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Given that China and Türkiye are direct successors of former empires, i.e., the Qing and Ottoman Empires, they share common feelings of century-long Western humiliation, constrained maritime space, and unfinished territorial unification in modern times. However, the two countries chose divergent paths of modern national building, which result in their turbulent bilateral relations in the 20th century. While the old structural disagreements are not completely fading away, China and Türkiye have tended to build a more cooperative relations in 21st century as both of them struggle to adapt to the common challenges of neoliberal world order, which leads to more convergences than divergences in their second nation building process. Based on this historical comparison, this paper suggests that the nation building processes and its reflections on foreign affairs are the structural factor in China-Türkiye relations, which defined potential issues of cooperation and division between the two countries in different times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The aims of this study are to reveal the spatiotemporal variation of the annual gross primary productivity (AGPP) of grassland in northern China, and to provide an important basis for the policy formulation of grassland restoration and protection. [Methods] Based on the GPP simulation data of nine Earth system models in CMIP6, the traditional multi-model ensemble average (MME) was used to estimate the temporal and spatial changes of AGPP in grassland ecosystem of northern China in the 21st century under four future scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5). [Results] (1) The accuracy and yearly trends of the MME simulation are more accurate than other individual patterns. (2) From 1982 to 2100, the AGPP in grasslands in northern China showed a fluctuating upward trend, and the upward trend under the high greenhouse gas emission scenario was greater than the upward trend under the low greenhouse gas emission scenario. (3) Spatially, the average AGPP of grassland in northern China showed an increasing trend from northwest to southeast under both historical and future scenarios, with the lowest annual average AGPP at 308.03 g C/ (m²·a) under SSP1-2.6 scenario and the highest at 389.63 g C/ (m²·a) under SSP5-8.5 scenario. (4) Among different grassland types in the four future scenarios, the annual mean value of AGPP in temperate grassland will be the highest [445.44 g C/ (m²·a) in SSP1-2.6 scenario and 474.53 g C/ (m²·a) in SSP2-4.5 scenario]. Under SSP3-7.0, it will be 532.42 g C/ (m²·a), under SSP5-8.5, it will be 558.14 g C/ (m²·a), and sparse shrub will be the lowest [128.51 g C/ (m²·a) under SSP1-2.6]. It will be 141.31 g C/ (m²·a) under SSP2-4.5, 155.38 g C/ (m²·a) under SSP3-7.0, and 167.29 g C/ (m²·a) under SSP5-8.5. [Conclusion] The AGPP in grassland in northern China will show a significant growth trend in the future, and the change trend will increase with the increase of radiation intensity and CO2 emissions. The growth trend of AGPP under different scenarios is different, and the higher the emission scenario, the more significant the growth. Future research on AGPP change of grassland in northern China should be strengthened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the intercultural significance of jazz for the development of Chinese pop music? The main content of this dissertation is to study and discuss the period when jazz music entered China and how it affects the development of past and present Chinese pop music. In today's society, intercultural research is ubiquitous. Since the birth of civilization, people from different disciplines and artistic fields have been trying to build cultural bridges.1 China has a long history of culture and music development. With the changes of the times, China's music civilization has been continuously developed and changed with the replacement of various dynasties in the past. In addition, Confucius's Confucianism has influenced the development of Chinese music and music education. The history of jazz music is not very long, but it has become an indispensable element of today's social music culture. Perhaps it is because jazz has rich musical style features, such as improvisation and unique jazz scales. In addition, the musical content of its expression is democratic and free. The musical form of Jazz music originated in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is a combination of African black culture and European white culture. It is a kind of "hybrid" music form that affects the development of Chinese music with deep-rooted civilization, especially some Chinese pop music. The dissertation will study how jazz integrates Chinese music to produce Chinese pop music, as well as the intercultural influence of jazz, and how Jazz affects the pop singers of Chinese pop music. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern diplomacy in the 21st century has become increasingly complex, requiring a broader scope or the performance of more tasks that extend beyond the traditional high politics of old. This means that current diplomats must deal with more diverse global concerns due to the nature of the post-Cold War era marked by diplomatic inflation, the decline of US hegemony, the rise of China, nuclear proliferation, climate change, globalisation, the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), and the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to this diversification of the diplomatic agendas and the inclusion of a growing number of stakeholders, the diplomatic field is experiencing an amplified array of challenges. Therefore, this article examines these major changes and their impact on modern diplomacy by utilising the theoretical framework of the English School where the emphasis is on a 'society of states' and a world united by common humanity. The research also employs a comprehensive qualitative analysis of the mentioned post-Cold War issues and how diplomacy can contribute to mitigating them. The paper then concludes by recommending the need for a more specialised diplomatic corps who are well-versed in technological advancements and digital platforms. By becoming more specialised, diplomacy can become more effective and thus, remain a vital tool in navigating the intricacies of contemporary international politics while mitigating the major challenges the globe faces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is quickly becoming the largest official lender in the world. For Latin America, China is overtaking multilateral lenders such as the World Bank as the biggest holder of debt in the region. When this is added to the trade relationship with Latin America that has grown rapidly in the twenty first century, initially driven by China's demand for commodities, the linkage between the two now goes even deeper. It further means that a potential stop to Chinese funding due to a domestic financial crisis would have an even more widespread impact on Latin America. This paper analyses China's overseas lending strategy and how it has deepened the relationship with Latin America. It then turns to the potential of a Chinese financial crisis and the significant implications for the Latin American region. The article concludes with policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in extreme precipitation in Northeast China (NEC), a climate-sensitive region, remain unclear with respect to future warming due to regionally unique geographic factors. This study examines how regional extreme precipitation may adapt to future climate change. Using statistical downscaling and the CMIP6 multi-model ensemble, we investigate the possible changes in future extreme precipitation for NEC under different warming scenarios and the influencing factors. The results indicate that extreme precipitation events, under different definitions, exhibit a gradual enhancement trend and are more pronounced for the more extreme precipitation definitions. However, in projections of the late twenty-first century, under the Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (2015–2100) Shared Socioeconomic Path (SSP)2–4.5 scenario, the growth of extreme precipitation events plateaued as warming slowed. The response of extreme precipitation to temperature changes under SSP2-4.5 (SSP5-8.5) was approximately linear, with average response rates of 7.29%/°C (6.71%/°C) and 16.84%/°C (17.33%/°C) for number of days with daily precipitation exceeding 20 mm and annual total precipitation of days exceeding the 99th percentile threshold, respectively. The distribution of these indices was more concentrated under SSP5-8.5 scenario. Variations in the spatial distribution of extreme precipitation were significantly correlated with vertical velocity at 500 hPa and were influenced by moisture availability. The predicted increase in extreme precipitation was greater in humid and mountainous regions and precipitation changes were most pronounced at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that future temperatures may increase the risk of extreme precipitation in NEC, posing a challenge for adaptation to changes in precipitation extremes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China, one of the most populous countries in the world, has suffered the highest number of natural disaster-related deaths from fire. On local scales, the main causes of urban fires are anthropogenic in nature. Yet, on regional to national scales, little is known about the indicators of large-scale co-varying urban fire activity in China. Here, we present the China Fire History Atlas (CFHA), which is based on 19   947 documentary records and represents fires in urban areas of China over the twentieth century (1901–1994). We found that temperature variability is a key indicator of urban fire activity in China, with warmer temperatures being correlated with more urban fires, and that this fire–temperature relationship is seasonally and regionally explicit. In the early twentieth century, however, the fire–temperature relationship was overruled by war-related fires in large urban areas. We further used the fire–temperature relationship and multiple emissions scenarios to project fire activity across China into the twenty-first century. Our projections show a distinct increase in future urban fire activity and fire-related economic loss. Our findings provide insights into fire–climate relationships in China for densely-populated areas and on policy-relevant time scales and they contribute spatial coverage to efforts to improve global fire models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought events have become increasingly frequent and intensive due to the combined influence of climate change and anthropogenic activities. However, it remains unclear how meteorological drought characteristics (duration, severity, and intensity) respond to the changing environment and what are the dominant factors determining the drought evolution in different climate regions. Here, we divide mainland China into four sub-climatic regions, namely the Humid region (HR), Transition region (TR), Arid region (AR), and Tibetan Plateau (TP), based on the aridity index and geomorphology. Then systematically investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of drought characteristics in different climate regions over China (during 2000–2019) based on the SPEI and run theory. And the contribution of precipitation (Pre) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) to drought characteristics are quantitatively analyzed using a detrended numerical experiment method. We find that (1) a pattern of "dry gets drier, wet gets wetter" was found in China. (2) Meteorological drought characteristics exhibit apparent regional heterogeneity: droughts in AR are of long duration and high severity, while droughts in HR and TR show a pattern of high frequency. (3) An increase in the annual Pre (PET) resulted in increases (decreases) in average SPEI in China of 45.18% (31.62%). Therefore, Pre is the dominant factor determining the increase of SPEI over China. For the four sub-climatic regions, Pre is the dominant factor in the increase of SPEI in TR and HR, with the contribution of 41.64% and 60.16%. PET is the dominant factor in the decrease of SPEI in AR, with the contribution of 50.11%. The contributions of Pre (45.09%) and PET (44.09%) in TP are roughly equivalent. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in shaping climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. By understanding the leading meteorological factors influencing drought, policymakers can implement effective measures to minimize the influence of disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological quality in China has experienced significant improvements due to the interplay of climate change and human activities. Nevertheless, previous studies exploring the trend of ecological parameters have always overlooked the effects of land use types. Therefore, in this study, we explored the spatiotemporal variation in ecological parameters in various land use types and discussed the relationship between ecological parameters and climatic factors in China during the first 20 years of the 21st century. The results show that: (1) The area of grassland and unutilized land decreased, and the area of other land use types increased. (2) Distinct variations in the average, slope, and interval distribution of ecological parameters across various land use types were evident. Particularly significant increases in ecological parameters were observed in cultivated land and forest. (3) The influence of land use and land cover change on ecological parameters was evident. The conversion of cultivated land, forest, and grassland into water bodies, constructive land, and unutilized land resulted in a significant decrease in ecological parameters. (4) The distinct climatic conditions resulted in heightened monthly variations in the ecological parameters. Significant monthly fluctuations in ecological parameters were observed for cultivated land, forest, grassland, and constructed land, while water bodies and unutilized land did not exhibit such variations. (5) The correlation between ecological parameters and climatic factors varied considerably in various land use types in different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the reconfiguration of the global geopolitical landscape in the 21st century, highlighting the fall of the Soviet Union, the economic growth of China, and the emergence of India as important powers. It also mentions the critical situation of Latin America after the debt crisis and the failure of the Washington Consensus. The objective of the article is to analyze Latin America's relations with global actors such as the United States, China, Russia, and the European Union, and how these relations affect the region. Mélany Barragán Manjón, a professor at the University of Valencia, and Ariel Sribman Mittelman, a researcher at the Institute of Latin American Studies and the Caribbean at the University of Buenos Aires and a professor of Political Science at the European University of Madrid, are presented. [Extracted from the article]

Education systems worldwide have shown much interest in "21st Century Competencies." In response to the call for better assessment of these competencies, we draw on a 4Cs framework (Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, and Critical Thinking) and develop the 21st Century Competencies Scale-4C on a sample of 5857 Grades Four to Nine Chinese students. The Scale demonstrates good validity and reliability, yet statistical variance exists across the urban and the rural subsamples. Our discussion revolves around rural-urban disparity. Our findings provide insights into policy, practice, and research regarding 21st Century Competencies that account for sociocultural dynamics within student populations. These findings may have implications for understanding 21st Century Competencies elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines China’s increasing security interests in Africa. It seeks to understand the nature and scope of Chinese engagement in peace and security issues on the continent based on its engagement in international and domestic (African) politics. Through literature analysis and logical reasoning, the author intends to define the implications of China’s new role as a security provider. The paper is based on desk research using primary and secondary data and statistical and comparative analysis of official documents, academic research, and media sources. The methods include literature analysis, logical reasoning, statistical research, comparative analysis, and the inductive method to build general theorems. The paper analyses aspects of China’s security engagement on the African continent: its participation in the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, small arms exports, and Beijing’s sharing of technology with African partners. China’s engagement in Africa’s security helps to advance its vital economic and political interests, with limited impact on African security. Key lessons for African partners are offered. The last decades have seen an extraordinary increase in China’s economic and political ties with Africa. Security cooperation followed massive Chinese investments and thousands of Chinese nationals working on the continent. China’s security engagement in Africa protects Beijing’s interests regarding access to resources, markets, political influence, and social credibility. It has little to do with a benevolent will to help Africa deal with instability or economic underdevelopment. African partners must make necessary efforts to avoid further dependence on China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of the 21st century and the regional situation in South Asia require a revisit to the theoretical framework defining Pakistan–China relations. The friendly relations between Pakistan and China can be explored under the concepts of bandwagoning as well as complex interdependence. A theoretical analysis reveals that neither of the two states is bandwagoning the other. They are, however, tied to each other under the conceptual framework of complex interdependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of extreme precipitation events has attracted wide attention throughout the world. However, the analysis of precipitation extremes is not sufficient in the short period of instrumental observation and it is complicated by their non‐stationary behaviours. As a period dominated by natural forcing, the last millennium is helpful for understanding long‐term changes in precipitation extremes. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) investigate changes in daily and subdaily precipitation extremes in China from the last millennium to the end of the twenty‐first century, (2) detect the non‐stationarity of precipitation extremes and (3) compare design storms by using stationary and non‐stationary distributions. The annual maximum 1‐day precipitation (RX1day) and annual maximum 3‐hour precipitation (RX3hour) are used to quantify variations of precipitation extremes. The results show that the trend of RX1day was insignificant for the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA, 950–1250) and the Little Ice Age (LIA, 1500–1800). For the historical period (1850–2014), the trend of RX1day and RX3hour was insignificant in most subregions. In addition, the differences for RX1day between the historical period and the MCA/LIA were mostly in the range of −5% to 5%. For the future period (2015–2100), RX1day and RX3hour are projected to increase in almost all land grids compared with the historical period, and they show greater increases in western China than eastern China. The non‐stationarity of RX1day and RX3hour is mainly found under the high‐emission scenario. Moreover, stationary generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution underestimates 50‐year return levels for RX1day and RX3hour in most areas compared with non‐stationary GEV distribution under the high‐emission scenario. Overall, this study suggests that daily and subdaily extreme precipitation will intensify over China in the future. For design storms, non‐stationary methods need to be used for risk management and engineering design under the high‐emission scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big digital companies have become key elements in economy, communication, education, and politics in 21st century societies. The neutral ideology in their digital platforms, applications, and services, as well as the exponential growth in their activities can be used by world superpowers —especially the United States and China— to implement geostrategical operations, massive social manipulation or influence democratic processes with the objective of increasing their power and dominance over other nations. The aim of this paper is to state the different strategies of digital expansionism performed by the United States and China, and, additionally, to showcase the negative consequences of these strategies on the population and democracies of the European Union. The first section of this paper will define the concepts of digital sovereignty and digital expansionism as well as their importance in 21st century geopolitics. Next, the important role that big digital companies have on digital expansionism will be analysed, and the usage of digital authoritarianism and digital instrumentarianism performed by the United States and China will be further examined. Finally, the negative consequences of the implementation of these methods in the democratic systems of the European Union will be analysed, as well as what possible solutions there might be for said consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complex natural environment and large regional differentiation in China, the dependence of multiple climate-related hazards on compound events (CEs) and their response to climate change are still unclear. Using daily meteorological observations (1961–2020) and climate simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6, statistically strong dependences among hot, dry, and high fire risk are revealed in China. The average temperature from 1991 to 2020 was 1 °C higher than that from 1961 to 1990, and the probabilities of CEs exhibiting extreme hot-dry, dry-high fire risk, and extreme hot-dry-high fire risk increased significantly by 74.8%, 60.5%, and 26.8%, respectively. Although most CEs occur more frequently in China at the end of the 21st century, the increase rates in low emissions are lower. These findings have implications for developing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies to cope with increased CEs in critical geographical regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the utilization of satellite-based data and promote their development, this analysis comprehensively evaluates the performance of GSMaP Near-real-time Gauge-adjusted Rainfall Product version 6 (GSMaP_GNRT6) data in depicting precipitation over China from 2001 to 2020 by comparing four precipitation indices—accumulated precipitation, number of rainy days and rainstorm days, and precipitation maxima—with daily precipitation data from 2419 stations across China on monthly and annual time scales. The results show that the GSMaP-GNRT6 data effectively capture the overall spatial pattern of the four precipitation indices, but biases in the spatial distribution of the number of rainy days from July to September and the precipitation maxima during the wintertime are evident. A general underestimation of GSMaP-GNRT6 data is observed in the average for China. The annual precipitation amount, the number of rainy days and rainstorm days, and the precipitation maxima based on the GSMaP-GNRT6 data are 17.6%, 35.5%, 31.6% and 11.8% below the station observations, respectively. The GSMaP-GNRT6 data better depict the precipitation in eastern China, with the errors almost halved. And obvious overestimation of the number of rainstorm days and precipitation maxima occurs in western China, reaching up to 60%. Regarding the accumulated precipitation, the number of rainstorm days and the precipitation maxima, the GSMaP-GNRT6 data show an almost consistent interannual variation and increasing trends that are consistent with the station observations. However, the magnitude of the increasing trend based on the GSMaP-GNRT6 data is larger, especially at the beginning of the 21st century. Conversely, a considerable discrepancy in the annual variation and an almost opposite trend can be observed in the number of rainy days between the GSMaP-GNRT6 data and the station observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer, a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality in China, has characteristics such as high heterogeneity and poor prognosis. With the advent of the 21st century, significant progress has been made in gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment due to the rapid development of genomics, laparoscopic minimally invasive techniques, targeted therapy and immunotherapy. This article summarized the important research progress in the field of gastric cancer prevention and treatment since the 21st century, and looked forward to the future. We hope to make greater progress and breakthroughs in early screening, diagnosis and precise treatment of gastric cancer, further improve the overall survival rate of patients, and transform gastric cancer into a controllable "chronic disease". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop‐infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus‐transmitting arthropod vectors, and in‐depth interrogation of plant‐encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus‐based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One demand imposed by the global market is the possession of adequate soft skills, a challenge commonly faced by STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) graduates. This challenge is particularly prominent in China, which produces millions of STEM graduates annually. Consequently, there is a pressing need to develop and research programs facilitating the acquisition of soft skills, with a specific focus on teamwork, among Chinese engineers. To this end, we created a team-based project as part of a semester-long scientific English communication course at a Sino–foreign STEM university in China. The project aimed at fostering valuable soft skills through active learning, including teamwork, communication, and collaboration. In this report, we examine written reflections by students, aiming to assess their perceptions of soft skill development and overall experience resulting from their participation in the team-based project. Our results show the self-reflected soft skills development was considerable, and, unexpectedly, a noteworthy outcome of the project was the significant development of interpersonal connections, resulting in a positive experience and friendship development. Consequently, the findings of this study shed light on how teamwork can foster soft skills and friendship development, the latter often referred to as relationship development, another soft skill in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the study of Charles Dickens has matured in the domestic academia since the 21st century, a flourishing and pluralistic academic discourse has yet to be formed in China. This paper adopts the cluster view, timeline view, burst detection in CiteSpace to visually present the chronological development of Dickens's studies in China. On the whole, Chinese scholars' research in this field has not yet truly entered the international arena, and it is challenging to maintain an international academic dialogue; domestically, scholars' interpretations of Dickens show a relatively obvious trend towards a distinctly Chinese interpretation, and can be described as both constructive and deconstructive in the reception of such foreign culture. In detail, even though the new century has seen the emergence of many promising research topics and new clusters, the repetition of Dickens's works is still a serious phenomenon, and it is not easy to innovate on classic topics. In the context of interdisciplinarity, Dickens' research in China could be further developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Relaciones Internacionales (1699-3950) is the property of Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain, International Relations Studies Group (GERI) Law Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite their relatively small numbers, large old trees play disproportionately important roles in global biodiversity and ecosystem functions. There is a lack of systematic reviews and quantitative analyses of the accumulated literature. Understanding the research context and evolution could pump prime research and conservation endeavors. Using the comprehensive Web of Science, we applied VOSviewer (1.6.19) and CiteSpace (6.1R2) bibliometric software to examine the large old tree research field in 2000–2022. The queries of the bibliographic database generated quantitative–visual depictions in the form of knowledge maps. The nodes denote research intensity, and inter-node linkages denote the pathways and frequencies of collaborative activities. The research outputs differed significantly in terms of regions, countries, institutions, high-citation articles, productive researchers, hot topics, and research frontiers. Conspicuous spatial disparities were displayed, with the U.S.A., China, and Australia leading in publication counts and a cluster of European countries making considerable collective contributions. The research collaboration demonstrated a dichotomy: European countries networked more by geographical propinquity, and the top three countries connected by long-distance leap-frog jumps. The entrenched discrepancies between the endowed developed domains vis-à-vis the deprived developing domains were clearly expressed. The research productivity progressed through three stages: initial, growth, and flourishing. The leading institutions, researchers, and highly cited papers were recognized. The keyword analysis pinpointed diverse research hotspots: growth dynamics, conservation and management, ecological functions, and environmental response. This study informs recommendations for future research directions and cooperation on longevity mechanisms, evolutionary adaptation, dynamic monitoring, and temporal–spatial patterns. The integrated application of GIS, machine learning, and big data technologies could strengthen research capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future state of drought in China under climate change remains uncertain. This study investigates drought events, focusing on the region of China, using simulations from five global climate models (GCMs) under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5) participating in the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP3b). The daily Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is employed to analyze drought severity, duration, and frequency over three future periods. Evaluation of the GCMs' simulations against observational data indicates their effectiveness in capturing historical climatic change across China. The rapid increase in CO2 concentration under high-emission scenarios in the mid- and late-future century (2040–2070 and 2071–2100) substantially influences vegetation behavior via regulation on leaf stomata and canopy structure. This regulation decelerates the increase in potential evapotranspiration, thereby mitigating the sharp rise in future drought occurrences in China. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to develop strategies and measures for mitigating and adapting to future drought conditions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an in-depth analysis of the utopian vision proposed by contemporary Confucian philosopher Zhang Xianglong. Throughout most of the twentieth century, Confucianism has been the subject of intense criticism in China. It was often portrayed as a relic of a corrupt system that stands in the way of progress and modernity. Recent years, however, witnessed a Confucian renaissance. Academics, government officials, and grassroots activists in Mainland China have been engaged in various attempts to reassert Confucianism's enduring relevance for modern life. This article offers a close reading of Zhang's key works in an attempt to explore the motivation behind his call for the creation of Special Districts for Confucian Culture (SDC) and its place within the Confucian revival. Located in remote rural areas, these eco-friendly and self-sustainable intentional communities offer their members a refuge from modern society and an opportunity to take an active role in saving Confucian values and practices from extinction. The article situates Zhang's vision against the backdrop of modern Western utopianism and ancient Chinese descriptions of ideal societies, showing the distinctiveness of his syncretic utopian proposal and its potential legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In summer 2020, several watersheds in China monsoon region experienced historically unusually heavy precipitation. The flooding associated with these heavy precipitation events led to devastating impacts on human life, infrastructure, agriculture and economy. Using historical climate simulations from the HadGEM3‐GA6 and CMIP6 models under influences of natural and/or anthropogenic forcings, we conducted a comparative study on the attribution of extremely heavy precipitation events in summer 2020 in the mid‐lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the mid‐lower reaches of the Yellow River‐Hai River Basin which locates respectively in the south and north parts of the East China monsoon region. The potential contributions of anthropogenic forcings to monthly‐scale extreme precipitation and daily maximum precipitation (RX1day) were examined. The results suggest that human activities have decreased the probability of month‐scale extreme precipitation events in the south part of the East China monsoon region. For RX1day extreme precipitation events, anthropogenic factors have increased their probability in both regions. However, the influence of anthropogenic forcings on month‐scale extreme precipitation events in the north part of the East China monsoon region is not robust among the two attribution systems. Further analyses indicated that anthropogenic aerosols (AER) make both month‐scale extreme precipitation events and extreme RX1day less likely to occur in summer 2020, and greenhouse gases (GHG) increase the likelihood of both. GHG influences on Rx1day overwhelm AER influences, leading to an increase of the probability of Rx1day similar to the 2020 events in both regions. In contrast, the decrease in the probability of month‐scale precipitation in the south part of the East China monsoon region is predominantly due to aerosol forcing. The model projections show that the likelihood of both monthly and daily extreme precipitation events in both regions will increase in the future. Accordingly, the recurrence period of extreme precipitation events will be shortened by the end of the 21st century, which is more significant under the high‐emission scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international debate of the shifting bases of philanthropy suggested by modernization theory has been ongoing since the beginning of the twenty-first century, yet empirical evidence remains lacking from the perspective of philanthropic motivation. The society and philanthropy of China have undergone tremendous transformation since the launch of Reform and Opening Up in 1978, providing an ideal context for testing the assumption of the shifting bases of philanthropy. Through investigating the motivation structure of collectivism and individualism behind individual giving in contemporary China, this study rejects the assumption drawing on the data from the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS). This study helps deepen the understanding of culture's roles during modernization. It also has important implications for how charitable giving can be effectively promoted both inside and outside of the context of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writings by Chinese historians and archeologists about the origins of Chinese civilization in the past century have transitioned from the old construct of "unitary plurality," or a shared assumption of the mythical Huangdi (the Yellow Emperor) as the progenitor of the only civilization in the land of Huaxia (proto China) while admitting its coexistence with other heterogeneous but inferior cultures, to the new paradigm of "plural unity" or a consensus on Huaxia's interaction with all other cultures to form a unitary Chinese civilization that has lasted into the twenty-first century. Substantiated by the archeological findings of the twentieth century, this transition was ultimately propelled by three interweaving forces, namely, Chinese researchers' ideological undertakings, their factional struggle for academic supremacy, and commitment to local interest and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on historical simulations and projections under two scenarios of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5) provided by 32 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), we investigate the future precipitation seasonality changes over China by two indices, the dimensionless seasonality index (DSI) and the relative seasonality index (SI), and the associated physical mechanisms by moisture budget diagnosis. The results show that relative to the baseline period 1995–2014, the DSI is enhanced across almost all of China at the end of the 21st century, with stronger magnitudes in southeastern China and the southern Tibetan Plateau and weaker magnitudes in northwestern China, and national‐mean enhancements are 15% (7%–21%) and 23% (15%–29%) for the multimodel median (25th–75th percentile range across models) under the SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios, respectively. Projected SI changes show large regional differences, with decreases in northern China and increase in southern China, leading to little change for the national mean. The DSI and SI changes are associated with uneven distributions of changes in absolute amounts and relative proportions of precipitation among seasons, respectively. Further analysis reveals that the contributions of different moisture budget terms to precipitation changes vary across seasons, resulting in changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation and thus the DSI and SI changes. Specifically, the thermodynamic component of vertical moisture advection primarily determines the greater magnitude of increased precipitation in summer than in winter in most of China, resulting in the DSI change. The reduction in residual term dominates the diminished winter precipitation in southern China, leading to more precipitation concentrated in summer for given annual precipitation and thus the intensification in SI, while the opposite holds true in northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important weather extreme, gales greatly impact the air quality, agriculture, aviation, and renewable energy in North China. However, the spatial–temporal changes in gale events remain unknown in North China. In this study, using the ERA5 reanalysis with high spatiotemporal resolution and multi-model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase Six (CMIP6), we investigate the temporal changes, including daily, seasonal and decadal variations in gale events in North China between 1980 and 2021, and we project the changes in gale events in the mid and late 21st century under two shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs). The gale events show large spatial heterogeneity in frequency, with a high frequency of >25 days/year in central Inner Mongolia province, northern Hebei province, and northwestern Beijing. Over the past four decades, the gale events in North China have shown a decadal reversal, with a decrease between 1980 and 2006 and an increase between 2007 and 2014. Furthermore, the gale events show strong temporal variations in North China. For seasonal variation, the gale events exhibit double peaks, with the largest peak in April and the smallest peak in October. For daily variation, the gale events show a single peak, with the maximum from 10:00 to 16:00 local time in North China. Multi-model simulations from CMIP6 reveal a continuous decreasing trend of gale events in North China by the end of the 21st century under both SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5 scenarios relative to the historical period. Our results provide comprehensive support for planning aviation, renewable energy, and agriculture in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Endangered Languages in the 21st Century" provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of endangered languages (ELs) worldwide and explores methodologies for their revitalization. It includes empirical studies of individual languages from various regions and theoretical investigations. The book highlights the efforts of linguists and policymakers to stabilize the decline of local languages and emphasizes the role of community involvement in language revitalization. It also discusses the impact of new media on the revitalization of ELs and presents theoretical frameworks for understanding language sustainability. While the book may have limitations in its coverage of ELs in China, it offers valuable insights for researchers, educators, and language activists in the field of endangered languages. [Extracted from the article]

Based on the daily temperature observation data at 1992 stations in China, this study investigates the intra‐seasonal variations and trends of extreme warm spells during 1981–2022. The results indicate that the nationwide extreme cold and warm spells have both increased rapidly since the 21st century. However, different from cold extremes which occur evenly in winter months, the nationwide super warm spells have distinct intra‐seasonal differences, with more occurrences in February. The number of nationwide extreme warm spells has increased from 8 during 1981–2001 to 14 during 2002–2022, and the intensity has also increased obviously. Due to the spatial differences, the study area is divided into three regions to reveal the detailed features. It is found that the warm spell frequencies in most of China increase from December to February while decrease in northeastern China. Results demonstrate that extreme warm spells are concentrated in late winter in most regions (stations). The significant increasing trends are widespread from northern China to most parts of southern China, and the areas with increasing trend exceeding +0.6 day/decade are concentrated in North China and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Linear trends indicate that the significantly increasing trends in late winter contribute a major part to the variation in the whole winter in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has a significant impact on most industries in the 21st century. The publishing industry is also facing digital transformation, and the traditional paper business is considered polluted and wasteful as it generates carbon emissions. To compare the influence of digital paperless business with the traditional one on environmental performance in publishing, this paper adopts a refined weak disposability model initially introduced by Kuosmanen (2005). The main novelty of the paper is to include two types of desirable outputs in production technology: one is linked to generating undesirable outputs while another is not. Two additional economic assumptions can be imposed on environmental production technology, namely, weak disposability and null-jointness, respectively. We apply the refined model to assess the economic and environmental performance of the publishing industry in China. The paper business generates carbon emissions while the digital outputs (paperless business) may not produce pollution. The empirical results indicate that a vast potential improvement is detected for the digital outputs while limited progress is allowed for traditional outputs. Furthermore, we use the entropy method to obtain a comprehensive digital technology indicator and further explore its influence on performance in the publishing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the reform and opening up, a number of post-neighboring new cities have been built in various regions of China for economic development of coast regions. In order to reflect the overall characteristics of the spatial development of port-neighboring new cities nationwide, 17 typical port-neighboring new cities with a spatial structure of "post-industry-city" were selected as the research object, and the spatial expansion characteristics, the spatial structure characteristics, the main problems, the influencing factors of spatial development were analyzed. The results are shown as follows. 1 The spatial expansion of post-neighboring new cities showed a development pattern of agglomeration-dispersion-agglomeration with time variation. The post-neighboring new cities built in 1980s and 1990s were dominated by marginal expansion and their space was relatively compact. While, those built in the 21st century were mainly based on enclave-style expansion, with rapid spatial expansion but relatively scattered development. 2 The post-neighboring new cities built in 1980s gradually formed a stable spatial structure of "port-industry-city" (20% = 45% = 35%)and the spatial connection with the central urban area was continuously strengthened. For the post-neighboring new cities built in 1990s,the proportion of industrial land increased, and the post-neighboring new cities had a diminished tendency to grow closer to central cities. The post-neighboring new cities built in the 21st century had a relatively high proportion (over 65%) of industrial land and a relatively low proportion of urban land, the spatial correlation between the port-neighboring new city and the central city is very low. 3 The differences in spatial expansion and spatial structure of the post-neighboring new cities were affected by the development of posts, spatial distance with the central urban area, post construction time, population increment, etc. Finally, the suggestions are put forward to the development of the post-neighboring new cities built in different ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the projected impact of climate change on the density altitude (DA) at Chinese airports during the summer by the end of the 21st century. Findings indicate that climate change is expected to significantly increase the DA at all Chinese airports, with an estimated rise between 300 and 800 feet. The analysis suggests that temperature increases will universally contribute to a rise in DA. Pressure changes, however, are more variable. Most airports are predicted to see an increase in pressure, which could offset some temperature effects on the DA. Airports in Eastern China are expected to see a decrease in pressure, amplifying the effects on DA and creating operational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil moisture is a key factor in ecosystems that profoundly affects carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles on land surfaces, vegetation growth, and climate change. Consequently, numerous scholars have researched and authored scientific literature on soil moisture and related topics. Using the Web of Science database, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of 60,581 papers published in the field of soil moisture between 2000 and 2022. The findings revealed the following trends. (1) The number of publications on soil moisture has consistently increased in the 21st century at an increasing rate. For instance, although the annual increase was only 94 publications in 2005, it surged to 321 publications in 2020. (2) The United States (US), China, and developed European countries emerged as primary research institutions and authors. The US occupies a leading position in soil moisture research, boasting the highest number of publications and total citations in the field, whereas China ranks second in both publications and total citations. (3) Regarding international collaboration, the US has established close partnerships with numerous international research institutions. However, China's international cooperation in this field requires improvement. (4) The Journal of Hydrology holds the top position in terms of both the total number of published articles and citations. Research on water resources ranked first in terms of its H-index. (5) Keyword analysis highlighted several current research hotspots, including the coupled covariance effect of soil moisture and land surface environmental factors in the context of climate change, soil moisture utilization rate, crop yield, influence mechanism of soil moisture on soil ecosystem structure, and development of high-precision soil moisture data products. In conclusion, this study provides a systematic review of the research hotspots and trends in soil moisture studies in the 21st century. The objective is to offer a comprehensive reference to aid in understanding the evolutionary patterns of soil moisture research in multiple dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a relatively open academic atmosphere related to religious studies in general became manifest in the People's Republic of China in the early 1990s, new possibilities for studies of various forms of Christianity in greater China (the mainland and Chinese communities outside of the PRC) began to be realised both within China and overseas. Within the first decade of the twenty-first century, two major handbooks related to the study of Christianity in China were produced under the editorships of the Belgian Jesuit scholar, Nicolas Standaert (1959–) and the German Protestant scholar, R. G. Tiedemann (1941–2019), initiating what should be considered to be the most up-to-date and essentially new standard reference works regarding the study of all forms of Christianity that have had interactions with various Chinese persons over the period of time from the beginning of the Tang dynasty (seventh century) to the year 2000. Both volumes were large by any standard, the former being nearly a thousand pages in length, and the latter extending beyond a thousand pages. Both produced a state-of-the-art account of their particular historical coverage of varying forms of Christianity that came to or emerged within China during those periods. Notably, most of the supporting authors who contributed to those two massive volumes were foreign scholars of the history of Christianity in China and Chinese Christianity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magazine Portes presents seven articles that address topics related to the development of e-commerce in China and Mexico, nearshoring in Mexico and its relationship with China, South Korea, and Japan, mining exports from Mexico to China, China's innovation and technological development in warfare, global governance in the 21st century, and the historical construction of Japanese national identity. These articles offer reflections and analysis on various aspects of the Asia-Pacific region. [Extracted from the article]

Precipitation fluctuations in the Pearl River Basin (PRB) have a significant impact on river runoff, causing huge economic losses and casualties. However, future precipitation variations in the PRB remain unclear. Therefore, we explored the projected changes in precipitation in the PRB based on the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) model via three shared socio-economic pathways scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5). In our study, the optimal ensemble of global climate models in the PRB was identified using the comprehensive rating index (CRI), which is based on climatology, spatial variation, and interannual variability, and it was used to analyze potential precipitation changes in the basin in the period 2025–2100. The results showed that the CMIP6 models underestimated precipitation in the PRB; the consistency between the observations and the multi-model ensemble mean of the four best models was higher than those of any other ensembles, and the CRI value was highest (0.92). The annual precipitation in the PRB shows a significant increasing trend under three scenarios from 2025 to 2100 (p < 0.01), with the highest rate of precipitation increase being seen under the high-emission scenario. By the end of the 21st century, the regional mean precipitation in the PRB will increase by 13%, 9.4%, and 20.1% under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively. Spatially, the entire basin is projected to become wetter, except for a slight decrease of less than 6% in the central part of the basin and the Pearl River Delta in the near term in the 21st century, and the highest increases are projected to occur in the Xijiang River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High altitude acclimatization and disease have been the centerpiece of investigations concerning human health at high altitude. Almost all investigations have focused on either understanding and ameliorating high altitude disease or finding better methods of acclimatization/training at high altitude. The aspect of altitude de-induction/de-acclimatization has remained clouded despite the fact that it was documented since the first decade of twentieth century. A few recent studies, particularly in China, have stated unanimously that high altitude de-acclimatization involved multiple observable clinical symptoms ranging from headache to abdominal distention. These symptoms have been collectively referred to as "high altitude de-acclimatization syndrome" (HADAS). However, computational omics and network biology centric investigations concerning HADAS are nascent. In this study, we focus on the quantitative proteo-informatics, especially network biology, of human plasma proteome in individuals who successfully descended from high altitude areas after a stay of 120 days. In brief, the protein list was uploaded into STRING and IPA to compute z-score based cut-offs which were used to analyze the directionality and significance of various identified protein networks as well as the proteins within them. Relevant upstream regulators extracted using computational strategies were also validated. Time-points till the 180th day of de-induction have been investigated to comparatively assess the changes in the plasma proteome and protein pathways of such individuals since the 7th day of arrival at altitude. Our investigation revealed extensive effects of de-induction on lipid metabolism, inflammation and innate immune system as well as coagulation system. This novel study provides a conceptual framework for formulating therapeutic strategies to ease the symptoms of HADAS during de-acclimatization. Such strategies should focus on normalization of lipid metabolism, inflammatory signaling and coagulation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes Chinese coverage of the African American experience from 1920 to 1940. It argues that through the transfer of news media, ideas, and the physical act of travel, African Americans’ lived experiences and advancement became a point of interest for Chinese students, scholars, and political actors who aspired to address the social and political challenges facing Republican China. These authors extracted broad lessons from Black America and did not focus exclusively on African American bondage. While several studies have shown how African Americans in the twentieth century first looked to the Empire of Japan and then the People’s Republic of China as sources of inspiration, this article reveals a broader story of exchange. By reversing the aforementioned flow of information and ideas back across the Pacific, this article highlights how Black America, beleaguered as it may have been, also served as an object of emulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results showed that the precipitation in the study area was mainly in a downward trend before the mid-1930s, and then turned upward. In the 1950s, the precipitation generally showed a distribution of rising in the west and falling in the east, and this trend continued until the early 21st century. By 2007, except for the central part of the Continental Basin, the overall trend was mainly upward. In this study, 65 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events were identified, including 24 El Niño events and 41 La Niña events. The precipitation was generally less when ENSO occurred. However, there were differences in the type and intensity of the event. For example, El Niño had a greater impact on precipitation than La Niña did, and extremely strong or strong El Niño/La Niña events had a more significant impact than moderate, weak, or extremely weak ones. The correlation between precipitation and El Niño or La Niña events had some similarities and differences. For example, precipitation was mainly negatively correlated with El Niño and La Niña at the same time, and both correlations were proportional to intensity, but the correlation between precipitation and El Niño was significantly stronger than that of La Niña. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the first decade of the twenty-first century, traditional Confucian education re-emerged in China in the context of so-called study halls and academies. The goal of the parents, teachers, and headmasters associated with them is to cultivate modern virtuous persons through an approach called "classics-reading education." Even though they allude to deep historical roots, these contemporary facilities are novel (re)creations, developed in response to current needs. This article examines the classics-reading movement under the theoretical lens of infrastructures of memory to illustrate the roles of memory and the perception of the past in the current making of "traditional" education and educational sites. Memories of and references to the past inform people's visions of a better future that is to be achieved through their tradition-related educational practices. Making a connection with the past through memory aims at stability in the face of future uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive quantification of global forest fragmentation is urgently required to guide forest protection, restoration and reforestation policies. Previous efforts focused on the static distribution patterns of forest remnants, potentially neglecting dynamic changes in forest landscapes. Here, we map global distribution of forest fragments and their temporal changes between 2000 and 2020. We find that forest landscapes in the tropics were relatively intact, yet these areas experienced the most severe fragmentation over the past two decades. In contrast, 75.1% of the world's forests experienced a decrease in fragmentation, and forest fragmentation in most fragmented temperate and subtropical regions, mainly in northern Eurasia and South China, declined between 2000 and 2020. We also identify eight modes of fragmentation that indicate different recovery or degradation states. Our findings underscore the need to curb deforestation and increase connectivity among forest fragments, especially in tropical areas. Forest losses and gains are highly dynamic processes. Here, the authors present a forest fragmentation index to map distribution and temporal changes of forest fragments globally, revealing major trends and patterns during the first two decades of the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using non-accidental mortality records from 195 sites and 11 model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6, we assessed future avoidable heat-related deaths associated with emission mitigation after accounting for population changes in China. Without human-induced climate change in the 21st century, China's heat-related mortality would drop by 48–72% (95% confidence interval (CI): 40–76%), especially at high latitudes and altitudes (up to 80%). Nationally, 15,576–87,612 (95% CI: 6605–106,736) heat-related deaths per year would potentially be avoided by reducing emissions. For most of China, temperature changes dominate the variation in heat-related deaths, while in Central and South China, population changes will have a greater influence. These not only reinforce the necessity of mitigating emissions but also suggest that adjusting population structure and spatial distribution could be applied in some areas to minimize warming impacts on public health. Notably, given that abatement will hardly bring immediate success within the next twenty years, more healthcare infrastructures are urgently needed to manage potential growing heat risks. Particularly in Northwest and South China, where future heat-related deaths would still be 110–140% of current levels (1995–2014) even without anthropogenic warming. We also found that without historical human-induced emissions, China's low level of technology (medical and economic) might increase current heat-related mortality by 57%, even though warming could be mitigated. Consequently, we believe that mitigating climate change risks also requires consideration of the economic/medical losses from lowering emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In less than three decades, the People's Liberation Army Navy developed from a minor coastal-defence force into the largest naval force in the world. China's rapid rise in seapower has gained significant attention from established naval circles, academia, and the public. In their efforts to explain this development, analysts have often referred to 19th-century naval history, seeking to connect China's maritime developments to the ideas of influential naval strategists like Alfred Thayer Mahan and Julian Corbett. However, in doing so, these naval thinkers are often used to make a case about long-term developments or strategic implications regarding China's alleged grand strategy. This paper seeks to turn this methodology around by solely focusing on the reflection of those naval theories—in their own right—against China's maritime strategy. In doing so, it aims to historicise China's 21st-century maritime strategy by testing to what extent it is reflected by the ideas of the navalists that are often presumed to influence Chinese strategic circles. It is argued that while on a grand-strategic level, Chinese strategic thinking seems to reflect the essence of Mahan's seapower argument regarding its focus on the interconnectedness of maritime commerce and national power, a closer analysis reveals significant discrepancies in terms of both implementation and the broader strategic mindset regarding China's geostrategic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text provides a comprehensive overview of the enactment of the civil code of the People's Republic of China in 2020 and its comparison to other civil codes such as the Code Napoléon and the German BGB. While the Chinese code is seen as an impressive achievement, there are concerns about its reliance on an outdated Western canon of legislation. The text also explores the importance of systematization and comprehensiveness in codification, highlighting the role of legal scholars in shaping and interpreting codes. It discusses the challenges posed by consumer protection law and accessibility, as well as the impact of environmental law on private law. Overall, this text offers valuable insights into the future of civil codes and is a valuable resource for legal historians. [Extracted from the article]

Monitoring carbon emissions is crucial for assessing and addressing economic development and climate change, particularly in regions like the nine provinces along the Yellow River in China, which experiences significant urbanization and development. However, to the best of our knowledge, existing studies mainly focus on national and provincial scales, with fewer studies on municipal and county scales. To address this issue, we established a carbon emission assessment model based on the "NPP-VIIRS-like" nighttime light data, aiming to analyze the spatiotemporal variation of carbon emissions in three different levels of nine provinces along the Yellow River since the 21st century. Further, the spatial correlation of carbon emissions at the county level was explored using the Moran's I spatial analysis method. Results show that, from 2000 to 2021, carbon emissions in this region continued to rise, but the growth rate declined, showing an overall convergence trend. Per capita carbon emission intensity showed an overall upward trend, while carbon emission intensity per unit of GDP showed an overall downward trend. Its spatial distribution generally showed high carbon emissions in the eastern region and low carbon emissions in the western region. The carbon emissions of each city mainly showed a trend of "several"; that is, the urban area around the Yellow River has higher carbon emissions. Meanwhile, there is a trend of higher carbon emissions in provincial capitals. Moran's I showed a trend of decreasing first and then increasing and gradually tended to a stable state in the later stage, and the pattern of spatial agglomeration was relatively fixed. "High–High" and "Low–Low" were the main types of local spatial autocorrelation, and the number of counties with "High–High" agglomeration increased significantly, while the number of counties with "Low–Low" agglomeration gradually decreased. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the carbon emission trends of the study area, as well as the references that help to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals proposed by China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]