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Narcissia trigonaria Sladen, 1889 Figures 24–25 Narcissia trigonaria Sladen, 1889: 414, pl. 65, figs. 5–8. Narcissia trigonaria — Brito 1960: 5, pl. 1, figs. 4–5; 1962: 3; 1968: 5; Tommasi 1966: 244; Tommasi & Aron 1988: 3; Tommasi et al. 1988: 6; Clark & Downey 1992: 278, fig. 43, pl. 68; Pawson 2007: 54, 58, fig. 3; Magris & Deìstro 2010: 59; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 175; Miranda et al. 2012: 144; Gondim et al. 2014: 35–36, figs. 10f–j; Souto & Martins 2017: 305; Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 11; Miranda 2018: 14, fig. 10D; Rubio-Polania et al. 2018: 190. Material examined (10 specs, 7–122 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia (12°44’– 13°00’S; 38°05’– 38°31’W)—off Bahia, 1 spec, R 62 mm (NHM-UK 90.5.7.641, holotype). Busca Vida beach, 23 m, vii.2005, 1 spec, R 8 mm (UFBA 1090); 23 m, ii.2008, 1 spec, R 16 mm (UFBA 929); 32 m, vii.2008, 1 spec, R 7 mm (UFBA 1089). Busca Vida beach, 1.v.1993, 1 spec, R 95 mm (UFBA 521). Ponta de Areia beach, Itaparica Island, 2000, 1 spec, R 75 mm (UFBA 469). Salvador: 38 m, 2003, 1 spec, R 122 mm (UFBA 570); Barra beach, intertidal, 4.iv.1994, 2 specs, R 70–82 mm (UFBA 42); Porto da Barra beach, x.2008, 1 spec, R 93 mm (UFBA 962). Comparative material. Narcissia ahearnae: U.S.A. Florida, Cape Canaveral, 137 m, 25.x.1961, 1 spec, R 90 mm (NMNH 9736, paratype). The The Bahamas. Andros Island, Goat Cay, 52 m, S. Abbott coll., 26.ii.1971, 1 spec, R 120 mm (NMNH E12440, paratype). Narcissia canariensis: SPAIN. Canary Islands — Tenerife, 1 spec, R 168 mm (NHMUK 1938.6.23.1, holotype). Narcissia gracilis: MEXICO. Baja California — La Paz Bay, intertidal, 5.v.1976, 1 spec, R 78 mm (CASIZ 35025); Cabo San Lucas, 6.viii.1932, 1 spec, R 43 mm (CASIZ 106137); 57 m, 1.v.1888, 1 spec, R 50 mm (NMNH 38317, holotype). Narcissia trigonaria: GULF OF MEXICO, 53 m, 7.ii.1885, 1 spec, R 50 mm (CASIZ 106143); BRAZIL. São Paulo, 22.ii.1992, 1 spec, R 59 mm (MZUSP 272); 1 spec, R 58 mm (MZUSP 315). Description (R 70–122 mm). Disc small, pyramidal; average R/r 4.3 (Fig. 24A). Arms five, long, distally tapering (Fig. 24B–C), cross-section triangular. Carinal ridge undulating in horizontal and vertical planes, from center of disc to middle of arms (Fig. 24B). Abactinal plates irregular-shaped, of various sizes (Fig. 24D), usually larger along carinal ridge, arranged in irregular series. Abactinal granules round (Fig. 24E). Papulae isolated in groups of 2–3 (Fig. 24E), surrounded by tightly packed granules; papulae absent in distal region of arm and on actinal region. Madreporite small to medium-sized, varied morphology, in interradius (Fig. 24F). Anus evident in center of disc. Superomarginal plates large, mostly confined to lateral surface of arm with only a few proximal plates visible from above. Inferomarginal plates confined to actinal surface. Terminal plates large, squared-shaped, usually bare. Actinal area flat, margins rounded. Actinal plates in four rows, one reaching tip of arm; plates covered by prismatic granules more robust and tightly packed than those of abactinal region (Fig. 24G). Four rows of ambulacral spines (Fig. 24H). Adambulacral row with 4–5 flattened spines with blunt tip; proximal adambulacral spine shortest, twice as wide as others. Three rows of subambulacral spines. First row with four spines shorter than adambulacral spines; proximal spine smallest and prismatic, other spines similar to those of adambulacral row. Second row with four prismatic spines, proximal spine smallest. Third row with 1–3 prismatic spines, smaller than those of second row and similar to actinal granules. Oral plates with six pairs of large and thick triangular spines, constricted at the base (Fig. 24I). Tube feet in two rows, sucking disc present. Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 7–62 mm). Average R/r 3.0 (Fig. 25A). Compared to the body size, the terminal plate is largest in small specimens, forming the tip of the arm (Fig. 25B). Following are additional differences between the smallest (R 7–8 mm), the middle-sized (R 16 mm) and the largest (R 62 mm) specimens examined here: the smallest and the middle-sized (R 7–16 mm) specimens have a flat body, while the largest (R 62 mm) specimen has already a disc and carinal ridge elevated; in R 7–16 mm, all superomarginal plates are visible from above (Fig. 25D), but only the proximal plates are seen from above in R 62 mm; R 7–16 mm have single papulae (Fig. 25C–E), but R 62 mm has 1–2 papulae per group; in the R 7–8 mm, the carinal ridge is not undulating and all granules are rounded, while in R 16–62 mm, the carinal ridge is slightly undulating (Fig. 25B), the abactinal granules are irregular-shaped (Fig. 25C) and the actinal granules are prismatic; the actinal plates form one row in R 7–8 mm, two rows in R 16 mm and three rows in R 62 mm; R 7–8 mm have three adambulacral spines (two large and one small), three spines in the first subambulacral row and four spines in the second subambulacral row (third subambulacral row absent or mixed with second row), while R 16 mm has four adambulacral spines (three large and one small), four spines in the first subambulacral row and 5–7 spines in the second and third subambulacral rows (Fig. 25F) (separation between rows is not clear), and the ambulacral rows in R 62 mm are fully developed. Coloration. Specimens in vivo have a cream color with yellow to red-rust large irregular blotches. Specimens in ethanol are white to light brown. Distribution. U.S.A. (NC, SC, GA, FL, LA, TX), The Bahamas, Gulf of Mexico, Mexico, Honduras, Martinique, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Panama, Yucatan, Caribbean, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana; Saint Helena Island (Mortensen 1933; Tommasi 1970; Downey 1973; Walenkamp 1976, 1979; Tommasi & Aron 1988; Clark & Downey 1992; Alvarado et al. 2008; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011; Rubio-Polania et al. 2018). BRAZIL: Pará, Alagoas, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Sladen 1889; Verrill 1915; Brito 1960, 1962; Tommasi 1970; Tommasi & Aron 1988; Miranda et al. 2012; Gondim et al. 2014; Souto & Martins 2017; Miranda 2018; present work). Depth. 0–210 m (Pawson 2007b; present work). Biological notes. In Bahia, N. trigonaria lives in habitats with rocks, corals, calcareous algae and coral rubble, but this species has also been found in muddy substrates in Pará (Miranda 2018). The Brazilian populations of N. trigonaria are affected by pollutants and illegal collection for the aquarium trade (Brites et al. 2008). This species is classified as “Least Concern” by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018) and according to Gurjão & Lotufo (2018), its harvesting in Brazil is currently prohibited. Holotype. NHM-UK 90.5.7.641. Type locality. off Bahia, Brazil. Remarks. The original description of N. trigonaria was based on a R 62 mm specimen and lacked much important information, including on the presence of pedicellariae and the shape of its arm carinal ridge. More than a century after its description, the holotype of N. trigonaria is redescribed for the first time herein. Contrary to the conclusion of Gondim et al. (2014), intraspecific variability observed throughout the geographical distribution (~ 20°N to 24°S) of N. trigonaria suggests that this species is not well-established. For example, although Pawson (2007b) mentioned that pedicellariae in N. trigonaria are abundant, we did not find any pedicellaria on its holotype or in other Brazilian specimens. Specimens from Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Guyana and Suriname, on the other hand, have pedicellariae in abundance (Clark 1921; Downey 1973; Walenkamp 1976; present work); these have two long and thin valves ending in 2–3 small teeth (Downey 1973). Also, the literature only describes N. trigo- naria as having a straight carinal ridge, but our observations show that specimens of N. trigonaria from Brazil and Florida have an undulating carinal ridge, while specimens from the Gulf of Mexico have a straight carinal ridge. N. trigonaria differs from N. canariensis by having four rows of ambulacral spines and pedicellariae lacking or with a long, thin stem (vs. three rows of ambulacral spines and abactinal pedicellariae with a short, thick stem) and from N. gracilis by having abactinal plates irregularly distributed and squared terminal plates (vs. abactinal plates forming regular rows and rounded terminal plates). The intraspecific variation in N. trigonaria led Pawson (2007b) to describe N. ahearnae from specimens previously identified as N. trigonaria from Florida and The The Bahamas. The presence of an undulating carinal ridge, of seven popular pores per square mm, and the rarity or absence of pedicellariae were the traits that he used to distinguish N. ahearnae from N. trigonaria. However, specimens of N. trigonaria from Bahia have an undulating carinal ridge, 3–7 papular pores per square mm and lack pedicellariae. Cunha & Tavares (in review) concluded that N. trigonaria differs from N. ahearnae by having rounded abactinal granules and only the proximal superomarginal plates visible abactinally (vs. pointed abactinal granules and all the superomarginal plates visible abactinally), and noted that, in general, specimens with an undulating carinal ridge have a higher density of pores, possibly because the undulation reduces the distance between the pores. Molecular data of specimens of N. trigonaria and N. ahearnae would help to answer questions about this taxon complex, for example, if N. ahearnae is a valid species and in this case, when these species diverged., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 45-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02281. x","Brito, I. M. (1960) Asteroides dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Sao Paulo. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 5, 1 - 13.","Tommasi, L. R. (1966) Sobre alguns Equinodermas da regiao do Golfo do Mexico e do Mar das Antilhas. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, 37, 155 - 165.","Tommasi, L. R. & Aron, M. A. (1988) Equinodermos da plataforma continental do sudeste do estado da Bahia. Relatos do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19, 1 - 6.","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12 (2), 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000200014","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Souto, C. & Martins, L. (2017) Os equinodermos. In: Nunes, J. M. C. & Matos, M. R. B. (Eds.), Litoral Norte da Bahia: caracterizacao ambiental, biodiversidade e conservacao. Vol. 1. EDUFBA, Salvador, pp. 303 - 315.","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Rubio-Polania, J. C., Torruco-Gomez, D., Gonzalez-Solis, A., Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y. (2018) Benthic megafauna of outer margins of the continental shelf of Yucatan Peninsula. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24, 184 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rsma. 2018.08.014","Mortensen, T. (1933) The Echinoderms of St. Helena (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den Naturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 93, 401 - 472.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Walenkamp. J. H. C. (1976) The asteroids of the coastal waters of Surinam. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 147, 1 - 91, 18 pls.","Walenkamp, J. H. C. (1979) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the Guyana shelf. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 170, 1 - 97.","Alvarado, J. J., Solis-Marin, F. A. & Ahearn, C. (2008) Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Centroamericano. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 56, 37 - 55.","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Pawson, D. L. (2007 b) Narcissia ahearnae, a new species of sea star from the Western Atlantic (Echinodermata: Asteroidea: Valvatida). Zootaxa, 1386 (1), 53 - 58. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1668.1.31","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1921) The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 10, 1 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14613"]}

Genus Ophidiaster L. Agassiz, 1836 Type species. Ophidiaster ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816) (type by monotypy). Remarks. The genus Ophidiaster is composed of 24 species, and six of them are recorded in the Atlantic Ocean: O. alexandri Verrill, 1915, O. bayeri Clark, 1948, O. bullisi (Downey, 1970), O. guildingi Gray, 1840, O. ophidianus (Lamarck, 1816) and O. reyssi Sibuet, 1977. Only O. alexandri and O. guildingi are recorded in Brazil until this date., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on page 48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Lamarck, J. B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Meline, Bruxelles, 568 pp.","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Clark, A. H. (1948) Two new starfishes and a new brittle star from Florida and Alabama. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 61, 55 - 66.","Downey, M. E. (1970) Drachmaster bullisi new genus and species of Ophidiasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) with a key to the Caribbean species of the family. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 83 (6), 77 - 82.","Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Sibuet, M. (1977) Ophidiaster reyssi nouvelle espece d'Asteride bathyale de l'ocean Atlantique. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 343 (494), 1085 - 1090."]}

Ophidiaster guildingi Gray, 1840 Figures 26–27 Ophidiaster guildingii Gray, 1840: 284. Ophidiaster guildingii — Tommasi & Aron 1988: 3; Hendler et al. 1995: 79, fig. 22; Madeira et al. 2019: 93–94. Ophidiaster guildingi — Clark & Downey 1992: 281, fig. 44c, d, pl. 69A, B; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 176; Sandino et al. 2017: S294; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 5; Cunha et al. 2020: 41, fig. 6; Mah 2020b: 238, fig. 18A–D. Material examined (3 specs, 7–22 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia, Abrolhos, Minerva Seamount (17°03’S, 37°37’W)— 69 m, 18.viii.2012, 3 specs, R 7–22 mm (MZUSP 2102). Comparative material. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Trindade Island (20°29’– 20°32’S; 29°19’– 29°20’W)— Enseada dos Portugueses, 12 m, 15.vii.2013, 1 spec, R 9 mm (MZUSP 1563); Enseada do Príncipe, Pedra da Garoupa, 10.4 m, 16.vii.2013, 1 spec, R 25 mm (MZUSP 1576); Enseada das Orelhas, 8.9 m, 8.i.2015, 1 spec, R 62 mm (MZUSP 1570). Description of largest specimens (R 17–22 mm). Disc small; average R/r 4.9 (Fig. 26A–B). Five long, cylindrical, constricted at base. Madreporite subcircular (Fig. 26D), evident in interradial area. Anus conspicuous in center of disc, surrounded by 10 spines. Terminal plate round, smaller than arm diameter, with about 8 tubercles (Fig. 26G). Abactinal plates (Fig. 26C) cruciform, imbricated, covered by flattened granules, and arranged in seven regular rows. Papular areas forming regular rows parallel to abactinal plates; with 4–8 pores proximally (Fig. 26C) and 3–5 pores distally. Marginal plates similar to abactinal plates. One row of imbricate actinal plates; actinal papular areas with 4–6 papular pores (Fig. 26H). Each inferomarginal plate connected to two adjacent actinal plates via a rod-like plate. One row of adambulacral spines, two subequal spines per plate (Fig. 26F). One subambulacral spine per plate; spine flattened, tapering, twice as large as adambulacral spine. Space between adambulacral and subambulacral spines (Fig. 26E). Oral spines (Fig. 26E) similar to adambulacral spines. Tube feet in two rows, sucking disc with perforated plates. Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 7 mm). Average R/r 2.3. The specimen has short and wide arms, not constricted at the base (Fig. 27A–B), and a relatively large terminal plate forming the tip of the arm (Fig. 27G). The number of spines, tubercles, and papular areas are reduced in some areas, the anus is surrounded by 7–9 spines, terminal plates have 4–5 tubercles, papular areas have 1–3 pores in the abactinal region, and 1–2 pores in the actinal region. Also, abactinal plates are round and not imbricated (Fig. 27C), and adambulacral spines equal (Fig. 27E). Coloration. No record of coloration of in vivo specimens from this region, but specimens from Trindade Island are dark brown (Cunha et al. 2020). Juveniles from the Caribbean are purple (Hendler et al. 1995). Specimens in ethanol are pale brown. Distribution. Eastern Atlantic: Cape Verde, Gulf of Guinea, Ascension Island. Western Atlantic: U.S.A. (FL, GA, TX), Bermuda, The Bahamas, Mexico, Cuba, Belize, Turks and Caicos, Anguilla, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Trinidad and Tobago, Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia (Pawson 1978; Clark & Downey 1992; Entrambasaguas 2003; Sandino et al. 2017; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019; Mah 2020b). BRAZIL: Bahia, Trindade Island, Rio Grande do Sul (Tommasi 1970; Carrera-Rodriguez & Tommasi 1977; Tommasi & Aron 1988; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 0–445 m (Mah 2020b). Biological notes. In Bahia, this species is found in rubble and coral reef ecosystems, calcareous rocks and gravel (Tommasi & Aron 1988). Although O. guildingi is not widely distributed, it is generally abundant locally. Ophidiaster guildingi is a slow-moving species (Hendler et al. 1995) and can reproduce asexually and regenerate a new individual from a single arm (Haeckel 1878). The specimens from Bahia did not show signs of asexual reproduction. Holotype. The type specimen of O. guildingi has not been found (Clark & Downey 1992). Type locality. St Thomas, Virgin Islands (Clark & Downey 1992). Remarks. This species is generally small, growing only up to R 62 mm; according to H.L. Clark (1933), O. guildingi reaches maturity at R 45 mm. As noted above, the number of pores per papular area varies with ontogeny. Specimens from Trindade Island with R 9 mm have 1–2 pores, with R 25 mm have 3–6 pores and with R 62 mm have 5–12 pores. At R 33 mm, specimens have 5–12 pores (Downey 1973), and the maximum number of pores is 15 (Clark & Downey 1992). Clark & Downey (1992) also noted the rare occurrence of pedicellariae in large specimens, but Cunha et al. (2020) did not find pedicellariae in the specimens from Trindade Island. Ophidiaster guildingi differs from O. alexandri , O. bullisi and O. reyssi by having only one row of actinal plates (vs. 3–5 rows in O. alexandri; two rows in O. bullisi; and four rows in O. reyssi); from O. bayeri by having only one row of subambulacral spines (vs. two rows); from O. ophidianus by having up to 15 pores per papular area (vs. more than 20 pores) and flat and tapering spines subambulacral spines (vs. cylindrical and blunt) (Clark 1921; Clark & Downey 1992; Madeira et al. 2019)., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 48-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Tommasi, L. R. & Aron, M. A. (1988) Equinodermos da plataforma continental do sudeste do estado da Bahia. Relatos do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19, 1 - 6.","Hendler, G., Muller, J. E., Pawson, D. L. & Kier, P. M. (1995) Sea Stars, Sea Urchins and Allies: Echinoderms of Florida and the Caribbean. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 390 pp.","Madeira, P., Kroh, A., Cordeiro, R., Frias, D. E., Martins, A. M. & Avila, S. P. (2019) The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean). Zootaxa, 4639 (1), 1 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4639.1","Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 794 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5860 / choice. 30 - 2659","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Mah, C. L. (2020 b) New species, occurrence records and observations of predation by deep-sea Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from the North Atlantic by NOAA ship Okeanos Explorer. Zootaxa, 4766 (2), 201 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4766.2.1","Pawson, D. L. (1978) The echinoderm fauna of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean, Smithsonian. Contributions Marine Sciences, 2, 1 - 31. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.2.1","Entrambasaguas, L. (2003) Estudio de la fauna de equinodermos del archipielago de Cabo Verde: escalas de variabilidad espacial y factores que explican su distribucion. Tesis de licenciatura no publicada. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia. [unknown pagination]","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Carrera-Rodriguez, C. J. & Tommasi, L. R. (1977) Asteroidea de la plataforma continental de Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), coleccionados durante los viajes del N / Oc. \" Prof. W. Besnard \" para el proyecto Rio Grande do Sul. Boletim do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 26 (1), 51 - 130. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0373 - 55241977000100004","Haeckel, E. (1878) Die Kometenform der Seesterne und der Generationswechsel der Echinodermum. Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 30 (Supplement), 424 - 445.","Clark, H. L. (1933) A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico, 16, 1 - 147.","Downey, M. E. (1973) Starfishes from the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico. Smithsonian Contributions Zoology, 126, 1 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.126","Clark, H. L. (1921) The echinoderm fauna of Torres Strait: Its composition and its origin. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 10, 1 - 223. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14613"]}

Genus Linckia Nardo, 1834 Type species. Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) (type by original designation). Remarks. The genus Linckia is composed of nine species, only three of these are recorded for the Atlantic Ocean: L. bouvieri Perrier, 1875, L. guildingi and L. nodosa Perrier, 1875, the last two have been recorded in Brazil., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on page 42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Nardo, J. D. (1834) De Asteriis. Isis von Oken, Encyclopaedische Zeitun, 27, 716 - 717.","Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. Impensis Direct, Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp.","Perrier, E. (1875) Revision de la collection de stellerides du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generate, 4, 265 - 450."]}

Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 Figures 22–23 Linckia guildingii Gray, 1840: 285. Linckia guildingii — Müller & Troschel 1842: 33; Rathbun 1879: 148; Clark 1938: 133; Tommasi 1958: 17; Brito 1962: 3; 1968: 4–5, pl. 1, fig. 3; 1971: 262; Lima-Verde 1969: 11; Tommasi 1970: 9, pl. 9, fig. 27; Tommasi & Aron 1988: 3; Tommasi et al. 1988: 6; Fernandes et al. 2002: 422; Gondim et al. 2008: 154; Carmo et al. 2015; Sandino et al. 2017: S294; Gurjão & Lotufo 2018: 11; Miranda 2018: 14; Patrizzi & Dobrovolski 2018: 182. Linckia guildingi — Clark & Downey 1992: 275, pl. 67, fig. 42; Hendler et al. 1995: 76, figs. 20–21; Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999: 47; Williams 2000; Entrambasaguas 2003: 101–106; Entrambasaguas, 2008: 63–64; Benavides-Serrato et al. 2011: 174; Miranda et al. 2012: 144; Gondim et al. 2014: 32, figs. 10a–e, 12d; Alvarado et al. 2017: S276; Souto & Martins 2017: 304–305, fig. 1D; Rubio-Polania et al. 2018: 190; Borrero-Peìrez et al. 2019: 5; Cunha et al. 2020: 38, fig. 5; Prata et al. 2020. Material examined (34 specs, 6–120 mm R). BRAZIL. Bahia (12°45’– 13°54’S; 38°37’– 38°58’W)— Salvador: Amaralina beach, intertidal, 8.iv.2008, 1 spec, R 6 mm (UFBA 627); Pituba beach, intertidal, 26.i.2006, 1 spec, R 45 mm (UFBA 169); intertidal, 4.xi.2010, 1 spec, R 57 mm (UFBA 1213); intertidal, 2.v.2011, 4 specs, R 50–74 mm (UFBA 1360); Itaparica Island, intertidal, 23.xi.1991, 2 specs, R 30–60 mm (UFBA 194); Ponta de Humaitá beach, intertidal, ii.2011, 2 specs, R 45–54 mm (UFBA 1269–1270). Barra Grande beach, Vera Cruz, 16 m, 2.x.2007, 1 spec, R 10 mm (UFBA 529). Frades Island, Ponta de Nossa Senhora, 3 m, 17.x.2008, 8 specs, R 76–104 mm (UFBA 674). Salvador: Farol da Barra beach, 17.i.2007, 1 spec, R 76 mm (UFBA 470); Itapuã beach, intertidal, 1.viii.2007, 1 spec, R 114 mm (UFBA 590); Pituba beach, intertidal, 16.iv.1991, 1 spec, R 95 mm (UFBA 591); intertidal, 5.vii.1997, 2 specs, R 105–120 mm (UFBA 41); intertidal, 2005, 1 spec, R 118 mm (UFBA 639); intertidal, 8.iv.2008, 1 spec, R 87 mm (UFBA 626); intertidal, 2.v.2011, 5 specs, R 82–113 mm (UFBA 1360); Ponta de Humaitá beach, intertidal, xii.2010, 1 spec, R 116 mm (UFBA 1268). Comparative material. BRAZIL. Alagoas, Ipioca coral reef, 1.vii.2007, 1 spec, R 35 mm (UFBA 533). WEST INDIES, 1 spec, R 24 mm (NHM-UK 1953.4.27.68, lectotype); 1 spec, R 15 mm (NHM-UK 1953.4.27.68, paralectotype). Description (R 76–120 mm). Small disc; average R/r 12.5. Five to six (rarely 1, 4 or 7) long, narrow, cylindri- cal arms (Fig. 22A–B). Abactinal surface with small, irregularly arranged, tumid plates covered by granules (Fig. 22C). Marginal plates larger than abactinal plates, tumid, covered by granules and arranged into two longitudinal rows. Papular areas large, only on abactinal surface, with 11–25 pores; number of pores lower near disc; actinal surface without papular areas. One to two madreporites (Fig. 22E) with deep furrows; only one per interradius.Anus inconspicuous. Terminal plates small, oval, covered by granules. Actinal plates (Fig. 22D) arranged into three rows extending almost or completely to tip of arm, covered by granules slightly larger than those on abactinal surface; plates near furrow larger than others. Two blunt adambulacral spines, proximal spine larger. Two rows of large, blunt subambulacral spines; outer spines granular-shaped. Innermost two spines on oral plates smaller than adjacent spines (Fig. 22F). Tube feet in two rows; sucking disc with perforated plates (Fig. 23G–H). Pedicellariae absent. Ontogenetic variation (R 6–74 mm). Average R/r 9.2. Terminal plates proportionally larger than that of large specimen; plate naked or only with a few granules (Fig. 23D). Papular areas small, with 1–5 pores. Madreporite proportionally smaller than that of large specimen, with few gyres (Fig. 23C). Marginal plates prominent in specimens up to R 15 mm. Second row of subambulacral spines in specimens up to R 55 mm almost same size as adjacent granules (Fig. 23E), making it hard to differentiate them. Innermost spines on oral plate prominent (Fig. 23F). Coloration. Specimens in vivo are whitish, pink or light brown; papular areas darker. Specimens in ethanol are beige to brown or light pink. Distribution. Circumtropical (Clark & Downey 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin 2013; Gondim et al. 2014; Cunha et al. 2020). BRAZIL: Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Verrill 1868; Rathbun 1879; Verrill 1915; Brito 1960, 1968; Tommasi 1970; Tommasi & Aron 1988; Gondim et al. 2014; Carmo et al. 2015; Souto & Martins 2017; Miranda 2018; Cunha et al. 2020). Depth. 0–298 m (Clark & Downey 1992). Biological notes. Linckia guildingi is a nocturnal species, commonly found under rocks, in rock crevices, on coral reefs, rhodolith beds and in sandy bottoms from Bahia (Alves & Cerqueira 2000; Sampaio 2010; Prata et al. 2020; present paper). Specimens in the Northern Brazil have also been found in muddy bottoms (Miranda 2018). Juveniles of this species reproduce asexually by fission (Clark 1933) and are often found with arms of different sizes (note that our measurements were based on the largest arm). Martins et al. (2012) reported the commercial exploitation of this species for the aquarium trade, but the harvesting of L. guildingi in Brazil is currently prohibited (Gurjão & Lotufo 2018). This species is classified as “Vulnerable” (baseline data indicates that the population size is small [i.e., number of mature individuals per subpopulation is 1000 or less] and currently in decline) by the Ministry of the Environment (MMA 2018). Patrizzi & Dobrovolski (2018) predicted that the habitable range of L. guildingi may have a 10–28-fold expansion under higher atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. The effect of this expansion on the local communities is unknown, but it is likely to cause negative trophic impact (Kordas et al. 2011). Lectotype. NHM-UK 1953.4.27.68. Type locality. West Indies. Remarks. The data presented by Clark & Downey (1992) and the morphology of the type specimens (R 15–24 mm) support the ontogenetic variation described here. According to H.L. Clark (1933), adult individuals vary from R 75–215 mm. Linckia bouvieri and L. nodosa differ from L. guildingi by having smaller papular areas, secondary plates between the primary plates, and large abactinal plates (vs. large papular areas, secondary plates absent, and small abactinal plates). Also, the abactinal plates in L. bouvieri are flat (vs. tumid). Genus Narcissia Gray, 1840 Type species. Narcissia canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1839) (type by monotypy). Remarks. The genus Narcissia is composed of four species: Narcissia ahearnae Pawson, 2007 (from NW Atlantic), Narcissia canariensis (d’Orbigny, 1839) (from East Atlantic), Narcissia gracilis Clark, 1916 (from East Pacific) and Narcissia trigonaria Sladen, 1889 (from West Atlantic). The classification of Narcissia has been controversial since molecular data placed N. trigonaria in an unusual phylogenetic position, sister to a clade with goniasterid and ophidiasterid species (Mah & Foltz 2011). Here, we follow Mah (2020a) and keep Narcissia in the family Ophidiasteridae., Published as part of Cunha, Rosana, Martins, Luciana, Menegola, Carla & Souto, Camilla, 2021, Taxonomy of the sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from Bahia State, including ontogenetic variation and an illustrated key to the Brazilian species, pp. 1-78 in Zootaxa 4955 (1) on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4955.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4691078, {"references":["Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, Series 1, 6 (37), 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296","Muller, J. & Troschel, F. H. (1842) System der Asteriden. Friedrich Viewig und Sohn, Braunschweig, 134 pp.","Rathbun, R. (1879) A list of the Brazilian echinoderms, with notes on their distribution. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 5 (3), 139 - 158. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 16126","Clark, A. H. (1938) A new genus of starfishes from Puerto Rico. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 91 (29), 1 - 7, 1 pl.","Tommasi, L. R. (1958) Os equinodermos do litoral de Sao Paulo. II. Diadematidae, Schizasteridae, Brissidae, Cidaroidea (Echinoidea) e Asteroidea do Bentos Costeiro. Contribuicoes avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, 2, 1 - 27, 6 pls.","Brito, I. M. (1962) Ensaio de catailogo dos equinodermas do Brasil. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zooloigicos, 13, 1 - 10.","Brito, I. M. (1968) Asteroiides e equinoiides do Estado da Guanabara e adjace ˆ ncias. Boletim do Museu Nacional, 260, 1 - 51.","Lima-Verde, J. S. (1969) Primeira contribuicao ao inventario dos equinodermas do Nordeste brasileiro. Arquivos de Ciencias do Mar, 9 (1), 9 - 13.","Tommasi, L. R. (1970) Lista dos asteroides recentes do Brasil. Contribuicoes Avulsas do Instituto Oceanografico, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 18, 1 - 61, 38 pls.","Tommasi, L. R. & Aron, M. A. (1988) Equinodermos da plataforma continental do sudeste do estado da Bahia. Relatos do Instituto Oceanografico da Universidade de Sao Paulo, 19, 1 - 6.","Fernandes, M. L. B., Tommasi, L. R. & Lima, E. J. B. (2002) Filo Echinodermata de Pernambuco. In: Tabarelli, M. & Silva, J. M. C. (Eds.), Diagnostico da Biodiversidade de Pernambuco. Vol. 2. Massangana, Recife, pp. 405 - 427.","Gondim, A., Lacouth, P., Alonso, C. & Manso, C. (2008) Echinodermata da praia do Cabo Branco, JoaTo Pessoa, Paraiiba, Brasil. Biota Neotropica, 8, 151 - 159. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032008000200016","Carmo, A. V., Okada, N. B. & Freret-Meurer, N. V. (2015) Caracterizacao do microhabitat da estrela-do-mar Linckia guildingii Gray, 1840 que ocorre na Praia de Aracatiba, Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis, Brasil. Revista Pensar Biologia, 1 (1), 22.","Sandino, O. B., Solis-Marin, F. A., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Conejeros-Vargas, C. A., Marquez-Borras, F., Ayala-Aguilera, A. P. & Laguarda-Figueras, A. (2017) Equinodermos de Nicaragua: nuevos registros del Pacifico y Caribe Sur. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 65, 288 - 298. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31696","Gurjao, L. M. & Lotufo, T. M. C. (2018) Native species exploited by marine aquarium trade in Brazil. Biota Neotropica, 18 (3), e 20170387. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 1676 - 0611 - bn- 2017 - 0387","Miranda, A. P. S. (2018) Diversidade e distribuicao de equinodermos da Plataforma Continental Amazonica. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Universidade Federal do Para, Belem, 62 pp.","Patrizzi, N. & Dobrovolski, R. (2018) Integrating climate change and human impacts into marine spatial planning: a case study of threatened starfish species in Brazil. 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(2003) Estudio de la fauna de equinodermos del archipielago de Cabo Verde: escalas de variabilidad espacial y factores que explican su distribucion. Tesis de licenciatura no publicada. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia. [unknown pagination]","Entrambasaguas, L. (2008) Estudio fauniistico y ecoloigico de los equinodermos del archipieilago de Cabo Verde. Tesis doctoral no publicada, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, 315 pp.","Benavides-Serrato, M., Borrero-Perez, G. & Diaz-Sanchez, C. (2011) Equinodermos del caribe colombiano: Crinodea, Asteroidea y Ophiuroidea. Vol. 1. Marquillas, Santa Marta, 384 pp.","Miranda, A. L. S., Lima, M. L. F., Sovierzoski, H. H. & Correia, M. D. (2012) Inventory of the Echinodermata collection from the Universidade Federal de Alagoas. Biota Neotropica, 12 (2), 135 - 146. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000200014","Gondim, A., Christoffersen, M. & Dias, T. (2014) Taxonomic guide and historical review of starfishes in northeastern Brazil (Echinodermata, Asteroidea). ZooKeys, 449, 1 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 449.6813","Alvarado, J. J., Chacon-Monge, J. L., Solis-Marin, F. A., Pineda-Enriquez, T., Caballero-Ochoa, A. A., Rivera, S. S. & Chaves, R. R. (2017) Equinodermos del Museo de Zoologia de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, 65 (1), S 272 - S 287. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 65 i 1 - 1.31695","Souto, C. & Martins, L. (2017) Os equinodermos. In: Nunes, J. M. C. & Matos, M. R. B. (Eds.), Litoral Norte da Bahia: caracterizacao ambiental, biodiversidade e conservacao. Vol. 1. EDUFBA, Salvador, pp. 303 - 315.","Rubio-Polania, J. C., Torruco-Gomez, D., Gonzalez-Solis, A., Ordaz, J. & Caamal-Jimenez, Y. (2018) Benthic megafauna of outer margins of the continental shelf of Yucatan Peninsula. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 24, 184 - 195. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. rsma. 2018.08.014","Cunha, R., Tavares, M. & Mendonca, J. B. (2020) Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes. Zootaxa, 4742 (1), 31 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4742.1.2","Prata, J., Lucena, R. A., Lima, S. F. B., Weverton, J., Souza, S. & Christoffersen, M. L. (2020) Species richness of Pycnogonida and Echinodermata associated with the reef ecosystems of Morro de Sao Paulo on Tinhare Island in Northeastern Brazil. International Journal of Development Research, 10 (04), 34943 - 34951.","Alvarado, J. J. & Solis-Marin, F. A. (2013) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, 658 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9","Verrill, A. E. (1868) Notes of the radiate on the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of genera and species. 4. Notice on the corals and echinoderms collected by Prof. C. F. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1 (2), 351 - 371.","Verrill, A. E. (1915) Report on the Starfishes of the West Indies, Florida, and Brazil, Including Those Obtained by the Bahama Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1893. Bulletin of the State of University of Iowa, 7, 1 - 232, 29 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12035","Brito, I. M. (1960) Asteroides dos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de Sao Paulo. Universidade do Brasil, Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Centro de Estudos Zoologicos, 5, 1 - 13.","Alves, O. F. S. & Cerqueira, W. R. P. (2000) Echinodermata das praias de Salvador (Bahia, Brasil). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 17 (2), 543 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81752000000200024","Sampaio, F. L. M. (2010) Distribuicao espaco-temporal de mega equinodermos e reproducao assexuada de Linckia guildingii (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) no plato do recife de coroa vermelha, Bahia, Brasil. Unpublished Master Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilheus, Bahia, 33 pp.","Clark, H. L. (1933) A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico, 16, 1 - 147.","Martins, L., Souto, C., Magalhaes, W. F., Alves, O. F. S., Rosa, I. L. & Sampaio, C. L. S. (2012) Echinoderm harvesting in Todosos-Santos Bay, Bahia State, Brazil: the aquarium trade. Sitientibus serie Ciencias Biologicas, 12 (1), 53 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / scb 123","MMA (Ministerio do Meio Ambiente) (2018) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao: Invertebrados. IC- MBio / MMA, Brasilia, 727 pp.","Kordas, R. L., Harley, C. D. G. & O'Connor, M. I. (2011) Community ecology in warming world: the influence of temperature on interspecific interactions in marine systems. Journal of Experimental Biology and Ecology, 400, 218 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2011.02.029","d'Orbigny, A. D. (1839) Echinodermes et Polypiers. In: Webb, P. B. & Berthelot, S. (Eds.), Histoire Naturelle des Iles Canaries, Zoologie. Vol. 2. Bethune, Paris, pp. 148 - 149.","Clark, A. H. (1916) Six new starfishes from the Gulf of California and adjacent waters. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 29, 51 - 62.","Sladen, W. P. (1889) Asteroidea. Report of the Scientific Results of H. M. S. Challenger, 30, 1 - 893. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1882. tb 02281. x","Mah, C. & Foltz, D. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea: Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (4), 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x","Mah, C. L. (2020 a) World Asteroidea Database. Available from: http: // www. marinespecies. org / asteroidea / (accessed 30 April 2020)"]}