high doses from 50 Gy, a shoulder at around 402 °C occurred. The optimum annealing temperature and duration of the sample were determined as 500 °C and 30 min. In order to remove the low-temperature peak, a preheating process at 200 °C with 23 s duration was applied before each TL readout. TL response to absorbed dose showed good linearity over the 0.1–1200 Gy dose range and the sample was observed to be reusable with only 1.7% change up to 10 cycles under a dose of 100 Gy. The kinetic parameters (activation energy E (eV), frequency factor s (s−1), kinetic order b) of the evident glow peaks were estimated using Peak Shape (PS), Various Heating Rate (VHR), Initial Rise (IR), and Computerized Glow Curve Deconvolution (CGCD) methods. The kinetic analysis indicated that the TL glow curve of the preheated sample consists of four individual peaks having activation energies of ∼1.56, 1.60, 1.78, and 1.73 eV, and these peaks obey second and general-order kinetics. • TL character of natural dolomite mineral originating in Turkey was investigated. • TL glow curve of the β-irradiated sample exhibited three peaks at 110, 255, and 345 °C and a shoulder at 402 °C at high doses. • The sample shows a good linear TL response in the 0.1–1200 Gy β-dose range. • The sample can be reused up to 10 sequential cycles with the deviation of 1.7%. • TL kinetic analyses revealed the decomposed peaks have second- and general-order kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to evaluate the reservoir quality and determine the rock type zonation in the subsurface Sidri and Feiran members of the Belayim Formation, in Belayim Land Oil Field (well 112–136), Gulf of Suez, Egypt. To achieve this aim, an integrated petrographical analysis (thin sections, scanning electron microscope "SEM" and X-ray diffraction "XRD") and petrophysical estimation have been carried out on units of the Sidri and Feiran members using core samples and well logs data. Reservoir evaluation of the studied members revealed an occurrence of four reservoir rock types (RRT1, RRT2, RRT3, and RRT4) and four hydraulic flow units (HFU1 , HFU2 , HFU3 , and HFU4). Diagenetic processes are summarised into two groups depending on their effect on the reservoir potentiality. They show dissolution processes as a porosity improvement factor and porosity diminishing aspects including compaction, mechanical infiltration, authigenic mineral, and cementation. The RRT1 rock samples are quartz arenite quartz, whereas the RRT2 , RRT3 , and RRT4 are dolomitic quartz arenite, dolomitic quartz wacke, and argillaceous sandy dolostone, respectively. The final findings showed that RRT1 and RRT2 provided the best reservoir zones in both Sidri and Feiran members, whereas RRT3 and RRT4 which predominate in HFU4 had the lowest potential zones of reservoir. The capillary pressure by using mercury injection test (MICP) shows that, samples of RRT1 are predominantly macro-pore sizes with some occurrences of meso- and micro-pore spaces, whereas RRT2 are dominated by meso-pores throat radius with some samples characterised by both macro and micro-pore spaces. The RRT3 reservoir rock samples are characterised by micro-pore throat radius with few meso-pore samples, whereas RRT4 samples are mainly characterised by micro-pore throat radius. Therefore, there is a similarity between the zonation obtained from the MICP method, statistical differentiation of the hydraulic flow unit, and other zonation methods in terms of: porosity-permeability and reservoir quality index (RQI) – normalised porosity index (NPI) relationships. [Display omitted] • Evaluation of the hydrocarbon potentiality of Sidri and Feiran members in the Belayim land oil field. • Classify the reservoir rock of the studied two members into different hydraulic flow units. • MICP can be used as a supporting concept for the formation evaluation. • Reservoir zonation depending on MICP, hydraulic flow unit, porosity-permeability and RQI-NPI relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understanding of the geotechnical problems and failure mechanisms of stone structures of Sakakini palace (1897 AC) entails a comprehensive study on the mechanical behavior of the stones and other construction materials. In addition to micro analysis, geological and geomorphologic interests, several investigations on stone deterioration and engineering geology were performed. First phase included more advanced techniques, which provided additional information on particular aspects of site deterioration and it included laser analysis (LIBS), electron probe micro analysis, micro XRD and XRF analyses, scanning electron microscope analysis coupled with EDX probing, transmission electron microscopy and grain size distribution analysis, permeability and pore size distribution of stone, mortars, core binders and other construction materials. Second phase included the determination of mechanical properties of building stones, such as compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and shear strength. To obtain reliable values for these properties, a suitable number of samples should be extracted, prepared for testing, and properly tested. The test results are then analyzed to establish the investigated stone properties. The testing program includes extracting seven cylindrical cores from the basement stone walls of Sakakini's mansion in down town Cairo. The cores are extracted using rotary cylindrical diamond blade coring machine. The top and bottom surfaces of every core were prepared to be flat circular surfaces perpendicular to the vertical axis of the core. Because the palace is functioning as a museum/ is a museum and is also an attractive place for the tourists, the core sampling could be carried out only at a limited number of locations under official permission. For the purpose, cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 42-44mm and height of 90-100mm, prepared by the use of a core drilling machine and some collected blocks from the archaeological site under investigation were taken to determine the bulk structure, physical, short and long-term mechanical properties of the stone and other construction materials in the laboratory. A number of specimens prepared from these blocks were employed for testing. Furthermore, limitation due to the number of blocks was overcome by the determination of the in situ characteristics of the stones by Schmidt hammer tests, geo-tomographic investigations and rock mass classification on some stone rock structures where testing has been permitted. The objectives of the study are to provide a characterization of micro structures and the mechanical properties of the stones of Sakakini's Mansion; to describe the required testing plan and results of the basic mechanical properties of the building stones. The following sections provide detailed descriptions of the steps taken to achieve the objectives of the study. The purpose of the present research is to provide recommendations regarding the strengthening and the safety of architectural heritage under long and short-term loading. For this purpose, a set of experimental tests and of advanced numerical analyses are to be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Holothuria polii (H. polii) Linnaeus (Holothuriidae), Actinopyga mauritiana ( A. mauritiana) Quoy & Gaimard (Holothuriidae) and Bohadschia vitiensis(B. vitiensis) Semper (Holothuriidae) are sea cucumbers inhabiting the coasts of Egypt. Their tegument and the cuvierian gland contained a substance called holothurin that was used in traditional medicine. These three species are abundant in the Egyptian coast, however there are no reports about their efficacy as antiparasitic agent. Objective: The antischistosomal effect of the holothurin extracted from the three species of sea cucumber is investigated. Materials and methods: The ethanol extract was made from the tegument of both H. poliiand A. mauritianawhile it was made from the cuvierian gland of B. vitiensis. The body wall (or cuvierian gland) of the sea cucumber was blended with 95% ethanol in a volume = 4 × tissue weight. Extraction was done at room temperature for one day then filtered. The ethanol was removed by evaporation using Rotavapour (BÜCHI 461 water bath REIII) at 40°C. Later the aqueous residue was placed in a vacuum oven at 20°C for about 48 h to remove water. The resulting dried mass was then stored at −4°C until use. The percentage yield and the LD50 were calculated for each extract. Each extract was administered orally to Shistosoma mansoni infected mice in acute and chronic phases of infection. The dose of one-tenth of LD50 of each extract was administrated to mice (5.4, 62.2, and 10 mg/kg body weight/mouse for H. polii extract (HPE), A. mauritianaextract (AME), and cuvierian gland of B. vitiensis, respectively) for 24 h. The effects of each extract on the worm burden and total egg count was studied. The effects of each extract on the worm tegument using scanning electron microscope (SEM) were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Results: The percentage yield of cuvierian gland extract (CGE) was higher (70%) than the tegument AME (33.4%) and HPE (9.3%). The 24 h LD50 of investigated sea cucumber ethanol extracts were 54.46, 627, and 100 mg/kg body weight/mouse for HPE, AME, and CGE. Oral administration of HPE caused decrease in male and female worm burden of 30-day infected mice to reach 60 and 90%, respectively. HPE decreased the egg count significantly in those mice with 30-day (1.75 egg counts/g tissue, p < 0.05) and 45-day (3.25 egg counts/g tissue, p < 0.05) infections. SEM studies of recovered worms from treated mice with all extracts showed different tegumental changes like formation of blebs, wrinkling, formation of numerous pores, and rupturing of some tubercles. These effects were more pronounced in those worms treated in vitro represented by severe shrinkage of the tegument, deformation of spines, rupturing, and collapsing of tubercles. Discussion and conclusion: Results support the hypothesis that holothurin is a promising antischistosomal agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The origin and climate implications of authigenic carbonate minerals from Lake Qarun, Egypt, were examined in relation to the mid–late Holocene climate changes. These minerals occur as very thin (0.5–3mm), very fine, well-sorted, white to pale yellow aragonite or calcite laminae intercalated with olive green clayey silt with sharp and horizontal contacts. Under the scanning electron microscope (SEM), aragonite appears as dense euhedral and ellipsoidal (rice-grained) crystals that range in length from 0.5 to 1micron and in width from 0.2 to 0.5micron. The calcite crystals are stubby, equant or blocky polyhedra of about 5microns in length. δ18O values range between 2.7‰ and 3.7‰ for the calcite and between 2.1‰ and 6‰ for the aragonite. δ13C values range between 0.4‰ and 1‰ for the calcite and between 0.5‰ and 3.4‰ for the aragonite. A very strong positive correlation is observed between carbon and oxygen isotopes for the aragonite (r 2 =0.9) and a more moderate positive correlation with calcite (r 2 =0.6). The complete absence of biological and other no-carbonate grains, the sharp contacts of laminae basal, and the occurrence of calcite and aragonite as individual euhedral crystals, rather than clusters of grain aggregation, indicate that aragonite and calcite layers represent rapid inorganic precipitation from the lake water (endogenic). The positive values of δ18O and δ13C and the strong positive correlation between δ18O and δ13C suggest prevalence of a low lake level, saline, and dry climatic conditions during their formation. The change from calcite to aragonite indicates a change in the formational conditions from less arid conditions in the case of calcite to severe arid conditions in the case of aragonite. The relative abundance of diatoms in calcite-rich laminae and the less strong positive correlation between δ18O and δ13C of calcite support this interpretation. The arid conditions in which the carbonate minerals were formed could correspond to the aridification period of the North East Africa between ca 6000–8500BP due to the north-south shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that control the evaporation/precipitation balance over North East Africa and/or to dry climate and desert environment conditions in Egypt at the same period. These results are also consistent with the aridification conditions during the mid-late Holocene, suggesting its global trend. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]