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Scavenging is a key process for the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems, yet it is still neglected in the ecological literature. Apart from the importance of specific groups of animals in scavenging, there have been few ecological studies that compare them. Furthermore, the ecological studies on scavenging have mainly focused on vertebrates despite the crucial importance of invertebrates in this process. Here, we performed a large‐scale ant suppression and vertebrate exclusion experiment to quantify the relative contribution of ants, non‐ant invertebrates and vertebrates in scavenging nitrogen‐rich (insect carcasses) and carbon‐rich (seeds) baits in two contrasting mountainous habitats in Brazil (grasslands and forests). Overall, bait removal was 23.2% higher in forests than in grasslands. Ants were the primary scavengers in grasslands, responsible for more than 57% of dead insect larvae and seed removal, while, in forests, non‐ant invertebrates dominated, removing nearly 65% of all baits. Vertebrates had a minor role in scavenging dead insect larvae and seeds in both habitats, with <4% of removals. Furthermore, our results show that animal‐based baits were more consumed in forests than seeds, and both resources were equally consumed in grasslands. Therefore, we demonstrate the superiority of invertebrates in this process, with a particular emphasis on the irreplaceable role of ants, especially in this grassland ecosystem. As such, we further advance our knowledge of a key ecosystem process, showing the relative importance of three major groups in scavenging and the differences in ecosystems functioning between two contrasting tropical habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Polyamines are plant growth regulators that exert a pivotal role in salt tolerance.This research focused on investigating the effect of spermidine on morphological and physicochemical characteristics and ion accumulation of two grapevine cultivars under NaCl stress.A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three factors, including two grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Bidaneh‐Sefid and cv. Siah‐Sardasht), four levels of NaCl (together with the nutrient solution, including 0 [control], 20, 40, and 80 mM), and four spermidine levels ([foliar spray], 0 [control], 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM). The experiment was performed in a factorial trial in accordance with a randomized complete design with three replicates.Vegetative growth indices, including leaf number, fresh and dry weight of shoot, and root, were decreased by NaCl treatments. The application of spermidine positively reduced the effects of NaCl on morphological characteristics. Moreover, NaCl and/or spermidine significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved antioxidant enzyme activities associated with rising total protein accumulation. NaCl stress significantly decreased ion percentage (calcium, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, iron, and zinc) in the leaves of both cultivars. Based on the results, increasing salinity levels significantly boosted plant Na+ and Cl− percentage, along with increased membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Interestingly, cv. Bidaneh‐Sefid leaves accumulated less Na+ and Cl− compared to the other cultivar. On the other hand, applying spermidine reduced the levels of Na+ and Cl− in both cultivars, and this reduction was associated with a decrease in membrane permeability and MDA concentration.The findings confirmed the role of spermidine in reducing the negative effects of NaCl, although more investigations with different grapevine cultivars under NaCl stress are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sonodynamic activities of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with different morphologies, gold nanospheres (GNSs), gold nanoflowers (GNFs) and gold nanorods (GNRs), were explored by multi‐spectroscopic methods, in which the lesion degree of human serum albumin (HSA) was used as assessment index. The results revealed that three GNPs all had certain sonosensitivity but varying from different morphologies. It was also found that GNPs concentration and ultrasonic parameters were all critical influencing factors of sonodynamic injury HSA. Investigating the physical damage mechanism, the results indicated that the secondary and tertiary structure of HSA were compromised by ultrasound (US) combined with GNPs, so that the conformation of HSA was altered and the function was variously disturbed due to GNPs different morphologies. Studying the chemical damage mechanism, the results discovered that the yield of singlet oxygen (1O2) produced by GNPs with various morphologies combined with US was significant difference. Therefore, comprehensively analyzing the research results under different factors, the order of sonodynamic activities of GNPs was GNSs≈GNFs>GNRs. These findings may provide reference for the application of GNPs as sonosensitizers in sonodynamic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bed rest and limb immobilization are models of muscle disuse associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and reduced strength. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the impact of protein or amino acid provision before and/or during a period of muscle disuse on muscle atrophy (primary outcome), strength and muscle protein synthesis (secondary outcomes) following a disuse period. We performed a systematic review of Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, PubMed and Clinical Trials in December 2022. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that combined a dietary protein or amino acid intervention versus control during an experimental model of disuse (bed rest or unilateral limb immobilization) in healthy individuals aged ≥18 years. Nine articles from eight independent trials were identified and rated for risk of bias by two authors. A meta‐analysis of muscle mass data revealed no effect (standardized mean difference: 0.2; 95% confidence interval: −0.18 to 0.57, P = 0.31) of protein/amino acid intervention in preventing disuse‐induced muscle atrophy. Although the meta‐analysis was not conducted on strength or muscle protein synthesis data, there was insufficient evidence in the reviewed articles to support the use of protein/amino acid provision in mitigating the disuse‐induced decline in either outcome measurement. Additional high‐quality studies, including the reporting of randomization procedures and blinding procedures and the provision of statistical analysis plans, might be required to determine whether protein or amino acid provision serves as an effective strategy to attenuate muscle atrophy during periods of disuse. What is the topic of this review?This is a systematic review of the potential for protein or amino acid provision as an intervention for mitigating skeletal muscle atrophy associated with periods of disuse.What advances does it highlight?Protein or amino acid provision before or during a period of disuse does not prevent the reductions in skeletal muscle mass, strength or muscle protein synthesis associated with immobilization or bed rest, hence future studies are required to investigate effective nutritional interventions during clinical situations of muscle disuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The effects of dietary fibres, polyphenols, proteins and their combination on the estimated glycaemic index (eGI) of steamed bread, as well as the specific volume, height‐to‐diameter ratio, textural and microstructural properties thereof were studied. The results showed that supplementation of 7% soybean dietary fibre, 10% gallic acid combined with 25% soybean protein isolate significantly reduced the starch digestibility of wheat steamed bread, as evidenced by the significant decrease of eGI value from 88.16 to 49.16, which was classified as low GI steamed bread. While, the addition of soybean dietary fibre, gallic acid and soybean protein isolate together negatively affected the fermentation properties of dough, resulting in lower specific volume, chewiness, springiness and higher hardness of steamed bread compared to wheat bread without any addition. The above results in this study might provide theoretical guidance for the development of healthier and blood glucose‐friendly steamed bread in the staple food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY The plant plasma membrane (PM) plays a key role in perception of environmental signals, and set‐up of adaptive responses. An exhaustive and quantitative description of the whole set of lipids and proteins constituting the PM is necessary to understand how these components allow to fulfill such essential physiological functions. Here we provide by state‐of‐the‐art approaches the first combined reference of the plant PM lipidome and proteome from Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cell culture. We identified and quantified a reproducible core set of 2165 proteins, which is by far the largest set of available data concerning this plant PM proteome. Using the same samples, combined lipidomic approaches, allowing the identification and quantification of an unprecedented repertoire of 414 molecular species of lipids showed that sterols, phospholipids, and sphingolipids are present in similar proportions in the plant PM. Within each lipid class, the precise amount of each lipid family and the relative proportion of each molecular species were further determined, allowing to establish the complete lipidome of Arabidopsis PM, and highlighting specific characteristics of the different molecular species of lipids. Results obtained point to a finely tuned adjustment of the molecular characteristics of lipids and proteins. More than a hundred proteins related to lipid metabolism, transport, or signaling have been identified and put in perspective of the lipids with which they are associated. This set of data represents an innovative resource to guide further research relative to the organization and functions of the plant PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study examines the association between micronutrient intake, anthropometric indices, lipid accumulation, and blood lipid risk index among Tehranian women. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted on 556 Tehranian women. Dietary intake was measured using a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Biochemical assessment and anthropometric indices were measured, and demographic information and physical activity were collected. Results: Participants with the highest intake of carbohydrates were more prone to obesity. Conversely, those in the top tertile for protein intake had a lower likelihood of obesity and higher levels of lipid accumulation product (LAP). The highest fat consumers had a 63% decreased chance of having a high Castelli's Risk Index 1 (CRI‐1). A higher glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were linked to an increased probability of a high atherogenic coefficient (AC). Women in the top tertile of GL were significantly more likely to be obese and had lower odds for high LAP. Participants in the top tertile of aromatic amino acids/branched chain amino acids (AAA/BCAA) had significantly lower chances of high CRI‐1 and a high atherogenic index of plasma (AIP). Those in the highest tertile of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (MUFA/PUFA) had lower odds of obesity and high AIP. Conclusions: The amount of carbohydrate (g) and protein intake (%), dietary GL, and the ratio of MUFA to PUFA were associated with obesity. The amount of fat intake (g) and AAA/BCAA indices were associated with CRI‐1. LAP decreased with an increase in GL. AC increased with an increase in GI and GL. AAA/BCAA and MUFA/PUFA were associated with AIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of multifunctional bio‐adhesive plays a critical role in achieving a sustainable society, where the intrinsic sensitivity to water and poor dynamics severely bottlenecks its scale‐up application. Inspired by the microstructure of dragonfly wings, a strong and tough adhesive with excellent reprocessability is designed and developed by creating a dynamic network consisting of a lignin polyurea (LPU) framework with soybean protein (SP). The LPU framework act as the rigid nervures to slow crack propagation and transfer stress, while the SP dissipate the strain energy through the interplay from the graded hydrogen and imine bonds generated between LPU and SP. The bio‐adhesive achieves significant enhancements in fracture toughness and water resistance by ≈7 and 23 folds, respectively, compared with SP. Furthermore, the capacity for diffusion and restoration of dynamic network endows the adhesive with superior reprocessability, enabling recycled particleboard to achieve high retention of modules (over 80%). This sustainable bio‐adhesive approach offers a promising eco‐friendly alternative to the conventional petrochemical adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescence microscopy data describe protein localization patterns at single-cell resolution and have the potential to reveal whole-proteome functional information with remarkable precision. Yet, extracting biologically meaningful representations from cell micrographs remains a major challenge. Existing approaches often fail to learn robust and noise-invariant features or rely on supervised labels for accurate annotations. We developed PIFiA (Protein Image-based Functional Annotation), a self-supervised approach for protein functional annotation from single-cell imaging data. We imaged the global yeast ORF-GFP collection and applied PIFiA to generate protein feature profiles from single-cell images of fluorescently tagged proteins. We show that PIFiA outperforms existing approaches for molecular representation learning and describe a range of downstream analysis tasks to explore the information content of the feature profiles. Specifically, we cluster extracted features into a hierarchy of functional organization, study cell population heterogeneity, and develop techniques to distinguish multi-localizing proteins and identify functional modules. Finally, we confirm new PIFiA predictions using a colocalization assay, suggesting previously unappreciated biological roles for several proteins. Paired with a fully interactive website (https://thecellvision.org/pifia/), PIFiA is a resource for the quantitative analysis of protein organization within the cell. Synopsis: PIFiA is a self-supervised deep-learning approach for protein functional annotation from single-cell images. It generates feature profiles from images of the yeast ORF-GFP collection that can be used in downstream analyses. PIFiA features identify new functional groups of proteins within organelles and proteins with heterogeneous localizations. PIFiA features successfully predict protein–protein interactions and members of protein complexes. PIFiA outperforms previous methods on four different standards of protein function. Images and analysis are available at thecellvision.org/pifia. PIFiA is a self-supervised deep-learning approach for protein functional annotation from single-cell images. It generates feature profiles from images of the yeast ORF-GFP collection that can be used in downstream analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: The world is increasingly looking to plant‐based sources to meet its protein needs. Multiple factors are driving this progression, ranging from nutritional and ethical considerations to climate change and population growth. As a pulse crop, lentil is ideal to help meet this change in demand. However, plant‐based proteins have limiting amino acids and lower protein digestibility compared to animal‐based proteins. This research identifies genetic markers that can be used to accelerate breeding of protein quality traits in lentil to ultimately help meet the rising demand in high‐quality plant‐based protein and bolster global food and nutritional security. Summary: Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) contains ~25% high‐quality protein in addition to high concentrations of prebiotic carbohydrates and micronutrients, such as folate, iron, zinc, and selenium. As animal‐based protein's economic and environmental costs rise, plant‐based protein sources, such as lentil, will become increasingly important to global food systems. Consequently, evaluating and targeting protein quality traits for genomic‐assisted breeding is a valuable objective for lentil breeding programs.A diversity panel of 183 breeding lines was analyzed for protein quality traits, including amino acids and protein digestibility. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) data were used to assess population structure and conduct genome‐wide association studies (GWAS). Genes in local linkage disequilibrium (LD) with significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were identified and categorized by homology.Protein quality traits showed a wide range of variation. Repeatability estimates were low to moderate across traits. Twelve traits were strongly correlated with each other (r >.7). Admixture analysis identified six ancestral subpopulations, which also demonstrated clustering in principal component analysis. Ten different traits had significant SNP associations; two loci were shared across multiple traits. Twenty‐seven candidate genes, including glutathione S‐transferase, protease family, and gibberellin 2‐beta‐dioxygenase genes, were identified.This paper identifies SNP markers associated with lentil protein quality traits. Once validated, these SNPs could accelerate lentil protein quality breeding efforts. By targeting lentil's limiting amino acids (methionine and cysteine) and protein digestibility through marker‐assisted selection, the nutritional value of lentil's protein content could be increased without the need to alter total protein content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to a series of pathological reactions. The basis is a changed proinflammatory activated immune system, which results in more pronounced oxidative stress, disturbed function of proteolysis and cell apoptosis. These processes are crucial in the development of the disease because their dysfunctional activities cause the progression of the disease. It is believed that the proteins excreted in the urine interact with each other and promote pathological processes in endometriosis. Methods: We analyzed the urine proteome of patients and aimed to detect a potential protein biomarker for endometriosis in the urine proteome. We collected urine samples from 16 patients with endometriosis and 16 patients in the control group with functional ovarian cysts. The diagnosis for all patients was confirmed through pathohistological analysis. After the preanalytical preparation of the urine, chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) used the technology of urine proteome analysis. Results: The main finding was a significantly different concentration of 14 proteins in the urine samples. We recorded a considerably higher concentration of proteins that have a significant role in activating the immune system (SELL), iron metabolism (HAMP) and cell apoptosis (CHGA) in endometriosis compared to controls. Proteins having an antioxidant function (SOD1) and a role in proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (MMP‐9) were significantly reduced in endometriosis compared to controls. Conclusion: Consistent with the known pathogenesis of endometriosis, the study results complement the pathological responses that occur with disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a consequence of anthropogenic global change, may profoundly interfere with natural ecological processes, perhaps even interactions across trophic levels. Even the survival prospects of organisms at higher trophic levels could be affected, as follows. We showed previously that the endoparasitoid Diaeretiella rapae, a specialized parasitoid of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae, exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations (800 ppm) for up to 10 weeks, performed far worse (e.g., lower survival and parasitism rates) compared with ambient CO2 (400 ppm). To investigate whether these CO2‐related effects in the parasitoids were mediated by changes in the quality of the aphids as hosts, we measured the nutritional and energy content of cabbage aphids under the above conditions. Specifically, we measured lipid, protein and water‐soluble carbohydrate concentrations. We tested the hypothesis that when insects feed from plants with altered nutritional content, they incur a cost in dealing with such biotic stresses. That cost reduces their metabolic well‐being and, thus, reduces their nutritional status with respect to parasitoids developing at their expense. We found that CO2 had significant effects on aphid body mass (i.e., wet weight) and chemical composition, with elevated CO2 concentrations reducing aphid mass by more than 50%. Aphids grown under elevated CO2 also had significantly reduced soluble carbohydrates but significantly more lipids, on a weight‐per‐weight basis, than aphids grown under ambient CO2. A significant decrease in total energy reserves (i.e., the sum of total proteins, lipids, and water‐soluble carbohydrates) thus typified aphids grown under elevated CO2. Our results contribute to explaining the impaired performance of the aphid B. brassicae and its parasitoid D. rapae previously reported under elevated CO2, and provide evidence that under future climate change, host plants might affect the development and performance of parasitoids through their impacts on the nutritional quality of their herbivorous hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elucidating protein conformational changes is essential because conformational changes are closely related to the functions of proteins. Cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) experiment can be used to reconstruct protein conformational changes via a method that involves using the experimental data (two‐dimensional protein images). In this study, a reconstruction method, referred to as the "four‐dimensional imaging," was proposed. In our four‐dimensional imaging technique, the protein conformational change was obtained using the two‐dimensional protein images (the three‐dimensional electron density maps used in previously proposed techniques were not used). The protein conformation for each two‐dimensional protein image was obtained using our original protocol with molecular dynamics simulations. Using a manifold‐learning technique and two‐dimensional protein images, the protein conformations were arranged according to the conformational change of the protein. By arranging the protein conformations according to the arrangement of the protein images, four‐dimensional imaging is constructed. A simulation for a cryo‐EM experiment demonstrated the validity of our four‐dimensional imaging technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION The efficient separation and purification of proteins like C‐phycocyanin (C‐PC) from Spirulina platensis are essential for their commercialization, yet they remain challenging. This study investigated three chromatographic methods for C‐PC purification: weak anion exchange chromatography (DEAE), strong anion exchange chromatography (Q Sepharose), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC).Weak anion exchange chromatography achieved a recovery of 36.80 mg unit (57.08%) with a purity of 3.23, outperforming Q Sepharose (yield: 23.21 mg unit means that 46.33%, purity: 2.76) and HIC (yield: 22.95 mg unit means that 17.57%, purity: 3.02). The purified C‐PC consisted of α and β subunits with molecular masses of 16 kDa and 17 kDa, respectively. Further assessment revealed its antioxidant capacity through a 2,2'‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The stability of C‐phycocyanin was tested at different pH levels and temperatures. Maximum stability was observed at pH 7, and pH 4 showed the lowest stability. Glutaraldehyde‐treated C‐PC (GC‐PC) demonstrated gradual degradation up to 50 °C, retaining 73.25% after 30 min. Notably, GC‐PC exhibited stability even at higher temperatures, with degradation rates of 57.32% at 70 °C and 50.96% at 80 °C.Weak anion exchange chromatography proved superior for C‐PC purification, offering higher yields and purity than Q Sepharose and HIC. The purified C‐PC showed promising antioxidant capacity and stability, particularly GC‐PC, which exhibited resistance to degradation, even at elevated temperatures. These findings underscore the potential of C‐PC as a valuable compound for various applications, with DEAE chromatography being an efficient method for its production and commercialization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusions To evaluate the effectiveness of an individualized nutritional education program in promoting adequate nutrient intake in pregnant women.A stratified randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants were stratified by factors affecting the primary outcome and randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. Intervention group participants received an individualized 30‐min booklet‐based education program in their 2nd and 3rd trimesters; the control group received usual care. The primary outcome was protein intake after the intervention, which was compared between the intervention and control groups. Secondary outcomes included comparing the amount of increase of protein before and after the intervention. Nutrient intake was measured using a self‐administered short dietary history questionnaire, and analyses of covariance and t tests were performed.Of the 130 participants, 66 were assigned to the intervention group and 64 to the control group. There was no difference in protein intake between the two groups after the intervention (p = .051, 95% CI [−0.021, 12.4]). Comparing the increase in protein intake before and after intervention, the intervention group was 7.4 g/day higher than that of the control group (p = .040; F = 4.31; effect size = 0.36).The primary outcome, a comparison of protein intake between the groups after the program, revealed no significant differences. However, on comparing the amount of protein increase before and after the intervention, the intervention group's increase was significantly higher than that of the control group. Results indicate the potential for individualized face‐to‐face interventions for pregnant women in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic diseases typically refer to a heterogeneous group of conditions primarily caused by the activation of mast cells or eosinophils, including atopic dermatitis (AD), allergic rhinitis (AR), and asthma. Asthma, AR, and AD collectively affect approximately one‐fifth of the global population, imposing a significant economic burden on society. Despite the availability of drugs to treat allergic diseases, they have been shown to be insufficient in controlling relapses and halting disease progression. Therefore, new drug targets are needed to prevent the onset of allergic diseases. Method: We employed a Mendelian randomization approach to identify potential drug targets for the treatment of allergic diseases. Leveraging 1798 genetic instruments for 1537 plasma proteins from the latest reported Genome‐Wide Association Studies (GWAS), we analyzed the GWAS summary statistics of Ferreira MA et al. (nCase = 180,129, nControl = 180,709) using the Mendelian randomization method. Furthermore, we validated our findings in the GWAS data from the FinnGen and UK Biobank cohorts. Subsequently, we conducted sensitivity tests through reverse causal analysis, Bayesian colocalization analysis, and phenotype scanning. Additionally, we performed protein‐protein interaction analysis to determine the interaction between causal proteins. Finally, based on the potential protein targets, we conducted molecular docking to identify potential drugs for the treatment of allergic diseases. Results: At Bonferroni significance (p < 3.25 × 10−5), the Mendelian randomization analysis revealed 11 significantly associated protein‐allergic disease pairs. Among these, the increased levels of TNFAIP3, ERBB3, TLR1, and IL1RL2 proteins were associated with a reduced risk of allergic diseases, with corresponding odds ratios of 0.82 (0.76–0.88), 0.74 (0.66–0.82), 0.49 (0.45–0.55), and 0.81 (0.75–0.87), respectively. Conversely, increased levels of IL6R, IL1R1, ITPKA, IL1RL1, KYNU, LAYN, and LRP11 proteins were linked to an elevated risk of allergic diseases, with corresponding odds ratios of 1.04 (1.03–1.05), 1.25 (1.18–1.34), 1.48 (1.25–1.75), 1.14 (1.11–1.18), 1.09 (1.05–1.12), 1.96 (1.56–2.47), and 1.05 (1.03–1.07), respectively. Bayesian colocalization analysis suggested that LAYN (coloc.abf‐PPH4 = 0.819) and TNFAIP3 (coloc.abf‐PPH4 = 0.930) share the same variant associated with allergic diseases. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a causal association between the expression levels of TNFAIP3 and LAYN and the risk of allergic diseases, suggesting them as potential drug targets for these conditions, warranting further clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4D printing is the 3D printing of objects that change chemically or physically in response to an external stimulus over time. Photothermally responsive shape memory materials are attractive for their ability to undergo remote activation. While photothermal methods using gold nanorods (AuNRs) are used for shape recovery, 3D patterning of these materials into objects with complex geometries using degradable materials is not addressed. Here, the fabrication of 3D printed shape memory bioplastics with photo‐activated shape recovery is reported. Protein‐based nanocomposites based on bovine serum albumin (BSA), poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), and AuNRs are developed for vat photopolymerization. These 3D printed bioplastics are mechanically deformed under high loads, and the proteins served as mechano‐active elements that unfolded in an energy‐dissipating mechanism that prevented fracture of the thermoset. The bioplastic object maintained its metastable shape‐programmed state under ambient conditions. Subsequently, up to 99% shape recovery is achieved within 1 min of irradiation with near‐infrared (NIR) light. Mechanical characterization and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) analysis suggest that the proteins mechanically unfold during the shape programming step and may refold during shape recovery. These composites are promising materials for the fabrication of biodegradable shape‐morphing devices for robotics and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: To manage industrial waste in accordance with the circular bioeconomy concept it is sometimes necessary to handle grape seeds, an abundant by‐product of the wine‐making process. This study presents a process based on ultrasound technology for the extraction of grape‐seed proteins, due to their nutritional and techno‐functional properties. The protein content of extracts obtained under silent and lab‐scale conditions was compared with that obtained under semi‐industrial ultrasound conditions, and the chemical composition (carbohydrates, total phenols, and lipids) and the elemental profiles of the final, up‐scaled downstream extracts were characterized. RESULTS: This work found that the maximum amount of protein in the final product was 378.31 g.kg−1 of the extract. Chemical characterization revealed that each 1 kg of extract had an average content of 326.19 g gallic acid equivalent as total phenols, 162.57 g glucose equivalent as carbohydrates, and 382.76 g of lipophilic compounds. Furthermore, when the extract was checked for hazardous elements, none were found in levels that could be considered a risk for human health. CONCLUSION: The proposed semi‐industrial strategy has the potential to contribute greatly to the valorization of grape seeds through the preparation of a protein‐rich extract that can be used as an alternative to synthetic wine stabilizers and for the development of novel food and nutraceutical products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitope imprinting has shown better prospects to synthesize synthetic receptors for proteins. Here, dual epitope imprinted polymer electrode (DEIP) matrix was fabricated on gold surface of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) for recognition of target epitope sequence in blood samples of patients suffering from brain fever. Epitope sequences from outer membrane protein Por B of Neisseria meningitidis (MC58) bacteria predicted through immunoinformatic tools were chosen for imprinting. Self‐assembled monolayers (SAM) of cysteine appended epitope sequences on gold nanoparticles were subjected to polymerization prior to electrodeposition on gold coated EQCM electrode. The polymeric matrix was woven around the cysteine appended epitope SAMs through multiple monomers (3‐sulfo propyl methacrylate potassium salt (3‐SPMAP), benzyl methacrylate (BMA)) and crosslinker (N, N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide). On extraction of the peptide sequences, imprinted cavities were able to selectively and specifically bind targeted epitope sequences in laboratory samples as well as 'real' samples of patients. Selectivity of sensor was examined through mismatched peptide sequences and certain plasma proteins also. The sensor was able to show specific binding towards the blood samples of infected patients, even in the presence of 'matrix' and other plasma proteins such as albumin and globulin. Even other peptide sequences, similar to epitope sequences only with one or two amino acid mismatches were also unable to show any binding. The analytical performance of DEIP‐EQCM sensor was tested through selectivity, specificity, matrix effect, detection limit (0.68–1.01 nM), quantification limit (2.05–3.05 nM) and reproducibility (RSD ~ 5%). Hence, a diagnostic tool for bacterium causing meningitis is successfully fabricated in a facile manner which will broaden the clinical access and make efficient population screening feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Soymilk is a high‐quality source of protein and minerals, such as calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). However, phytic acid in soymilk restricts mineral and protein availability. We here investigated the effects of removing phytic acid on the physicochemical properties, mineral (Ca, Fe, and Zn) bioaccessibility, and protein digestibility of soymilk. RESULTS: Physicochemical property analysis revealed that the removal of phytic acid reduced protein accumulation at the gastric stage, thereby facilitating soymilk matrix digestion. The removal of phytic acid significantly increased Zn bioaccessibility by 18.19% in low‐protein soymilk and Ca and Fe bioaccessibility by 31.20% and 30.03%, respectively, in high‐protein soymilk. CONCLUSION: Removing phytic acid was beneficial for the hydrolysis of high‐molecular‐weight proteins and increased the soluble protein content in soymilk, which was conducive to protein digestion. This study offers a feasible guide for developing plant‐based milk with high nutrient bioaccessibility. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study investigated the feasibility of using sodium caseinate (NaCAS) to improve the properties of electrospun pullulan (PUL) nanofibres. Replacing PUL with 50% NaCAS [50:50(PUL: NaCAS)] resulted in appropriate viscosity for fibre formation (968.93 mPa.s), increased solution conductivity (1682.50 μS cm−1), decreased surface tension (59.55 mN m−1), which led to forming beadles' fibres with the smallest diameter (141.21 nm), highest water contact angles (117°), and highest thermal stability (24.03% residue weight at 600 °C). X‐ray diffraction and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy analyses provided insights into nanofibres' structural and chemical properties and indicated successful blending of the PUL and NaCAS. Results indicated that replacing PUL with 50% NaCAS improved fibre properties. These findings contribute to the development of novel biopolymer‐based nanofibres with potential applications in various industries, including food and bioencapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Protein glycosylation modification is an effective way to enhance the functional properties of natural proteins. This study aims to explore the preparation of glycosylation products (PPCs) through the Maillard reaction or enzymatic glycosylation using transglutaminase. The study discusses the advantages and disadvantages of preparing PPCs using dry heat, wet heat, and enzymatic glycosylation, as well as factors influencing the glycosylation process. Compared to natural proteins, PPCs demonstrate superior functional properties, including solubility, viscosity, emulsifying ability, gelling ability, thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and antibacterial activity. With improved functional performance, PPCs have broad application prospects as raw materials in food processing. For example, PPCs can be used as antioxidants, emulsifiers, gelling agents, and carriers for various bioactive molecules in the food industry. In the pharmaceutical field, PPCs are expected to serve as contrast agents and dressings. Furthermore, the application of PPCs in food processing should also consider specific processing requirements to achieve the intended enhancement of glycosylated protein functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The advancement of the modern food industry has prompted a shift away from traditional protein extraction methods due to their inherent limitations. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative methods for protein extraction and modification such as ultrasonic (US) treatment. This shift towards more sustainable and efficient protein extraction methods is a key research focus in obtaining safe proteins in an environmentally friendly manner. Furthermore, enhancing the functional properties of proteins through modification can expand their application. This paper reviews recent research progress and applications of US treatment on protein extraction and modification as well as the impact on protein structure and functional properties. In addition, the latest applications of ultrasound‐modified‐proteins, including nano‐proteins, 3D printing and interactions between proteins and other food components, are reviewed. This review may provide some inspiration for the potential application of US technologies in food fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Few studies investigate factors that might influence the content of expressed breastmilk. This study aims to investigate the influence of the intervals between breastmilk pumping and the time of the day on protein and fat concentration in breastmilk. Methods: Mothers of very preterm infants in a neonatal ward who expressed more than 400 mL per day were included. Expressed breastmilk was obtained from each mother over 30 h who were pumping at strictly planned and varying intervals: 2, 3, 4 and 6 h. All samples were analysed using infrared transmission spectroscopy. Results: Ten mothers participated at a median of 22 days postpartum. A total of 176 milk samples were analysed, and the average protein and fat concentrations in g/100 mL were 1.1 ± 0.23 and 4.2 ± 1.3, respectively. The time intervals between breast pumping sessions did not impact protein content, but fat content decreased by longer intervals (p < 0.01). The time of the day for milk pumping did not influence the protein or fat content. Conclusion: A single milk sample collected after any 2–6 h interval, at any time during the day, represents the protein content in the breastmilk, but not the fat content which decreased with longer intervals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoconvertible fluorescent proteins (PCFP) are important cellular markers in advanced imaging modalities such as photoactivatable localization microscopy (PALM). However, their complex photophysical and photochemical behavior hampers applications such as quantitative and single‐particle‐tracking PALM. This work employs multidimensional NMR combined with ensemble fluorescence measurements to show that the popular mEos4b in its Green state populates two conformations (A and B), differing in side‐chain protonation of the conserved residues E212 and H62, altering the hydrogen‐bond network in the chromophore pocket. The interconversion (protonation/deprotonation) between these two states, which occurs on the minutes time scale in the dark, becomes strongly accelerated in the presence of UV light, leading to a population shift. This work shows that the reversible photoswitching and Green‐to‐Red photoconversion properties differ between the A and B states. The chromophore in the A‐state photoswitches more efficiently and is proposed to be more prone to photoconversion, while the B‐state shows a higher level of photobleaching. Altogether, this data highlights the central role of conformational heterogeneity in fluorescent protein photochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to monitor protein biomarkers at clinically relevant concentrations is a powerful approach that provides insights into health status. The synergistic combination of microfluidics and photonics (optofluidic) has emerged as a new means to achieve this capability for detection and manipulation of biological samples. Here in this work, we demonstrate an optofluidic device which integrates the detection and the particle‐focusing components to facilitate on‐chip measurement of protein levels. With this design, we use a laser‐induced fluorescence technique for the direct measurement of protein levels on magnetic bead complexes tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) fluorophore. The developed system was employed for the detection of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) as a model protein within a range of 0–20 μg/mL, showing an ability to resolve the fluorescence signal from different IgG concentrations down to 5.4 nM (0.81 μg/mL). The selectivity in detecting specific IgG target was tested by comparing the fluorescence signal levels from other interfering proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human IgM. Although our system was designed for detecting IgG protein, this optofluidic device can be a powerful platform for the rapid detection of a diverse range of biomarkers, including viral pathogens retaining adequate signal sensitivity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is considered an orphan/underutilised grain legume with high yield and nutritive potential. It is variable in flower and seed coat (testa) colour and this variation could possibly be used as a biomarker in phenotypic selection for yield and quality traits. Three phenotypes differing in flower/testa colour (white flower‐white to creamy testa and white hilum [TWHW], slightly blue banner and wing colouration‐white to creamy testa and coloured halo around hilum [TWHC] and blue banner and wing colouration‐spotted testa and coloured halo around hilum [TSHC]) were tested over two growing seasons, under rainfed, Mediterranean conditions. They differed only in the number of seeds per pod; the phenotype TWHW had the lowest number (2.2 seeds pod−1). The seed yield per plant (SY) was highly correlated with the number of pods per plant and was higher under wetter and warmer conditions during the reproductive period (April–May). The three phenotypes showed no difference in tolerance against bruchid (Bruchus tristiculus) infection (F2,8 = 0.14, p >.05), which was higher in the most productive growing season (6.44%, F1,4 = 14.8, p <.05). In the phenotype TWHW, three seed classes (intact, bruchid‐damaged, parasitoid‐damaged seeds) were tested for SY, quality traits and tolerance to bruchids. Though insect damaged seeds showed significant reduction in emergence rates (from −57% up to −91%), there were no differences in SY (19.11–24.53 g plant−1, F2,8 = 0.86, p >.05) and yield components (seeds per pod, 1000‐seed weight, number of pods per plant). However, seeds of plants derived from parasitoid‐damaged seeds had higher concentration of the neurotoxin ODAP (4.92 mg g−1, F2,8 = 8.76, p <.01). On the other hand, seeds of plants derived from bruchid‐damaged seeds showed higher percentage of damaged seeds by the endoparasitoid Triaspis thoracica (2.25% vs. 0.67%–1.00%, F2,8 = 5.47, p <.05). Concluding, flower and testa colour cannot be used as biomarkers of seed yield and quality in grass pea, but it seemed that a tripartite interaction (grass pea–bruchid–endoparasitoid) may occur that affects ODAP concentration and the susceptibility of seeds to insect damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxidase is an industrially important enzyme with a broad range of applications. In this study, the extraction, isolation, and purification of peroxidase was conducted with wheat bran as a feedstock. Several commercially available buffers (K2HPO4, Na3PO4, CH3COONa, and Tris‐base) were explored for the extraction of peroxidase from wheat bran. Of the tested media, sodium acetate buffer gave an excellent performance and displayed maximum protein (0.44 mg mL−1) and enzyme activity (28 U mL−1). A process optimization study was also conducted to obtain the maximum protein concentration and enzyme activity. The intensified process provided 1.39 mg mL−1 protein concentration with 90 U mL−1 enzyme activity with specific enzyme activity of 135.8 U mg−1. Crude enzyme was purified using a three‐step process: (a) precipitation, (b) ultrafiltration, and (c) chromatographic purification. Commercially available strong and weak ion exchange resins, with different surface properties, were tested for purification. The weak anion exchange resin showed an excellent performance for maximum binding of peroxidase. Adsorption study investigated the best fit model of Freundlich isotherm with maximum binding capacity of 54 mg mL−1. Overall, purification provided peroxidase with a protein concentration of 1.24 mg mL−1 and 727.58 U mg −1 specific enzyme activity with purity increased by around ~6.6 fold. The reported process provides a simple and efficient method for the extraction and purification of peroxidase enzyme from wheat bran for its efficient valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is uncertainty about the effect of increased neonatal protein intake on neurodevelopmental outcomes following preterm birth. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a change in neonatal nutrition protocol at a major tertiary neonatal intensive care unit intended to increase protein intake on ophthalmic and visual development in school‐age children born very preterm. Methods: The study cohort comprised children (n = 128) with birthweight <1500 g or gestational age < 30 weeks born at Auckland City Hospital before (OldPro group, n = 55) and after (NewPro group, n = 73) a reformulation of parenteral nutrition that resulted in increased total protein intake during the first postnatal week and decreased carbohydrate, total parenteral fluid and sodium intake. Clinical and psychophysical vision assessments were completed at 7 years' corrected age, including visual acuity, global motion perception (a measure of dorsal stream function), stereoacuity, ocular motility and ocular health. Composite measures of favourable overall visual, binocular and functional visual outcomes along with individual vision measures were compared between the groups using logistic and linear regression models. Results: Favourable overall visual outcome did not differ between the two groups. However, global motion perception was better in the NewPro group (p = 0.04), whereas the OldPro group were more likely to have favourable binocular visual outcomes (60% vs. 36%, p = 0.02) and passing stereoacuity (p = 0.02). Conclusions: These results indicate subtle but complex associations between early neonatal nutrition after very preterm birth and visual development at school age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Protein fermentation continues to gain popularity as a result of several factors, including the cost‐effectiveness of the process and the positive correlation of fermented protein consumption, with a reduced risk of developing diet‐related diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disorders, as well as their enhanced nutritional and techno‐functional properties. Nonetheless, the nutritional and health benefits of food protein fermentation such as enhanced nutrient bioavailability, reduced antinutritional factors (ANFs) and enriched bioactive peptides (BAPs) are often overlooked. The present study reviewed recent work on the influence of protein fermentation on nutrition and health. In total, 322 eligible studies were identified on the Scopus and Google Scholar databases out of which 69 studies were evaluated based on our inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Fermented protein ingredients and products show reduced ANF content, enhanced digestibility and bioavailability, and increased antioxidant and other biological activities, such as probiotic, prebiotic, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory and antihypertensive properties. In addition, co‐products in protein fermentation such as BAPs possess and could contribute additional sensory and flavor properties, degrade toxins, and reduce allergens in foods. CONCLUSION: Thus, fermentation is not only a method for food preservation, but also serves as a means for producing functional food products for consumer health promotion and nutrition enrichment. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Chickpea flour was supplemented (10%–40%) with barley flour for making pasta and evaluated for its quality attributes. Results showed that the increasing level of chickpea improved the pasting properties and showed a significant increase in WAC (155.28%–257.02%) and OAC (224.40%–263.17%). Increasing chickpea exhibits a reduced cooking time (5.56–5.09 min) with cooking loss below desired range. The increase in chickpea concentration produced pasta with increased protein (11.13%–15.77%) and fibre content (1.97%–3.19%). The overall colour attributes improved and texture was also improved in comparison to barley pasta. Total phenolics and flavonoids increased from 2.26 to 3.46 mg GAE g−1 and 1.73 to 2.48 mg QE g−1, respectively, with rising chickpea levels in pasta. The presence of characteristics peak in FTIR spectra with absorption band between 3200 and 3300 cm−1 confirms the presence of phenolics compounds. The SEM reveals that the addition of chickpea flour impacts the structural integrity of the pasta owing to the increased protein and fibre. Thus, Barley–chickpea has a great potential to be used for pasta production with enhanced nutritive and quality attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced grain and seed nutrient content in crops grown under elevated CO2 concentrations (eCO2) have raised concerns about future food security. Studies have reported that different seed elements responded differently to eCO2. Additionally, the nutrient response to eCO2 varied across species and cultivars. This study investigated the response of seed quality in two soybean cultivars (HS93‐4118 and Loda) previously shown to have different yield responses to eCO2. We show that seed quality responded differently to eCO2 for the two cultivars and that elements were differentially impacted. The strongest declines under eCO2 were observed for Al, Ca, Fe, and Se while P and Mn were unaffected. Seed protein content increased under eCO2 for the two cultivars. Oil content, however, showed a negative relationship with yield and declined under eCO2. Using path analysis, we show that eCO2 reduced the seed content for some elements through increasing seed yield, effectively diluting the elemental concentrations, while other elements were reduced in a yield‐independent manner. Despite the decline in the seed concentration for some elements, the overall yield per hectare of elements, protein, and oil under eCO2 increased because of greater seed yield. We quantified the economic impact of altered seed composition and show that the decline in oil content with increasing soybean yield at eCO2 could adversely impact profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a pseudo cereal that is gaining interest in the world. The chemical profile of common buckwheat determines its high nutritional and health‐promoting value. The accumulation of these valuable ingredients depends on many factors, such as: variety, location of cultivation and related weather and agrotechnical conditions. Due to the growing interest in common buckwheat as a natural plant material for food production, it is important to know the factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative composition of its grains. The aim of the research was to determine the effect of the genotype (G), environment (E) and G × E interaction on the content of nutrients (protein, starch, ash, lipids) and bioactive components [dietary fiber (DF), total phenolic content (TPC)] in the common buckwheat grains. The study covered four cultivars grown in three locations for three consecutive vegetation seasons (2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019). RESULTS: Based on the obtained results, a significant influence of the environment and G × E interaction on the content of the studied parameters was found. The greatest impact on the diversity of the content of nutrients had environmental conditions, which in the case of protein and ash determined these features in more than 80%, and in the case of starch, 70%. With regard to bioactive compounds, the greatest influence of the environment was observed for the amount of TPC (78%), lignin (51%) and the DF complex (56%). CONCLUSION: The obtained results are useful for breeders working on expanding the pool of common buckwheat genotypes, stable in changing environmental conditions. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yams (Dioscorea species) are an important food resource in Madagascar, where both cultivated winged yam (D. alata) and wild edible yams are consumed. However, there is limited knowledge on the nutrient composition of wild edible yams in Madagascar, and on how they compare with the cultivated winged yam. Therefore, in this study, nine wild edible yam species, one with two subspecies from Madagascar (D. bako, D. buckleyana, D. irodensis, D. maciba, D. orangeana, D. pteropoda, D. sambiranensis subsp. bardotiae and subsp. sambiranensis, D. seriflora, and Dioscorea species Ovy valiha), were analyzed for their nutrient composition, compared with cultivated D. alata. They include 6/6 of the most favored wild edible yam species in Madagascar. New nutrient composition data (protein, carbohydrate/starch, energy, lipid, β‐carotene, and minerals) are presented for these nine wild edible yam species. The results show that they contain comparable levels of lipids and starch to D. alata, but none are better sources of protein than D. alata. The results show that D. irodensis contains a significantly higher β‐carotene content when compared to all other edible yams analyzed, and that D. buckleyana, D. irodensis, and D. sambiranensis subsp. bardotiae have a higher calcium content than cultivated D. alata, while all nine wild edible yam species analyzed contain a higher iron content, compared to cultivated D. alata. The nutrient composition data presented could provide new incentives to conserve wild edible yams and inform on strategies to select Dioscorea species for sustainable cultivation and use, providing opportunities to enhance future food security in Madagascar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The Moringa seed protein (MOS) is a new protein resource, the development and utilisation of MOS is still in its early stages due to the late introduction of its varieties. To improve the range of available MOS protein, this study investigated the effects of different pH levels on the ultrasonic modification of MOS protein (UMOWP), exploring the feasibility of UMOWP emulsion systems in food. The zeta potential analysis revealed that the isoelectric point (pI) of UMOWP was 5.8. The secondary structures of UMOWP could be regulated by pH. Moreover, different secondary structures led to different tertiary structures and chemical bonds in UMOWP. Compared with pH values near pI, surface hydrophobicity significantly increased but the total S–S group and particle size decreased away from pI. Furthermore, UMOWP partially dissociated at pH 3, and the degree of dissociation was weaker at pH 9 and pH 11. These structural changes led to significant improvements in the emulsification properties of UMOWP at pH 11, resulting in better environmental stability of the emulsion. These findings provide a foundation for the potential application of MOS proteins in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent probes are valuable tools to visualize non‐catalytic proteins in live cells. Currently, the majority of imaging reagents for non‐catalytic proteins are based on "always‐on" fluorophores and the use of these reagents usually necessitate a wash step to remove unbounded fluorophores before microscope imaging. Herein, we report the use of arylamino‐substituted rhodamine as an activatable fluorophore for the imaging of non‐catalytic protein in live cells. We have shown the induction of an arylamino to structurally rigid rhodamine could significantly reduce the fluorescent emission in aqueous medium but the ligand‐directed binding of this molecule to protein receptor could effective restrict its intramolecular motion and thus lead to enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 590 nm over 30‐fold. With fluorescent probes based on this fluorophore, we could visualize integrin αvβ3 and azido‐functionalized glycans in living cells with high contrast in a wash‐free manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk are often attributed to lactose intolerance or cow's milk allergy. However, some individuals without either condition still report gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk. This may be caused by gastric emptying (GE) rate or gastric protein coagulation. This study aimed to compare GE rate and protein coagulation after milk consumption between individuals reporting gastrointestinal symptoms and those without symptoms using a novel gastric MRI approach. Methods: Thirty women were included in this case–control study, of whom 15 reported gastrointestinal symptoms after drinking milk and 15 were controls. Participants underwent gastric MRI before and up to 90 min after consumption of 250 mL cow's milk. Gastric content volume and image texture of the stomach contents were used to determine GE and changes in the degree of coagulation. Key Results: GE half‐time did not differ between the groups (gastrointestinal symptom group 66 ± 18 min; control group 61 ± 14 min, p = 0.845). The gastrointestinal symptom group reported symptoms from 30 min onwards and rated pain highest at 90 min. The control group reported no symptoms. Image texture analyses showed a significantly higher percentage of coagulum and lower percentage of liquid in the group in the GI symptom group (MD 11%, 95% CI [3.9, 17], p = 0.003). In vitro data suggests that pH and proteolytic enzyme activity influence the coagulum structure. Conclusions and Inferences: Gastric milk coagulation and emptied fraction of stomach content may differ between individuals experiencing symptoms after milk consumption, possibly due to differences in pH and proteolytic enzyme activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perishability of aquatic products is a challenge for the processing of aquatic products, so it is better to choose suitable preservatives to prevent the degradation of proteins and the fission of their gel properties. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ultrasound‐assisted chlorogenic acid grafted chitosan (GUA) soaking of sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) fillets on protein oxidation and gelation properties. The results showed that GUA could reduce the formation of protein carbonyls and maintain Ca2+‐ATPase activity. Intrinsic fluorescence intensity (IFI) and SDS‐PAGE results demonstrated that GUA stabilized the tertiary structure of protein and inhibited protein degradation. Interestingly, ultrasound attenuated the protein aggregation induced by the use of chitosan‐grafted‐chlorogenic acid (CS‐g‐CA), which has good particle size during storage. Meanwhile, GUA treatment endowed the gel with a dense network microstructure, increased water holding capacity (WHC), reduced water mobility, and improved MP gel color as well as textural properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to characterise the between‐batch variability of pasteurised donor human milk (PDHM) produced from single‐donor pools at Australian Red Cross Lifeblood's milk bank and identify key donor characteristics that predict macronutrient content. Methods: Macronutrient content from 200 batches of PDHM was measured using a mid‐infrared human milk analyser (Miris, Uppsala, Sweden). Linear mixed models were used to study the impact of stage of lactation and gestational age on macronutrient content. Coefficients of determination (R2) were calculated to estimate the impact of the individual donor on overall variability. Results: Macronutrient content of PDHM varied considerably, with between‐batch variations of 2.8 and 6.4‐fold for protein and fat content, respectively. Mean crude protein content was 1.16 g/100 mL, ranging from 0.7 to 1.96 g/100 mL. Mean fat content was 3.85 g/100 mL, ranging from 1.46 to 9.39 g/100 mL. Stage of lactation was identified as a predictor for protein content and gestational age at birth for fat content. Individual donor effect explained 55 and 35% of the variance for fat and protein content, respectively. Conclusions: This study highlights the variation in macronutrient content in PDHM at an Australian milk bank. Variability could be reduced through the implementation of targeted multiple‐donor pooling using the key donor characteristics identified in this study along with the measurement of macronutrient content of individual donors at the time of first donation. However, the clinical benefit of a reduction in between‐batch variation, achieved through multiple‐donor pooling, would need to be assessed to justify additional efforts associated with PDHM processing changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluten (gliadin + glutenin) protein in wheat flour is affected by high temperature (day and/or night) resulting in undesirable consequences on dough quality. A study was conducted with early and late‐maturing wheat genotypes, to assess the spatial (superior‐ central and inferior‐ apical and basal spikelets) variation in the composition of gluten subfractions in the developing ear under high night temperature (HNT). We hypothesised that protein content in the superior and inferior grains may show a differential quantitative and qualitative response to HNT. HNT resulted in a significant increase in protein content which exhibited a strong (r = −0.44*) negative correlation with sedimentation volume (SV) that determines baking quality. The late‐maturity genotypes were more responsive to HNT with changes in ω‐5 and γ gliadin subfractions of both superior and inferior spikelets, though a consistent trend was not established. The proportion of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins increased, whereas low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins reduced in most of the genotypes under HNT. Both HMW and LMW glutenins revealed significant positive (r = 0.43* and r = 0.81***, respectively) correlation with SV. The expression analysis of genes for gluten subfractions showed a significant decrease in transcript abundance of α, ω‐5, γ, HMW, and LMW fractions under HNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there have been many studies and reports on various continuous protein crystallization processes. Due to the increasing demand for pharmaceutical proteins such as insulin and monoclonal antibodies, it has become essential to optimize the current industrial processes to meet these demands. There are various comparisons to be made between current batch crystallization processes and continuous processes for proteins. This review paper aims to review the recent advancements in continuous protein crystallization processes, such as slug flow crystallizers, oscillatory baffled crystallizers, and mixed suspension mixed product removal (MSMPR) crystallizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional ecology seeks to unravel the extensive web of nutritional links that directs animals in their interactions with their ecological and social environments. European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) populations its endemic locations are declining and it is considered a keystone species of the Mediterranean ecosystem prompteing the interest in its conservation. The main aim of this study was to determine the nutritional composition of the diet of European rabbits through the relative and absolute chemical composition of the gastric content. To address this objective, gastric content was collected from 80 European rabbits in a Mediterranean area for the analysis of its chemical composition. To this end, gastric content was analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, crude protein (CP), highly digestible nonnitrogenous nutrients (HDNN), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and lignin. The rabbits were divided into two groups: EMPTY and FULL, depending on the level of stomach filling, directly related to food intake. Our results revealed a positive correlation between the rabbits weight with DM in the gastric content, total gastric content with DM in the gastric content, and DM in gastric content with all chemical parameters analysed. The mean relative values obtained were 8.8%, 25.5%, 40.4% and 25.4%, for ash, CP, NDF and HDNN, respectively. Moreover, EMPTY rabbits had both a proportional (+19%, p = 0.002 and –40%; p = 0.004, on NDF and HDNN, respectively) and absolute (−38%, p = 0.014, –52%; p = 0.012, −52%; p = 0.011 and +83%; p = 0.008 for OM, ash, HDNN, and lignin, respectively) different proportion of nutrients in gastric contents than FULL animals. Since there is a connection between this availability and the fitness of this species, understanding the chemical composition of the rabbit's diet can be utilised to delve into its biology. Our study provides information that will help elucidate the factors affecting the chemical composition of the gastric content of European rabbits to assist land use planners and conservationists in identifying sites for conservation in Mediterranean ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary factors have been extensively studied as potential triggers of inflammatory bowel disease in humans. Scant literature exists regarding diet as a pre‐illness risk factor in dogs with chronic enteropathy (CE). Hypothesis: To evaluate possible pre‐illness dietary risk factors in dogs with CE. Animals: Ninety‐five client‐owned dogs; 48 with CE (25 presumptive and 23 confirmed) and 47 without a history of signs of gastrointestinal disease. Methods: Retrospective case‐control questionnaire‐based study at a veterinary referral teaching hospital in the United Kingdom. Diet history was obtained relating to the onset of initial presenting signs for all dogs. The main diet consumed underwent ingredient analysis and caloric distribution calculation using a guaranteed analysis convertor software. Length of time the main diet was fed and adherence to the World Small Animal Veterinary Association Global Nutrition Committee guidelines was also recorded. Results: The frequency of the main diet containing no carbohydrate was greater for controls (5/47 dogs, 11%) vs the combined presumptive and confirmed CE dogs (0/48 dogs, 0%; P =.05). Fewer dogs with confirmed CE were fed a main diet containing red meat as the primary protein source (2/23 dogs, 9%) vs controls (15/47 dogs, 32%; P =.03). A main diet moisture percentage of ≤14% as fed was significantly associated with confirmed CE in logistic regression analysis (OR 5.71 [95% CI: 1.18‐27.69]; P =.03). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The presence of dietary carbohydrate, protein source, and dietary moisture content, or factors related to moisture content such as preservatives, might play a role as potential pre‐illness dietary risk factors in dogs with CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion Malnutrition is common in older adults in aged care homes, partly due to inadequate protein intake. Menu planning guidelines are available however, adherence to guidelines is unknown. This study aimed to determine; (i) what are the average serving sizes of menu items provided and do they meet recommended portion sizes? (ii) does consumption from a ‘typical’ menu provide sufficient protein? and (iii) can substituting a ‘typical’ menu with high‐protein options enable residents to achieve protein adequacy?This study involved 572 residents (73% female; aged 86.4 ± 7.3 years) from 60 aged‐care homes in Australia involved in a 2‐year cluster‐randomised trial. During the trial, food intake was recorded quarterly using visual estimation of plate‐waste and 42 061 foods analysed. As part of a secondary analysis of these data, portion sizes of foods were compared to guidelines by calculating the mean (95% confidence interval). Items were deemed inadequate if the upper 95% confidence interval remained below recommended portion sizes.On average 47% of breakfast and 80% of lunch/dinner items were below recommended portion sizes. Relative protein intakes, from a typical menu (most consumed foods), was 0.9 g and 0.8 g/kg body weight/day for females and males; both below recommendations. Substituting regular items with higher protein equivalents increased protein intake to 1.3 g and 1.2 g/kg body weight/day, for females and males, respectively.Aged care homes in Australia are not meeting menu planning guidelines resulting in insufficient protein being provided. Reform to menu guidelines including provision of high‐protein foods, will ensure protein adequacy in older adults in aged‐care homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this set of randomised cross‐over studies was to determine the impact of progressive heat exposure and carbohydrate or protein feeding during exertional stress on small intestine permeability using a dual sugar test. In our previous work, and typically in the field, recovery of lactulose and l‐rhamnose is measured cumulatively in urine. This follow‐up study exploits our novel high‐performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD) protocol to accurately quantify the sugars in plasma. Endurance‐trained participants completed experimental trial A (ET‐A; n = 8), consisting of 2 h running at 60% V̇O2max${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ in temperate, warm and hot ambient conditions, and/or experimental trial B (ET‐B; n = 9), consisting of 2 h running at 60% V̇O2max${\dot V_{{{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{2}}}{\mathrm{max}}}}$ in the heat while consuming water, carbohydrate or protein. Blood samples were collected and plasma lactulose (L) and l‐rhamnose (R) appearance, after dual sugar solution ingestion at 90 min of exercise, was quantified by HPAEC‐PAD to measure plasma L/R and reveal new information about intestinal permeability immediately post‐exercise and during recovery. In ET‐A, plasma L/R increased immediately post‐exercise in hot compared with temperate and warm conditions, while, in ET‐B, carbohydrate alleviated this, and this information was otherwise missed when measuring urine L/R. Consuming carbohydrate or protein before and during exercise attenuated small intestine permeability throughout recovery from exertional heat stress. We recommend using the dual sugar test with quantification of plasma sugars by HPAEC‐PAD at intervals to maximise intestinal permeability data collection in exercise gastroenterology research, as this gives additional information compared to urinary measurements. Key points: Intestinal permeability is typically assessed using a dual sugar test, by administering a drink containing non‐metabolisable sugars (e.g. lactulose (L) and l‐rhamnose (R)) that can enter the circulation by paracellular translocation when the epithelium is compromised, and are subsequently measured in urine.We demonstrate that our recently developed ion chromatography protocol can be used to accurately quantify the L/R ratio in plasma, and that measuring L/R in plasma collected at intervals during the post‐exercise recovery period reveals novel acute response information compared to measuring 5‐h cumulative urine L/R.We confirm that exercising in hot ambient conditions increases intestinal epithelial permeability immediately after exercise, while consuming carbohydrate or protein immediately before and during exercise attenuates this.We recommend using our dual sugar absorption test protocol to maximise intestinal epithelial permeability data collection in exercise gastroenterology research and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Defatted coconut flour (DCF) obtained after the coconut oil extraction was incorporated at different concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) in rice noodles to increase the fibre and protein content. The functional characteristics of the flour blends and nutritional composition, colour, cooking qualities, textural, antioxidant properties, shelf life and sensory qualities of the noodles were assessed. The incorporation of DCF significantly (P < 0.05) increased Water Solubility Index (WSI), water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC). In contrast, properties like bulk density, foaming capacity (FC), emulsion activity and viscosity decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Nutrition analysis revealed that DCF‐enriched formulations had significantly more crude fibre, protein, antioxidant, polyphenol, flavonoid and mineral content than the control sample. Furthermore, the incorporation of DCF significantly (P < 0.05) increased swelling volume (2.33 ± 0.06% to 5.65 ± 0.21%), water uptake ratio (108.91 ± 0.03% to 191.21 ± 0.04%), cooking loss (4.61 ± 0.04% to 7.83 ± 0.02%), cooking time (2.62 ± 0.05 to 4.14 ± 0.04 min) and noodle thickness (0.21 to 0.27 cm). When DCF was added to noodles, the ΔE values were significantly (P < 0.05) increased, but the hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness, resilience, gumminess, L*, hue and chroma were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. Higher sensory scores were observed when DCF was incorporated up to 10%. The shelf life of the optimised noodles (with 10% DCF) was also assessed. The optimised noodle samples have a shelf life of 351 days at 29 °C. In conclusion, noodles made with DCF had more protein and fibre than those made with rice flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) survivors deal with long‐term health problems, which negatively affect their quality of life (QoL). Nutritional and exercise intervention could prevent the decline of muscle mass and physical functioning which occurs during critical illness. Despite the growing amount of research, robust evidence is lacking. Methods: For this systematic review, Embase, PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched. The effect of protein provision (PP) or combined protein and exercise therapy (CPE) during or after ICU admission on QoL, physical functioning, muscle health, protein/energy intake and mortality was assessed compared to standard care. Results: Four thousand nine hundred and fifty‐seven records were identified. After screening, data were extracted for 15 articles (9 randomised controlled trials and 6 non‐randomised studies). Two studies reported improvements in muscle mass, of which one found higher independency in activities of daily living. No significant effect was found on QoL. Overall, protein targets were seldom met and often below recommendations. Conclusion: Evidence for the effect of PP or CPE on patient‐reported outcomes in ICU survivors is limited due to study heterogeneity and lack of high‐quality studies. Future research and clinical practice should focus on adequate protein delivery with exercise interventions to improve long‐term outcomes. Highlights: Combining protein provision (PP) with exercise therapy may attenuate loss of muscle loss and functioning in critical illness survivors.Due to study heterogeneity and a lack of high‐quality studies, sound evidence for the effect of PP or combined protein and exercise therapy is lacking.Interdisciplinary collaboration of intensive care unit professionals, dietitians and physical therapists is essential to improve nutritional status and patient‐reported outcomes after critical illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry rich protein and nucleic acid information of host cells, thus, they are considered to be reliable biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. However, current EVs detection relies on technical expertise that requires special equipment to readout signals that prevent its point‐of‐care testing. In this study, we propose a Pattern Recognition of Molecular in Interest on Single EVs (PROMISE) strategy for clinical EVs detection. This strategy combines an aptamer‐based DNA processor on single EVs, and a color‐rendering enzyme to provide a visual output for naked‐eyes enabled profiling. We demonstrate 100% accuracy in breast cancer discrimination. Furthermore, by utilizing thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), we achieve a simultaneous screening of two types of cancers (breast and prostate cancer) in one sample. This PROMISE strategy could serve as a versatile platform for point‐of‐care EVs diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores beliefs about protein in dairy and plant‐based (PB) alternatives among stakeholders in the US marketplace and whether beliefs are associated with product preferences. Eight thousand and fifty‐two unique comments submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in response to a request for public input on the labelling of PB dairy alternatives (FDA‐2018‐N‐3522) were coded. Of these, 383 (4.8%) discussed protein and were analysed for protein‐specific themes. Themes were examined in relation to the submitter's product preference. Most comments that discussed protein focused on protein content and/or health outcomes believed to be associated with intake. Only one commenter who preferred dairy demonstrated an inaccurate understanding of protein content in dairy and PB alternatives, although nearly all failed to identify fortified soy beverage as an appropriate protein replacement; meanwhile, 14.2% who preferred PB alternatives demonstrated an inaccurate understanding regarding protein content in dairy and PB products. The results suggest knowledge gaps exist regarding protein in PB dairy alternatives, especially among those who prefer non‐dairy options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐molecule nanopore detection technology has revolutionized proteomics research by enabling highly sensitive and label‐free detection of individual proteins. Herein, we designed a small, portable, and leak‐free flowcell made of PMMA for nanopore experiments. In addition, we developed an in situ functionalizing PLL‐g‐PEG approach to produce non‐sticky nanopores for measuring the volume of diseases‐relevant biomarker, such as the Alpha‐1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein. The in situ functionalization method allows continuous monitoring, ensuring adequate functionalization, which can be directly used for translocation experiments. The functionalized nanopores exhibit improved characteristics, including an increased nanopore lifetime and enhanced translocation events of the AAT proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrated the reduction in the translocation event's dwell time, along with an increase in current blockade amplitudes and translocation numbers under different voltage stimuli. The study also successfully measures the single AAT protein volume (253 nm3), which closely aligns with the previously reported hydrodynamic volume. The real‐time in situ PLL‐g‐PEG functionalizing method and the developed nanopore flowcell hold great promise for various nanopores applications involving non‐sticky single‐molecule characterization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]