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The reliable anchorage and long‐term durability of high‐performance fiber reinforced polymer composites were the decisive factors for engineering applications owing to the anisotropy of materials and the complexity of service environment. In this paper, an innovative glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (GFRPP) self‐anchor plate cable was developed to utilize the high toughness/durability of thermoplastic resin and self‐anchor load‐bearing system. The effects of different reinforcement methods and cable arc angles (10°, 20°, and 30°) on mechanical properties of plate cable were investigated. Water absorption behavior and mechanical properties immersed in alkali solution were tested to evaluate its long‐term service behavior. The thermogravimetric and surface morphology analysis were conducted to reveal the performance evolution mechanism. The results showed through the combination of secondary melting, carbon fiber winding confinement and epoxy reinforcements, the splitting failure of transition zone and interlaminar cracking failure of straight zone for plate cable were effectively avoided. The tensile strength retention of plate cable for arc angles of 10°, 20° and 30° were 45.6%, 41.3%, and 34.0% of GFRPP plate, respectively. Larger arc angle increased the curvature of arc‐straight transition zone and stress concentration near the straight section, leading to interlaminar splitting failure of plate cable at weak transition zone. The tensile strength of plate cable with the immersion time deteriorated obviously until the lowest retention of 29.7%. The degradation mechanism was mainly due to the etching of glass fibers in alkali solution and the formation of pores and internal defects, including fiber/resin interface debonding and resin swelling. The research results were of significance for solving the anchoring problems and promoting the long‐term service reliability in bridge applications. Highlights: The mold can realize reliable molding of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene cables after the reinforcements.The tensile strength retention of plate cable was up to 34.0%–45.6% of plate.Larger arc angle increased the stress concentration near the straight section.Non‐polar polypropylene plate was proved to have better hydrophobic performance.The degradation mechanism of plate cable in alkali solution was revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most prevalent subtype of lung cancer, and the early detection and diagnosis of this disease are crucial in reducing mortality rates. The timely diagnosis of LUAD is essential for controlling tumour development and enabling early surgical treatment. GPR56 is a vital G protein‐coupled receptor and its role in T lymphocytes has received considerable attention. However, its function in B cells remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the significance of GPR56 in LUAD. We found that GPR56 exhibited a significant increase in circulating plasmablasts and a decrease in new memory B cells. GPR56 expression in B cells was significantly reduced after LPS stimulation and the proportion of HLA‐DR+ and CD40+ proportions were also decreased in GPR56+ B cells after stimulation. Additionally, GPR56 exhibited significant down‐regulation in circulating B cell subsets of early‐stage LUAD patients, and there were significant correlations between GPR56+ B cell subsets and tumour markers. In conclusion, GPR56 could reflect the hypoactivation state of B cells and the decreased proportion of GPR56+ B cell subset in LUAD patients can signify the active humoral immunity in vivo. The expression of GPR56 in B cells could potentially hold value in the early diagnosis of LUAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the expression of FCRL3 and its correlation with TIGIT in regulatory T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The study used single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry to analyze the expression of FCRL3 and TIGIT in T-cell subsets. The results showed that FCRL3 expression was elevated in Treg cells of SLE patients and positively associated with TIGIT expression. The co-expression of FCRL3 and TIGIT may have clinical significance in the diagnosis of SLE. Further research is needed to explore the potential role of FCRL3 and TIGIT in SLE. [Extracted from the article]

The structural and functional diversity of plant metabolites is largely created via chemical modification of a basic backbone. However, metabolite modifications in plants have still not been thoroughly investigated by metabolomics approaches. In this study, a widely targeted metabolite modificomics (WTMM) strategy was developed based on ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐linear ion trap (UHPLC‐Q‐Trap) and UHPLC‐Q‐Exactive‐Orbitrap (UHPLC‐QE‐Orbitrap), which greatly improved the detection sensitivity and the efficiency of identification of modified metabolites. A metabolite modificomics study was carried out using tomato as a model, and over 34,000 signals with MS2 information were obtained from approximately 232 neutral loss transitions. Unbiased metabolite profiling was also performed by utilizing high‐resolution mass spectrometry data to annotate a total of 2,118 metabolites with 125 modification types; of these, 165 modified metabolites were identified in this study. Next, the WTMM database was used to assess diseased tomato tissues and 29 biomarkers were analyzed. In summary, the WTMM strategy is not only capable of large‐scale detection and quantitative analysis of plant‐modified metabolites in plants, but also can be used for plant biomarker development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective logging is one of the most prevalent land uses of forests worldwide, affecting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, the effect of selective logging on the dual nature of temporal stability, and the scale dependence of this effect, remain to be elucidated. By conducting several decade‐long experiments in temperate forest ecosystems, we tested the effects of selective logging on aggregate and compositional stability at multiple spatial scales. As expected, forest ecosystem stability at larger spatial scales was enhanced both by the stability of local scales (i.e. α stability) and asynchronous dynamics among local communities (i.e. spatial asynchrony). We found that the negative effects of selective logging on both facets of forest stability propagated from local to larger spatial scales due to reduced α stability and the biological insurance effects of α diversity. However, both spatial aggregate and compositional asynchrony were not affected by selective logging. Interestingly, despite the selective logging, α diversity still provided biological insurance effects for maintaining aggregate and compositional stability. Our results imply that selective logging may destabilize the aggregate ecosystem functioning and species composition of forest ecosystems at local and larger spatial scales. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence of the scale dependence of aggregate and compositional stability of forest ecosystems in response to selective logging. Our findings suggest that forest management should avoid excessive selective logging and strive to protect forest diversity to safeguard the sustainability of the functioning and composition of natural forest ecosystems at multiple spatial scales. Keywords: aggregate stability, compositional stability, diversity, ecosystem functioning, spatial asynchrony, stability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a novel tool capable of real‐time monitoring and simultaneously quantifying of both intra/extracellular chemical signals across the large‐scale brain is the key bottleneck for understanding the interactions between the molecules inside and outside neurons. Here we built up a high‐density intra/extracellular optophysiology platform, together with developing two probes for specific recognition of L‐cysteine (Cys) and dopamine (DA), for simultaneously quantifying of both intracellular Cys and extracellular DA with high selectivity and accuracy across the brain of freely moving animals, as well as recording electrical signals. Using this powerful tool, it was found that intracellular Cys regulated extracellular DA through inducing the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the depressed mice brain. We also established the functional networks of Cys and DA across 32 brain regions in freely moving animals. More importantly, it was discovered that depression reduced the correlations between adjacent brain regions, which was recovered by the treatment of N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our planet is facing a variety of serious threats from climate change that are unfolding unevenly across the globe. Uncovering the spatial patterns of ecosystem stability is important for predicting the responses of ecological processes and biodiversity patterns to climate change. However, the understanding of the latitudinal pattern of ecosystem stability across scales and of the underlying ecological drivers is still very limited. Accordingly, this study examines the latitudinal patterns of ecosystem stability at the local and regional spatial scale using a natural assembly of forest metacommunities that are distributed over a large temperate forest region, considering a range of potential environmental drivers. We found that the stability of regional communities (regional stability) and asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony) both decreased with increasing latitude, whereas the stability of local communities (local stability) did not. We tested a series of hypotheses that potentially drive the spatial patterns of ecosystem stability, and found that although the ecological drivers of biodiversity, climatic history, resource conditions, climatic stability, and environmental heterogeneity varied with latitude, latitudinal patterns of ecosystem stability at multiple scales were affected by biodiversity and environmental heterogeneity. In particular, α diversity is positively associated with local stability, while β diversity is positively associated with spatial asynchrony, although both relationships are weak. Our study provides the first evidence that latitudinal patterns of the temporal stability of naturally assembled forest metacommunities across scales are driven by biodiversity and environmental heterogeneity. Our findings suggest that the preservation of plant biodiversity within and between forest communities and the maintenance of heterogeneous landscapes can be crucial to buffer forest ecosystems at higher latitudes from the faster and more intense negative impacts of climate change in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting 1 (FREE1), originally identified as a plant‐specific component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, plays diverse roles either in endosomal sorting in the cytoplasm or in transcriptional regulation of abscisic acid signaling in the nucleus. However, to date, a role for FREE1 or other ESCRT components in the regulation of plant miRNA biology has not been discovered. Here, we demonstrate a nuclear function of FREE1 as a cofactor in miRNA biogenesis in plants. FREE1 directly interacts with the plant core microprocessor component CPL1 in nuclear bodies and disturbs the association between HYL1, SE and CPL1. Inactivation of FREE1 in the nucleus increases the binding affinity between HYL1, SE, and CPL1 and causes a transition of HYL1 from the inactive hyperphosphorylated version to the active hypophosphorylated form, thereby promoting miRNA biogenesis. Our results suggest that FREE1 has evolved as a negative regulator of miRNA biogenesis and provides evidence for a link between FYVE domain‐containing proteins and miRNA biogenesis in plants. Synopsis: The plant‐specific FYVE domain‐containing protein FREE1 acts as a cofactor of microprocessor through interacting with CPL1 in the nucleus. This interaction regulates the phosphorylation status of HYL1 and represses miRNA biogenesis. FREE1 interacts with the plant core microprocessor component CPL1 in nuclear bodies.FREE1 affects the phosphorylation of HYL1 by reducing the binding between HYL1, SE, and CPL1.FREE1 acts as a negative regulator of miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting 1 (FREE1), which was previously identified as a plant‐specific component of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport machinery, plays an essential role in endosomal trafficking. Moreover, FREE1 also functions as an important negative regulator in abscisic acid (ABA) signalling. Multiple phosphorylations and ubiquitination sites have been identified in FREE1, hence unveiling the factors involved in posttranslational regulation of FREE1 is critical for comprehensively understanding FREE1‐related regulatory networks during plant growth. Here, we demonstrate that plant‐specific casein kinase I members MUT9‐like kinases 1–4 (MLKs 1–4)/Arabidopsis EL1‐like 1–4 interact with and phosphorylate FREE1 at serine residue S582, thereby modulating the nuclear accumulation of FREE1. Consequently, mutation of S582 to non‐phosphorylable residue results in reduced nuclear localization of FREE1 and enhanced ABA response. In addition, mlk123 and mlk134 triple mutants accumulate less FREE1 in the nucleus and display hypersensitive responses to ABA treatment, whereas overexpression of the nuclear‐localized FREE1 can restore the ABA sensitivity of seedling establishment in mlks triple mutants. Collectively, our study demonstrates a previously unidentified function of MLKs in attenuating ABA signalling in the nucleus by regulating the phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of FREE1. Summary Statement: Here, we uncover a new function of plant‐specific casein kinase I members MUT9‐like kinases 1–4 in phosphorylating FYVE domain protein required for endosomal sorting 1 (FREE1) at serine residue S582, thereby modulating the nuclear accumulation of FREE1 and suppressing abscisic acid signalling in Arabidopsis thaliana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Understanding the biodiversity–stability relationship has become a central issue in ecology and conservation biology. Although the stabilizing effects of tree species diversity on ecosystem productivity are well recorded in small local communities, they remain poorly understood across scales (from local to larger spatial scales). This study evaluates biodiversity–stability effects from local to larger spatial scales in a large temperate forest region, considering a range of environmental conditions and environmental heterogeneity. Location: North‐eastern China (c. 700,000 km2). Time period: 2005–2017. Major taxa studied: Woody plants. Methods: We define stability as the temporal invariability of biomass productivity. Regional metacommunities representing larger spatial scales were developed by aggregating multiple sets of local field plots. Simple regression analysis was used to test biodiversity–stability relationships in metacommunities. Piecewise structural equation modelling was then used to disentangle the effects of diversity and abiotic variables on forest stability at local and larger spatial scales. Multiple mixed‐effects regression models were used to determine the relative contribution of individual predictive variables to stability across spatial scales. Results: We found that local diversity (alpha diversity) was positively related to the stability of local communities (alpha stability), whereas species turnover across space (beta diversity) was positively related to asynchronous dynamics among local communities (spatial asynchrony), regardless of whether abiotic factors were considered or not. We also found that environmental conditions and environmental heterogeneity affected forest stability across scales. The effect of spatial asynchrony on gamma stability was greater than that of alpha stability. Main conclusions: Our results imply that spatial asynchrony is a key to maintaining the stability of ecosystem productivity within a large temperate forest region. We suggest that diverse forests and heterogeneous landscapes should be sustained at multiple spatial scales to buffer the negative effects of climate change and forest degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a dual‐responsive, self‐assembled nano micelle for co‐delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and a previously reported cyclopalladated anti‐cancer agent (CP). In this micelle system, doxorubicin and CP were electrostatically complexed to form a hydrophobic core while a conjugation of polyethylene glycol and β‐cyclodextrin (CD) was designed to construct the hydrophilic out‐layer and stabilize the micelle. The interaction between pegylated CD and DOX‐CP composite was achieved via inclusion of ferrocene moiety by CD, which could be broken by stimulating ROS that is over‐expressed in many cancer cell lines. Moreover, the DOX‐CP adduct can be destabilized under an acidic environment that exists in most solid tumors, which can further disassemble the micelle and release the two drugs. The fabricated micelle was characterized by TEM, DLS and its stimulus‐responsive characteristic were confirmed by drug‐release profile. The in vitro cellular cytotoxicity was also evaluated, which showed improved anti‐cancer effect of drug‐loaded micelle compared to free drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a novel tool capable of real‐time monitoring and simultaneous quantitation of multiple molecules in mitochondria across the whole brain of freely moving animals is the key bottleneck for understanding the physiological and pathological roles that mitochondria play in the brain events. Here we built a Raman fiber photometry, and created a highly selective non‐metallic Raman probe based on the triple‐recognition strategies of chemical reaction, charge transfer, and characteristic fingerprint peaks, for tracking and simultaneous quantitation of mitochondrial O2.−, Ca2+ and pH at the same location in six brain regions of free‐moving animal upon hypoxia. It was found that mitochondrial O2.−, Ca2+ and pH changed from superficial to deep brain regions upon hypoxia. It was discovered that hypoxia‐induced mitochondrial O2.− burst was regulated by ASIC1a, leading to mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and acidification. Furthermore, we found the overload of mitochondrial Ca2+ was mostly attributed to the influx of extracellular Ca2+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have used low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging to measure water dynamics and migration, color, and texture profile (TPA) of icefish dried with hot and cold air methods. Relaxation time of T21, T22, and T23, and the peak area of A22 and A23 decreased significantly during drying. The water signal intensity decreased from the surface to inner regions during drying. Color parameters of L* and b* values increased significantly, TPA parameters of hardness increased, cohesiveness decreased significantly, and moisture content decreased significantly during drying. We observed correlations between the moisture content, TPA, color, and NMR parameters. In addition, we found lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl content of the dried icefish with cold air compared with hot air. The cold air drying method yielded better sensory quality, and LF‐NMR was a useful nondestructive method to determine the degree of drying and the quality of icefish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Our understanding of the mechanisms driving β‐diversity is still rather rudimentary. This study evaluates the influences of environmental filtering versus spatial scale of regional communities on β‐diversity across latitudes. Location: North‐eastern China. Methods: The β‐diversity was calculated in each regional community. The spatial extent of these "regional communities", which included five or 10 plots, was ≤ 140 km. A random assembly null model was used to assess the effects of species abundance distribution on the β‐diversity. Moreover, the deviation of observed β‐diversity from a null model (called β‐deviation) was also assessed. The variations of the β values were partitioned into environmental, latitudinal and their joint effects. Results: The observed β‐diversity declined with increasing latitude, although the β‐deviations showed a non‐monotonic pattern as the latitude increased at two studied scales. All the regional communities consisting of five or 10 local plots exhibited significantly positive β‐deviations. The total amount of variation in β‐deviations explained by environmental and latitudinal variables increased dramatically with increasing scale. A significant pure environmental effect was observed at both scales, explaining 30% of the variation in β‐deviation for regional communities consisting of five local plots and 58.7% for regional communities consisting of 10 local plots. The spatial variation in precipitation primarily accounted for the β‐gradient. Main conclusions: This is one of the few multiscale analyses to investigate latitudinal patterns and driving mechanisms of tree β‐diversity in temperate forests. The β‐deviation showed a similar trend of change with latitude, but the variation of β‐deviation explained by the environments and latitude was highly dependent on the scale of regional communities studied. Environmental filtering and the spatial scale of regional communities jointly accounted for the β‐gradient, with environmental filtering appearing to determine the high variation of species turnover along the latitudinal gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ca–Cu chemical looping is a novel and promising approach for converting methane into pure H2 following the principle of sorption‐enhanced reforming. Its operational efficiency is largely determined by an appropriate coexistence of Cu‐based oxygen carriers and Ni‐based catalysts. Here, NiO/CuO composites are synthesized and their catalytic activity for H2 production is measured using a fixed‐bed reactor system equipped with an online gas analyzer. It is reported that the presence of CuO can hinder the activity of Ni‐based catalysts in H2 production, and experimental results show that the negative effect of CuO is strengthened with increasing CuO content and calcination temperature during sample preparation. With the help of a series of specific test and characterization techniques, interaction rules between NiO and CuO are further investigated and understood, and based on that an action mechanism model is proposed. Furthermore, an arrangement of mixed particles that avoids the intimate contact of CuO/NiO is suggested and tested, and a superior performance is demonstrated while observing no restrictions of CuO on Ni‐based catalysts in sorption‐enhanced steam‐methane reforming under the conditions of Ca–Cu chemical looping. CuO presence has an adverse effect on Ni‐based catalysts for the steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction. It is suggested that when there is intimate contact between CuO and NiO, an expanding aggregation of CuO on the active surface occurs with an increase of CuO content and that this would result in a decrease of the available contact area for Ni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In eukaryotes, RNA N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) modification and microRNA (miRNA)‐mediated RNA silencing represent two critical epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. The m6A methyltransferase complex (MTC) and the microprocessor complex both undergo liquid–liquid phase separation to form nuclear membraneless organelles. Although m6A methyltransferase has been shown to positively regulate miRNA biogenesis, a mechanism of reciprocal regulation between the MTC and the microprocessor complex has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the MTC and the microprocessor complex associate with each other through the METHYLTRANSFERASE B (MTB)–SERRATE (SE) interacting module. Knockdown of MTB impaired miRNA biogenesis by diminishing microprocessor complex binding to primary miRNAs (pri‐miRNAs) and their respective MIRNA loci. Additionally, loss of SE function led to disruptions in transcriptome‐wide m6A modification. Further biochemical assays and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) assay indicated that SE enhances the liquid–liquid phase separation and solubility of the MTC. Moreover, the MTC exhibited enhanced retention on chromatin and diminished binding to its RNA substrates in the se mutant background. Collectively, our results reveal the substantial regulatory interplay between RNA m6A modification and miRNA biogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]