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Purpose This study aimed to determine whether continual electronic patient-reported outcome (ePRO) measurements at home can capture the fluctuations in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scores between visits. Methods We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the scores obtained by standard practice (paper-based measurements in the hospital) to scores by continuous measurement of ePRO at home. Metastatic cancer patients were randomly assigned to either the paper-based ( n = 50) or the ePRO group ( n = 52). EQ-5D-5L and EORTC QLQ C-30 scores were obtained on 3 different chemotherapy days in the paper-based group. Meanwhile, scores were obtained on the chemotherapy day and on days 3, 7, 10, and 14 in the ePRO group during 2 cycles. The first hypothesis of our study was that both scores at the same time points would be equivalent despite different measurement frequency, place, or mode of measurement. The second hypothesis was that PRO score–adjusted time would be different between the groups. For equivalence, the endpoint was the mean EQ-5D-5L index value on the chemotherapy day before the outpatient treatment. Only if equivalence was shown, quality-adjusted life-days (QALDs) were considered using all the data. Results The adjusted mean difference in the EQ-5D-5L index was determined to be −0.013 (95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.049 to 0.022); the 95% CI did not exceed the equivalence margin. Similarly, the mean difference in global health status (2.28 [95% CI: −2.55 to 7.11]) also showed equivalence. However, the QALD by EQ-5D-5L was significantly lower in the ePRO group by 1.36 per 30 d (95% CI: −2.22 to −0.51; P = 0.0021). Conclusions Continual measurements of the HRQOL at home by ePRO may yield more detailed profiles of the HRQOL.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology featuring low-cost, high-efficiency and scalability has presented great advantages in micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) fabrication. However, the limited capacitance of LIG based MSCs is still hindering their further development. Herein, we introduce joule heating as a critical in-situ treatment merged with the assembly of laser-induced graphene paper based MSCs (LIGP-MSCs) toward capacitive enhancement. By increasing heating-treatment temperature from ∼20 to 500 °C, the number of nanopores in LIGP continuously increases, attributed to the gradual decomposition of amorphous carbon components. The resulting joule-heated LIGP (J-LIGP) with improved specific surface area (160.97–533.49 m2/g) and pore volume (0.179–0.553 cm3/g) as well as superhydrophilic surface is highly suitable to be employed as J-LIGP-MSCs microelectrodes. By investigating process dependent performance, the J-LIGP-MSCs heated at 500 °C for 60 min delivers a significantly improved specific areal capacitance (CA) of 13.71 mF/cm2 at 10 mV/s, which is approximately six-fold higher than that of unheated LIGP-MSCs. By further exploring and optimizing the process efficiency, J-LIGP-MSCs with a CA of 12.61 mF/cm2 has been achieved by 550 °C heating for only 5 min. Along with superior mechanical flexibility, cyclability and structural modularity, the proposed in-situ joule heating treatment is finally proved to be a universal approach for consistently enhancing the CA of LIG based MSCs processed under various chemical modifications.

We demonstrated the thermally robust reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) papers and their application in electromagnetic interference shielding. In order to overcome the thermal durability shortcomings of electromagnetic wave shielding paper based on rGO nanomaterial, rGO/BNNT electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding paper having excellent thermal durability could be manufactured using BNNT nanomaterials having excellent chemical and thermal stability at high temperature. With the addition of a little BNNT, the durability against temperature can be increased by more than two times while there is little reduction in EMI performance.

The work aims to explore a microscopic observation system of paper surface and achieve high-precision stereoscopic observation with detail characterization of paper surface morphology. Based on the DT-400E precision program-controlled three-dimensional translation stage and KEYENCE LJV-7200 two-dimensional laser scanner, the hardware parts of our own system are developed to scan and transmit point cloud data of paper surface morphology to the computer. The corresponding system software will automatically process the point cloud data acquired from the laser scanner and generate the corresponding vivid 3D model and height histogram. This system scans and characterizes four different types of paper samples, allowing the human eye to visually distinguish the differences in surface morphology as well as automatically calculate the numerical differences in paper surface morphology parameters. The results of the applicability test show that the system is highly efficient in acquiring, observing, and evaluating the topography of the paper surface. The system can not only predict the paper surface quality of printed paper, but can also be extended to the evaluation of 3D printed surfaces.

Flexible paper-based sensors may be applied in numerous fields, but this requires addressing their limitations related to poor thermal and water resistance, which results in low service life. Herein, we report a paper-based composite sensor composed of carboxylic carbon nanotubes (CCNTs) and poly-m-phenyleneisophthalamide (PMIA), fabricated by a facile papermaking process. The CCNT/PMIA composite sensor exhibits an ability to detect pressures generated by various human movements, attributed to the sensor's conductive network and the characteristic "mud-brick" microstructure. The sensor exhibits the capability to monitor human motions, such as bending of finger joints and elbow joints, speaking, blinking, and smiling, as well as temperature variations in the range of 30-90 °C. Such a capability to sensitively detect pressure can be realized at different applied frequencies, gradient sagittas, and multiple twists with a short response time (104 ms) even after being soaked in water, acid, and alkali solutions. Moreover, the sensor demonstrates excellent mechanical properties and hence can be folded up to 6000 times without failure, can bear 5 kg of load without breaking, and can be cycled 2000 times without energy loss, providing a great possibility for a long sensing life. Additionally, the composite sensor shows exceptional Joule heating performance, which can reach 242 °C in less than 15 s even when powered by a low input voltage (25 V). From the perspective of industrialization, low-cost and large-scale roll-to-roll production of the paper-based sensor can be achieved, with a formed length of thousands of meters, showing great potential for future industrial applications as a wearable smart sensor for detecting pressure and temperature, with the capability of electric heating.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted great interest in the last few years as biochemical sensors due to their outstanding analytical performance, versatility, stability, and e...

Detecting the concentration of free chlorine is important for monitoring the quality of water. In this study, we report a nanohybrid paper-based chemiresistive sensor that can be used with smartphones to detect free chlorine ions. The sensor was fabricated using a simple and standardized coating process. The graphene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) nanohybrid paper-based sensing device exhibited a more stable and intuitive response to free chlorine than that exhibited by the device using only PEDOT:PSS. The nanohybrid paper-based sensor was sensitive to free chlorine concentrations in a linear range of 0.1-500 ppm, and the limit of detection was 0.18 ppm. The sensor showed specificity for free chloride ions and detection capability in samples. The sensor was integrated as a module with an electric readout system, and the measured signals and results could be displayed in real time on a smartphone. Therefore, the proposed sensing platform is suitable owing to its portability, low cost, ease of use, and capability for on-site water quality measurement.

Abstract Tissue paper softness relies on two major factors, the bulk softness, which can be indicated by the elasticity of the sheet, and surface softness. Measurement of surface softness is complicated and often requires a multi-step process. A key parameter defining surface softness is the topography of the surface, particularly the crepe structure and its periodicity. Herein, we present a novel approach to measure and quantify the tissue paper surface crepe structure and periodicity based on the detection of waviness along the sample using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSM) and X-ray tomography (XRT). In addition, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to characterize the tissue paper surface. We demonstrate that surface topography is directly correlated to the erosion of the doctor blade, which is used to remove the dry tissue paper from the Yankee cylinder. Because of its accuracy and simplicity, the laser confocal microscopy method has the potential to be used directly on the production line to monitor the production process of the tissue paper. XRT revealed more structural details of the tissue paper structure in 3D, and it allowed for the reconstruction of the surface and the internal structure of the tissue paper. Graphic abstract

Objective To compare the effectiveness of silicone sheets and paper tape in the prevention of postoperative cesarean section scars. Methods Patients undergoing horizontal cesarean section were included in this randomized controlled trial. Surgical wounds were divided into two halves. Patients randomly applied silicone sheets or paper tape to each side of their wound as assigned for 3 months. Wounds were assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Researchers used the objective Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) to evaluate the scars and the subjective visual analog scale (VAS) to evaluate itch, pain, and scar appearance. Results No significant differences between the silicone sheet and paper tape groups were noted at postoperative follow-ups with respect to VSS scores. The silicone sheet group had significantly better VAS scores for scar appearance than the paper tape group at 6 (6.81 ± 1.47 vs 6.19 ± 1.62, P = .03) and 12 (6.88 ± 2.01 vs 6.2 ± 2.08, P = .04) months' follow-up, respectively. Conclusions The silicone sheet group showed statistically significant differences in comparison with the paper tape group in terms of scar appearance as determined by the VAS. However, the differences were too small to be clinically meaningful.

With more than 23 million infections and more than 814,000 deaths worldwide, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still far from over. Several classes of drugs including antivirals, antiretrovirals, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antibiotics have been tried with varying levels of success. Still, there is lack of any specific therapy to deal with this infection. Although less than 30% of these patients require intensive care unit admission, morbidity and mortality in this subgroup of patients remain high. Hence, it becomes imperative to have general principles to guide intensivists managing these patients. However, as the literature emerges, these recommendations may change and hence, frequent updates may be required. How to cite this article: Juneja D, Savio RD, Srinivasan S, Pandit RA, Ramasubban S, Reddy PK, et al. Basic Critical Care for Management of COVID-19 Patients: Position Paper of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine, Part-I. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(Suppl 5):S244-S253.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of mobile video-guided home exercise program and standard paper-based home exercise program. Methods: Eligible participants were randomly assigned to either experimental group with mobile video-guided home exercise program or control group with home exercise program in a standard pamphlet for three months. The primary outcome was exercise adherence. The secondary outcomes were self-efficacy for exercise by Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) Scale; and functional outcomes including mobility level by Modified Functional Ambulatory Category (MFAC) and basic activities of daily living (ADL) by Modified Barthel Index (MBI). All outcomes were captured by phone interviews at 1 day, 1 month and 3 months after the participants were discharged from the hospitals. Results: A total of 56 participants were allocated to the experimental group [Formula: see text] and control group [Formula: see text]. There were a significant between-group differences in 3-months exercise adherence (experimental group: 75.6%; control group: 55.2%); significant between-group differences in 1-month SEE (experimental group: 58.4; control group: 43.3) and 3-month SEE (experimental group: 62.2; control group: 45.6). For functional outcomes, there were significant between-group differences in 3-month MFAC gain (experimental group: 1.7; control group: 1.0). There were no between-group differences in MBI gain. Conclusion: The use of mobile video-guided home exercise program was superior to standard paper-based home exercise program in exercise adherence, SEE and mobility gain but not basic ADL gain for patients recovering from stroke.

Background In recent times, the use of thermal papers has increased exponentially and the fingerprints on thermal papers are frequently encountered. Although fingerprint development on paper has been standardized, that on thermal paper is complicated. Thermal papers turn black on the application of heat which poses a problem in the visualization of fingerprints which makes it difficult to visualize. Main body One solution to this problem is to use heat or steam for the development of white fingerprints on darker backgrounds. Second solution might be to dissolve the chemicals present on the surface of the thermal papers using acetone. Many studies to develop fingerprints on thermal papers using iodine fuming, ninhydrin, 1,8-diazofluorene-9-one, and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde have been performed. In the present review, an attempt has been made to summarize the problem posed to fingerprint development on thermal papers and the probable solutions attempted by different authors. Conclusion Although the development of fingerprints is difficult on thermal papers, it can be achieved either by subjecting the thermal paper to controlled heat or by removing the temperature-sensitive layer before treating it with other fingerprint development methods.

The recycling of waste paper has been an effective way to achieve the environmental-friendly growth of papermaking industry. Focusing on the mixed-pulping process which has been generally employed, to ensure the required properties of the deinking pulp (DIP) and minimize the purchase cost of waste paper, an intelligent model scheduling the mixing ratio of waste paper was developed in the study. Primarily, driven by the field data of mixing ratio of waste paper and DIP properties, the prediction models of DIP properties were developed by SVM, GA-SVM, and BP-NN algorithms. Subsequently, based on the best prediction model, the scheduling model for the mixing ratio of waste paper was set up by NSGAII algorithm. The experimental results showed that, based on the obtained best BP-NN prediction model of DIP properties, the developed NSGAII scheduling model for the ratio of waste paper could achieve excellent scheduling results under the rigorous constraints and multi-objective. Compared with the previous study, the developed prediction and scheduling models in this study reduced the purchase cost of waste paper by 2.16%, and improved the acceptable proportion of DIP property from 56.07% to 100%.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) allow user-friendly and portable chemical determinations, although they provide limited applicability due to insufficient sensitivity. Several approaches have been proposed to address poor sensitivity in μPADs, but they frequently require bulky equipment for power and/or read-outs. Universal serial buses (USB) are an attractive alternative to less portable power sources and are currently available in many common electronic devices. Here, USB-powered μPADs (USB μPADs) are proposed as a fusion of both technologies to improve performance without adding instrumental complexity. Two ITP USB μPADs were developed, both powered by a 5 V potential provided through standard USB ports. The first device was fabricated using the origami approach. Its operation was analyzed experimentally and numerically, yielding a two-order-of-magnitude sample focusing in 15 min. The second ITP USB μPAD is a novel design, which was numerically prototyped with the aim of handling larger sample volumes. The reservoirs were moved away from the ITP channel and capillary action was used to drive the sample and electrolytes to the separation zone, predicting 25-fold sample focusing in 10 min. USB μPADs are expected to be adopted by minimally-trained personnel in sensitive areas like resource-limited settings, the point-of-care and in emergencies. Fil: Schaumburg, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Kler, Pablo Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones en Métodos Computacionales. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Centro de Investigaciones en Métodos Computacionales; Argentina Fil: Carrell, Cody S.. State University of Colorado - Fort Collins; Estados Unidos Fil: Berli, Claudio Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Henry, Charles S.. State University of Colorado - Fort Collins; Estados Unidos

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with high performance and low density are urgently needed with the rapid development of electronic communications. In this work, tuning solid–air interface of graphene paper was carried out to enhance multiple reflections of incident electromagnetic waves for high-performance EMI shielding. The large amount solid–air interface (57.8 m2 g−1) endowed the porous graphene paper with a high EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 31.0 dB, 50% enhancement from its counterpart of solid graphene paper. This porous graphene paper also showed an ultralow density of 0.02 g cm−3, an 18.5-fold decrease from its counterpart of solid graphene paper. Moreover, the EMI SE of obtained graphene papers exhibited proportional relationship with their specific surface area, further confirming the vital role of solid–air interface in the enhancement of EMI shielding. This work quantitatively demonstrates the significance of solid–air interface area for enhancing the EMI shielding performance and proposes an efficient guideline for the design of high-performance and low-density EMI shielding materials.

The development of renewable energy sources minimizes the burning of fossil fuels for clean and green environment. Electrochemical energy storage/conversion device pays a way towards sustainable development that concludes an emerging field in the trends of the research community. Prominently, the functional materials with suitable structure and property determine the performance and durability of the devices. In recent times, graphene with its tremendous properties play a major role in electrochemical energy device applications. Meanwhile, the graphene-based electrodes were fabricated by various coating techniques on existing electrodes that utilized for energy device fabrication. Apart from these, it is also fabricated in a paper like a form (self-supported or free-standing) with its remarkable high conductivity, flexibility, robustness and electrochemical behavior which have been nominated for fabrication of flexible energy devices. Paper-like electrodes become an emerging field to fabricate a light-weight and flexible electronic devices for future prospects. Thus, we have summarized a synthetic strategy of graphene paper and its properties that potentially focused on flexible device fabrication in both the energy storage and conversion system. Hence, this review boosts up the forthcoming researchers to enhance the device performance with interrelating free-standing graphene and other host material.

In most cases, three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (3D-μPADs) were fabricated manually by stacking or folding methods. For the first time, digital light processing stereolithography (DLP-SLA) 3D printing technology was adopted to automatically make 3D-μPADs. In the fabrication process, a printing pause was set between two layers to allow paper to be placed in the resin tank. The resin on the fresh paper spontaneously bonded to the former cured paper layer during curing, thus realizing the automatic bonding and alignment between different layers of paper and avoiding the human participation and errors as in stacking and folding methods. There was a gap between two vertical aligned flow paths, therefore the liquid did not flow spontaneously from the upper layer to the lower layer. Most of the fluid flow in 3D-μPADs was spontaneous or manually activated, which was not conducive to complex assays that require different regents to be delivered sequentially. Herein, we used an electric field or airflow to trigger the fluid flow and demonstrated the flow controllability by a proof-of-concept colorimetric assay. The limits of detection of glucose and albumin were 0.8 mM and 3.5 μM, respectively, which were sufficient for clinical requirements. Given the characteristic of flow controllability, we believe that the proposed 3D-μPADs have great potential to make paper-based complex assays automated and programmable.

Nowadays, the needs of bendable energy storage components are growing to match with the development of wearable devices. However, it is still a great challenge to fabricate flexible electrodes to k...

L -dopa is a chiral drug that has been extensively used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The concentration of L -dopa plays a vital role in the treatment, and this work emphasizes on designing a versatile platform for the quantitative and selective detection of L -dopa using reduced graphene quantum dot (rGQD). The platform is efficient in three different sensing methods, viz. fluorescence turn-on, filter paper-based sensing, and electronic measurements. The rGQD undergoes a dramatic fluorescence turn-on in the presence of L -dopa in aqueous media and artificial urine with a detection limit as low as 1.307 µM and 1.217 µM respectively. Experimental evidence revealed that the fluorescence enhancement is attributed to aggregation-induced emission mechanism. The system is also applicable for visual detection of L -dopa using filter paper strips treated with rGQD and develops bright fluorescence under ultra-violet irradiation. Apart from this, electrical sensors for L -dopa were also developed by preparing rGQD treated poly-vinyl alcohol films, and the increase in the current conduction with varying concentrations of L -dopa was observed. The films produce 2.5 order higher current conduction at 300 μM of L -dopa with a detection limit of about 13.136 µM. At the final stage, we have designed flexible electronic devices using these materials that develop 1.3 order higher current for L -dopa. The devices exhibit excellent air stability under varied relative humidity conditions as well as high bending stability for potential practical applications.

Traction transformers are one of the most important equipment in the traction power supply system. Thermal aging of transformer insulation system determines its reliable life. To achieve an estimation of the insulation life of traction power transformers operated under real load condition, the effects of traction loads on the thermal aging of oil-paper insulation in traction transformers were investigated. First, the design principles for the accelerated thermal aging experiment were studied and proposed by considering magnitude (i.e., load rate) and frequency (i.e. spare time and lasting time) of the traction load. Then, an experimental system was established in the laboratory to conduct extensive accelerated thermal aging experiments, in which the traction loads were mimicked by using positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heating plates and a programmable logic controller (PLC). Finally, the experimental results were analyzed and discussed to reveal the effects of traction load on the thermal aging of oil-paper insulation in traction transformers.

This paper utilizes a hybrid Debye model to accurately simulate the relaxation response process of the oil‐paper insulation of a transformer to explore the application of frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) in nondestructive diagnosis of the aging condition of oil‐paper insulation. Via FDS test data, the model parameters can be identified, and the influence laws of FDS can be obtained through the variation of model parameters. To explore the effects of insulating paper moisture content, insulating paper layers, and test temperature on FDS characteristics, an FDS experimental platform is established. The results show that the hybrid Debye model can effectively reflect the relaxation response process of oil‐paper insulation under different conditions, as well as that a physical relationship between the model parameters and oil‐paper dielectric polarization exists. In addition, the parameters of the hybrid Debye model can be used as the characteristic quantities for the non‐destructive evaluation of the oil‐paper insulation state, providing new ideas for the non‐destructive evaluation of the oil‐paper insulation state.

Background We use inkjet printing and film adhesion methods to economically develop paper-based electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) mixing device. Because the periodic shrinking and stretching of droplet contact line induces surface capillary wave, the coalesced droplet on EWOD device vibrates to accelerate solute mixing on the merged spot. Methods An office inkjet printer fabricates pads of conducting silver nanoparticles to compose EWOD activation electrodes on a piece of glossy label paper, covered with one oil-coated dielectric film. Using the triggering relays of each pad, two droplets of thirty microliter individually loaded on the electrode ends are driven to coalesce. Alloy nanorod-catalyzed chemiluminescence assay can be performed on this mixing device. Findings When ac voltage of 100 Hz is applied on the electrode flakes, compared with solute transport efficiency in static condition, solute diffusivity is enhanced by 4 times using this mixing device. Linear relation (R2 = 0.99) between luminescence intensity acquired with smartphone camera and luminol concentration of aforementioned chemiluminescence assay is obtained, demonstrating reproducibility improvement for accurate determination.

Activating flux is made up of inorganic material mixed with a volatile medium. The objective of this study is to identify and review the literature in activating flux, and different type of welding techniques. For that purpose, a structured review method is adopted and the Scopus database is used as a primary source for the selection of papers. The papers were identified using the string term of “Activating flux” OR “Activated flux” in the title of papers. And a total of 238 papers were identified for the study. Besides the above few other papers were also reviewed and the materials used, the type of flux used, and the findings of different combinations were highlighted in the form of tables. The findings of the study provide a comprehensive understanding of the different type of welding techniques focusing on TIG welding, and the different combination of flux used and their impact was summarized.

The construction of a photoelectrochemical (PEC) strategy for multi-component detection represents a great challenge in the field of sensing. To address these challenges, herein we presented a hollow-channel paper-based PEC analytical platform based on chemiluminescence (CL) addressable strategies excited PEC strategy for multiplexed sensing application. Sandwich-structured CdS quantum dots (QDs)/reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/ZnO nanorods arrays (NRAs) heterostructure where CdS serves as visible light sensitizers, RGO acts as an electron relay between ZnO NRAs and CdS QDs, were simply assembled on the gold nanoparticles modified paper working photoelectrode (Au-PWE). The PEC performance of the CdS/RGO/ZnO can be greatly improved benefiting from the formation of type II band alignment between CdS QDs and ZnO NR as well as the super charge collection and shuttling property of RGO. Multiplexed CL emission could be achieved through controlling the CL co-reagents transport. By the virtue of CL addressable technique and the excellent PEC activity of CdS/RGO/ZnO, a highly sensitive, and selective multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) quantification method was achieved. Such a tailored strategy would break the bottleneck of the current PEC detection techniques in multiplex tracing, as well as serve as a novel concept for designing multi-channel PEC sensing method.

Flexible and lightweight shielding materials recently have attracted increasing attention for terahertz wave due to the deteriorated performance of electronic equipment interferenced by electromagnetic yielding. Herein, flexible reduced graphene oxide (rGO) papers were prepared by solution evaporation method to attenuate the electromagnetic wave in terahertz field. They exhibited excellent electrical conductivity and remarkable electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness. The electrical conductivity of the rGO papers was improved from 54.07 to 78.67 S/cm after annealing at 400 °C. The rGO paper annealed at 400 °C was only ~ 370 µm in thickness and particularly exhibited an outstanding absorption performance of 17.6 dB at 0.7 THz. It has been found that the maximum absorption performance of rGO papers was basically equivalent to that of the metamaterials. Moreover, electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of 72.1 dB of the rGO papers was obtained at 0.6 THz, which indicated that ~ 99.99% of the power was shielded. Thus, the flexible rGO papers maybe a promising candidate for optimized electromagnetic shielding materials in the terahertz band.

The world is passing through a global pandemic of COVID 19. The number of positive cases has crossed over twenty thousand as of April 2020. Like everyone else, it is indeed a very challenging situation for family physicians and primary care providers as most of the guidelines presently have focused on screening, quarantine, isolation, and hospital-based management. Limited information or clarity is available on running small private clinics during pandemic times. The key concern is professional obligation versus risks of community transmission. Family physicians see routine flu-like illnesses throughout the year with seasonal variation within their practices. This document is intended to develop consensus and standard practices for the family physicians and other primary care providers during the pandemic, ensuring optimal continuity of care. This document was reviewed by the national executive of the Academy of Family Physicians of India and approved for dissemination among members. However, due to the dynamic status of the pandemic, all practitioners are advised to closely follow the instructions, guidelines, and advisories of national, state and local health authorities as well.

As the 2019 Online Harms White Paper (OHWP) notes, the Internet is an increasingly integral part of our lives, and can offer ‘significant benefits’.1 In order to ensure these benefits are not under...

Foodborne pathogens are responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths around the world each year. Rapid screening of agricultural products for these pathogens is essential to reduce and/or prevent outbreaks and pinpoint contamination sources. Unfortunately, current detection methods are laborious, expensive, time-consuming and require a central laboratory. Therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable pathogen-detection assay is needed. We previously developed a colorimetric sandwich immunoassay utilizing immuno-magnetic separation (IMS) and chlorophenol red-β-D-galactopyranoside for Salmonella detection on a paper-based analytical device (μPAD); however, the assay required many sample preparation steps prior to the μPAD as well as laboratory equipment, which decreased user-friendliness for future end-users. As a step towards overcoming these limitations in resource-limited settings, we demonstrate a reusable 3D-printed rotational manifold that couples with disposable μPAD layers for semi-automated reagent delivery, washing, and detection in 65 minutes. After IMS to clean the sample, the manifold performs pipette-free reagent delivery and washing steps in a sequential order with controlled volumes, followed by enzymatic amplification and colorimetric detection using automated image processing to quantify color change. Salmonella was used as the target pathogen in this project and was detected with the manifold in growth media and milk with detection limits of 4.4 × 102 and 6.4 × 102 CFU mL−1 respectively. The manifold increases user friendliness and simplifies immunoassays resulting in a practical product for in-field use and commercialization.

This Editorial introduces a Special Issue of papers from the SEE International Conference RADAR 2019, which took place in Toulon, France, 23–27 September 2019. The papers are expanded versions of ones that were judged in the reviewing process to be of the highest quality and relevance. Benefitting from the unique location of the conference centre on the French Riviera, the conference was given the theme ‘Sensing from sea to space’, attracting nearly 400 attendees from 26 countries from all over the world (Figure 1). Engineers and researchers coming from private or public sector (universities and laboratories) shared their knowledge and experience on radar topics of common interests from physics to signal processing, from sensor validation to system design, and also on emerging technologies based on artificial intelligence; all topics being supported by 200 papers presented either in oral (150 papers in 36 sessions), or poster sessions (50 papers). Figure 2 shows the range of topics of the papers. 1 FIGURE Conference attendees by country 2 FIGURE Conference paper topics

The printing effect of paper packaging has an impact on the circulation effect of products. Only when the printing effect is good can it attract consumers’ purchasing desire. In this study, based on color management technology, the printing of the designed Bazhong specialty paper packaging was studied. Firstly, the content and process of color management were analyzed, and equipment correction and characterization were introduced. Then, the printing process of Bazhong specialty paper packaging was explored, and the printing equipment and the establishment of the profile file were analyzed. The application of color management achieves a high-quality printing effect, which provides a theoretical reference for its further application in the printing industry.

Energy used to provide heating, cooling and ventilation in buildings supplied using fossil fuels produces about 25% of total European (EU) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To reduce this requires lower energy use in both existing and future buildings with the remaining energy supplied from very-low-carbon sources. This briefing paper discusses how to reduce the GHG emissions from buildings in Europe to nearly zero. Coordinated updating of existing policies together with well-targeted and innovative EU, national and local initiatives are required to deliver the required reductions. It will be important to (a) ensure that measures to reduce energy and GHG reductions also enhance the health and well-being of building occupants, (b) integrate decarbonisation of electricity and heat supplies for buildings with decarbonisation of industry and transport, (c) reuse and recycle to reduce embodied GHG emissions in building materials, components and processes used in both the construction of new buildings and in building renovations. Decarbonising buildings is an opportunity to develop and produce new products and services that create new high-quality jobs.

The graphene paper microsieves can be applied in the filtration of biological fluids or separation of solid particles from exploitation fluids. To produce graphene paper microsieves for specific applications, good control over fabrication should be achieved. In this study, a laser ablation method using a picosecond laser was applied to fabricate graphene paper microsieves. Holes in the microsieves were drilled using pulsed laser radiation with a pulse energy from 5 to 100 &micro, J, a duration of 60 ps, a wavelength of 355 nm, and a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The impact method was applied using 10 to 100 pulses to drill one hole. To produce holes of a proper diameter which could separate biological particles of a certain size (&ge, 10 &micro, m), optimum parameters of graphene paper laser ablation were defined using the MATLAB software taking into account laser pulse energy, repetition rate, and a desired hole diameter. A series of structural tests were carried out to determine the quality of an edge and a hole shape. Experimental results and Laguerre&ndash, Gauss calculations in MATLAB were then compared to perform the analysis of the distribution of diffraction fringes. Optimum experimental parameters were determined for which good susceptibility of the graphene paper to laser processing was observed.

A consensus has formed that the negative social externalities of online harms combined with huge market power of internet intermediaries justify regulation of online service providers.1 Fake news, ...

Paper electronics have been fast developed in recent years due to their degradability and recyclability; however, most of them are barely equipped with logic functions, impeding them from becoming autonomous on-paper systems. To provide a working unit for logic implementations, a paper field-effect transistor (FET) with a clay-graphite channel that demonstrated negative differential resistance (NDR) is fabricated in this study. The device exhibited a p-type semiconductor characteristic with an optical bandgap of ∼1.97 eV according to photoluminescence analysis, resulting from considerable defective graphite mixed with clay in the channel. Considering that the NDR behavior is theoretically predicted to be tunable by the contact resistance, we fabricated FETs with different contact resistances and observed that the NDR behavior occurred in devices with relatively lower contact resistance. The NDR effect is also tunable by varying the gate voltage, which matches well with simulation results. The possible mechanism for the NDR behavior is the decrease in carrier drift velocity induced by band-to-band tunneling, associated with impurities-induced trapping states and gate-induced confined states. This work provides a promising and easy pathway to develop digital components using paper electronics in the near future.

To improve the accuracy of color reproduction for camouflage printing, a new color matching method, named monitor-paper-fabric, was proposed by importing color management into textiles, which matched the printing pastes according to the color of the paper card printed by the ink-jet printer after color management. Not like the traditional color matching method, it matched the printing pastes according to the color from computer monitor after color correction. Two color matching methods were analyzed by comparing the color difference. It was found that the “monitor-paper-fabric” color matching method could be considered as a convenient and feasible color matching method. Most color differences between the monitor and the fabric in the camouflage pattern were reduced to lower than 4, except for color blocks 5 and 6. In addition, the color differences of six color blocks between the paper and the fabric were all less than 3.5, and were lower than those between the monitor and the fabric. The color consistency between the paper and the fabric was better than that between the monitor and the fabric.

The photon energy of terahertz waves is of the order of a few milli-electronvolts and is much lower than the thermal energy of ~ 26 meV at room temperature. However, the fast and sensitive detection of terahertz waves is notoriously difficult at ambient conditions. Moreover, the material flexibility is also very important within existing terahertz technologies for development of wearable and portable terahertz devices. We experimentally demonstrate that multiwall carbon nanotube flexible paper (MWCNT-FP) is one of the potential candidates to be used for terahertz detectors at room temperature. For the first time, MWCNT-FP sample is measured over a wide frequency band ranging from 0.02 to 4.5 THz at room temperature as compared to previously reported materials that demonstrate prominent frequency response between 0.2 and 2.5 THz. The MWCNT-FP sample delivered wide band absorption between 0.02 and 4.0 THz. Over the transmission, a high absorption peak is detected at 1.0 THz. The optical density spectrum is observed around 1.25 and 3.37 THz in the low-frequency regime and high-frequency regime, respectively. The present results suggest the potential application of MWCNT-FP as a wearable THz detector.

Recently, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has aroused considerable interest due to various advantages. Particularly, one benefit which sand out is that the triboelectric pair of TENG is very tolerant to the material composition. Thus, it is possible and significant to develop cost-effective TENG using commercial and inexpensive material. In this work, we present a paper TENG by repeated folding completely using commercially available commodity materials, such as paper, brush pen, Teflon tape, and conductive ink. Paper is used as functionally triboelectric pair and spring-like supporting structure. The stacked paper TENG is fabricated and large enhancement of output performance is observed. The generated electric outputs have been used to directly light-up commercial LEDs. The proposed TENG has demonstrated simplicity and cost-effective, which is suitable for flexible electronics.