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To study STEM and STEAM education as an innovative technology, the authors of the paper conducted a comprehensive theoretical and methodological study on the stated problem. A comprehensive theoretical and methodological study was directed towards the solution to the problem of developing a new model for the STEM and STEAM education system to make correct management decisions in the framework of the country's socio-economic development based on objective data. The object of the study was STEM and STEAM education as an innovative technology. The subject of this study is the mechanisms of STEM and STEAM-education in the system of higher professional education of the Russian Federation. The methodological foundation of the study was the general scientific ideas for holistic, systemic, and integrative approaches to the study, which gave an opportunity to assess a set of interrelated and interacting elements that form a certain integrity. The use of these approaches provided a comprehensive analysis and formulation of the research problem and determined the strategy for its study. Both theoretical and empirical methods of studying the indicated problem were used in the comprehensive theoretical and methodological study presented in the paper. The leading methods of scientific knowledge were the following: the method of comparison; phenomenological data analysis; discourse analysis of the text; theoretical analysis; empirical description (expert assessment method and in-depth interviews). The result of the study is the STEM education model developed by the authors as an innovative technology in the system of higher professional education of the Russian Federation. The materials of the paper will be useful for specialists in the field of higher professional education, teachers of natural sciences and humanities, the teaching method of which is based on the STEM approach. [Note: The issue number (7) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct citation for this article is v17 n9.]

The introduction of digital platforms influences all areas of social development, including the education sector. The Russian government, in a bid to take advantage of this, has encouraged the development of a solid educational system that can support digitalization's effect on the economy. The paper aims to analyze the development of Russian digital platforms in general and educational platforms, as a decisive factor in economic competitiveness on the world market. The study was a descriptive research and Russia was the main population for the study. The research made use of secondary data from national and international sources. An analysis of modern practices in the field of digital educational platforms shows that educational organizations cannot independently use digital technologies at the new level of requirements. For this purpose, a functioning digital ecosystem is needed that would be able to provide a variety of new technologies in education.

The paper defines a complex of manager's qualities based on theoretical and methodological analysis and synthesis methods, available national and world literature, research papers and publications. The complex approach methodology was used, which provides an innovative view of the development of modern manager's qualities. The methodological background of the research are theoretical and methodological analysis and synthesis methods of available national and world literature, conceptual analysis of issue-related research papers and publications; study and generalization of both national and foreign developments and introduction of projects regarding actualization of manager's effective activity; the use of generalization, comparison, forecasting methods. The carried out research made it possible to distinguish a number of factors, which will have the major effect on managers' innovative entrepreneurial activities in the coming decade. Management as a social and economic phenomenon is under constant development--going to the future, and every efficient manager should accordingly improve himself. Therefore, today not only the level of professional training but such components of the profession as innovations and creativity, which are business advantages, important economic recourse and intensive economic development condition, become characteristic of manager's activity. They're defined as abilities to reveal and encourage employees' creative and innovative ideas. These aspects are reflected in the development of innovative business model of modern manager, each component of which is a key and independent element. Special attention is paid to the creative and innovative component of the suggested model. The suggested model might be used in order to create a manager's unique image and lead the company he manages to a long expected result.

The relevance of the research problem is conditioned by the lack of developments in the field of management of transformational processes in modern economic systems in conditions of globalization and development in the framework of the trends of the world economy. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate directions of innovative development of the Russian economy in the context of sector technological structures' concept. The main research method of this problem is the comparative analysis of indicators of economic and innovative development, allowing estimating of the parameters of the innovation process at the macro and mezzo levels. The paper presents the systematization of industries' sectors in accordance with existing technological structures; reveals the characteristic tendencies of sectors' development on the Russian economy in the sphere of innovation activity taking into account the characteristics and dynamics of changes in the proportions of reproduction of its technological diversity. The findings can be used in the formation of priority directions of innovative development at the Federal and regional levels in the context of regulation of proportions of technological structures, as well as in the process of development of programs for perspective innovative development of industries of the Russian economy.

This paper looks into the key aspects of the shift in the instruction of logistics as a discipline from traditional to environmentally responsible practices. The authors examine the experience of the development of scientific-educational systems in the world's more advanced societies (the European Union and North America), as well as in the BRICS countries. The paper proposes specific ways to reform the model for professional and career-broadening education by reference to the amassed global experience. The authors draw the following major conclusions: (1) both today's scientific and business communities are oriented toward the shift to environmentally responsible development, which presupposes gradually renouncing the use of hydrocarbon energy resources, embracing the use of renewable technology and recycling, and ensuring social stability; (2) we are witnessing a change in the tenor of not only the strategic concept of the development of particular scientific and business areas but of the functional one as well. Thus, for instance, the domain of logistics services is currently being enriched with the concept of "green logistics", which implies a need for relevant human resources specializing in the field. Many leading nations have already started transforming their education models, as a whole, and their methods for the instruction of logistics as a discipline, in particular, in specific alignment with the principles of environmental responsibility; (3) the education systems of certain world powers, including the Russian model for education, have not yet been fully adapted for shifting to "green logistics", one of today's latest scientific paradigms. Among the major reasons behind this delay is the failure to properly reform the scientific-educational sector, as well as the state's excessive, and rarely effective, participation in the development of this area. To help remediate this situation, the authors propose a set of recommendations aimed at helping to put together a new model for professional and career-broadening training in keeping with the latest scientific concepts and the needs of the labor market.

In this paper, it was tried to consider the current state of normative support for the development of strategic planning documents in the field of Russian education. The strategy for the development of education (DoE), as an industry document of strategic planning, has not been adopted in the Russian Federation (RF) to date. The article attempts to generalize the developments in this area, considers several international documents and projects of strategies for the development of Russian education (DRE), national strategies focused on them. The analysis of regional strategy for the DoE, which is either component of strategies for socioeconomic development of the region, or separate concepts that are focused on municipal development strategies. Due to the lack of a strategic document at the Federal level, regional development concepts are mostly aimed at solving regional problems in the field of education, at a process approach, and, in fact, are not focused on solving breakthrough problems and taking into account all-Russian and global challenges. It is concluded that the Russian educational system cannot develop effectively in the course of planning only national projects that have their own time horizon; to solve this problem, a strategy for the DRE space is necessary, which can provide guidelines for the development of each educational organization.

Purpose: The study aims to explore the extent to which human resources development quantifies the economic growth of BRICS countries under the globalization era by controlling country differences. Design/methodology/approach: The study used the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Scheffe pairwise comparison tests to quantify the impact of the variables and the level of difference among the BRICS countries onto human Resources development. Findings: The study observes that the impact of human resources development on economic growth of BRICS counties is significant but limited to few countries. The study reveals that countries such as India and South Africa are unable to utilize their human resources efficiently to promote economic growth, as compared with Russia, China and Brazil. The study further argues that there is urgent need of amalgam of various economic development theories keeping in mind the regional needs to extract the positive impact from human resource on economic development. Research limitations/implications: The single limitation of this research is that it was not possible to compare the results with other developing countries to unleash the capabilities of human resources development with regard to economic growth at the universal level. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this paper is the first of its kind to analyze human resources development at a much deeper level. The paper has chosen variables which are important from the policy perspective of government rather than the working perspective, which is a great contribution. Further, for human index the variables chose covering major aspects of human development from spending perspective.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between education and competencies from a comparative view, while controlling for background characteristics (e.g. parental education), home features (e.g. income) and country fixed effect. Design/methodology/approach: This paper utilises an international data sets of 12 Belt and Road (B&R) countries participating in the PIAAC survey. Data are examined using regression models with "REPSET" Stata code. The focus on B&R countries is interesting as this recent economic and strategic development alliance might transform the contemporary global balance of power. Therefore, examining its educational development is important. Findings: Findings reveal the higher the level of education, the higher the competency level in numeracy and literacy. Age was found to be negatively related to competencies, and gender was found to be dually significant. Among the examined B&R countries, Slovenia, Russia and Israel contribute the most to the numeracy, literacy and problem solving competencies (respectively) compared with other countries. The findings might contribute to the design of education for development policies aimed at increasing the level of state competitiveness while accounting for social cohesiveness. Originality/value: The paper provides a comparative study into educational development of the B&R alliance, and therefore offers an insight of the developmental cooperation as it emerges. The focus on the B&R initiative is important as it is a strategic development alliance which might transform the contemporary global balance of power. Therefore, the examination of the above-mentioned relationships with the focus on B&R countries might advance the strategic design of this cooperation.

As a practice and empirical observations show, the educational activity of economic agents forms a whole set of prospects for their development. It is due to stable positive or, on the contrary, negative expectations of prospective counterparts that interact with the economic agents, of the possibilities of their development in both the conjuncture and the institutional directions. In this regard, education is very important, and its study is becoming widespread in the research field. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the studies of the question posed in the space of scientific work and research mainly concentrate on the micro-level. That is, the vast majority of works are devoted to the study of the education of firms as one of the most important "representatives" of economic agents. At the same time, the study of educational capital and its influence on the development of regional/national economic systems is unfairly deprived of attention. It is necessary to state that in recent years, the attention of scientists began to focus more and more on the issues set earlier. However, the theory of the territories' educational economy has not yet received development and attention. This largely restrains the research paradigm based on the study of intangible factors of production in the system of socio-economic development of regions or national economic systems in general. In this regard, and to level this gap, the time course of the reputation capital index for the Republic of Tatarstan and the main components determining its level are built in this paper based on the developed methodological approaches to a formalized assessment of the reputation of a territory. This allowed us to assess the reputation impact on the investment activity of a region using the methods of econometric modelling. In particular, being guided by the principles and tools of regression analysis, as well as relying on the method of dummy variables, a high level of interconnection between the studied parameters was established by the authors due to the significant level of elasticity between the analyzed series found.

The primary purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate the causes of educational poverty in less developed countries. The basic intent in carrying out such a study is to define and derive the role of governing agencies in deliberately creating educational poverty in the country, so that the private interest of the rich and powerful ruling class can be fully safeguarded. This study is of crucial interest to the common man because majority of the people living in less developed countries are poor in spite of the fact, that almost all these countries own ample human and material resources. However, the common man in these countries is continuously suffering, generation after generation, and has been denied access to basic amenities of life. The rich and powerful ruling class, in majority of the less developed countries, has intentionally denied basic education facilities to its people for keeping them ignorant and unaware of their fundamental rights to share national resources and to gain competence for comfortable living in the society. The paper advocates a complete reversal in economic growth policies of the less developed countries so that top priority is given to those projects and programs that directly benefit the common man in the society. In this respect, the author calls for awareness among the people to exercise their economic and social rights so that people of all the strata can share equally the fruits of growth and prosperity.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and determine the effectiveness of university education on the economy of various countries. Design/methodology/approach: To determine the necessity and expedience of making provision for the effectiveness of university education on the market economy, this work uses the method of regression and correlation analysis. Evaluation of effectiveness of the system of university education is performed separately for students, state, and employers by taking as example countries with specially developed formulas. Findings: The authors substantiate the necessity for provision of effectiveness of university education on the market economy, view the effective system of university education as a basis for the development of a knowledge economy, determine approaches to evaluate the effectiveness of university education on the market economy, perform evaluation of effectiveness of the system of university education by the example of various countries, determine its connection with indicators of economic growth and development, and provide recommendations for provision of effectiveness of the system of university education on modern market economies. Practical implications: The practical value of results of the conducted research consists in the possibility to use the developed formulas for determining the level of effectiveness of the system of university education on various countries of the world. Originality/value: Theoretical value of this paper consists in the possibility for the application of authors' conclusions and recommendations in the process of development of the policy of management of effectiveness of university education system.

This paper evaluates the determinants of the value of investment in higher education (absolute expected returns from higher education) among students of Russian universities, accounting for variations in the socio-economic development of different Russian regions. Based on the longitudinal study, 'Trajectories in Education and Careers', it shows that the average salary in a region is positively related to the individual estimates of expected salaries after graduation. In general, the results correspond to human capital theory, and confirm the rationality of students' salary expectations. The expected salary shortly after graduation from university is positively related to the academic achievement demonstrated in the university entrance exam (the Unified State Exam, or USE), full-time study and prior work experience. Male students expect to receive higher salaries compared to female students. Students who study for free expect lower salaries compared to those students who cover their tuition costs. Indirect influence (through USE results) of the characteristics of students' schools and of their parents' education on expected salary was found. In addition, we discovered a direct and indirect relationship between family income and expected salaries after university graduation.

The article is devoted to some methodological features of modernization in modern education in the context of "the knowledge economy" development which is aimed at shaping new mental potential of the modern state. Features and prerequisites for the emergence of the knowledge economy, the priorities of which include the development and spread of information technologies, development and introduction of innovations, investment in human capital formation, have been clarified. It has been shown that in the socio-economic development system of the country, the knowledge economy as a social labor resource is one of the most important criteria of efficiency of organization of the socio-economic system of the country. Preconditions for organization of innovative-educational sector of economy of the Russian Federation are stated. The article focuses on the strategic landmarks of the formation and development of the innovative-educational sector of economy in the Southern Federal District. Network integration is considered to be the factor which enables to treat education as a separate, innovational sector. As for the preferable form of its organization, the authors mention private-public partnership with attraction of businesses. The paper also covers technical characteristics of implementing the model in the innovative-educational sector of economy of the Southern Federal District. The article presents promising areas of the study of this problem, which involves further development of the theory of intellectual capital development in education, subject-oriented methodology of educational system modernization in the applied aspect, as well as technologies of management of the national innovation-oriented educational system of the Russian Federation.

Growth is a concept of particular interest for economic discourse. This paper sets out to explore a small corpus of economic growth, which consists of articles from "The Economist". The corpus software used in this study is a web-based tool Wmatrix, an automatic tagging software able to assign semantic field (domain) tags, and to permit the extraction of key words and key semantic domains by applying the keyness calculation to tag frequency lists. The results show that at 99% confidence (or p < 0.01), the cut-off of 6.63 (log likelihood value) indicates that there are 1051 positive keywords (including multiword expressions) and 80 key semantic domains generated from the corpus. It is evident that BRICs or the emerging economies/markets, in particular China and India, are a big concern regarding economic growth over the past years. A number of examples of possible ways forward in teaching methodology are presented.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the perspectives of using remote education as a means of restoring Russian recessing regions' economy and develop framework recommendations for this. Design/methodology/approach: The set goal is achieved by finding the dependence of the values of indicators of socio-economic development on the level of development of education in Russian regions. The methods of regression and correlation analysis are used for that. Findings: The findings showed a moderate direct connection between the development of education and socio-economic position of the region if found. Qualitative analysis allowed substantiating large perspectives of using remote education as a means of restoring Russian recessing regions' economy, which have two manifestations. The first one is related to the increase of accessibility of educational services in Russian regions. Due to this, the potential of development of region's human potential is better realized. Being one of the key resources in the conditions of knowledge economy, human resources stimulate the activation of entrepreneurial activities, growth of labor efficiency and innovational activity of region's companies. The second manifestation envisages the formation of entrepreneurship in the sphere of remote education as a growth vector and source of competitive advantages of recessing region's economy. This opens possibilities for the formation of knowledge economy in region and supporting its high competitiveness. Low capital intensity of entrepreneurship in the sphere of remote education makes it accessible for development even in recessing regions, stimulating the growth of the volume of tax revenues into the regional state budget and formation of its positive balance. Originality/value: For the practical implementation of the determined large perspectives of using remote education as a means of restoring Russian recessing regions' economy, authors' framework recommendations are offered, which are aimed at the improvement of normative and legal conditions for the conduct of entrepreneurial activities in the sphere of remote education, information support for this entrepreneurship and its marketing support and promotion as a basis of region's economy's competitiveness.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine and draw attention to the potential benefits of solar power generation for access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICT) aimed at sustainable development in emerging economies. Design/methodology/approach: Electricity plays a crucial role in the development and use of ICT and in the process of striving to achieve sustainable development in emerging economies. It has been shown that electrical energy is intrinsically linked to economic, environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development. An extensive analysis of the major contribution of solar electricity in various sectors such as economic, social and environmental benefits is provided. The paper concludes with a discussion on current status of solar electricity in major emerging economies, their planning policies and strategies for promoting solar power generation for increased access to ICT by people and sustainable development of society. Findings: The demand for electricity in residential, commercial and industrial sectors in developing countries (emerging economies) is likely to increase, both as a result of increase in population and expanding industrialization. It remains amongst others, a growing challenge for these nations to obtain and put in place reliable and secured electricity supplies, for accessing ICT and to work towards achieving sustainability. The important issues that must be considered and addressed for the successful implementation of solar electricity programs for sustainability and wellbeing in developing nations are pointed out. Practical implications: The paper shows that the problems of lack of qualified solar technicians and established Photovoltaic (PV) markets and business modes, renewable (solar) energy education have to be addressed. Other issues include appreciation of solar electricity as one of the major energy component, lowering initial cost of the PV technology, availability of finance mechanisms for customers, import tax exemption and regarding electricity as one of the basic needs like food, shelter and clothing. Overhaul of existing systems needs to take place in order to provide the means to deal with some of these issues. Originality/value: Availability of power remains crucial for development in emerging markets. Solar electricity is of major interest for the energy sector in developing or emerging economies because it offers the possibility of generating renewable electricity using sunlight: a resource that is widely and freely available in most, if not all, developing countries. This paper raises awareness about this in a unique way and identifies problems faced by the sectors. To address some of these challenges without compromising the goal of sustainability and development, it is important that low carbon emitting electrical energy sources such as solar electricity are given high priorities by policy makers, industries and research and development institutions in emerging countries. Some innovative suggestions are provided for achieving this. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the dynamic character of career and its key attributes, and the embeddedness of their definitions and meanings in national social, political and economic contexts. Design/methodology/approach: Features of three recent distinct social, political and economic situations in Russia are used to explore the meanings of nine key career attributes introduced by the Western career literature. Findings: It was found that in Russia each of the nine key career attributes accommodates a different meaning compared with their original Western meaning, and that these meanings are continuously changing to reflect the current social, political and economic environment. In sum, this exploration revealed a dynamic character to career attributes, and their content changed depending on the underlying context. Research limitations/implications: Among key research implications are: a possibility of using Western career theories mainly as conceptual frameworks for studying careers in other countries; that current social, political and economic contexts need to be taken into consideration when studying careers in a particular country; and the "intelligent career" concept can be used to study careers in various cultural contexts, and to examine the interdependence between career and a national culture. Originality/value: This paper examines the extent to which Western career concepts may be used to study careers in various countries around the globe. It notes the dynamic character of career and its related career attitudes. This paper also makes suggestions on how the "intelligent career" concept can be used for exploring career meanings in a particular national setting. Finally, this paper looks at specifics of careers in Russia, which are still underrepresented in the literature. (Contains 1 table.)

Over the past ten years there have been signs in Russia of a dangerous widespread tendency to underrate the creation of a whole set of conditions necessary for expanded reproduction of the country's science potential. Russia has fallen farther and farther behind technologically, its ability to compete in the world markets of science-intensive goods has fallen, and the crisis in health and ecological safety has worsened. The diminishing effectiveness of the state's intervention in the economy and the unsound decline in research on problems of society have had an adverse impact. In this paper, the author provides an in-depth analysis of this area and suggests to study alternative approaches and select the best-substantiated proposals. It is science that must provide the guidelines for the development and strengthening of the country's science potential, with a firm grasp of the problems and the possible ways to solve them. (Contains 1 table.)

This paper studies transformations in the role of higher education in Russia as represented in official Soviet and post-Soviet policy documents between the 1950s and 2013. The focus is on the categories defining the purposes and tasks of higher education in the larger context of society and economy. There is a basic dichotomy in relation to the purposes and role of higher education, between vocational training (which is seen as a determining factor in the economic development) and personal development/education (seen as a condition of social development). The balance of these two poles, economic instrumentalism and social instrumentalism, changes throughout the history. The Soviet documents emphasized the importance of both, with the predominance of the social instrumentalism. The transitional period of the late 1980s and early 1990s is characterized by increasing humanistic discourse in regard to higher education. Later post-Soviet documents, reflecting neoliberal policies, largely abandon social instrumentalism and more exclusively promote the economic role of higher education. Economic instrumentalism is the meeting point of two historical eras, with their respective ideologies and political agendas. Connecting Soviet and neoliberal discourses highlights the importance of historical legacies in regard to the economic, applied nature of higher education, and underlines the crucial role of the state, which facilitated acceptance of neoliberal agendas in Russian society. The analysis also contributes to further understanding of the nature of the neoliberal reforms globally and in post-socialist countries.

This paper employs the microdata of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) to discuss the impact of economic factors, such as household income and female wages, and subjective well-being, such as life satisfaction and health condition, on childbirth probability in Russia, which, following a continuous decline in birth rate throughout the 1990s, began to increase in the 2000s, and rose thereafter almost continuously. The following results were obtained: higher household incomes serve to encourage childbirth, while female wages are seen to act by curtailing childbirth, and when indicators such as life satisfaction and health condition are high, the likelihood of childbirth is increased significantly. Most previous research concerning the determinants of the birth rate in Russia has shown that household income has no effect at all, but the findings in this paper suggest that this may have been due to the special circumstances that existed at the beginning of the economic transformation period in the 1990s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unexpected and complex situation facing global society as a result of COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of companies' commitment to social responsibility. For this reason, scholars have called for a more comprehensive picture of corporate social responsibility (CSR) research. Each country is trying to introduce and practice different approaches and methods to develop this concept. This article analyzes CSR trends in five countries, such as the USA, China, India, Russia and Kazakhstan. The purpose of this article is to identify the most important trends that are used in all countries by comparing the current methods used in the mentioned countries, as well as proving that the trends can differ depending on the main problems in the countries. In this paper, an analysis of scientific papers on the topic of CSR, the selection of articles and the analysis of selected articles were carried out. A content analysis of publications on the topic "corporate social responsibility" was carried out for all time and for the last 5 years. An information on CSR trends was collected from news publications of each country to compare them. The article proved the current relevance of 'S' in ESG by analyzing scientific publications on this topic. The analysis showed an active growth of publications on the development of CSR over the past 5 years, especially the period from 2020 to the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's armed aggression has caused a deep socio-economic crisis and has far-reaching unpredictable consequences for the national economy. One of the key negative consequences of Russia’s armed aggression is the threat to the sustainable development of the national economy. All aspects of sustainable development in Ukraine are affected: economic development, environmental protection, social and gender equality, etc. Under Russian armed aggression, there is an urgent need for balanced and sound strategic state regulation, which is designed to ensure sustainable development in Ukraine in the short and long term. The aim of the paper is to determine the features of strategic state regulation under Russia’s armed aggression in the development of the national economy in the coordinates of sustainable development. The paper considers Ukraine's progress in achieving the goals of sustainable development. The most problematic areas in terms of sustainable development goals are outlined with a focus on Russia’s armed aggression as the major cause. An overview of the situation in the world in terms of the conflict level is performed, common features in the field of sustainable development in countries affected by armed aggression are highlighted. It is emphasized that the difficulties in achieving the goals of sustainable development are complex in nature. Sustainable development drivers are both of financial and non-financial nature. Four key factors that hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals at the present stage are considered: 1. Liquidity shortage globally; 2. Complicated access to debt financing; 3. The need for urgent financial measures; 4. The need to increase productivity and productive capacity. A description of the UNDP scenario on the development of the consequences of Russian armed aggression in the field of poverty in Ukraine is given. The key areas of focus for a set of Government measures in the context of a large-scale socio-economic crisis have been identified. The importance of applying a coordinated and sound policy of the Government under Russian armed aggression was emphasized. Special attention is paid to the need to use a flexible approach in developing a set of measures for strategic governmental regulation to ensure sustainable development. The importance of applying digitalization achievements in the context of implementing support programs for citizens and businesses was emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper focuses on the role of e-government in relation to economic development within the post-COVID era. Nowadays, e-government represents the service which utilizes digital technology to create electronic pathways to improve the efficiency of public services, increase economic prosperity, and improve the standard of living. In this paper, we argue that e-government presents the only proper and viable model for public administration in the 21st century by embedding internet-based technologies to ensure smooth interactions between the government and its citizens, solving the most socially important problems, enabling internal communication between public servants, and delivering public services to the entire population regardless of age or gender. In addition, we show that stakeholders and policymakers should foster the development of an adequate and non-discriminatory environment for e-government through regulatory frameworks, policy guidelines, and government guarantees. Our study is based on the results of our own survey that was administered using a snowball and quasi-random sample of 400 respondents (aged 19–26 years; 56.2% females and 43.8% males) from the Czech Republic (N = 136) and the Russian Federation (N = 264), of whom 58% were women and 42% were men (M ± SD = 45.53 ± 11.46, median age 44). Our results show that the e-government enhancement concept has been perceived as an effective tool for fostering economic prosperity, tackling corruption, and helping to avoid uncertainty. Based on the theories of customer-focus and relationship marketing, this study suggests that the most significant factor influencing the success of e-government projects is citizen orientation, followed by channel and channel orientation, and technology orientation. We show that the governments of developing countries should prioritize e-government applications in their requests for international assistance and cooperation, as well as international financial support. Moreover, we argue that digital transformation should become the key element of the changing business and market needs in the post-COVID era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of Russian society is manifested in the new generation, the community of children and young people. To a large extent, the country's social and economic development depends on the health and education of the rising generation, on its social values and orientations, its spirituality and morality, and its level of cultural accumulation. The comprehensive study and assessment of the potential and the quality of children represent a very important condition that is necessary for the formulation of an effective state policy oriented toward the preservation of the nation and the social and demographic development of Russia. The profound social and economic reforms got under way in the early 1990s, and the generations born then are no longer children. In 10 to 15 years, today's youngsters will constitute not only the main segment of Russia's working and creative population but also its demographic foundation; they will directly determine the country's future in all its aspects. In today's Russia one can clearly observe the clash (or intersection) of two independent processes. One is the demographic process, which, as in all developed countries, is characterized by a rapid aging of the population and a deterioration of its qualitative properties. The second process has an economic foundation and is linked to the country's transition from natural-resource-oriented technologies to innovative technologies that are characteristic of all developed countries. To a large extent, the success of this transition depends on the percentage of the youth cohort in the structure of the work force, since it is young people who are being prepared to be involved in the effective modernization of industry via high-level technologies whose replacement time is increasingly shorter and more intensive. This accounts for the pressing need for special reforms affecting the country's younger generation. At least three sets of vital problems can be discerned in this sphere, which must be solved. The author discusses them in this paper and offers preliminary solutions. She suggests that the low rate of reproduction of the Russian population makes it necessary to ensure that the smaller size of the young population is mitigated by an improvement in its health and education, and the creation of conditions necessary for its intellectual potential to be realized. [This article was translated by Kim Braithwaite.]

This article presents statements by President Dmitry A. Medvedev at the meeting of the Council on the Implementation of Priority National Projects and Demographic Policy on the development of education, health care, and demography, and at the ceremony on the occasion of the launching of the Year of the Schoolteacher in Russia, held at the Russian A.I. Hertzen State Pedagogical University in the framework of the work of the first Pedagogical Assembly. This article also presents discussions and data on schoolteachers and teacher education in Russia. (Contains 1 figure, 2 tables, and 3 notes.) [This article was translated by Kim Braithwaite.]

Many young people in Russia find it difficult to move into employment, and given the importance of a more efficient labor force for Russia's economic future, more needs to be done by the Russian government to improve the situation. Under current conditions, the state's activity in regard to solving issues of protecting the interests of young people is taking on more and more significance. The year 2009 was proclaimed to be the Year of Youth by edict of the president of the Russian Federation. The country has a strategy for the state's youth policy for the period 2006 to 2016; there is a special section in the Conception of the Long-Range Social and Economic Development of the Country; and there is a special department responsible for dealing with young people's issues. Most of the measures being carried out have been designed to draw attention to the problems of young people. Despite increased attention to the problems of young people on the part of the state, a number of problems remain unsolved. The most urgent problem is providing jobs for the graduates of institutions of higher learning. In this article, the author talks about the youth labor market in the context of social policy and looks at issues relating to the condition of today's young people in the sphere of labor and employment, focusing on programs whose purpose is to reduce tension in the labor market. The author stresses that in the labor market, young people represent a vulnerable category, and it is within the competence of state policy to provide assistance to them.

The strategic goal of the long-range social and economic development of the Russian Federation is that of rising to an economic and social level in keeping with Russia's status as a leading world power in the 21st century, a country that occupies an advanced position in the global economic competition and reliably provides for the nation's security and the exercise of the constitutional rights of its citizens. One of the key conditions that are necessary for the long-range and mid-range social and economic development of the country has to be the modernization of education. In addition to developing human capital, education is also called on to play a crucial role in the social consolidation of Russian society. In this paper, the authors examine the current state of the Russian system of education. Their analysis leads to the conclusion that there is no continuity between preschool education and general education, and any effective connections between them are either absent or not very strongly established. The authors stress that the key role in transforming education into one of the chief factors for the achievement of harmony in Russian society has to be played by the sociocultural modernization of education. The implementation of this process will require the drafting and adoption of new generation educational standards as conventional norms whose implementation will meet the social expectations of the individual, the family, society, and the state with respect to education.

Practically no one will dispute that the future of Russia depends on the successfulness of the multifaceted modernization of Russian society, a task that cannot be confined solely to the socioeconomic sphere. The most fundamental task is that of changing the societal system of values and institutions. If Russia is to modernize successfully, the most important task is to improve the country's human potential. To this end, education is the main instrument for the formation of individual and collective value orientations and for providing for the social, spiritual, moral, and physical development of the individual. In the new standards of general education, the chief task of the school system is formulated in a way that is fundamentally new: the task not only of mapping out a particular range of subject knowledge and ensuring that it is learned on the minimum permissible level, but of educating successful citizens. In the course of accomplishing the new ideological tasks of education, the author stresses that the main burden will rest on a number of subjects that can be provisionally called the "ideological nucleus": (1) history; (2) geography; (3) Russian language; (4) Russian literature; and (5) foreign language.

The prospects of world economic development are determined by the character of countries' transition to the new stage of development of productive forces: from industrial production, which was dominated by large-scale mechanized machine-driven production, to postindustrial production, which will be dominated by nonmaterial production--the sphere of services, science, education, etc. Of course, the production of material goods will continue to be important, but its economic effectiveness will be determined entirely by the large-scale use of new knowledge, in particular by innovative technologies and management methods, and by cadres' level of qualifications. In this paper, the authors discuss how a balance in the labor market of specialists and blue-collar workers can be achieved as a result of a structural restructuring of the network of educational institutions, taking account of the needs of the labor market and the consumers of educational services and the current state of education in the region. With this aim in mind it is possible to draw up what might be called "an educational inventory" or map ("mirror") of education for the particular, specific territory. It is possible to achieve an improvement of the economic effectiveness of cadre training in the system of professional education (a possible indicator of which is reduced cost of obtaining a professional education) as a result of shortening the time frames of training in continuous educational programs, reducing the numbers of unemployed and the costs of retraining them in the system of schooling for the unemployed population, increasing the role played by on-the-job training and anticipatory acquisition of a number of narrow specialties (supplementary qualifications). (Contains 5 figures and 6 tables.)

Contemporary Russian society is going through complex stages of internal change and integration into the world civilizational process. This process includes profound structural and functional changes in the economic, sociocultural, and intellectual spheres. Under these conditions, Russian society is observing the emergence of a whole complex of urgent theoretical, social, pedagogical, organizational, and administrative problems. To address these issues, the author stresses the necessity of bringing out the creative potential of the key social institutions and legislative administrative links of the state and social hierarchy. In this article, the author emphasizes the need to bring out the essential characteristics of the potential resource of education as a priority accompanying innovative processes of civic orientation in the society by way of the consolidation of the civic positions of active subjects, and their transformation into an integral system of civic values.

The current demographic situation in both developed and developing countries is characterized by an aging population. From an economic perspective, this phenomenon holds practical significance for studying anticipated changes in the structure of state budget revenues and expenditures, as well as alterations in the overall consumption of goods and services. This paper investigates the spending patterns of different generations in the Russian Federation. In foreign literature, there is an observed increase in consumption with each successive generation compared to its predecessor. This trend is commonly attributed to declining fertility rates, the accumulation of capital by one generation, and its subsequent transfer to the next. Consequently, the younger generation tends to possess more capital than their forebears. The level of consumption across generations is also influenced by the life expectancy of the population; an extension of healthy life expectancy enables individuals to remain active in the workforce beyond retirement age. Utilizing data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS), HSE conducts cohort consumption estimates for the years 2000-2020, categorized into five-year age groups. The study results indicate an increase in consumption levels beyond the age of 50 for cohorts born between 1930 and 1955. Conversely, for cohorts born between 1960 and 1999, the consumption levels below the age of 50 remained relatively unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to develop a marketing approach during the reorganisation of a university under the impact of competition and the inflow of transnational capital and to test it on the example of Russia's national research universities. For this research, the top 10 universities of Russia are selected. They are included in THE World University Rankings 2021 (they performed the reorganization and are national research universities). T.L. Saaty's hierarchy process, regression analysis, and correlation analysis are used. The approbation of the given recommendations on the example of national research universities of Russia in 2021 shows that the level of favourability of the impact of competition and the inflow of transnational capital on marketing management of quality during the reorganisation is moderate or low. Recommendations for its increase are offered. A marketing approach to quality management during the reorganisation of a university under the impact of competition and the inflow of transnational capital is developed. The approach includes, first, methodological recommendations to evaluate the level of favourability of the impact of competition and the inflow of transnational capital on marketing management of quality during the reorganisation of universities. Second, landmarks of the improvement of marketing results of the increase of quality of Russian universities during the reorganisation based on managing the factors of competition and the inflow of transnational capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the economic processes in Russia in the 17th–18th centuries taking into account the main provisions of the modernization theory. The mentioned theory is the foundation of the methodological apparatus in this research, and regarding the indicated period it is interpreted in its classical formulation as a transition from a traditional (agrarian) society to a modern (industrial) one. Particular attention is paid to such features of the Russian modernization model as ‘catching up’ nature, as well as determination of the starting point, factor and mechanism of modernization processes in the national history. The correlation of the economic development of the Russian state and the main trends of transition from tradition to modernity is carried out on the basis of transformation of the key features inherent in the traditional economy into characteristics that are present in the market/mixed system. At the same time, the emphasis is made on such changes as transition of the priority position of agriculture to industry; presence of basic signs of industrial revolution; establishment of pluralism of ownership forms instead of the predominance of the collectivecommunity; elimination of tendencies that distinguish natural economy; formation of basic principles of state regulation of economic relations; widespread functioning of the laws of value, supply and demand, as well as the competition mechanism; introducing freedom of the producer and consumer’s actions into mass practice. Based on these criteria, it is concluded that the Russian society of the 17th century should be characterized as a traditional society. The shifts that have emerged in the economy of the Russian Empire of the 18th century allow speaking only of protomodernization, since the industrial revolution was identified in a series of economic realities of the historical development of Russia not earlier than the 30s of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of "the Belt and Road" and "the economic corridor of China, Mongolia and Russia" initiatives, it is of great significance to study the temporal and spatial economic pattern in the Russian Federation. Based on the economic development difference index, regional economic grade index, global trend analysis tool and spatial autocorrelation model, this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial pattern evolution characteristics of Russian economic differences from 2002 to 2020. The results are as following. First, although the economic imbalance among various federal subjects has been decreasing, the economic polarization has been still severe between the prosperous developed regions and the stagnant backward regions during 2002–2020. Russia's economy shows a trend of changing from significant positive correlation in strong agglomeration space to positive correlation in weak agglomeration space, and then to random distribution. Second, there has been great differences of the economic development among various federal subjects. The economic grade of the Russian federal subjects presents a significant spatial differentiation pattern. The Russian Federation's economic resources are concentrated in the first-class federal subject (Moscow City), second-class federal subjects (Tumen Region, Moscow Region and Saint-Petersburg city) and a few third-class federal subjects (Yamalo-Nenetsky Autonomous Area, Khanty-Mansiysky Autonomous Area, Republic of Tatarstan, Krasnodar Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, etc). Third, the Russian Federation's economy presents "High Core, Low Periphery", "High West, Low East" and "High south, Low north" spatial differentiation pattern. The economic hot regions coincide with the high-class economic regions, which are mainly distributed in the contiguous areas of Ural Federal District and Volga Federal District, as well as the Moscow City, Moscow Region, Saint-Petersburg city, Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. The economic cold regions coincide with the low-class economic regions, which are mainly located in the Far East Federal District, the east of Siberian Federal District, the north of North West Federal District and the south of North-Caucasian Federal District. Finally, we suggest the recommendation for policy makers in Russia. And we propose the future research ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that explores the role of export processing zones (EPZs) in the trade and economic development of countries. It first provides an overview on the use of EPZs, and presents case studies from China, India and Russia that illustrate new trends and policies in such processing zones. It then offers a review of the economic costs and benefits of export processing zones and how EPZ policies relate to trade rules. The relationship between EPZs and the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreements was also examined, and the treatment of EPZ in Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) was discussed. The report concludes that EPZs are suboptimal policy from an economic point of view, and can only provide interim solution to developing countries.

The purpose of the paper was to analyze the current state of development of cluster activity in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) of Russia, to identify the main constraints and to develop proposals for enhancing the formation of clusters. In preparing the article, there were used information from the Ministries of Economic Development and Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Russian and European cluster observatories, scientific works of domestic scientists on the topic. The following methods of scientific research were used: statistical-economic, monographic, abstract-logical, design-constructive. At present, the active processes of developing cluster activities are underway in the Russian agro-industrial complex. But not all of the initial set of registered projects for creating clusters in the agro-industrial complex were implemented. It is revealed that the main constraints on the wide spreading of clusters are: methodological flaws, non-optimal segregation of duties at the public and private levels, underdevelopment of the regulatory framework, the lack of a common mechanism of formation and a model of cluster functioning at the regional level. In order to compensate for these shortcomings, a mechanism of formation (order) and a model (organizational structure) of the functioning of agro-industrial clusters are proposed. The introduction of the mechanism of cluster formation, due to the savings from optimization of costs and processes of commodity circulation, will allow to reduce the cost of production and increase the efficiency of economic interactions of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional development based on sustainable tourism is one of the options of developing remote regions, which are usually disadvantaged due to their distance, but can have a certain competitive advantage based on their remoteness. The present paper offers in-depth analysis of the tourism potential in selected remote regions of Russia, the Altai Mountains and Lake Baikal with the aim to explore the specific features of their sustainable tourism development and to propose an integrated operational framework for sustainable tourism and regional development usable for similar regions across the world. The proposed integrated operational framework helps to achieve a tricky balance between economic resurrection of remote areas and environment conservation, which is possible only with the proper co-integration of tourists with the community, and local economic development with the environment. It presents a set of drivers and their mutual relations to achieve the successful sustainable tourism development in remote regions in Russia and across the world. The present research results contribute to a knowledge bank that could serve as a useful guide for academics and policymakers involved with sustainable development, geography or environmentally sensitive tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper highlights the issues of import substitution in the context of attaining total macro-economic balance, market adaptation, and achieving new levels of regional economic development as a constituent part of the national economy of the Russian Federation. An effective strategy and goal management are the important forward-looking orientation points of the existence and development of the country. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that economic growth in the region can be estimated via the GRP per capita. To define the sectors and regions with a successful implementation of a substitution policy, our own special algorithm for sorting and classifying regions was used. This algorithm made it possible to estimate the effectiveness of the economic policy, if any. To confirm and estimate the hypothesis, tests based on panel data models were carried out. The results revealed that the economic policy of import substitution was 10% more efficient in the regions where it was implemented than those without an implemented policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to the debate on economic development in Russia after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and focuses on the contribution of Yuli Zhukovsky, a self-taught economist. Based on his interpretation of western ideas, he saw material conditions as the crucial factor of economic development and suggested a set of measures that would ensure the improvement of the country's productivity. Zhukovsky's eclectic views differed from the ideas of the radical intelligentsia and the liberals, thus making his contribution unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of Russian youth values in the circumstances of moral and ethical instability of Russian society in 2012–2018. The central focus of the research was inspired by the idea of analytical extrapolation of R. Inglehart’s theory of intergenerational value change in the context of contemporary Russian society. The period between 2012 and 2018 was accompanied by complexities in international situation and difficulties in social and economic development of Russian society. These new challenges changed the context of the growing up and socialization of Russian youth. Implementation of R. Inglehart’s theory helps to formulate a hypothesis about the essence of influence of these changes on the values of youth. It is possible to say, that complication of the circumstances of growing up and socialization created a favorable basis for popularization of materialistic values among Russian youth. This hypothesis was tested by the author by comparison of youth’s surveys data, conducted in Yekaterinburg, Russia in 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2018. The survey has shown that the evolution of youth values between 2012 and 2018 was noticeable. It should be noted that materialistic values are not the key ones for Russian youth. Situation of new risks and challenges made young Russians even more indifferent to these values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article empirically substantiates an approach to the diversification of the regional economy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The authors used data samples for all Russian regions to determine cause-and-effect relationships between the development indicators of the mining, manufacturing, and construction industries. The authors applied regression analysis and the VAR-model to assess the impact of the diversification of the regional economy on the gross regional product regarding the manufacturing, mining, and construction sectors. The obtained results proved the feasibility of diversifying the regional economy for its stable economic development, especially in the long term. This paper presents a universal approach to assessing the region's long-term economic development through the diversification of its economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an analysis of the last two decades Russian agricultural sector development. The main objective of the paper is to highlight the main changes which occurred. The paper is also identifying the role of agriculture in the Russian economy and society development. On the basis of the results coming from the paper, it is possible to characterize the Russian agriculture as follows. After a significant decline in the early 90s and the long process of transformation, the Russian economy including agricultural sector is starting to recover and it is stabilizing. The slowdown of the Russian agricultural performance was stopped (the millstone is the year 2000). At present, the Russian agrarian sector is under the process of recovery especially because of the massive state support (market protection and subsidies coming into agriculture). Agriculture is an important part of the Russian economy. Russia is characterized by large areas of agricultural land, one third of its population lives in the rural areas. The Russian Federation produces many of agricultural products and foodstuffs. However, the country is not self-sufficient in many products. The highest level of the import dependence is observed for meat, vegetables and fruits. Primary products dominate in the structure of Russian exports. Food and agricultural products amount for about only 2% of the Russian total export. The share of agricultural products in the Russian import is more significant and it amounts to 14%. However, in 2000s, there is a significant growth of the foreign trade turnover due to the expansion of both imports and exports. Currently, Russia is seeking not only to achieve a high level of self-sufficiency in basic agricultural products, but also it is trying to be a significant driver in the area of the international trade in agricultural products and foodstuffs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even with substantial uncertainty over the timing and magnitude of climate change, the potential impacts pose significant risks to long-term global economic development. This paper reviews relevant literature on economic effects of climate change with respect to Russia, which faces physical risks as well as risks created by the transition to a low-carbon economy. Most risks arise from the orientation of Russian production and exports to carbon-intensive sectors, particularly oil and gas. Nevertheless, Russia has shown little ambition in addressing risks related to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]