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Background: High mechanical shear stress (HMSS) generated by blood pumps during mechanical circulatory support induces blood damage (or function alteration) not only of blood cell components but also of plasma proteins. Methods: In the present study, fresh, healthy human blood was used to prime a blood circuit assisted by a CentriMag centrifugal pump at a flow rate of 4.5 L/min under three pump pressure heads (75, 150, and 350 mm Hg) for 4 h. Blood samples were collected for analyses of plasma‐free hemoglobin (PFH), von Willebrand factor (VWF) degradation and platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor shedding. Results: The extent of all investigated aspects of blood damage increased with increasing cross‐pump pressure and duration. Loss of high‐molecular‐weight multimers (HMWM)‐VWF in Loop 2 and Loop 3 significantly increased after 2 h. PFH, loss of HMWM‐VWF, and platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor shedding showed a good linear correlation with mean shear stress corresponding to the three pump pressure heads. Conclusions: HMSS could damage red blood cells, cause pathological VWF degradation, and induce platelet activation and platelet receptor shedding. Different blood components can be damaged to different degrees by HMSS; VWF and VWF‐enhanced platelet activation may be more susceptible to HMSS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neutrophils take part in the innate immune response, phagocytosis, and pro‐inflammatory cytokine release. The phagocytic capacity of circulating neutrophils in patients on continuous flow (CF) ventricular assist device (VAD) has not been well studied. Methods: Blood samples from 14 patients undergoing CF‐VAD implantation were collected and analyzed preoperatively (at baseline) and on postoperative days (POD) 3, 7, 14, and 28. Flow cytometry was used to assess the surface expression levels of CD62L, CD162, and macrophage antigen‐1 (MAC‐1) and neutrophil phagocytic capacity. Interleukin 1 (IL1), IL6, IL8, TNF‐α, neutrophil elastase, and myeloperoxidase in plasma were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Results: Among the 14 patients, seven patients had preoperative bridge device support. Relative to baseline, patients with no bridge device had elevated leukocyte count and neutrophil elastase by POD3 which normalized by POD7. Neutrophil activation level, IL6, IL8, and TNF‐α increased by POD3 and sustained elevated levels for 7–14 days postoperatively. Elevated neutrophil phagocytic capacity persisted even until POD28. Similar patterns were observed in patients on a preoperative bridge device. Conclusions: Neutrophil activation and phagocytic capacity increased in response to VAD support, while inflammatory cytokines remain elevated for up to 2 weeks postoperatively. These findings may indicate that VAD implantation elicits circulating neutrophils to an abnormal preemptive phagocytotic phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: von Willebrand factor (vWF) plays a crucial role in physiological hemostasis through platelet and subendothelial collagen adhesion. However, its role in shear‐induced platelet activation and functional alteration under non‐physiological conditions common to blood‐contacting medical devices (BCMDs) is not well investigated. Methods: Fresh healthy human blood was treated with an anti‐vWF antibody to block vWF–GPIbα interaction. Untreated blood was used as a control. They were exposed to three levels of non‐physiological shear stress (NPSS) (75, 125, and 175 Pa) through a shearing device with an exposure time of 0.5 s to mimic typical shear conditions in BCMDs. Flow cytometric assays were used to measure the expression levels of PAC‐1 and P‐Selectin and platelet aggregates for platelet activation and the expression levels of GPIbα, GPIIb/IIIa, and GPVI for receptor shedding. Collagen/ristocetin‐induced platelet aggregation capacity was characterized by aggregometry. Results: The levels of platelet activation and aggregates increased with increasing NPSS in the untreated blood. More receptors were lost with increasing NPSS, resulting in a decreased capacity of collagen/ristocetin‐induced platelet aggregation. In contrast, the increase in platelet activation and aggregates after exposure to NPSS, even at the highest level of NPSS, was significantly lower in treated blood. Nevertheless, there was no notable difference in receptor shedding, especially for GPIIb/IIIa and GPVI, between the two blood groups at the same level of NPSS. The block of vWF exacerbated the decreased capacity of collagen/ristocetin‐induced platelet aggregation. Conclusions: High NPSS activates platelets mainly by enhancing the vWF–GPIbα interaction. Platelet activation and receptor shedding induced by high NPSS likely occur through different pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been used as a standard treatment option for patients with advanced heart failure. However, these devices are prone to adverse events. Nonsurgical bleeding (NSB) is the most common complication in patients with continuous flow (CF) LVADs. The development of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS) in CF‐LVAD recipients is thought to be a key factor. However, AVWS is seen across a majority of LVAD patients, not just those with NSB. The purpose of this study was to examine the link between acquired platelet defects and NSB in CF‐LVAD patients. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 62 CF‐LVAD patients at pre‐ and 4 post‐implantation timepoints. Reduced adhesion receptor expression (GPIbα and GPVI) and activation of platelets (GPIIb/IIIa activation) were used as markers for acquired platelet defects. Results: Twenty‐three patients experienced at least one NSB episode. Significantly higher levels of platelet activation and receptor reduction were seen in the postimplantation blood samples from bleeders compared with non‐bleeders. All patients experienced the loss of high molecular weight monomers (HMWM) of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), but no difference was seen between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression showed that biomarkers for reduced platelet receptor expression (GPIbα and GPVI) and activation (GPIIb/IIIa) have more predictive power for NSB, with the area under curve (AUC) values of 0.72, 0.68, and 0.62, respectively, than the loss of HMWM of vWF (AUC: 0.57). Conclusion: The data from this study indicated that the severity of acquired platelet defects has a direct link to NSB in CF‐LVAD recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibody‐mediated rejection has long been known to be one of the major organ failure mechanisms in xenotransplantation. In addition to the porcine α1,3‐galactose (α1,3Gal) epitope, N‐Glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), a sialic acid, has been identified as an important porcine antigen against which most humans have pre‐formed antibodies. Here we evaluate GalTKO.hCD46 lungs with an additional cytidine monophospho‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) gene knock‐out (Neu5GcKO) in a xenogeneic ex vivo perfusion model Methods: Eleven GalTKO.hCD46.Neu5GcKO pig lungs were perfused for up to 6 h with fresh heparinized human blood. Six of them were treated with histamine (H) blocker famotidine and 1‐thromboxane synthase inhibitor Benzylimidazole (BIA) and five were left untreated. GalTKO.hCD46 lungs without Neu5GcKO (n = 18: eight untreated and 10 BIA+H treated) served as a reference. Functional parameters, blood, and tissue samples were collected at pre‐defined time points throughout the perfusion Results: All but one Neu5GcKO organs maintained adequate blood oxygenation and "survived" until elective termination at 6 h whereas two reference lungs failed before elective termination at 4 h. Human anti‐Neu5Gc antibody serum levels decreased during the perfusion of GalTKO.hCD46 lungs by flow cytometry (∼40% IgM, 60% IgG), whereas antibody levels in Neu5GcKO lung perfusions did not fall (IgM p =.007; IgG p <.001). Thromboxane elaboration, thrombin generation, and histamine levels were significantly reduced with Neu5GcKO lungs compared to reference in the untreated groups (p =.007,.005, and.037, respectively); treatment with BIA+H masked these changes. Activation of platelets, measured as CD62P expression on circulating platelets, was lower in Neu5GcKO experiments compared to reference lungs (p =.023), whereas complement activation (as C3a rise in plasma) was not altered. MCP‐1 and lactotransferin level elevations were blunted in Neu5GcKO lung perfusions (p =.007 and.032, respectively). Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) rise was significantly attenuated and delayed in untreated GalTKO.hCD46.Neu5GcKO lungs in comparison to the untreated GalTKO.hCD46 lungs (p =.003) Conclusion: Additional Neu5GcKO in GalTKO.hCD46 lungs significantly reduces parameters associated with antibody‐mediated inflammation and activation of the coagulation cascade. Knock‐out of the Neu5Gc sialic acid should be beneficial to reduce innate immune antigenicity of porcine lungs in future human recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Platelet sequestration is a common process during organ reperfusion after transplantation. However, instead of lower platelet counts, when using traditional hemocytometers and light microscopy, we observed physiologically implausible platelet counts in the course of ex‐vivo lung and liver xenograft organ perfusion studies. We employed conventional flow cytometry (FC) and imaging FC (AMINS ImageStream X) to investigate the findings and found platelet‐sized fragments in the circulation that are mainly derived from red blood cell membranes. We speculate that this erythrocyte fragmentation contributes to anemia during in‐vivo organ xenotransplant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sheep are a primary model of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) with heparin anticoagulation therapy frequently being monitored by activated clotting time (ACT) due to ease and cost. In patients undergoing long‐term heparin therapy, other anticoagulation monitoring strategies, such as activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), have proven to be more reliable indicators for the adequacy of anticoagulation, frequently determined by heparin concentration. As there is a paucity of similar studies in sheep, we sought to investigate the correlation between heparin concentration and ACT and aPTT using whole sheep blood in an ex vivo model. Methods: Fresh whole blood was serially drawn from an adult female Dorset‐hybrid sheep and aliquots were placed into tubes containing heparin saline solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 7.81 U heparin per mL of whole blood. ACT and aPTT values were measured on each of the samples. The experiment was performed four times with the same animal. A simple linear regression was performed to determine correlation, and subgroup analysis was performed on low versus high heparin concentrations typically seen in human patients on long‐term MCS, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), versus cardiopulmonary bypass, respectively. Results: aPTT measurements versus the heparin concentration had an R2 = 0.7295. ACT measurements versus the heparin concentration had a R2 = 0.4628. aPTT measurements versus the ACT measurements had a R2 = 0.2974. The strength of the correlation between aPTT and heparin concentration increased at low heparin concentrations (R2 = 0.8392). Conclusion: aPTT had a more reliable correlation to heparin concentration and thus anticoagulation level than ACT. This was particularly true at lower heparin concentrations, similar to ranges seen for patients on ECMO. The correlation between aPTT and ACT values was poor. Further in vivo studies should be performed to confirm our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Leukocytes play an important role in the body's immune system. The aim of this study was to assess alterations in neutrophil phenotype and function in pump‐assisted circulation in vitro. Methods: Human blood was circulated for four hours in three circulatory flow loops with a CentriMag blood pump operated at a flow of 4.5 L/min at three rotational speeds (2100, 2800, and 4000 rpm), against three pressure heads (75, 150, and 350 mm Hg), respectively. Blood samples were collected hourly for analyses of neutrophil activation state (Mac‐1, CD62L, CD162), neutrophil reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and neutrophil phagocytosis. Results: Activated neutrophils indicated by both Mac‐1 expression and decreased surface expression of CD62L and CD162 receptors increased with time in three loops. The highest level of neutrophil activation was observed in the loop with the highest rotational speed. Platelet‐neutrophil aggregates (PNAs) progressively increased in two loops with lower rotational speeds. PNAs peaked at one hour after circulation and decreased subsequently in the loop with the highest rotational speed. Neutrophil ROS production dramatically increased at one hour after circulation and decreased subsequently in all three loops with similar levels and trends. Apoptotic neutrophils increased with time in all three loops. Neutrophil phagocytosis capacity in three loops initially elevated at one hour after circulation and decreased subsequently. Apoptosis and altered phagocytosis were dependent on rotational speed. Conclusions: Our study revealed that the pump‐assisted circulation induced neutrophil activation, apoptosis, and functional impairment. The alterations were strongly associated with pump operating condition and duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High mechanical shear stresses (HMSS) can cause damage to blood, which manifests as morphologic changes, shortened life span, biochemical alterations, and complete rupture of blood cells and proteins, leading to the alterations of normal blood function. The aim of this study is to determine the state of neutrophil activation and function alterations caused by HMSS with short exposure time relevant to ventricular assist devices. Blood from healthy donors was exposed to three levels of HMSS (75Pa, 125Pa, and 175Pa) for a short exposure time (0.5 s) using our Couette‐type blood‐shearing device. Neutrophil activation (Mac‐1, platelet‐neutrophil aggregates) and surface expression levels of two key functional receptors (CD62L and CD162) on neutrophils were evaluated by flow cytometry. Neutrophil phagocytosis and transmigration were also examined with functional assays. Results showed that the expression of Mac‐1 on neutrophils and platelet‐neutrophil aggregates increased significantly while the level of CD62L expression on neutrophils decreased significantly after the exposure to HMSS. The Mac‐1 expression progressively increased while the CD62L expression progressively decreased with the increased level of HMSS. The level of CD162 expression on neutrophils slightly increased after the exposure to HMSS, but the increase was not significant. The phagocytosis assay data revealed that the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose latex beads coated with fluorescently labeled rabbit IgG increased significantly with the increased level of HMSS. The transmigration ability of neutrophils slightly increased after the exposure to HMSS, but did not reach a significant level. In summary, HMSS with a short exposure time of 0.5 seconds could induce neutrophil activation, platelet‐neutrophil aggregation, shedding of CD62L receptor, and increased phagocytic ability. However, the exposure to the three levels of HMSS did not cause a significant change in neutrophil transmigration capacity and shedding of CD162 receptor on neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approximately 85% colorectal cancers (CRCs) are thought to evolve through the adenoma‐to‐carcinoma sequence associated with specific molecular alterations, including the 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) signature in circulating cell‐free DNA (cfDNA). To explore colorectal disease progression and evaluate the use of cfDNA as a potential diagnostic factor for CRC screening, here, we performed genome‐wide 5hmC profiling in plasma cfDNA and tissue genomic DNA (gDNA) acquired from 101 samples (63 plasma and 38 tissues), collected from 21 early‐stage CRC patients, 21 AD patients, and 21 healthy controls (HC). The gDNA and cfDNA 5hmC signatures identified in gene bodies and promoter regions in CRC and AD groups were compared with those in HC group. All the differential 5hmC‐modified regions (DhMRs) were gathered into four clusters: Disease‐enriched, AD‐enriched, Disease‐lost, and AD‐lost, with no overlap. AD‐related clusters, AD‐enriched and AD‐lost, displayed the unique 5hmC signals in AD patients. Disease‐enriched and Disease‐lost clusters indicated the general 5hmC changes when colorectal lesions occurred. Cancer patients with a confirmable adenoma history segmentally gathered in AD‐enriched clusters. KEGG functional enrichment and GO analyses determined distinct differential 5hmC‐modified profiles in cfDNA of HC individuals, AD, and CRC patients. All patients had comprehensive 5hmC signatures where Disease‐enriched and Disease‐lost DhMR clusters demonstrated similar epigenetic modifications, while AD‐enriched and AD‐lost DhMR clusters indicated complicated subpopulations in adenoma. Analysis of CRC patients with adenoma history showed exclusive 5hmC‐gain characteristics, consistent with the 'parallel' evolution hypothesis in adenoma, either developed through the adenoma‐to‐carcinoma sequence or not. These findings deepen our understanding of colorectal disease and suggest that the 5hmC modifications of different pathological subtypes (cancer patients with or without adenoma history) could be used to screen early‐stage CRC and assess adenoma malignancy with large‐scale follow‐up studies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roles of the large membrane surface of the oxygenator and the high mechanical shear stress (HMSS) of the pump in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) circuit were examined under a pediatric support setting. A clinical centrifugal pump and a pediatric oxygenator were used to construct the ECMO circuit. An identical circuit without the oxygenator was constructed for comparison. Fresh human blood was circulated in the two circuits for 4 hours under the identical pump speed and flow. Blood samples were collected hourly for blood damage assessment, including platelet activation, generation of platelet‐derived microparticles (PDMP), losses of key platelet hemostasis receptors (glycoprotein (GP) Ibα (GPIbα) and GPVI), and high molecular weight multimers (HMWM) of von Willebrand factor (VWF) and plasma free hemoglobin (PFH). Platelet adhesion on fibrinogen, VWF, and collagen was further examined. The levels of platelet activation and generation of PDMP and PFH exhibited an increasing trend with circulation time while the expression levels of GPIbα and GPVI receptors on the platelet surface decreased. Correspondingly, the platelets in the blood samples exhibited increased adhesion capacity to fibrinogen and decreased adhesion capacities on VWF and collagen with circulation time. Loss of HMWM of VWF occurred in both circuits. No statistically significant differences were found in all the measured parameters for blood damage and platelet adhesion function between the two circuits. The results indicate that HMSS from the pump played a dominant role in blood damage associated with ECMO and the impact of the large surface of the oxygenator on blood damage was insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A mass spectrometry–guided elution–extrusion countercurrent chromatography protocol was developed to separate chemical components from Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. In this study, ion current extraction, a mass spectrometry–based data postacquisition method, was utilized to boost the separation power and scope of countercurrent chromatography technique. As a peak repicking and denoising tool, ion current extraction was carried out to process the liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and the countercurrent chromatography with mass spectrometry data. So the target components were reacquired in the created extracted ion current patterns with enhanced responses and diminished background noise, which facilitated the distribution constant determination (by liquid chromatography with extracted ion current) and the targets fractionation (by countercurrent chromatography with extracted ion current). Under the guidance of the extracted ion currents of the target components and with the support of elution–extrusion mode in the countercurrent chromatography separation, six pairs of minor iridoid isomers were obtained in shortened experimental duration. Besides, a reciprocal shifted symmetry plot was established to represent the elution–extrusion countercurrent chromatography chromatogram. The results demonstrated the capability of the ion current extraction–guided elution–extrusion countercurrent chromatography protocol in discovery, analysis, and fractionation of low‐concentration and structurally similar chemicals from a complicated sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gentiopicroside isolated from gentiana macrophylla Pall. belongs to iridoid glycosides. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of gentiopicroside against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in mice. Mice were proactively administrated with gentiopicroside by intragastric administration once a day for 3 consecutive days. On the 3rd day, gastric ulcer in mice was induced with 70% ethanol after the last intragastric administration. The stomach tissues were submitted for evaluation of the severity of gastric mucosal alterations. Gentiopicroside administrated orally ameliorated the severity of gastric mucosal alterations. Oral administration of gentiopicroside significantly increased heat shock protein-70 and glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity, normalized epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels, and decreased the levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase activity in gastric tissue. These findings demonstrated that gentiopicroside has protective effect against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in mice through the improvements of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as up-regulation of heat shock protein-70 level and normalization of epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor levels. The results presented in this study provide some evidence for the development of a novel antigastric ulcer agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Lung xenografts remain susceptible to loss of vascular barrier function within hours in spite of significant incremental advances based on genetic engineering to remove the Gal 1,3-αGal antigen (Gal TKO) and express human membrane cofactor protein ( hCD46). Natural killer cells rapidly disappear from the blood during perfusion of Gal TKO. hCD46 porcine lungs with human blood and presumably are sequestered within the lung vasculature. Here we asked whether porcine expression of the human NK cell inhibitory ligand HLA-E and β2 microglobulin inhibits Gal TKO.hCD46 pig cell injury or prolongs lung function in two preclinical perfusion models. Methods Lungs from pigs modified to express Gal TKO.h CD46 (n=37) and Gal TKO.h CD46. HLA-E (n=5) were harvested and perfused with human blood until failure or elective termination at 4 hours. Airway pressures and pulmonary artery hemodynamics were recorded in real time. Blood samples were also collected throughout the experiment for analysis. Porcine aortic endothelial cells ( PAECs) from each genotype were cultured in monolayers in microfluidic channels and used in fluorescent cytotoxicity assays using human NK cells. Results HLA-E expression on Gal TKO.h CD46 PAECs was associated with significantly decreased antibody-dependent and antibody-independent NK-mediated cytotoxicity under in vitro conditions simulating physiologic shear stress. Relative to Gal TKO. hCD46 pig lungs perfused with human blood on an ex vivo platform, additional expression of HLA-E increased median lung survival (>4 hours, vs 162 minutes, P=.012), and was associated with attenuated rise in pulmonary vascular resistance, and decreased platelet activation and histamine elaboration. As expected, HLA-E expression was not associated with a significant difference in NK cell adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro, or NK cell and neutrophil sequestration during organ perfusion. Conclusions We conclude human NK cell activation contributes significantly to Gal TKO.h CD46 pig endothelial injury and lung inflammation and show that expression of HLA-E is associated with physiologically meaningful protection of Gal TKO.h CD46 cells and organs exposed to human blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid method combining microwave-assisted extraction ( MAE) and high-speed counter-current chromatography ( HSCCC) was applied for preparative separation of six bioactive compounds including loganic acid ( I), isoorientin-4′- O-glucoside ( II), 6′- O-β- d-glucopyranosyl gentiopicroside ( III), swertiamarin ( IV), gentiopicroside ( V), sweroside ( VI) from traditional Tibetan medicine Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex Burk. MAE parameters were predicted by central composite design response surface methodology. That is, 5.0 g dried roots of G. crassicaulis were extracted with 50 mL 57.5% aqueous ethanol under 630 W for 3.39 min. The extract (gentian total glycosides) was separated by HSCCC with n-butanol/ethyl acetate/methanol/1% acetic acid water (7.5:0.5:0.5:3.5, v/v/v/v) using upper phase mobile in tail-to-head elution mode. 16.3, 8.8, 12., 25.1, 40.7, and 21.8 mg of compounds I-VI were obtained with high purities in one run from 500 mg of original sample. The purities and identities of separated components were confirmed using HPLC with photo diode array detection and quadrupole TOF-MS and NMR spectroscopy. The study reveals that response surface methodology is convenient and highly predictive for optimizing extraction process, MAE coupled with HSCCC could be an expeditious method for extraction and separation of phytochemicals from ethnomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since there is currently no method to selectively fabricate superhydrophobic regions on superhydrophilic surfaces of metal substrates, wettability patterns on metal substrates are prepared via the three-step technique including superhydrophilic, superhydrophobic and selectively superhydrophilic modifications. Here, an innovative method that can selectively lower surface energy of superhydrophilic surfaces, and thereby makes it more convenient to fabricate the wettability patterns, is proposed. Chemical etching is used to formulate micro/nanoscale rough structures and fabricate superhydrophilic aluminium (Al) surface, which is then covered by patterned mask whose main composition is siloxane. Removing the mask after 80°C water bath heating for 20 s, the covered Al surface has been modified to become superhydrophobic (contact angles >165°, sliding angles <1.5°), while the uncovered region is still superhydrophilic, and wettability patterns are therefore obtained. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and Raman spectra indicate that the change of wettability is induced by hydrophobic groups on the modified surfaces. The superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated by this method have excellent high-temperature resistance. The method proposed is simple, rapid and environmental-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a way to achieve effective directional transport of water on superhydrophobic surface is presented. An aluminium (Al) superhydrophobic surface was prepared by chemical etching method. After being treated by cold nitrogen plasma jet, a superhydrophilic track pattern corresponding to the mask was then fabricated. The vein-like structure of the liquid transport platform was composed of a trunk and several branches, both having wedge angles. Driven by surface tension, water droplets at any location of the dripping area can be transported against gravity. This method is reusable and could be widely used in the directional transportation and water recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]