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This research is an analysis of quality control process on paper production on the soft roll production process of Bel Papyrus Ltd located in Ogba, Lagos State, Nigeria. The research was done with the aim of determining the conformity of the industry’s product to quality standard, identifying and eliminating the possible causes of variation in their production process, with reference to Percentage Elongation. The researchers used primary data in form of periodic laboratory test result done on soft rolls.Data presentations were made using simple statistical tools like Mean, Ranges, Standard Deviations, and Tables reflecting the primary data obtained at equal interval of production. The researchers made use of variable control charts for the purpose of analysis. The

This study aims at understanding the role of the tools chosen throughout the processes of solving a non-routine mathematical problem and communicating its solution. In assuming that problem-solving is a synchronous activity of mathematization and expression of mathematical thinking we take our proposed Mathematical Problem Solving with Technology (MPST) model to analyze the processes of solving-and-expressing-problems. Resorting to qualitative methods for data collection and analysis, we report on the case of an 8th grader working on a covariation problem to examine the role that paper-and-pencil and digital tools play in the development of a conceptual model of the situation. We found that the resources used throughout the solving-and-expressing activity influenced the depth of the conceptual model developed, within a process of progressive mathematization. Whereas paper-and-pencil led to the emergence of a conceptual model based on exploring particular cases, the digital transformation of the solution was triggered by the process of communicating its mathematical justification and expanded the previous model. Moreover, the complexity of this activity is evidenced by its multiple sequences of processes. Finally, the integration process seems crucial as the concomitant use of technological and mathematical resources precedes major advancements in the expansion of the conceptual model.

Virgin pulp is made by splitting up cellulose fibers from the woods by mechanical and chemical process without adding any recycled pulp content. The demand for trees, which are the basic raw material for making virgin pulp, increasing constantly in enormously growing paper manufacturing industry. The paper, which is made from virgin pulp is called as virgin paper and this is considered as better quality paper than the recycled paper. Now there is a need to increase the quality of recycled paper to equalize the quality of virgin paper, to reduce the demand for trees to make virgin pulp. In recycling, dispersive system is responsible for the de-inking process, which is one of the pulp purifying process which removes the printing ink from fibers. Chemicals are added in this deinking process which causes a serious problem by increasing the chemical concentration level of industrial outlet water. In conventional deinking technology, dispersive system is controlled by DCS which is quite complicated to control complex loop of operations. To overcome these problems, the dispersive system operations are controlled by PLC along with sensors which make the process easier and replacing the chemicals with enzymes will reduce the chemical concentration level of industrial outlet water and increases the quality of paper.

To provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution prevention, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) introduced the International Safety Management (ISM) Code (adopted in 1993 and entered in force on 1st July 1998). The Code, through its guidelines and recommendations, provides seafarers (ship’s crew) the course of action for the safety and quality assurance process on ships. Traditionally a paper-based system, the ISM Code is now being digitalized in every aspect to streamline the processes to improve ship operations. This paper presents findings of a review of existing literature available on the world wide web to highlight areas of the Code that have been impacted by technology and the benefits that are being reaped. However, recent cyber attacks on ships and the maritime industry require a discussion on various implications associated with ships becoming increasingly reliant on technology and the advancing digital world. This paper highlights and explains the related implications and suggests strategies to address them.

Paper utilized every day with learning establishments; for example, colleges and schools being the primary users. Because of its single utilization, it winds up being arranged in a large portion of the paper squander. There is a total 8 percent increase in consumption of paper in recent years in India. According to a paper mart survey report, India is producing around 22 million tons of paper per year. This production leads to the demand for recycling the paper waste. In this paper, smart paper recycling process in the industry is discussed. It involves recycling process of paper waste to producing a useful product. The paper gives the management process and the technique that can be used with the new innovative design and production compared with the existing paper recycling machine. The advantages of the device are not just fixated on the benefits of reusing paper but also lead to improvement by technology advancement.

In the today’s context of COVID-19, when a strong need of disposable items without compromising the environmental attributes is being felt, “Paper” is becoming a very mesmerizing and quintessential object. We find paper in our lives so omnipresent and enduring that we take it granted without understanding its complex nature, manufacturing/development process and the significant role, it has actually played in the history of civilization. It is so important that the Per Capita Consumption of paper for a country reflects the development status of its society. Therefore, this article attempts to introduce paper with its historical development, manufacturing process, environmental concerns, ways to address the environmental concerns, global and national status of pulp and paper industry along with the challenges ahead with a coverage of the potential role it is bound to play in future through an overall transformation of the industry itself.

A discussion is currently under way in the literature on the sustainable benefits of recycling material, particularly paper, which has high global consumption and polluting capacity. Optimized planning of waste paper recycling networks stimulates sustainable processing efficiency, motivating the investigation of quantitative methods to guide decision-making. The objective of this article is to review papers that present quantitative models for planning waste paper recycling networks considering optimization of the echelons of this process, to analyze the evolution of research, find research opportunities and contribute to future research. The article presents an analysis of five categories of the selected studies: I—evolution of publications; II—echelons considered in different waste paper recycling systems; III—the sustainability pillars considered in the objectives of the formulated model; IV—formulations and techniques used; and V—uncertainty analysis. The proposal for waste paper recycling networks involves summary of the echelons considered in selected articles, to help future analysis. Research suggestions involving sustainability objectives, especially considering social issues, using different solution techniques and considering uncertainty were identified. This study, by reviewing the articles and identifying possibilities for future research, contributes to the development of research using quantitative methods for the efficient management of waste paper recycling networks or similar arrangements.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation systems are a common method of inactivating bacteria in municipal water treatment but has not been applied in a paper mill operations. Determining the feasibility of installing such a system is the purpose of this report. Directly treating a starch solution of sufficient concentration proved impossible as the transmittance required was far too low. Water used in the onsite water recycling facility’s cooling towers had a transmittance over 90% and so was very treatable. Lab scale testing with a designed 15 liter laboratory benchtop ultraviolet treatment system showed that UV treatment can reduce the aerobic bacteria count by two fold for up to 24 hour of operation and significantly lower results for 48 and 72 hour of operation. Therefore, UV treatment can be considered a valuable process for the treatment of cooling tower water.

This article identifies the technological characteristics of the paper manufacturing industry in the Valley of Mexican Basin (VMB)—a densely populated region characterized by absolute water scarcity—in order to quantify the intensity with which water is used. The method consisted of modeling the paper industry’s technology estimating Cobb-Douglas production functions at two moments in time. The comparison of both functions makes it possible to identify water saving technologies during this period, and to evaluate whether the industry has made adjustments to deal with water restrictions. The data is obtained from the Economic Censuses of the National Institute of Statistics Geography and Informatics 2009 and 2014. While our work must be considered preliminary owing to the somewhat irregular nature of the data, certain clear conclusions do stand out. The paper industry located in the VMB has drastically reduced its water usage during the period of time analyzed. This is explained by the adoption of water saving technologies in the industry. In the process, an increase in capital is the main variable to explain such a technical change. This is expressed in the manner in which water and capital inputs appear to be highly suitable substitutes in paper manufacturing.

The dissemination of emerging electronic devices increases considerably alongside with the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Some key elements considered in these devices (e.g. rare-earth) are becoming critical materials and are associated with serious environmental concerns. Therefore, there is a major requirement for designing differently our electronic technologies at the early stages of the research process. Many reports present the promising properties of paper-based electronics as meant to address this challenge. Through technical and life cycle assessments, this article discusses the main design levers in terms of material and fabrication process choices for the eco-design of paper-electronics water quality sensors. Our results suggest conscientious choices of conductive nanomaterials and additive fabrication techniques.

Around 60% of the paper worldwide is made from recovered paper. Especially adhesive contaminants, so called stickies, reduce paper quality. To remove stickies but at the same time keep as many valuable fibers as possible, multi-stage screening systems with several interconnected pressure screens are used. When planning such systems, suitable screens have to be selected and their interconnection as well as operational parameters have to be defined considering multiple conflicting objectives. In this contribution, we present a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Program to optimize system layout, component selection and operation to find a suitable trade-off between output quality and yield.

An evaluation for the development of a paper-based test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) for English Education Department students at one of the colleges in Langsa, Aceh, Indonesia, is necessary, considering their unsatisfactory scores even though the preparation program has been conducted. This research employed context, input, process, and product (CIPP) model developed by Stufflebeam upon the program. Methodologically, interviews, questionnaires, and observation were executed to five TOEFL lecturers and 34 students, while the data obtained were analyzed with the qualitative analysis method of Miles and Huberman. Based on the evaluation of context, the program had an appropriate background, goals, and objectives. Regarding the input, it still had problems related to the availability of resources and facilities. There were no standardized learning materials available, including the broken language laboratory. It affected the process since the lecturers could not maximize the facilities to create an effective learning environment. Eventually, it affected the product since most students could not reach an expected score. Most of the participants agreed that the program needed to be improved. Several improvements can be made to overcome these problems by providing required learning facilities, designing standardized learning materials, and clustering classes in accordance with students’ abilities.

The low cost, simplicity, and ease of use of paper microfluidic devices have made them valuable medical diagnostics for applications from pregnancy testing to COVID-19 screening. Meanwhile, the increasing complexity of paper-based microfluidic devices is driving the need to produce new tools and methodologies that enable more robust biological diagnostics and potential therapeutic applications. A new design framework is being used to facilitate both research and fabrication of paper-based microfluidic biological devices to accelerate the investigative process and reduce material utilization and manpower. In this work we present a methodology for this framework to dynamically place and route microfluidic components in a nondiscrete design space where fluid volume usage, surface area utilization, and the timing required to perform specified biological assays are accounted for and optimized while also accelerating the development of potentially lifesaving new devices.

In simple dyadic games such as rock, paper, scissors (RPS), people exhibit peculiar sequential dependencies across repeated interactions with a stable opponent. These regularities seem to arise from a mutually adversarial process of trying to outwit their opponent. What underlies this process, and what are its limits? Here, we offer a novel framework for formally describing and quantifying human adversarial reasoning in the rock, paper, scissors game. We first show that this framework enables a precise characterization of the complexity of patterned behaviors that people exhibit themselves, and appear to exploit in others. This combination allows for a quantitative understanding of human opponent modeling abilities. We apply these tools to an experiment in which people played 300 rounds of RPS in stable dyads. We find that although people exhibit very complex move dependencies, they cannot exploit these dependencies in their opponents, indicating a fundamental limitation in people’s capacity for adversarial reasoning. Taken together, the results presented here show how the rock, paper, scissors game allows for precise formalization of human adaptive reasoning abilities.

Paper is an omnipresent and everyday composite material. However, not all papers are alike. Different kinds of paper have characteristics specific to the respective application area which are modified by the use of different paper additives in paper production. Because those paper products are an integral part of the students' everyday lives, adequate model experiments have been developed that enable the students to reproduce complex paper production processes in chemistry class. This article therefore presents two reliable hands-on experiments that show the history of paper gluing (experiment I) as well as the use and detection of polyvinyl alcohols as typical sizing agent of different kinds of paper (experiment II). Both experiments primarily use easily accessible everyday materials, which from a didactic perspective again create an everyday reference for the students. From an organizational and experimental perspective the use of everyday materials results in an inexpensive and environmentally friendly lab work with low safety-risks, so that the experiments make a valuable contribution to the introduction of paper chemistry for advanced chemistry teaching in secondary schools.

Due to the growing understanding about interactions between human and nature, scientists certify that consuming the construction materials from non-renewable resources has caused serious environmental damages. Recycling has turned into a considerable and debatable issue over recent years as a highway for sustainable development toward preserving the natural heritage of the planet. For sustainable waste management, reduction, reuse and recycling of waste paper are the most preferred options considering its environmental benefits. With a special focus on recycled paper, the present study investigates how it is applied and focuses on its environmental benefits and effects as a sustainable material in landscape architecture. Furthermore, it is attempted to investigate the Iranian and global examples and experiences of using recycled paper in creating architectural works. In this study, the process of designing revitalization project of Ayatollah Saeedi School, located in Tehran, Iran, has been deeply investigated using the recycled paper as an effective material in the revitalization process.

In a modern society, seniors want to be a part of the digital world and the research in progress seeks to present whether through Serious Games can help their learning process and understanding of cybersecurity when online browsing, namely, deciding which actions to make when facing an eminent threat. this position paper aims to presents a new research on how Serious Games can help seniors to become more aware in the cybersecurity theme and how to be more careful when search the web. In this research the methodology apply is the Action Research, by identifying the problem –lack of knowledge that seniors have on the online threats and promoting an action –the Serious Game played to teach and motivate the senior to become safer online.

Paper has many uses such as in writing, printing, packaging, paper money, cheques voucher, cleaning, as construction materials, etc. Based on its applications, paper may be characterized as bank paper, book paper, bond paper, construction paper, cotton paper, electronic paper, photo paper, wallpaper, etc. The popular raw materials used to make paper are esparto-grass, straw, wood, flax, hemp, jute and rags-cotton and linen. The paper manufacturing process consists of two main stages: pulp making and conversion of pulp into paper. The process of producing pulp may be done by chemical or mechanical means, or by a combination of both depending on the nature of raw material used and the end application of the produced paper. Three operations are required to manufacture paper that are beating, conversion of pulp to paper and finishing. This chapter comprehensively covers the types of papers, their uses, raw materials and their manufacturing processes. Pulp and paper mills have adverse effects on the environment such as depletion of forest covers, and chemical pollution caused by liquid effluent discharges, solid wastes and air emissions from particulates, H2S, NOx, SOx. These have been covered in detail including means to reduce their emissions and treatment methods.

Feedback is integral to the process of education but is not a simple process and in mass education and global systems presents numerous additional challenges. This paper, which is intended as an informative awareness-raising paper, provides a review of recent literature on the challenges that educators and students face when feedback is given and received. It conceptualizes feedback as a process that requires multiple inputs and should support the partnership between educators and students through dialogue and engagement. Feedback literacy that incorporates the role of emotion is seen as a key aspect of professional and student development to motivate and engage students.

The ever-growing urban population faces challenges of ageing infrastructure. The process for renewing the infrastructure is costly, and current practices for maintaining and repairing are often ineffective and labour intensive. Road networks, for instance, which act as the arteries of cities, suffer from reoccurring potholes (in the UK, a pothole is filled every 21 s). A more effective way of maintaining road networks is through a proactive approach, where condition assessment and intervention are conducted throughout the asset life cycle. However, there are barriers to a proactive approach, including budget constraints and the lack of effective technology for early defect detection (followed by a cheap yet effective repair). This paper puts forward an automated system, currently in development, based on cutting-edge robotic technologies to address these barriers and help achieve an effective proactive infrastructure maintenance and repair system. Technologies developed include automated condition assessment measures to detect road defects and repair technologies using a novel three-dimensional (3D) printing method to seal road cracks and potholes. Sealing small cracks by using 3D printing techniques has shown promising results by achieving superior mechanical properties.

Success management can bring valuable contributions to improve project results and stakeholders’ relationships. However, the success management process must be explicitly integrated into project management approaches, guides and methodologies (such as PMBOK, PRINCE2 or PM2), which is not currently happening. The purpose of this position paper is to discuss the need and importance for this integration and to present a first proposal on how this can be operationalized. To support the position, the methodology of the European Union PM2 was used. The result of the integration demonstrates that it is possible to advance management and raise the level of project success.

As one of the precious intangible cultural heritages, traditional Chinese paper cutting has a long history and profound cultural connotation. In the digital age, traditional paper cutting is gradually moving towards digital paper cutting in order for better inherit and development. In the research of paper cutting digitalization, computer has been normally adopted to make two-dimensional paper cutting, to focus on the restoration of paper cutting process. There is still a little difficult for users who are not familiar with paper cutting; three-dimensional model has also been used to improve the picture effect, but it is not easy to show the characteristics of paper cutting with three-dimensional models. In order to address such an issue, this paper innovates the artistic style of digital paper cutting by combining paper cutting with common visual effects in modern 2D games, improves the efficiency of scene construction by writing automatic generation algorithms, and perfects the interactive mode of digital paper cutting by introducing natural interaction. In this way, users can participate in the process of creating paper cutting works, and creation of paper cutting works becomes simple and efficient benefiting from the automatic generation algorithm and natural interaction. Finally, by comparing to works of other paper cutting style, the works achieved by the solution proposed in this paper illustrates the advantages of digitalization in three aspects: artistic style, fast generation, and natural interaction.

This study aims to improve the sales business processes of paper manufacturing industry. While manual systems are still used in the company operations utilized today, this study would enhance the business process with the ERP system approach. This analysis uses methods of exploration, interviews, and literature reviews on business process growth. The findings of this study include a new design of business processes and suggestions for business processes that meet the needs of the paper manufacturing ERP system.

The fabrication of underwater devices is necessary for the exploration of water environments and interactions in the Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) field. However, there are fewer approaches to support prototyping used in water environments. The existing prototype methods lack systematic waterproof treatments and provide insufficient software for balance and buoyancy analysis. To address these limitations, we present ElectroPaper, a new approach for the design and fabrication of prototypes used in water environments (surface or beneath) with paper-based electronic interfaces with a crease layer, hardware distribution layer, and hollow-out layer to support physical properties, such as waterproofing, foldability, and conformability. The approach includes a computational design tool for assisting in balance analysis, three-dimensional (3D) model unfolding, and circuit drawing. We describe the design and fabrication process and provide several example applications to illustrate the feasibility and utility of our approach. ElectroPaper provides an inexpensive and effective medium for the fabrication of customized digital prototypes for water environment use.

This study develops a framework of internal and external factors that influence the adoption of eco-innovation. We studied 80 adoption processes in the Dutch brewing industry and the Dutch paper industry and analysed the relative importance of different factors. We find that internal factors were more important than external factors. The analysis also shows differences between the industries. The financial advantage was important for both industries, but especially for the paper industry. For the brewing industry, ethical responsibility and stakeholders played a more important role in the adoption. The analysis also revealed differences for small and large firms. Ethical responsibility and stakeholders are relatively more often mentioned by small firms, whereas clear objectives and regulations were mentioned more by large firms. Our study highlights that the adoption of eco-innovation is a complex process and the position in the supply chain as well as the size of a firm influence what is important in the adoption of eco-innovation.

The need to view innovation policy through the lens of policy mixes has gained momentum given the growing complexity, the dynamics of real-world policy and the wide array of difficulties to address the current great societal challenges, notably the increasing pressure on the ecosystems that support our society. One of the main challenges concerning the transition towards bioeconomy, is to gain a more in-depth understanding on the policy mix to stimulate innovation in sustainability transitions. Our paper aims at enriching the portfolio of empirical case studies on policy mixes for innovation and sustainable transitions, by investigating the development of the policy mix underpinning the sustainability transition of the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. We apply a case study approach which draws on event history analysis, semi-structured interviews with industry and policy makers, literature reviews, a participative workshop with stakeholders from the pulp and paper industry, as well as on the IEA databases on climate change and energy efficiency policies and measures. Our analysis emphasises coordination, timing and scale in policy mixes as important elements to understand how instruments interact to accelerate sustainability transitions. The mapping of the policy mix shows that destabilising policies were crucial for accelerating the transition process of the industry. Prior to novelty creation policies, destabilising policies (e.g. environmental policies) were needed for 'innovation policy instruments' to be effective. More specific instruments (e.g. carbon tax), targeting particular functions of the innovation systems, require 'on-the-ground' policy intelligence and benefit from close interaction with industry.

In many manufacturing industries, the production process involves the production of objects and the cutting of such objects into smaller pieces in order to meet a specific demand. In the optimization of these processes, one can identify the lot sizing and the cutting stock problems. In the literature, these problems are mostly separately dealt. However, treating these two problems in an integrated approach can decrease overall costs. In this research, we deal with the coupled lot sizing and cutting stock problem. It is proposed a mathematical formulation for the production and cutting of paper based on a real case, which considers setup costs and limited machine capacity in the production process of the objects. For the solution of the proposed model, we used a column generation approach and a relax-and-fix heuristic. Computational tests were carried out in order to analyze the methodology used in the resolution of the model. The results showed to be competitive in a reasonable computational time.

Input, output, impact, and processes are central indicators of the science, technology, and innovation production. The input is usually associated to investments made in science and technology, and it varies among different countries and scientific fields. Thus, the input can influence other impact indicators. Here, we evaluated the effect of the input data (i.e., number of funding) on process (i.e., collaboration) and output (i.e., number of citation) indicators of ecological research. Moreover, we detailed the effect of the number of funding on the collaboration and number of citations by each country (based on the nationality of authors). We found that most of published papers had some degrees of financial support, and that the production of papers with funding increased over the years. Funding had a positive effect on the collaboration and citation of papers; however, we observed that: in countries with higher investments in Science and Technology, the number of funding impacts positively and directly on the number of authors (collaboration) and in countries with low levels of investments in Science and Technology, the number of funding impacts positively and directly on the number of citations. Our models presented a low predictive power, but similar to other informetric studies. Our results indicated that impact indicators evaluated have an integrated structure, and the effects at one level can affect other levels. Nonetheless, the impact of the number of funding on informetric data can vary among countries; therefore, these results are important to the development of national policies and future informetric studies.

PurposeExpanding on an invited talk at the 1st Paper Development Workshop of the Qualitative Management Accounting Research Group, the purpose of this study is to offer some suggestions for developing qualitative accounting papers. Emphasis is put on the potential of qualitative research to situate evocative accounts of the organisational functionings of accounting in their wider social contexts.Design/methodology/approachTo think about paper development as an exercise in communicating worthwhile findings to the readership by interweaving the researcher’s impressions of the field, recorded field material and different social theories to create qualitative accounting scholarship.FindingsQualitative accounting papers can, through the use of different theories, show the embedding of the organisational in the social. Development of qualitative accounting papers is an achievement that emerges in the process of writing.Practical implicationsOutlines five summary recommendations for paper development.Originality/valueReflects on paper development designed to create qualitative accounting research.

The increasing inclusion of students with disabilities in regular classes still leads to debate and many advocate for full inclusion of all students. Arguments for full inclusion are generally rights-based, but proponents also claim research supports the effectiveness of full inclusion over specialist provision for all students with disabilities. In this article, we analyse and critique the use of the research literature in an Australian advocacy paper as an example of the broad claims made concerning full inclusion. We examine the extent to which the sources used provide conclusive evidence about the merits of full inclusion. We find the advocacy paper relies heavily on opinion and non-peer-reviewed literature, with little use of quantitative research that compares outcomes for students in different settings. We suggest that policymakers should treat the conclusions drawn in this paper cautiously and give due consideration to the literature that is not supportive of full inclusion.

The study aims to find the quality of research papers published in the domain of entrepreneurship in India. This study covers 100 research papers. A standardized measurement tool developed by the earlier researchers was used to evaluate the research quality. The data compiled using the measurement tool were analyzed with the support of the SPSS. The statistical tools such as descriptive statistics, Friedman’s test, factor analysis, two-sample ‘t’ test, and ANOVA are applied to analyze the data. The study findings reported that the quality of research papers published in the field of entrepreneurship is not up to the quality standards. The quality of multiple-author papers is better than single-author papers. Similarly, the quality of papers published by foreign authors is comparatively better than Indian authors. Further, the quality of papers published with the combination of foreign and Indian authors is substantially good. The quality of papers published in foreign journals is higher as compared with Indian journals. Further, the standard of papers published under the qualitative approach was comparatively better than the quantitative approach. The authors developed a Conceptual Model of Process and Product of Research (YOVA model). This model clearly shows that the whole research process yields six levels of research products. The study recommended that the researchers need to go for international collaborations to improve the quality of the publication. The funding agencies, higher learning institutions and research institutions should focus on enhancing research infrastructure. The study examined the validity of research articles searched by novice researchers in India in Google by using keywords related to entrepreneurship and, as such this non-focused approach is a big impediment to quality research.

The use of waste paper as a fibrous semi-finished product in the production of paper and paperboard products makes it possible to somewhat reduce the consumption of cellulose. However, waste paper contains a number of water-polluting components of mineral and organic nature, which were introduced into its composition at the stage of production. One of the issues that may arise in the design of technological systems for the production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production to reduce losses of fibrous semi-finished products and ensure their optimal use or reduce fresh water consumption is to calculate the pollution and also to determine the impact of cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment plants on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. To study and analyze the paper and cardboard production processes, which belong to the class of complex technological systems, a methodology was developed that, using computer technology, allows assessing the state of a technological system until its implementation in action. However, from a practical point of view, methods still should be developed that will allow the designer to find solutions to problems that may arise at the design stage of the technological system for production of a given type of paper or cardboard or in the reconstruction of existing production. These problems are related to the calculation of the pollution level and the determination of impact from cardboard and paper production tanks and treatment facilities. The purpose of this article is to conduct research and forecast calculations based on mathematical models to determine the patterns of influence exerted by tanks on the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution in the production of paper and cardboard. The generalized technological system of cardboard production, which is presented in the form of a material flow graph, is taken as an object for research. Water-soluble contaminants of mineral and organic nature enter the production system together with fibrous raw materials, partly with fresh water, and with chemical additives used to impart certain qualities to the product at the stage of its production and at the stage of mechano-chemical water purification. In order to study their impact, it is necessary to conduct at least two stages of calculations on a personal computer using pre-designed models for the dynamics and level of watercourse pollution. At the first stage, the dynamic characteristics of each element of the technological system were equated to elements that do not have a dynamic delay and for which the passage of all watercourses is subject to the speed at which the cardboard web is cast on the mesh. The number of cycles before equilibrium is 99. In the second stage of calculations, it was taken into account that the four tanks in the technological system of production are characterized by a moment of delay and, therefore, the values ​​of delay factors were chosen based on water reserves that accumulate in these basins. The number of cycles before equilibrium in the second stage increased to 264. The main conclusion from the analysis of two options: the technological system in both cases goes to equilibrium at equal values ​​for all components of water-soluble mineral and organic components. However, there are often situations when, in the process of developing (designing) a complex technological system for the production of paper or cardboard, developers are interested in the weighted average concentration of water-soluble mineral components that most affect the state of water flows, and then the technological system can be simplified and presented as a single container linked to the environment. Analysis of the calculation formula of the time for the technological system to reach equilibrium shows that the time value is largely determined by the ratio of the water capacity (W) of the process system to the amount of water (BS) removed from the system. The greater the water capacity of the technological system and the smaller the BS, the longer the time the technological system reaches equilibrium. The next step of the study is to verify the results obtained on the basis of adequate mathematical models in actual production conditions.

Paper recycling is the process of turning waste paper into new paper products. The main objective of the current research work is to analyze the effectiveness of stainless steel based compact paper recycling machines for small scale industries and institutions such as schools, colleges, printing media, etc. At present paper recycling technology is being implemented in large scale industries as it requires enormous space and cost involved. In the current study, an attempt is made to design a compact recycling machine that is affordable for small scale industries and institutions to possess their paper recycling units. The mechanism comprises of hydro pulper, mould box, conveyors, rollers, and driers. It is capable of recycling the used papers and produce papers, cardboards, and egg trays. The thickness of the paper is controlled by setting the distance between the two finishing rollers using a spring set up. The process of recycling is broadly divided into three main categories that include collection of waste, manufacturing of new products, and purchasing. The main advantage of the machine is waste paper be converted into a useful product and thus reduce deforestation. The cost of recycling is reduced and is affordable by small industries. The simplicity of the operation of this machine ensures that a high level of technical skill is not essential for the process. The durability of the machine is high provided if adequately maintained. Since recycling is good for the environment, and if more and more people make use of it, it will address the problem of global warming.

When students believe they can get smarter, they understand that effort makes them stronger. Therefore, they put in extra time and effort, and that leads to higher achievement. Besides that, the arrangement of question papers and answer sheets process for a high number of students takes a long time. In this paper, the sheet exam has been proposed to change into an electric exam (E-exam). This system depended on the client-server framework to convert the traditional exam environment into an electronic exam, providing multiple and different questions at the same time. In additions, kept the grades of students and providing them automatically. In this paper, Visual Studio and Microsoft SQL server have been proposed to develop the electronic exam. The questionnaire is made by distributed it among 30 students, and after the data analysis, the results have been collected have been represented a response rate of 100%. It is recommended that, to take electronic exams and e-learning for students periodically. To improve their performance through continuous training on computerized exams and to increase the student’s efficiency in this type of learning.

Scientific journals are the main form of recording and disseminating results of scientific research. After the advancement of digital media, their search, access, and navigation became easier and faster. This changes the way readers interact with the content. In this sense, the configuration of typography, an essential component of text-based publications, should facilitate the reading and understanding of the information presented. Thus, this research aimed to formalize an analysis process for the application of typography in papers on electronic scientific journals. Based on the literature review, an analysis structure was formulated. The analysis identified the fundamental principles of application of typography as: legibility, readability, spacing and font size and information hierarchy. Subsequently, four electronic papers from Brazilian scientific journals with different areas of knowledge were selected as objects of study. As a result, a potential application of typography for digital media was identified, but this potential is not fully explored by the editors of scientific journals nor by the literature dealing with the topic.

Basic repair and maintenance tasks of industrial machines are usually performed by local service personnel at the location of the component to be maintained. Complex maintenance tasks require an expert who travels to the customer to solve a specific problem. This process is time and cost intensive. Augmented Reality (AR) Remote Assistance offers means to support newcomers on site by guiding personnel through the maintenance process with novel visualizations. This paper describes an Augmented Reality based remote assistance tool for industrial purposes. We present the technology and our implementation approach, as well as the challenges and limitations we have encountered. The potential of the tool was evaluated and analyzed in an industry oriented use case for repairing an industrial PC. The results were compared with a maintenance procedure that was carried out using standard paper repair instructions. Our approach enabled the users to perform complex tasks faster and with fewer errors. Overall, the error rate decreased significantly due to the AR-based remote support. We also found that paper-based instructions are still more efficient in solving simple tasks.

Paper-based sensing platforms are one of the most powerful tools for point-of-care diagnostics. The ease of use while ensuring low production costs of such devices is the key for paper-based technologies to find their way to a successful commercialization. Thus, all steps in the analytical process chain from sample interface, sample preparation, signal amplification to signal transduction and data analysis have to be integrated in a single diagnostic platform. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive and critical overview on recent developments towards integrated paper-based platforms in academia and industry. Herein, innovative solutions are discussed with respect to their sampling methods such as invasive and non-invasive approaches. We also address the requirements and challenges for the sampling and analysis of the different body fluids. Finally, we present our views about the future perspectives, challenges, and opportunities of the integrated paper-based devices.

The analysis of complex systems requires an integrated application of different assessment methods also taking into account different scales and points of view to gain a systemic understanding of the investigated case study. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Emergy Accounting (EMA) are both environmental assessment methods, showing many similarities in the way they are performed, especially with respect to the inventory construction and to the interpretation of results. They also show great differences, the main residing in the different perspectives they give. LCA applies a consumer side perspective, and its space and time scales are set at a boundary capable to include all the process phases in terms of location and durability and their direct impacts on the investigated areas. On the other hand, throughout its donor side perspective, EMA expands the boundaries of the system over the entire biosphere space and time scales. Differences and similarities between LCA and EMA may gain added value by their implementation within a procedural framework which exploits the characteristics of the two methods. The present work proposes a methodological procedure based on the sequential and integrated application of LCA and EMA methods, called LEAF (LCA & EMA Applied Framework). The traditional Amalfi paper production is used as a test case study. The procedure stems include: (i) an ex-ante LCA analysis, to identify the hotspots of the investigated case study; (ii) the assessment of the environmental performance of the system through the development of different EMA-based improvement scenarios built around the chosen hotspots; and (iii) an ex-post LCA application built on each scenario results in order to detect the different environmental burdens. The application of LEAF to the traditional Amalfi paper production shows that the use of a more sustainable energy source is an effective solution (among the set of proposed options) to increase the sustainability of the investigated system.

Scientific writing is an important skill in both academia and clinical practice. The skills for writing a strong scientific paper are necessary for researchers (comprising academic staff and health-care professionals). The process of a scientific research will be completed by reporting the obtained results in the form of a strong scholarly publication. Therefore, an insufficiency in scientific writing skills may lead to consequential rejections. This feature results in undesirable impact for their academic careers, promotions and credits. Although there are different types of papers, the original article is normally the outcome of experimental/epidemiological research. On the one hand, scientific writing is part of the curricula for many medical programs. On the other hand, not every physician may have adequate knowledge on formulating research results for publication adequately. Hence, the present review aimed to introduce the details of creating a strong original article for publication (especially for novice or early career researchers).

Improving the production efficiency is one of the main management tasks for the pulp and paper industry. This can be achieved through the use of automated planning systems, designed to take into account the features and limitations of particular production. Such systems allow, on the basis of orders received from consumers, a voluminous production schedule to be made to take into account the needs for raw materials, the productivity of paper or cardboard machines, and the optimal cutting of the canvas on longitudinal cutting machines. Linear programming method for solving optimization problems. Computer simulation using optimized packages to compare the results with the options used in production. Cutting planning processes were optimized on the basis of standard orders for rolled products of an enterprise in the Kyiv region. The problem of optimizing the cutting planning process and criteria for increasing the production efficiency is formalized. The target function is to increase the profit of production by minimizing material losses in planning the cutting of the master rill and minimizing the storage of related products in production warehouses. To solve the optimization problem, it is proposed to use our own method of calculating the optimal cutting patterns for the manufacture of finished products on a longitudinal cutting machine. The MS Office SOLVER package was used for the calculations. Different cutting options were compared via the target function. Important criteria for this inspection are the fulfillment of the entire order, the availability and storage of related products outside the order, and the minimization of time for the reconfiguration of machines. Longitudinal cutting machines of this production can be adjusted only manually, and it takes a long time. Also, technological restrictions on the allowable width of the edge are an important requirement for cutting patterns. All patterns that do not meet these restrictions cannot be compared. There are three options for comparison. An option is made according to the proposed method and with an optimization package using the Simplex method and a number of technological limitations inherent in this production. An option is selected by the production planner manually taking into account previous experience. And the variant of cutting orders is made by the production management system, which accompanies the process of planning and transfer of tasks for longitudinal cutting machines. The function takes the maximum value in the option offered by the production scheduler. But this option is not optimal, because a person adds rolls to the satellite to improve the cutting map to fulfill all orders. This in turn leads to overfulfillment of orders and production of additional products in a warehouse where they can be stored for years until the expiration date. The option offered by the automotive system does not require the use of accompanying rolls but unfortunately does not meet the requirements for optimal cutting of the material. Automatic cutting leaves a large edge that is already within the maximum allowable limitations of the machines and, moreover, does not lead to the execution of the entire order. This violates the basic requirement for production such as full execution of the order. Therefore, this option cannot be used either. The optimal cut for profit maximization is the option obtained using the roll planning technique. This technique allows the average weight of the roll to be obtained through the use of production history. The estimated weight is used to convert the order from tons to the number of pieces. Cutting patterns for the production of the order in this way are presented and, taking into account the technological limitations of production, can be calculated on the basis of the Simplex method in optimization packages. Such cutting patterns have no satellites and allow the fulfilment of all orders. The roll planning technique reduces the number of clippings and avoids overproduction. The analysed cutting plans show that the use of satellites reduces the profitability of the enterprise and does not always minimize material costs.

Social media platforms have had an enormous impact on the dissemination of scientific work and have fared well in covering scientific papers. However, little is known about the general dissemination process from academia to social media and how various factors affect the dissemination of scientific papers at different stages. In this paper, we proposed a two-staged dissemination process to profile the diffusion of scientific papers from academia to social media. A two-step simultaneous equation modeling–artificial neural network approach was adopted to predict the retweet scale of scientific papers on Twitter by combining source-related and content-related factors. The analysis in the field of oncology suggests that the artificial neural network algorithm (ANN) with the input units generated from the simultaneous equation model (3SLS) can predict the retweet scale of scientific papers on Twitter with an accuracy of 78.05%. According to the normalized importance obtained from the ANN, we found that most factors related to the information source play critical roles in promoting the dissemination of scientific papers. The number of first-generation tweets has the most remarkable impact on subsequent dissemination. As for the content-related predictors, tweets attached with more URLs can provide richer information for audiences, thereby increasing the retweet scale of scientific papers. Besides, the influence of research topics on dissemination varies with different audiences. The findings of this study contribute to the literature on the dissemination of scientific papers beyond academia and provide practical implications for scholarly communication.

Logic Programming (LP) is considered to be relatively simple for non-programmers, and allows the developer to focus on developing facts and rules of a logical derivation, and not on algorithms. Secure multiparty computation (MPC) is a methodology that allows several parties to process private data collaboratively without revealing the data to any party. In this paper, we bring together the notions of MPC and LP, allowing users to write privacy-preserving applications in logic programming language.

Publishing an academic paper and going through the submission process can be unfamiliar and daunting. This article will provide a basic overview of where to start, how to search and scrutinise journals to find the right one for your work, checking guidelines and the finer things such as whether or not to pay for your publication, getting everything ready, what to expect during the process of submission, how your manuscript is reviewed and how a decision is made. Familiarising yourself with the basics of the submission process will make it less intimidating as you will know what to expect and how to prepare.

The last decade has witnessed an impressive paradigm shift in practically all networking fields: from hardware-based appliances to software-based infrastructures. Network functions traditionally hard-coded in the network devices have been redesigned in software and deployed in virtualized networking scenarios, with impressive advantages in terms of management flexibility and upgradable capability. Still, at a time in which we strive for more and more network processing and computing resources, such a softwarization process risks to bring about a severe toll in terms of performance and energy consumption. We believe, and posit, that programmable hardware architectures tailored for supporting high performance network processing tasks may come to the rescue. With this position paper, after motivating our position, we further briefly review the past and present of programmable hardware for networking, and we discuss its possible evolution towards more comprehensive "higher layer" HW-accelerated processing tasks.

The papers in this special issue were submitted to all the conferences organized by IEEE Technology and Engineering Management Society (TEMS) in a given calendar year. In 2017, IEEE TEMS initiated its flagship conference TEMSCON (held in Silicon Valley), which serves as rebranding from its original International Technology Management Conferences (ITMC). Following that, in 2018, two more conferences were initiated globally, one in Asia known as IEEE TEMS International Symposium on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (ISIE), and one in Europe as IEEE TEMS International Conference on Technology and Entrepreneurship (ICTE). For this special issue, we invited authors attending any of the three aforementioned conferences in 2018 to submit full manuscripts for reviews, and the present special issue with eleven papers is the result of a careful selection following our usual rigid double-blinded peer-review process.

The exchange of academic marks between HEIs (Higher Education Institutions) is mandatory in every student mobility programs (i.e. the EU Erasmus Program) but that process remains to present date with insufficient technological support and the absence of a comprehensive reference model that allows the integration of potential technological solutions for the exchange of academic data with existing Academic Information Systems seems to limit greatly the possibility of adopting solutions of this type referred to in the existing literature. This work addresses this issue, conducting an initial bibliographic review aimed at the identification of the fundamental requirements of such an architecture as well as explores some of the technologies that are showing potential for usage in the safe exchange of academic results between partner HEIs, with particular interest in blockchain technology applied in an educational context. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

With unique advantages of thin, porous, flexible, flammable and affordable, paper has been widely used in our daily life. Early in the 19th century, paper was first applied in biochemical analysis. Since then, paper had been used as a unique analytical platform. Paper-based analysis devices are easy to use, cheap, portable and disposable, thus they are widely considered as platform for POCT (point-of-care testing) and on-site detection. Liquid can automatically transport in paper cellulose networks without external pumps or energy, thus do not require extra instruments. The large specific surface area of fiber networks are ideal places for storing testing bio-chemical substances. Paper is also flexible and easy to fold together to form multilayer substrates of 3D chips, make it suitable for 3D cell culture and building multifunctional microfluidic chips. Meanwhile, paper-based analysis devices also have restrictions as chaos porous structure of the fibers interferes the optical signals and nonspecific adsorbs the testing samples, leading a low sensitivity of detection based on colorimetric. Due to the roughness of the fibers, it is still difficult to process the paper with high precision. In order to solve this, new types of paper (pseudo-paper) have emerged. In addition to biochemical analysis, paper also shows great prospect in the field of microelectronics. Currently, paper-based materials have been widely used in fields of flexible electronic devices, for example electronic circuits and energy storage devices. Paper exhibits piezoelectric behavior and is porous, degradable, make it promising materials in fabricating flexible electronics, display, soft robots and energy storage devices. Recently, enormous paper-based and pseudo-paper devices have been reported by researchers in various fields. These devices focus on the construction of new cost-effective microfluidics and electronics. The combination of paper-based microfluidic devices and electronic devices promotes the development of artificial skin, soft robots and flexible electronics. Considerable breakthroughs of new highly integrated paper-based chips have been achieved. In order to summarize the modern developing of paper and pseudo-paper devices and inspire scientists in various research fields, we present here an overall review that focuses on the historical developments to recent advances and future prospects of paper-based and pseudo-paper devices. These aspects include the preparation methods, the manipulation of microfluidics and electrons and multiple applications based on such manipulation. We hope that this review will promote the development of paper devices in various research fields such as analytical chemistry, materials science and electronic science.

This article examines the limits that academics from peripheral countries might encounter while trying to influence the decision-making process inside an international organization. Although there are different mechanisms whereby academia might influence non-academic debates, we highlight here the use of policy papers, in order to examine and discuss the non-textual barriers which might be faced by those academics. After an analysis of primary sources this article presents some pragmatic limits in the use of policy papers and discusses the consequences of this condition for the legitimation of international organizations. As such, relevant international organizations still seem to be unresponsive to some initiatives in particular: closed to the spontaneous participation of academia; and not willing to call for contributions from academic communities. This is particularly relevant for contributions from peripheral academia and other non-state actors, who lack the capability to disturb the traditional ideational power exercised by core (Western) countries and by state-centric ideology in current international law.