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Legalized gambling is growing substantially and provides both a dilemma and an opportunity for those in the health promoting professions. Gambling represents a form of economic development and, for certain segments of society, improved health and quality of life. On the other hand, gambling is a known addiction, with a host of sociological problems associated with its practice. Consequently, a number of opportunities and responsibilities emerge for health educators. This paper provides both background information and suggestions for professional development, and begins a dialogue in the health education literature on this largely neglected and misunderstood topic.

While higher education is regarded a high priority for economic development in many countries, public budgets often fall short to support desired levels of expansion in higher education. This leads to cost-sharing: students and their families are required to contribute more to the costs of higher education. This paper explores worldwide trends to cope with this issue based on the following questions: Is it fair to ask for larger contributions from students? What are the global patterns and forms of higher private shares in the costs of higher education? And what is the impact of cost-sharing on higher education access and equity? (Contains 4 tables and 2 footnotes.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this paper is to examine the ' Code of Ethics Quality' ( CEQ) in the largest companies of Australia, Canada and the United States. For this purpose, a proposed CEQ construct has been applied. It appears from the empirical findings that while Australia, Canada and the United States are extremely similar in their economic and social development, there may well be distinct cultural mores and issues that are forming their business ethics practices. A research implication derived from the performed research is that the construct provides a selection of observable and measurable elements in the context of CEQ. The construct of CEQ consists of nine measures divided into two dimensions (i.e. staff support and regulation). They should not be seen as a complete list. On the contrary, it is encouraged that others propose and elaborate revisions and extensions. A practical implication of this paper is a structure of what and how to examine the CEQ in a managerial setting. It may assist companies in their efforts to establish, maintain and improve their ethical culture, norms and beliefs within the organization and supporting them in their ethical business practices with different stakeholders in the marketplace and society. The dimensions and measures of the construct may be used as a frame of reference for further research. They may be useful and applicable across contexts and over time using similar samples when it comes to large companies, as small- or medium-sized ones may not have considered all areas nor have the elements in place. This is a research limitation, but it provides an opportunity for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine several dimensions of culture as described by Hofstede and analyze their potential impact on the entrepreneurial process. Differences in scores on Hofstede's variables between several Latin American countries and Canada and the United States are noted and the implications for using a North American model of entrepreneurship for the economic development of Latin LDCs are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper reviews the literature on economic development as it relates to indigenous people in the United States and Canada, and focuses on how institutions affect economic development of reservation and reserve economies. Evidence shows that strong property rights to reservation and reserve land and natural resources, whether communal or individual, are and always have been important determinants of productivity. Political and legal institutions that are perceived as stable and predictable to tribal members and to non-Natives also improve economic opportunities for indigenous people living on reservations and reserves. Research reviewed here also shows that culture and acculturation are important in the development process. Although our emphasis is on North America, the findings are applicable to indigenous people in other parts of the world and shed light on growth questions that loom large for developing countries around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Public Administration is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The strongest empirical evidence of dependency has been the finding of an increasingly negative effect of extensive foreign capital penetration on the subsequent economic growth of the host. This long-run structural effect of foreign direct investment is based on cross-national comparisons over the period 1960-75, with samples of up to ninety-one countries. To date, the structural effect has not been replicated for rich (core) country samples. We suggest that the failure of researchers to substantiate the dependency effects in the core hinges on two problems: I) the need to identify "mature economic dependency" as a variation in the structure of core economic development, and 2; the need to model mature dependency with longitudinal rather than cross-national research designs. In this paper, we use time series data to illustrate the long-term negative effects of Amen can direct investment on post-World War!! economic growth in Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a part of a larger study of economic growth in Canada, following the methods developed by Edward Denison in his book The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the publication Why Growth Rates Differ. The new material in this paper relates to Canada and the Canadian/U.S. comparison, while the material on Northwest Europe is drawn from the Brookings study. The present paper sets out the results to date on the differences in real output per employed person between Canada and the United States for one year, 1960. At this stage in our research the results indicate that the level of real output per employed person in Canada was about 20 per cent lower than in the United States in that year. On the basis of historical output data, it would appear that this margin of difference in Canadian/U.S. product levels has persisted throughout the present century. The central part of this paper examines the significance of differences in factor inputs in Canada and the United States and their contribution to the difference in income. The level of inputs per employed person in Canada accounts for only about 2 percentage points of the income difference between Canada and the United States. These results indicate that the overwhelming part of the difference in output per employed person between the two countries reflects the differences in output in relation to total factor inputs, rather than the magnitude of other factor inputs used in combination with labour. This result is consistent with earlier studies by Denison and others which have indicated the crucial importance of output in relation to total factor inputs, both in output growth over time and intercountry comparisons of output level. The body of the paper can give only brief attention to the numerous conceptual and statistical questions that arise in such a wide-ranging study, and the authors do not pretend to have tackled, let alone resolved, all of the wide range of problems related to this study. Nor do they claim any high degree of precision for the results, especially in the light of the statistical limitations of the basic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information related to several articles on economics. Economic growth and productivity in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, Germany and Japan in the post war period; Dividend policies of electric utility firms; Relationship between the quantity of materials imported by the United States and the level of industrial production and prices of imports.

Productivity growth in the US economy jumped during the second half of the 1990s, a resurgence that the literature linked to information technology use. We contribute to this debate in two ways. First, using the most comparable Canadian and US data available, we quantify in a comprehensive way the contributions of information technology to output, capital input, and productivity performance. Second, we examine the extent to which information technology-producing and information technology-using industries have contributed to the aggregate multifactor productivity revival. Our results suggest that while information technology is indeed the story in the US productivity revival, it is only part of it in the Canadian context. The US labour productivity revival is primarily attributable to information technology capital deepening and multifactor productivity gains of information technology-producing industries, a finding that somewhat contrasts with the common US wisdom. The Canadian evidence points towards the importance of multifactor productivity gains in information technology-using industries as a major source of productivity acceleration. These results stand even after a "correction" for the methodological differences in the measurement of information technology prices at the industry level, thereby indicating important differences in the economic structures between the two countries. The continuation during the 2000-2003 period of the rapid multifactor productivity gains that started during the late 1990s tends to suggest that little of this productivity upsurge was cyclical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The telecommunication industry has experienced significant growth and consolidation in the last decade. The desire of large, multinational customers to obtain fully-integrated, end-to-end global telecommunications services from a single source pushed telecom firms to offer multiservice broadband and seamless worldwide telecommunications networks. However, a major barrier to achieving this goal is the significant capital required to construct and deploy a global network. To overcome these constraints, telecom companies typically adopt approaches like--mergers and acquisitions (M&A), joint ventures, legal partnerships and strategic alliances. As the marketplace continues to grow globally, convergence among major enforcement authorities on fundamental competition principles, such as the role of efficiencies, will be critical. The treatment of efficiencies is however controversial and poses many questions. This research paper explores some of the efficiencies-based motivations and rationales for Telecom M&A. It reviews the procedures and regulatory authorities responsible for telecom merger review in the U.S., Europe and Canada. It also examines the treatment of efficiencies in the context of merger review in three jurisdictions and finally it discusses some of the outstanding policy issues related to treatment of efficiencies.

This paper examines why Canadian poverty rates fell relative to U. S. poverty rates during the periods 1970-1979 and 1979-1986. During the 1970s the principal reason for declining Canadian poverty rates is higher economic growth. During the 1980s, however, differences in government transfer policy are the main cause of relative poverty change in the two countries. Virtually all of the 3.3 point fall in relative Canadian/U.S. poverty rates from 1979 to 1986 can be attributed to expansions in the Canadian transfer system and simultaneous contractions in U. S. transfers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial policy of the U.S. has had, for a long time, a decisive influence on the course of Canadian economic development. Indeed, the trading policy of the great neighbor to the south has been, throughout Canadian history, a major preoccupation of Canadian statesmen and Canadian politics. This circumstance arises from the fact of Canada's special dependence upon international trade. The U.S. policy has a large influence on conditions of world trade in general and it has the power of life and death over the majority of Canadian exports which are sold in the U.S. At the end of World War II the Reciprocal Trade Agreements program became the main instrument of the U.S. initiative and leadership in international commercial policy. The great volume of Canadian-U.S. trade has been the result of many factors, including the successful negotiation of trade agreements since the war under which certain tariff barriers were significantly reduced. Canadian exports to the U.S. can be divided conveniently agricultural and fish products, industrial raw materials including fuels and manufactured good.

The article reports economic developments worldwide in September 2007. The U.S. Federal Reserve Board cut interest rates to 4.75 percent. Canada-based Goldcorp plans to increase by 50 percent the production in its Red lake Gold Mines Unit. Paper company Tembec will be shutting its sawmills in British Columbia for at least two weeks as lumber prices declined and exchange rate increased.

This article analyzes the key vectors of economic development in those U.S. and Canadian northern (Arctic) regions that have been identified in federal and provincial strategies: transportation strategies, strategies for industrial development, and strategies for coordination of economic cultures. It also studies the particulars of their influence on the course and development of regional economies. On this basis, it proposes the following likely scenario for the strategies' influence on the future development of the regions: they will preserve the primary resource nature of the economy, although in individual regions that economy will be diversified. The potential for conflict between traditional and modern cultures will remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. financial crisis of 2007-08 had detrimental and lasting effects on the economies of other nations, reinforcing the leading role played by the United States in the global economy. The authors assess this role by determining whether U.S. output growth informs business cycle turning points in the economies of other nations. They find that U.S. economic growth influences both the timing and duration of business cycle phases for Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, and, to a lesser extent, Mexico. However, they find no relationship between U.S. output growth and the business cycles of France, Italy, and Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Economic arguments are now at the center of child care policy discussions in the United States and Canada. We review the main economic logics applied to child care, namely long-term studies of child development on school readiness and future workforce, and short-term analyses of impacts on the regional economy. We analyze a sample of economic development-focused child care studies to demonstrate how they draw on a new discursive frame, authorize new coalitions of actors and champions, and introduce new policy tools at the state/provincial and local levels. Such economic logic makes the regional level a new priority for child care development, marking a shift in scale. We find the economic development approach is reshaping discourse and is leading to changes in public policy at both the state and local levels. The new paradigm of promoting child care as economic development has potential to strengthen child care as a social right and to enhance gender justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Canadian economy has outperformed the US economy over the past decade by several macroeconomic indicators, both economies have been characterized by relatively slow real economic growth and relatively high unemployment rates. One focus of bilateral cooperation that could promote improved economic, social, and environmental conditions in both countries over time is scientific and technological (S&T) innovation. It is widely acknowledged that technological change associated with innovation has been the single most important contributor to productivity growth, and it is also the likely source of success in meeting major public policy challenges facing both countries in areas such as renewable energy and health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies clusters of US and Canadian metropolitan areas with similar knowledge traits. These groups—ranging from ‘Making regions’, characterised by knowledge about manufacturing, to ‘Thinking regions’, noted for knowledge about the arts, humanities, IT and commerce—can be used by analysts and policy-makers for the purposes of regional benchmarking or comparing the types of programme and infrastructure available to support closely related economic activities. In addition, these knowledge-based clusters help to explain the types of region that have levels of economic development that exceed, or fall short of, other places with similar amounts of college attainment. Regression results show that ‘Engineering’, ‘Building’, ‘Enterprising’ and ‘Making’ regions are associated with higher levels of productivity and/or income per capita; while ‘Teaching’, ‘Understanding’, ‘Working’ and ‘Comforting’ regions have lower levels of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

After September 11, 2001, the U.S. and Canadian federal governments increased restrictions on materials and people crossing the border. Antiterrorism regulations have introduced costly compliance requirements, clearance delays, and unpredictable border wait times for companies conducting business across the international border. A recent study suggests that many Canadian and U.S.-based exporters intend to counteract these costs by implementing strategies including geographic supply chain reconfiguration. Strategic adjustments of this nature could have profound effects on the geography of North American supply chains, the structure and volume of bilateral trade, and the management of just-in-time delivery systems. This project follows up on the previous study via personal interviews with 35 businesses that had indicated an interest in geographic strategies. Preliminary findings suggest that firms are quickly adjusting to new security requirements and are improving communication channels throughout their cross-border supply chains to stay abreast of new developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Was the average late nineteenth century Canadian manufacturer a hopelessly inefficient laggard when compared to his American counterparts just on the other side of the international border? Could it have been that Canadian producers were really productivity leaders so early in their industrialization process? To answer these fundamental questions about the performance of a small open economy at a key juncture in its industrial development we need a quantitative comparison of Canadian relative to US productivity. Unfortunately, the approach we adopt with respect to data compilation, methodological choice, and the identification of inputs, outputs, input weights, and prices has both quantitative and qualitative effects on any performance assessment we may undertake. To illustrate the severity of these effects we use manuscript census data from 1870/1871 to derive a series of total factor productivity (TFP) comparisons for a sample of manufacturing establishments located immediately to the north and south of the Canada–US border. Even with some of the most common and defensible variable definitions, we find dramatic differences between the most optimistic and most pessimistic assessments of late nineteenth century Canadian performance. Our case study suggests to us that those interested in the assessment of long run performance differentials should appreciate the sensitivity of these assessments and they should carefully consider the approach that has been taken toward data preparation, methodological choice, and variable definitions in their construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the 2007 economic conditions of Canada and the U.S. According to the article, output and employment growth remained buoyant, shrugging off the effects of turmoil in world financial markets and the Canada dollar rising past parity with the U.S. greenback. Growth in the U.S. on the otherhand remained steady in the third quarter, as other sectors strengthened to offset renewed deterioration in housing.

The article discusses border security management under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA was established by Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. in response to the impact of globalization in the Western Hemisphere. It tackles the dispute over drug trafficking involving the Canada-U.S. and Mexico-U.S. borders and compares the approaches of each countries to border security. It cites that borders reflect unequal levels of economic development and political power among the nations.

This article examines local economic development goals and policies in Canada and the United States during a 7- year period. The analysis is based on surveys of cities with a population greater than 10,000 in the two countries conducted in 1994 and 2001, allowing for an assessment of the extent of change versus stability in overall approach toward economic development Economic development priorities in both U.S. and Canadian cities have remained relatively stable, focusing most heavily on traditional economic development strategies. Cities in both countries are tightening their focus on a traditional package of policies and thus appear to be institutionalizing their approaches. Whereas U.S. cities manifest a more passive role for government, Canadian cities reflect a more active role through partnerships that require an active professional staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents statistical data on the economic development of several member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development from 1999 to 2003. Canada; Mexico; United States; Australia; Japan.

Presents the main economic indicators and economic developments for each of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. State of the gross domestic product of Mexico; Commodity output of Canada; Deliveries made by the manufacturing industry in the U.S.

Presents short-term economic indicators that show economic developments in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries and other European countries, as of August 1, 2003. Assessment of the economic developments of Canada; Status of the economic developments of Mexico; Statistics of the economic developments of U.S.

Presents graphs and tables of short-term economic indicators of the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development member states. Content of the "Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions," 2000 edition; National accounts of Canada; Expenditure on gross domestic product of the U.S.

Presents graphs and a table of short-term economic indicators of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member states and for the Euro area. Content of the "Main Economic Indicators: Sources and Definitions," 2000 edition; Statistics on the national accounts of Canada; Expenditure on the gross domestic product of the U.S.

Productivity performance of the Canadian business sector relative to its U.S. counterpart has been the subject of numerous recent studies. However, previous work has focused mainly on the manufacturing sector to explain the Canada-U.S. gap, without really exploring the role played by other industry groups. The slower productivity growth in Canada, compared with that in the United States is often identified as the main factor explaining the growing Canada-U.S. real income gap per capita. Since 1981, Canada's standard of living performance has lagged, on average, behind that of the United States. The major break in the Canada-U.S. productivity performance seems to have occurred around 1985, when productivity growth in Canada slowed significantly, relative to U.S. growth. Productivity data for Canada are from Statistics Canada.

Reports on the contribution of information and communication technology to economic growth in Canada and the U.S. during 1990s. Change in composition of investment and capital growth in Canada; Effect of historical trends of investment and capital formation on labor productivity and multifactor productivity; Sources of economic growth.

The article assesses the degree to which ethnic or racial groups have in fact tended to converge in their level of socio-economic development and to what extent is the redistribution determined within specific policy contexts or political systems. It also examines the hypothesis that economic development has a leveling or equalizing effect on ethnic development. Economic development is believed to be an effective ethnic leveler, however, there are no systematic studies that have tested this thesis in different types of societies over time. The nine countries included in this study are Belgium, Canada, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, United States and Yugoslavia. The policies implemented to achieve a greater ethnic equal distribution range from welfare state systems all the way to quota systems and decentralization policies. The article maintains that political representation was second only to the level of economic development in explaining the variance in inequality among nations. The cultural mosaic of the countries both cross-cuts and reinforces ethnic and racial division. The differences in urbanization rates vary somewhat and are likely to effect socio-economic inequalities. Cabinet representation is a realistic indicator of power distribution since cabinet members exercises executive authority and in many countries constitute the leadership of the political parties in the legislature.

Alvin H. Hansen was one of the leading American economists from the 1930s to the 1960s. He was largely responsible for the popularization of Keynesian economics in the United States and Canada. He was responsible for the development of the stagnation thesis which explained 19th century American economic growth In terms of population growth, the frontier, and technology. The diminishing of these factors explained the decrease in the American economic growth rate in the 20th Century. Hansen's policy conclusions to prevent stagnation were Keynesian in nature and, as a result, Hansen was an early advocate of active fiscal policy in the United States. He differed with Terborgh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a neostructuralist perspective of British Caribbean development misfortunes in the world system. The recent application of newer technologies to the industrial base of the world economy, and parallel changes taking place in the ideological sphere, shapes the backdrop against which current Caribbean development planning must take place, as of 1996. Restructuring global capitalism and the ideological ascendancy of neoliberalism have together shaped a new international development paradigm. This is based on neoliberal strictures that seek to ensure the unfettered circulation of goods and services globally. The recently signed GATT Agreement (1994) sets out phasing-out timetables for barriers that block free trade. Preferential access to markets, quota restrictions, nationalization, expropriation of foreign assets, domestic infant-industry arrangements and the like are to be ultimately outlawed. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) signed by the U.S., Canada and Mexico advances and complements some of the requirements in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The present conjuncture, however, ostensibly presents another unique opportunity for Caribbean countries. There is a transformative dialectic operating through U.S. attempts to restructure its regional hegemony in the Americas. To be sure, the reconfiguration of the Americas, as a process, has been occurring longer than the entry into force of the Canada-USA Free Trade Area and the NAFTA. Since the late 1970s there has been a growing systemic and systematic articulation of the Americas under the hegemony of the U.S. and Canada.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the two economies knows, the United States has enjoyed and does enjoy a substantial advantage over Canada in terms of what used to be called economic welfare. Many of us would not spend much time studying economics if we did not think that economic welfare, even if only measurable In a rough way, was of some importance. On the other hand, all of us and here we would have the support of eminent economists from Adam Smith to Dennis Robertson would be prepared to argue that some things may be more important than opulence. Perhaps if we could broaden our concept of welfare to include political, legal, religious and other aspects of well-being, a comparison between the United States and Canada might yield a different answer. There are some grounds for thinking that there has been a similar divergence in the rates of growth of real national product, but much work needs to be done before we can speak with much confidence. The American literature quite rightly draws attention to some of the difficulties associated with falling prices during parts of the period, but it is also recognized that these were decades of very rapid economic growth, which in a single generation brought the American economy from a position of parity with the economies of other industrial powers to a position of world leadership. In Canadian economic history on the other hand, the period 1870-1900 gets an almost uniformly bad press. tries.