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Objectives: The objective is to assess the interconnectedness of a network of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) variables among people with HIV (PHIV) to identify key areas for which clinical interventions could improve HRQoL for this population. Methods: Between 2021 and 2023, we carried out a cross‐sectional study within the Spanish CoRIS cohort. We conducted a weighted and undirected network analysis, which examines complex patterns of relationships and interconnections between variables, to assess a network of eight HRQoL dimensions from the validated Clinic Screening Tool for HIV (CST‐HIV): anticipated stigma, psychological distress, sexuality, social support, material deprivation, sleep and fatigue, cognitive problems and physical symptoms. Results: A total of 347 participants, predominantly male (93.1%), currently working (79.0%), self‐reported homosexual (72.6%) and college‐educated (53.9%), were included in the study. Psychological distress showed the highest centrality in the network, indicating its strong connections with sleep and fatigue, cognitive problems and social support within the HRQoL network. Conclusions: Psychological distress, sleep and fatigue, cognitive issues and social support were identified as key factors in an HRQoL network, indicating that interventions focused on these areas could significantly enhance overall well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abrocitinib, a selective JAK 1 inhibitor, was recently approved in Europe. Despite its approval, real‐world data on its efficacy and safety in treating moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis (AD) remains limited. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the short‐term effectiveness and safety of abrocitinib in a real‐life setting for patients with moderate‐to‐severe AD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study involving adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe AD who started abrocitinib treatment between May 1, 2023, and September 30, 2023, in 15 Spanish hospitals. Treatment doses were 100 or 200 mg daily, based on clinical assessment. Data collection included patient demographics, AD history, comorbidities, previous treatments, and disease severity indicators such as SCORing atopic dermatitis (SCORAD), Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), body surface area, and Peak Pruritus NRS scores at baseline, 4, 12, and 24 weeks. Quality of life was measured using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and safety was assessed by monitoring adverse reactions and various biochemical parameters. Results: The cohort comprised 76 patients with an average age of 33.93 years; 57.89% were male. Before abrocitinib, 36.84% were naïve to advanced therapies. The baseline mean scores were SCORAD 47.04, EASI 21.79, and DLQI 15.01. At Week 24, there were significant improvements: EASI was reduced to 2.81, and 70.58% of the patients achieved EASI 75. However, 18.42% discontinued treatment mainly due to inefficacy or adverse effects. The safety profile was favorable, with 22.37% reporting mild adverse events (AEs) and one serious case of cutaneous lymphoma. Conclusions: This first Spanish series assessing abrocitinib in real‐world conditions reveals a significant improvement in AD symptoms and quality of life in a range of severity and prior treatment failures. Abrocitinib was well‐tolerated, with few serious AEs, highlighting its potential as an effective treatment option for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reports of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to phytonadione epoxide (PE) in cosmetics suggest that PE is as powerful a sensitiser as its parent compound phytonadione. Objective: To evaluate a case series of ACD to PE in Spain. Methods: We reviewed the records of 20 patients with ACD to cosmetics containing PE diagnosed across Spain between January 2019 and June 2023. Results: All 20 patients developed patch test (PT) or repeated open application test (ROAT) reactions to cosmetics containing PE. All involved women with eyelid eczema. PT or ROAT with PE preparations were positive in 17/20 (85%). PE at 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% in pet. was patch‐tested in 8/17, 14/17, 11/17 and 8/17 patients; being positive in 6/8 (75%), 13/14 (92.85%), 11/11 (100%) and 8/8 (100%), respectively. Conclusion: Regulators should, not only ban the specific dangerous cosmetic ingredients, but also consider to ban or keep under close surveillance those closely related products or derivatives that might potentially cause similar harmful effects. PTs with PE are suggested to be performed at a 5% concentration in pet. Higher concentrations (10% pet.) should be tested whenever PTs with 5% pet. PE are negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) are inflammatory skin conditions whose association is not clearly defined. Objectives: To identify differences in ACD profile between patients with and without AD among those referred for patch testing. Additionally, to determine the prevalence of sensitisation to standard Spanish contact allergens in both groups. Methods: We analysed two groups (AD and non‐AD) within the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (REIDAC). Contact allergy, clinical relevance and epidemiological data were compared between them. Results: A total of 5055 patients were included. Among them, 23% (1168) had a history or final diagnosis of AD. At least one positive reaction was seen in 468 (40%) of AD patients and 1864 (48%) of non‐AD patients. In both groups, the most common positive reactions were to nickel sulphate, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and cobalt chloride. Age‐adjusted OR for sensitisation to nickel sulphate was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.61–0.86), indicating a decreased likelihood of sensitisation in AD patients compared to non‐AD individuals. Conclusions: We did not find an increased presence of ACD in patients with AD referred for patch testing, exhibiting similar profiles to non‐AD population, except for a negative relationship between AD and sensitisation to nickel sulphate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value is crucial to lean product development (LPD) and set‐based design (SBD). Nevertheless, the literature needs to present more research on value definition and deployment to support exploring the design space. This scenario hinders the operationalization of lean initiatives in product development. This paper proposes a value deployment (VD) method for SBD, applying quality function deployment (QFD) matrices. We undertook a research action on the design of a TRL‐6 magnetic air conditioner. As a result, we aligned teams and development efforts toward value, building clarity and cohesion about the contribution of subsystems to product performance. Furthermore, VD enabled the integration of manufacturing in decision‐making. Our work paves the way for SBD in terms of practical relevance for industrial and systems engineering, assisting managers in adopting LPD and aligning integrated product teams toward value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review article synthesizes key findings from studies on the use of diamond dosimeters in advanced radiotherapy techniques, showcasing their applications, challenges, and contributions to enhancing dosimetric accuracy. The article explores various dosimeters, highlighting synthetic diamond dosimeters as potential candidates especially due to their high spatial resolution and negligible ion recombination effect. The clinically validated commercial dosimeter, PTW microDiamond (mD), faces limitations in small fields, proton and hadron therapy and ultra‐high dose per pulse (UHDPP) conditions. Variability in reported values for field sizes <$<$2 ×$\times$ 2 cm2${\rm cm}^2$ is noted, reflecting the competition between volume averaging and density perturbation effects. PTW's introduction of flashDiamond (fD) holds promise for dosimetric measurements in UHDPP conditions and is reliable for commissioning ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) electron beam systems, pending the clinical validation of the device. Other advancements in diamond detectors, such as in 3D configurations and real‐time dose per pulse x‐ray detectors, are considered valuable in overcoming challenges posed by modern radiotherapy techniques, alongside relative dosimetry and pre‐treatment verifications. The studies discussed collectively provide a comprehensive overview of the evolving landscape of diamond dosimetry in the field of radiotherapy, and offer insights into future directions for research and development in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Budesonide and tixocortol pivalate as markers of contact allergy to corticosteroids have been questioned, as they are not able to detect a significant percentage of allergic patients. Objectives: To investigate the potential role of clobetasol propionate in enhancing corticosteroid sensitisation detection. Methods: Between January 2022 and December 2023, patients who attended centres involved in the Spanish Registry of Research in Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy were tested with an extended baseline series that included budesonide, tixocortol pivalate, clobetasol propionate 0.1% in ethanol and 1% in petrolatum. Results: A total of 4338 patients were tested. Twenty‐four patients were allergic to budesonide (0.55%, 95% CI: 0.37–0.82); nine patients were allergic to tixocortol pivalate (0.21%, 95% CI: 0.11–0.39); and 23 patients were allergic to clobetasol (0.53%, 95% CI: 0.35–0.79). Only four of those patients allergic to clobetasol were detected by budesonide and one by tixocortol pivalate. No significant differences in the number of positive tests were found between clobetasol in petrolatum or ethanol. Conclusions: In Spain budesonide remains the main corticosteroid allergy marker whereas the role of tixocortol pivalate is questionable. The addition of clobetasol propionate to the Spanish baseline series would improve the ability to detect patients allergic to corticosteroids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of eco‐friendly active food packaging systems based on biobased polymeric materials is a growing field of research because of the pressing concern for sustainable development. Herein, monolayer ternary thermoplastic films composed of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), gallic acid (GA, 2.5% w/w relative to PLA), and a plasticizer (poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG] or epoxidized linseed oil [ELO], 5.0 and 7.5% w/w relative to PLA) are prepared via melt‐mixing followed by compression molding. The ensuing plasticized and self‐standing PLA/GA films are translucent and have good mechanical properties (Young's modulus ~2 GPa) and welding performance. The incorporation of GA yields films with ultraviolet‐light barrier properties (transmittance below 40%, 200–400 nm), antioxidant capacity (radical scavenging activity above 94%), and antibacterial activity against the methicillin‐resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (minimum of 3‐log reduction colony forming units mL−1). These thermoplastic films are easily degradable via enzymatic degradation with proteinase K from Tritirachium album, reaching weight loss values of 100% after 9 days. The films plasticized with PEG present slightly better antibacterial action and enzymatic degradation, whereas those plasticized with ELO exhibit marginally higher surface hydrophobicity and thermal stability. Thus, the combination between PLA and GA yielded biobased films with bioactive properties that have potential for application in active food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research into green technologies is driven by the worldwide push for eco‐friendly materials and energy solutions. The focus is on synergies that prioritize sustainability and environmental benefits. This study explores the potential of abundant, non‐toxic, and sustainable resources such as paper, lignin‐enriched paper, and cork for producing laser‐induced graphene (LIG) supercapacitor electrodes with improved capacitance. A single‐step methodology using a CO2 laser system is developed for fabricating these electrodes under ambient conditions, providing an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional carbon sources. The resulting green micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) achieve impressive areal capacitance (≈7–10 mF cm−2) and power and energy densities (≈4 μW cm‐2 and ≈0.77 µWh cm−2 at 0.01 mA cm−2). Stability tests conducted over 5000 charge–discharge cycles demonstrate a capacitance retention of ≈80–85%, highlighting the device durability. These LIG‐based devices offer versatility, allowing voltage output adjustment through stacked and sandwich MSCs configurations (parallel or series), suitable for various large‐scale applications. This study demonstrates that it is possible to create high‐quality energy storage devices based on biodegradable materials. This development can lead to progress in renewable energy and off‐grid technology, as well as a reduction in electronic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, carbon materials were used in the hydrogen adsorption process, specifically as carbons doped with platinum dispersed on ceria. The textural characterization results of the prepared samples and the starting carbon showed the presence of both micro‐ and mesopores. On the other hand, it has been observed that the specific areas were inversely proportional to the CeO2 loading. In addition, the amount of adsorbed hydrogen increased after doping the carbon with platinum and, even more, when the carbon was doped with Pt dispersed on ceria (2.2 mg/g at 25°C and 30 bar). However, there was a ceria optimum from which the adsorption capacity decreased (10% wt). The results of temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) of hydrogen indicated a high affinity between Pt and H2 that enhanced H2 adsorption process by establishing chemical bonds between the metal particles and H2. Precisely, the presence of metallic Pt particles dispersed on ceria considerably promotes the spillover process of hydrogen on carbon. This can be confirmed by hydrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, that showed that complete desorption of chemisorbed hydrogen required an increase of temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines institutional collective action and transaction cost (TC) dilemmas in a self‐organizing policy network involving federal, state, and municipal agencies for waste services in a port and industrial park. A thematic analysis revealed dilemmas in: (a) vertical levels, which lack leadership in industrial waste management due to unclear responsibility delegation across government levels; (b) horizontal levels, reluctant to take responsibilities and define jurisdiction boundaries for efficient waste services; and (c) functional levels, which exhibit fragmented and unaligned action scopes. Transaction costs, stemming from a deficiency in expertise, infrastructure, and organized information regarding companies' waste management, hinder effective programs and policies. Without tackling these challenges and TCs through a governance framework that includes implementation strategies, monitoring, and institutional controls, the self‐organizing policy network is likely to remain stuck in collective institutional inertia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the impact of High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) introduction outside of Paediatric Critical Care Units (PCCU), on PCCU admissions and intubation rates. Secondarily, to identify escalation predictors. Methods: Retrospective observational study with matched PCCU admissions and intubation rates, 2‐years before (Group 1) and 2‐years after (Group 2) HFNC introduction outside of PCCU. Within Group 2, we compared those admitted to PCCU (escalation) and those who did not (non‐escalation). Observations, change in observations and time to starting HFNC were analysed. Results: Pre‐ and post‐introduction comparison: Of 980 admissions in Group 1, 55 were admitted to PCCU, whereas of 1209 admission in Group 2, there were 85 admissions, P = 0.188. Group 1 had 25 intubations compared to 23 in Group 2, P = 0.309. Over twice as many children had some form of respiratory support in Group 2. Post‐introduction: 104 children commenced HFNC, 72% for bronchiolitis. Median age was 4 months in the non‐escalation group and 6.5 months in the escalation group, P = 0.663. Thirty‐eight children escalated to PCCU: 33 required CPAP/BiPAP, 4 were intubated with 1 remaining on HFNC. Comparisons of age, gender, comorbidities, observations, change in observations and time to starting HFNC showed no significant escalation predictors. Conclusions: This study identified no statistically significant predictors of escalation. There was an observed increase in PCCU admissions with decreased intubations. The resource implications of this therapy are significant and further studies should examine cost effectiveness of HFNC use outside of PCCU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses strategies for emergency medicine educators to accomplish mission-driven work. The author emphasizes the importance of knowing one's mission and setting goals that align with personal values and institutional goals. Prioritization is also highlighted as a key factor in doing mission-driven work effectively. The article suggests conducting a time audit to identify time-wasting activities and optimize productivity. Additionally, the author recommends starting the day with the most important task, calendaring tasks to ensure focus, and making daily, weekly, and monthly plans. By implementing these strategies, emergency medicine educators can avoid feeling overwhelmed and stay focused on their mission-driven work. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Candida auris is an emerging multidrug‐resistant yeast, frequently causing outbreaks in health care facilities. The pathogen persistently colonises human skin and inanimate surfaces such as catheters, aiding to its spread. Moreover, colonisation is a risk factor to develop invasive infection. Objectives: We investigated 61 C. auris strains isolated from non‐sterile human body sites (n = 53) and the hospital environment (n = 8), originating from four different centres in a single Brazilian state. Materials and Methods: Antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) against common antifungals was performed, and resistance‐associated genes were evaluated. Genetic relatedness was investigated with short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping and validated with whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Results: Antifungal susceptibility testing demonstrated that all isolates were susceptible to azoles, echinocandins and amphotericin B. No mutations were detected in ERG11 and FKS1 genes. With STR typing, isolates were allocated to clade IV and appeared closely related. This was confirmed by WGS SNP analysis of 6 isolates, which demonstrated a maximal difference of only 41 SNPs between these strains. Furthermore, the Brazilian isolates formed a distinct autochthonous branch within clade IV, excluding recent introductions from outside the country. A molecular clock analysis of clade IV isolates from various countries suggests that early in the previous century there was a unique event causing environmental spread of a C. auris ancestor throughout the Latin‐American continent, followed by human introduction during the last decades. Conclusion: We report the emergence of C. auris patient colonisation in multiple centres by fluconazole‐susceptible clade IV close‐related strains in Pernambuco State, Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of functional compounds for extrusion applied in the additive manufacturing of anthropomorphic simulators is interesting, as it guarantees the manufacture of a 3D model similar to the patient. These simulators find applications in therapies or laboratory tests involving x‐rays. In order to replicate human conditions in these tests, it is essential to create materials that closely match the properties of human tissue, including the smoothness of soft tissues and the hardness of the bone tissue. This study developed ceramic‐polymeric composites, where the tomography intensity of each mixture was measured experimentally. Combinations of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) with zirconium oxide and basic bismuth carbonate allowed imitation of bone tissue. The samples containing zirconium oxide and basic bismuth carbonate presented results that exceeded the minimum limit and reached a value close to 2000 Hounsfield units (HU) with 12% basic bismuth carbonate content. Combinations of ABS with hydroxyapatite and aluminum oxide can imitate soft tissues. The use of a surfactant facilitated the mixing of ceramic filler with polymer. Finally, 3D printing of a physical model was performed using a dual extruder printer, allowing simultaneous printing of bone and soft tissue components. Highlights: Material mimicking x‐ray attenuation similar to bone tissue.Relation between 3D printing porosity and intensity in Hounsfield unit.Computed tomography tests on a 3D printed anthropomorphic phantom.Creating a 3D model from a Computed Tomography scan.Double extruder for 3D printing of two tissue simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Inspiratory muscle strength (IMS) appears to be reduced in subjects with chronic Chagas heart disease (CHD), especially in the presence of heart failure (HF). However, only one study about IMS and inspiratory muscle endurance (IME) in those with CHD without heart failure is available. This study aimed to compare IMS and IME in subjects with CHD in the presence and absence of HF. Methods: This is a cross‐sectional study in which 30 CHD adult patients were divided into CHD‐CC group (initial phase of CHD, without HF; n = 15) and CHD‐HF group (advanced phase of CHD, with HF; n = 15). We assessed IMS by maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and IME by incremental (Pthmax) and constant load (TLim) tests. Reduced IMS and IME were considered by predicted MIP values <70% and Pthmax/MIP <75%, respectively. Results: Inspiratory muscle weakness (IMW) was more frequent in CHD‐HF than in CHD‐CC (46.7% vs. 13.3%; p = 0.05), and both groups had high frequencies of reduced IME (93.3% CHD‐CC vs. 100.0% CHD‐HF; p = 0.95). Age‐adjusted logistic regression analysis using HF as a dependent variable showed that HF was associated with an increased chance of IMW compared with the CHD‐CC group (OR = 7.47; p = 0.03; 95% CI 1.20–46.19). Conclusion: This study suggests that, in patients with CHD, HF is associated with IMW, and that reduction of IME is already present in the initial phase, similar to the advanced phase with HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed at studying the self‐assembly of lignin macromolecules towards lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) with green solvents and shedding light on a tailor‐made production of LNPs through a meticulous study of different variables. The methodology (antisolvent to lignin solution – method A; or lignin solution to antisolvent – method B), the lignin solvent, the flow rate of solvent/antisolvent addition, the lignin solution loading and the washing step (centrifugation vs dialysis) were examined. Remarkably, method B enabled achieving desired LNPs (127.4–264.9 nm), while method A induced the formation of lignin microparticles (582.8–7820 nm). Among lignin solvents, ethanol allowed the preparation of LNPs with the lowest hydrodynamic diameter (method B=127.4 nm), while the largest particles (method A=7820 nm) were obtained with ethylene glycol. These latest particles were characterized as heterogeneous, irregular, and highly aggregated when compared for instance with γ‐valerolactone counterparts, which showed the most homogeneous (PDI=0.057–0.077) and spherical particles. Moreover, decreasing lignin solution loading enabled the reduction on LNP size and Zeta potential. Dialysed samples allowed the formation of LNPs with lower hydrodynamic size, reduced aggregation, and higher homogeneity. Furthermore, dialysis provided high stability to LNPs, avoiding particle coalescent phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the risk of dental caries in between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected and uninfected children and adolescents. An electronic search was performed on PubMed/MEDLINE, Web‐of‐Science, Scopus, LILACS, ProQuest, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to May 2022. The critical appraisal checklist developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute was used to evaluate the quality of the included studies. Meta‐analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4. Sixteen studies were included. A total of 3231 participants were evaluated, including 1701 and 1530 HIV‐infected and uninfected children and adolescents, respectively. The meta‐analysis revealed a higher risk of dental caries for primary dentitions in HIV‐infected children and adolescents by decayed, missing, filled tooth (dmft) (SMD:0.34; p = 0.006) and decayed, missing, filled surface (dmfs) scores (SMD:0.37; p = 0.001). Similar results were observed for permanent dentition, with increased dental caries in HIV‐infected children and adolescents with DMFT (SMD:0.32; p = 0.003) and DMFS (SMD:1.78; p < 0.0001) scores. Regarding the quality assessment, most of the included studies were moderate or good quality. However, the certainty of the evidence of the outcomes was very low. This systematic review and meta‐analysis showed higher caries severity in permanent and deciduous teeth among HIV‐infected children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A global epidemic of allergic contact dermatitis to (meth)acrylates has been described in relation to the widespread use of manicure products. Objectives: To evaluate the frequency of sensitization to 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA) among consecutively patch tested patients with eczema in Spain; the percentage of current relevance; the MOAHLFA index; and, the potential sources of exposure to (meth)acrylates. Methods: From January 2019 to December 2022, 2‐HEMA 2% pet. was prospectively patch tested in 24 REIDAC (Spanish Allergic Contact Dermatitis Registry) centres. Results: Six thousand one hundred thirty‐four patients were consecutively patch tested with 2‐HEMA 2% pet. 265/6134 (4.3%) were positive. Positive reactions of current relevance were identified to involve 184/265 (69%). The efficiency (number of patch tests needed to detect relevant positive patch test reactions) was 34 (6134/184). The variable 'occupational' was found to be significantly associated with a higher risk for relevant positive reactions to 2‐HEMA (OR: 10.9; 95% CI: 8.1–14.9). Conclusion: (Meth)acrylate sensitization is a prevalent health issue in Spain. 2‐HEMA 2% pet. has been identified to be a highly effective (meth)acrylate allergy marker in the GEIDAC baseline series. The responsible authorities should implement policies guaranteeing accurate labelling of industrial, medical, and consumer materials while ensuring the enforcement of said labelling through appropriate legal means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current frequency and features for positivity to textile dye mix (TDM) in Spain are unknown. Objectives: To study the frequency, clinical features and simultaneous positivity between TDM, para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) and specific disperse dyes. Materials and Methods: We analysed all consecutive patients patch‐tested with TDM from the Spanish Contact Dermatitis Registry (REIDAC), from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2022. Within this group, we studied all selected patients patch‐tested with a textile dye series. Results: Out of 6128 patients analysed, 3.3% were positive to the TDM and in 34% of them, the sensitization was considered currently relevant. TDM positivity was associated with working as a hairdresser/beautician and scalp, neck/trunk and arm/forearm dermatitis. From TDM‐positive patients, 57% were positive to PPD. One hundred and sixty‐four patients were patch‐tested with the textile dye series. Disperse Orange 3 was the most frequent positive dye (16%). One of every six cases positive to any dye from the textile dye series would have been missed if patch‐tested with the TDM alone. Conclusions: Positivity to TDM is common in Spain and often associated with PPD sensitization. TDM is a valuable marker of disperse dyes allergy that should be part of the Spanish and European standard series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds is fundamental for all the research area in chemistry, from drug synthesis to material science. In this framework, catalysed synthetic methods are of great interest to effective reach such important building blocks. In this review, we will report on some selected examples from the last five years, of the major improvement in the field, focusing on the most important conventional catalytic systems, such as transition metals, organocatalysts, to more sustainable ones such as photocatalysts, iodine‐catalysed reaction, electrochemical reactions and green innovative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Monitoring of adverse events induced by cosmetics performed by health authorities, known as cosmetovigilance, has been relied on the collection of case notifications. Objectives: We aimed to show how a contact dermatitis registry can contribute to the cosmetovigilance of emerging allergens. We used the example of phenylethyl resorcinol, an infrequent allergen with only 6 previous cases reported in Europe and Japan since 2013. Methods: A systematic search in the Spanish Registry of Contact Dermatitis and Cutaneous Allergy (REIDAC) database was performed to identify patients with positive patch test to phenylethyl resorcinol or cosmetics that contains it between June 2018 and January 2023. We collected the main clinical features of these patients and compared them with those of patients recorded in the registry with similar epidemiological features. Results: Thirteen patients with positive patch test to phenylethyl resorcinol were identified. All the patients were women with a mean age of 42 years (range 32–59) and their lesions were mainly in the face. Conclusion: Assessing the importance of infrequent allergens based solely on a case series is difficult. Multicentre registries facilitate the collection of cases and provide appropriate background information for new allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the prevalence of contact allergy to sodium metabisulfite (SMB) in Spain. The study found that out of 6,471 patients who were patch-tested with SMB, 2.1% had a positive reaction. The most commonly affected locations were the hands, and the most frequently involved products were topical medications and cosmetics. However, only 25.34% of positive reactions were considered currently relevant. The study concludes that the low current relevance of sensitization to SMB in Spanish patients suggests that it should only be included as a candidate allergen in the Extended Standard series in Spain with caution. [Extracted from the article]

We report the first experimental evidence for rapid formation of hydrogen clathrates under mild pressure and temperature conditions within the cavities of a zirconium‐metalloporphyrin framework, specifically PCN‐222. PCN‐222 has been selected for its 1D mesoporous channels, high water‐stability, and proper hydrophilic behavior. Firstly, we optimize a microwave (MW)‐assisted method for the synthesis of nanosized PCN‐222 particles with precise structure control (exceptional homogeneity in morphology and crystalline phase purity), taking advantage of MW in terms of rapid/homogeneous heating, time and energy savings, as well as potential scalability of the synthetic method. Second, we explore the relevance of the large mesoporous 1D open channels within the PCN‐222 to promote the nucleation and growth of confined hydrogen clathrates. Experimental results show that PCN‐222 drives the nucleation process at a lower pressure than the bulk system (1.35 kbar vs 2 kbar), with fast kinetics (minutes), using pure water, and with a nearly complete water‐to‐hydrate conversion. Unfortunately, PCN‐222 cannot withstand these high pressures, which lead to a significant alteration of the mesoporous structure while the microporous network remains mainly unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD), a relapsing, inflammatory skin disease, is associated with pruritus that can negatively affect patients' quality of life. Understanding the burden of AD is critical for informing and tailoring treatment and disease management to improve patient outcomes. This study characterized global treatment patterns and the clinical, psychosocial and economic burden of moderate‐to‐severe AD. Methods: MEASURE‐AD was a cross‐sectional 28‐country study in patients with physician‐confirmed moderate‐to‐severe AD who were either receiving or eligible for systemic therapy for AD. Patients ≥12 years were enrolled between December 2019 and December 2020 while attending routine office or clinic visit. Primary outcomes included Worst Pruritus Numeric Rating Scale (WP‐NRS; range: 0–10) and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI; range: 0–30) and Children's DLQI (CDLQI; range: 0–30). Secondary outcomes included physician‐ and patient‐reported clinical, psychosocial and economic burden. Results: Of the 1591 patients enrolled, 1558 (1434 adults and 124 adolescents) fulfilled all patient selection criteria and were included in this analysis. Almost all patients (98.4%) in the total population were using AD medications and more than half (56%) were receiving systemic medication (15% systemic monotherapy). The most used systemic therapies were dupilumab (56.3%), systemic glucocorticoids (18.1%) and methotrexate (16.2%). Mean WP‐NRS was 5.3 in the total population, and most patients (≥55%) reported moderate‐to‐severe pruritus (WP‐NRS ≥4). Mean DLQI was 10.8 and mean CDLQI was 9.6. Secondary endpoints demonstrated substantial clinical, psychosocial, and economic burden of disease. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that patients receiving systemic therapy had lower disease burden than those not taking systemic medications. Conclusions: While systemic therapy lowers overall disease burden, patients with moderate‐to‐severe AD continue to have substantial multidimensional disease burden and uncontrolled disease. Overall, there is a need for effective disease management, including effective treatments that improve patients' psychosocial outcomes and reduce the economic burden of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cowpea is grown in semiarid regions of Brazil. However, the occurrence of diseases, such as charcoal rot, is one of the main limiting factors to production. Disease is caused by the fungus Macrophomina spp., one of the most important plant pathogens in semiarid conditions. The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method to control this disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate cowpea lines inoculated with different Macrophomina phaseolina isolates to determine the aggressiveness of the pathogen isolates and the predominant type of resistance in the host. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, using a 5 × 10 factorial scheme with five replications (two plants per pot) in two independent crops. Partial diallel analysis was used to assess the reaction of host genotypes (horizontal and vertical resistance) and the aggressiveness of the isolates. Host reaction and pathogen aggressiveness were analysed by lesion length. Horizontal resistance was observed, corresponding to 56.69% of the variation. The lines L19, L29, L48, and L95 were the most resistant based on estimates of general responsiveness. Among the M. phaseolina isolates evaluated, N105 and ISO16 were the most aggressive based on general aggressiveness ability. By diallel analysis, we identified the most promising genotypes, as well as the most aggressive isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored the first evidence of a single‐session neuromuscular biofeedback effect on motor unit properties, neuromuscular activation, and the Achilles tendon (AT) length 12 days after undergoing AT surgical repair. We hypothesized that immediate neuromuscular biofeedback enhances motor unit properties and activation without causing AT lengthening. After 12 days AT surgical repair, Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) motor unit decomposition was performed on a 58‐year‐old male before and after a neuromuscular biofeedback intervention (surface electromyography (sEMG) and ultrasonography), involving unressited plantar flexion. The analysis included motor unit population properties, sEMG amplitude, force paradigm, and AT length. There were increased MG motor unit recruitment, peak and average firing rate, coefficient of variation, and sEMG amplitude, and decreased recruitment and derecruitment threshold in the repaired AT limb. The non‐injured limb increased the motor unit recruitment, and decreased the coefficient of variation, peak and average firing rate, inter‐pulse interval, derecruitment threshold and sEMG amplitude. The AT length experienced −0.4 and 0.3 cm changes in the repaired AT and non‐injured limb, respectively. This single‐session neuromuscular biofeedback 12 days after AT surgery shows evidence of enhanced motor unit properties and activation without signs of AT lengthening when unresisted plantar flexion is performed in the repaired AT limb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study on the assessment of the value of treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD) using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). The study aims to determine the most important health outcomes for decision-making from different perspectives. The results show that the value of a new AD treatment is primarily determined by its impact on improving patients' quality of life, controlling the disease, and reducing itching. However, there are differences in how AD patients and experts assess value, emphasizing the importance of considering the patient's opinion. The study acknowledges the limitations of the MCDA methodology and proposes a comprehensive set of criteria for evaluating AD treatments. The report was written by multiple authors and further exploration of the document is necessary to understand the specific topics and perspectives discussed. [Extracted from the article]

In Mexico, agave (Agave angustifolia Haw.) crops stand out regionally due to their socioeconomic, agroecological and cultural importance. It is the most important raw material in the elaboration of two relevant alcoholic beverages: tequila and mezcal. Nevertheless, this crop is susceptible to phytopathological threats mainly fungi and bacteria, both having a massive impact in yearly production. In this paper, we describe an agave disease consisting in reddish chlorotic lesions along the leaf bases resulting in tissue degradation and producing soft rot (softening tissue and firmness loss). Fast‐growing yellow and mucoid bacteria colonies were isolated from the lesions in BK agar. Microscopic analysis resulted in a Gram‐negative bacilli. Pathogenic tests resulted showed identical symptoms to the initial ones in natural maguey host plants as well as in the selected model Aloe vera L. showing more aggressive soft rot symptoms. It is important to highlight that in the selected plant model (Aloe vera), the symptoms arose faster and more aggressively. Biochemical and molecular analysis of the bacterial isolate identifies it as Pantoea vagans, a species not previously documented in this crop. Although all bacterial infections in plants are treated in similar ways, accurate identification could translate into targeted prevention. The detection of Pantoea vagans is considered a relevant problem given the symptoms it causes. We conclusively reported a 37% infection incidence rate, which can mean significant economic losses. However, the role of the genus Pantoea in agave rot has been poorly studied. Therefore, this report shows the identification of a new Pantoea species bounded to agave cultivars in Malinalco municipality, state of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelial dysfunction (ED) is critical in the development and progression of cardiovascular (CV) disorders, yet effective therapeutic targets for ED remain elusive due to limited understanding of its underlying molecular mechanisms. To address this gap, we employed a systems biology approach to identify potential targets for ED. Our study combined multi omics data integration, with siRNA screening, high content imaging and network analysis to prioritise key ED genes and identify a pro‐ and anti‐ED network. We found 26 genes that, upon silencing, exacerbated the ED phenotypes tested, and network propagation identified a pro‐ED network enriched in functions associated with inflammatory responses. Conversely, 31 genes ameliorated ED phenotypes, pointing to potential ED targets, and the respective anti‐ED network was enriched in hypoxia, angiogenesis and cancer‐related processes. An independent screen with 17 drugs found general agreement with the trends from our siRNA screen and further highlighted DUSP1, IL6 and CCL2 as potential candidates for targeting ED. Overall, our results demonstrate the potential of integrated system biology approaches in discovering disease‐specific candidate drug targets for endothelial dysfunction. Synopsis: Multi‐omics data integration, genetic and pharmacological perturbations, and network analysis on endothelial cells are combined to identify endothelial dysfunction network signatures and prioritise candidate therapeutic targets. Multi‐omics data integration of endothelial cells treated with mimics of major cardiovascular disease factors identified 81 putative endothelial dysfunction (ED) genes.Upon siRNA‐mediated gene knockdown, 83% of ED gene candidates affected at least one ED phenotype (26 exacerbating and 31 ameliorating the ED phenotypes).The analyses reveal emergent properties of disease networks, distinguishing between adaptation and rewiring for survival and those associated with deregulation that can be targeted for ED treatment.An orthogonal drug screen on treated endothelial cells provided additional support for DUSP1, IL6 and CCL2 as putative targets for ED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The colonization of novel environments requires a favorable response to conditions never, or rarely, encountered in recent evolutionary history. For example, populations colonizing upslope habitats must cope with lower atmospheric pressure at elevation, and thus reduced oxygen availability. The embryo stage in oviparous organisms is particularly susceptible, given its lack of mobility and limited gas exchange via diffusion through the eggshell and membranes. Especially little is known about responses of Lepidosaurian reptiles to reduced oxygen availability. To test the role of physiological plasticity during early development in response to high elevation hypoxia, we performed a transplant experiment with the viperine snake (Natrix maura, Linnaeus 1758). We maintained gravid females originating from low elevation populations (432 m above sea level [ASL]—normoxia) at both the elevation of origin and high elevation (2877 m ASL—extreme high elevation hypoxia; approximately 72% oxygen availability relative to sea level), then incubated egg clutches at both low and high elevation. Regardless of maternal exposure to hypoxia during gestation, embryos incubated at extreme high elevation exhibited altered developmental trajectories of cardiovascular function and metabolism across the incubation period, including a reduction in late‐development egg mass. This physiological response may have contributed to the maintenance of similar incubation duration, hatching success, and hatchling body size compared to embryos incubated at low elevation. Nevertheless, after being maintained in hypoxia, juveniles exhibit reduced carbon dioxide production relative to oxygen consumption, suggesting altered energy pathways compared to juveniles maintained in normoxia. These findings highlight the role of physiological plasticity in maintaining rates of survival and fitness‐relevant phenotypes in novel environments. Research Highlights: Snake embryos incubated in hypoxia suppressed heart rates at the end of incubation and altered respiratory quotients as juvenilesHypoxia did not affect fitness‐related traits at hatching or at age 1 monthMaternal exposure to hypoxia did not affect offspring development or phenotypeEmbryonic physiological plasticity may allow juveniles to maintain energy balance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under perturbing conditions such as infection with Leishmania, a protozoan parasite living within the phagosomes in mammalian macrophages, cellular and organellar structures, and metabolism are dynamically regulated for neutralizing the pressure of parasitism. However, how modulations of the host cell metabolic pathways support Leishmania infection remains unknown. Herein, we report that lipid accumulation heightens the susceptibility of mice to L. donovani infection and promotes resistance to first‐line anti‐leishmanial drugs. Despite being pro‐inflammatory, the in vitro generated uninfected lipid‐laden macrophages (LLMs) or adipose‐tissue macrophages (ATMs) display lower levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Upon infection, LLMs secrete higher IL‐10 and lower IL‐12p70 cytokines, inhibiting CD4+ T cell activation and Th1 response suggesting a key modulatory role for intramacrophage lipid accumulation in anti‐leishmanial host defence. We, therefore, examined this causal relationship between lipids and immunomodulation using an in vivo high‐fat diet (HFD) mouse model. HFD increased the susceptibility to L. donovani infection accompanied by a defective CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell response. The white adipose tissue of HFD mice displays increased susceptibility to L. donovani infection with the preferential infection of F4/80+CD11b+CD11c+ macrophages with higher levels of neutral lipids reserve. The HFD increased resistance to a first‐line anti‐leishmanial drug associated with a defective adaptive immune response. These data demonstrate that the accumulation of neutral lipids contributes to susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis hindering host‐protective immune response and reducing the efficacy of antiparasitic drug therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study that evaluated different dosing regimens of the medication dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD). The study found that reducing the dose of dupilumab resulted in decreased efficacy, and the recommended regimen is 300 mg every 2 weeks for long-term treatment. However, recent studies suggest that lower-dose regimens, such as every 3 or 4 weeks, can still be effective in patients with controlled AD. The article presents the results of a retrospective observational study conducted at two Spanish hospitals, comparing the effectiveness of different dosing regimens of dupilumab in adult patients with controlled moderate-severe AD. The study found that reducing the dosage did not significantly increase disease severity scores over time, but more research is needed to determine if personalized dosing regimens can be effective for certain patients. The study was not externally funded and the authors have no conflicts of interest. [Extracted from the article]

This paper presents a control solution for the problem of slung load transportation, with simultaneous damping of oscillations, using an underactuated autonomous quadrotor vehicle in the presence of external disturbances. The strategy put forward is divided into two parts: (i) resorting to an error definition that encompasses the pendular motion of the suspended load, a controller inspired in sliding‐mode theory is developed to compute a vectored thrust actuation that actively damps out the system's oscillations; (ii) two different approaches are illustrated for the stage of attitude tracking: one stemming from the conventional backstepping technique, which controls the vehicle in angular velocity commands; and another, also based on sliding‐mode theory, and built intrinsically in SO(3)$$ \mathsf{SO}(3) $$, that produces torque commands. The overall control scheme is proved to be robust and stable, with the load oscillations shown to be damped out in the process. Simulation and experimental results are presented in a trajectory tracking scenario to validate and assess the robustness and efficiency of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the first investigation of subsidence due to sediment compaction and consolidation in two laboratory‐scale river delta experiments. Spatial and temporal trends in subsidence rates in the experimental setting may elucidate behavior which cannot be directly observed at sufficiently long timescales, except for in reduced scale models such as the ones studied. We compare subsidence between a control experiment using steady boundary conditions, and an otherwise identical experiment which has been treated with a proxy for highly compressible marsh deposits. Both experiments have non‐negligible compactional subsidence rates across the delta‐top, comparable in magnitude to our boundary condition relative sea level rise rate of 250 μm/hr. Subsidence in the control experiment (on average 54 μm/hr) is concentrated in the lowest elevation (<10 mm above sea level) areas near the coast and is likely related to creep induced by a rising water table near the shoreface. The treatment experiment exhibits larger (on average 126 μm/hr) and more spatially variable subsidence rates controlled mostly by compaction of recent marsh deposits within one channel depth (∼10 mm) of the sediment surface. These rates compare favorably with field and modeling based subsidence measurements both in relative magnitude and location. We find that subsidence "hot spots" may be relatively ephemeral on longer timescales, but average subsidence across the entire delta can be variable even at our shortest measurement window. This suggests that subsidence rates over a short time frame may exceed thresholds for marsh platform drowning, even if the long term trend does not. Plain Language Summary: Coastal and deltaic wetlands sit very near sea level. They accumulate a compressible mixture of organic material and mud which is deposited by tides and/or overbank flooding from rivers. As a result, these wetland environments can rapidly build elevation to keep pace with a significant amount of relative sea level rise. Over time, more sediment is delivered on top of the initially porous surface layers and they become compacted as they are buried, contributing to a downward movement of the land surface known as subsidence. Subsidence is a hazard that threatens infrastructure and worsens coastal flooding. Here we examine the spatial and temporal patterns of subsidence in a small (about 2 m2) physical delta experiment which includes a compressible proxy for wetland sediments. We find that subsidence is significantly higher where these wetland sediments have recently been deposited and driven by their compaction in the very shallow subsurface. Key Points: The addition of a proxy for marsh sedimentation increases subsidence due to sediment compaction in two laboratory delta experimentsSubsidence is spatio‐temporally variable and dominantly shallow in the experiment with a marsh proxySubsidence rates, even across large areas, are highly variable on short timescales [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Latin America, clinical pharmacy has undergone significant changes in recent decades, with more pharmacists seeking advanced training. Clinical pharmacists are now recognized for their crucial role in patient care, particularly in medication management, patient education, and interprofessional collaboration. However, the region's progress in this field has been influenced by diverse economic, social, and cultural factors, leading to different levels of advancement across different countries. Aims: To describe the practice and training of professionals in clinical pharmacy, as a distinct field within the pharmaceutical profession, across eight Latin American countries. Materials & Methods: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, and Uruguay were chosen for this review. Data on clinical pharmacy practices in these countries was collected through a survey comprising five sections with 21 targeted questions. Following the survey's completion, an extensive literature review was conducted across multiple databases. Results: Brazil has the most responsive education system to meet the demands of the population for the pharmacy career, with a University to Pharmacy (UP) index of 0.31, the lowest among all the countries included. Brazil also offers the highest number of postgraduate programs in the area of clinical pharmacy. Furthermore, diverse basic and advanced clinical pharmacy practices were identified in the included regions. These practices range from pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of patients to interdisciplinary collaboration in managing critically ill hospitalized patients. Each country exhibits a varying degree of acceptance towards clinical pharmacy. Conclusion: The evolution of clinical pharmacy in Latin America offers a promising opportunity to optimize drug therapy and improve patient safety and care quality. However, challenges remain, such as the need for more clinical sub‐specializations and better recognition of pharmacists' roles within healthcare teams. To address these challenges, continued professional development and advocacy are essential to enhance clinical pharmacy practice in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacture of sustainable functional fibers with low environmental footprint and superior properties is a pressing research issue under the auspices of more sustainable industrial textile processes. In the present study, regenerated cellulose fibers (CellReg) with flame retardancy properties are manufactured by functionalizing regenerated wood pulp fibers (obtained through the dissolution of paper‐grade pulp in an ionic liquid followed by regeneration in water) with a natural derived phosphorus compound, namely phytic acid ammonium (PAA). The pale‐yellow modified fibers present a phosphorus content up to 1.80% and a uniform and smooth surface morphology. Furthermore, the functional cellulose fibers exhibit moderate antioxidant activity (ca. 18.4% of maximum radical scavenging), water contact angles below 92°, as well as good thermal‐oxidative stability up to 200°C. The flame‐retardant performance of the CellReg/PAA fibers was investigated by the vertical burning test, and as anticipated, the results show a higher flame retardancy with the increasing content of phosphorus, meaning that the fibers ceased to burn before flaming or glowing, even after several flame applications. The accomplished properties validate the potential of these functional fibers of regenerated wood pulp cellulose and PAA for application as textile fibers with flame retardancy properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populations are affected by shocks of different kinds, and wars, a priori, may be among the most prominent. This article studies the effect of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) shock on the distribution of population, especially on cities. One of the main contributions of this study is that it underlines the importance of distinguishing between winning and losing sides, an aspect which until now has been largely overlooked. While previous research on war shocks has also tended to be concerned with inter‐state wars, this paper concentrates on a civil war. We take advantage of a new, long‐term, annual data set. Our results show that, overall, the Spanish Civil War did not have a significant effect on city growth. However, we also find a significant and negative effect in the growth of cities that aligned themselves with the losing side. These results are robust to heterogeneity in the effect of the war shock, measured as war severity and duration. Although short lived, the temporary effect on growth results in a permanent effect on the size of cities on the losing side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The paper analyzes the detection and estimation of multiple level shifts regardless of the order of integration of the time series. We show that it is possible to extend the Bai‐Perron methodology (1998) to the I(1) and NI(1) nonstationary cases so that a unified framework to test for the presence of multiple level shifts in a robust way is designed. The finite sample performance of the proposed statistics is carried out, establishing a comparison with other existing approaches in the literature. The paper illustrates the implementation of the statistics focusing on the real exchange rate with time series that either cover a long time period or provide a worldwide analysis. Robust detection of multiple level shifts is of great importance to define the statistical approach that is used to test the purchasing power parity hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adequate exposure to commonly performed procedures during physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) residency is an important issue. Objective: To assess temporal trends and variabilities in reported procedural volumes, including the number of residents achieving procedure minimum requirements as established by the Accredited Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) PM&R Residency Review Committee. Design: This was a retrospective cohort study of PM&R residents graduating from 2013–2014 to 2020–2021. Descriptive statistics were calculated for tracked procedures and compared over time with analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. Variability was calculated as the procedure volume difference between the 90th and 10th percentile groups. Setting: ACGME‐accredited PM&R residency training programs. Participants: A total of 3231 PM&R residents graduating from 2014 to 2021. Interventions: Not applicable. Main outcome measures: Reported procedure volume and number of residents achieving minimum requirements. Results: Total procedure volume increased over the study period (436 ± 225 to 523 ± 238, p =.013). The percentage of all procedures that were performed versus observed was stable over the study period (81%–77%, p =.234). Variability in total reported procedure volume remained stable over the study period. The percentage of PM&R residents not achieving minimum requirements ranged from 2% for peripheral joint injections to 22% for ultrasound in the contemporary training period. Conclusions: The volume of reported procedures has increased along with the number of PM&R residency programs and residents. Variabilities in total reported procedure volume were stable over time, but PM&R residents struggle to obtain minimum requirements for ultrasound procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eugenol is a known contact sensitiser included in fragrance mix I. Objective: To assess the allergic reactivity to eugenol in different concentrations using patch test as well as repeated open application test (ROAT). Methods: Overall 67 subjects from 6 European dermatology clinics participated in the study. The ROAT was performed for 21 days twice a day, applying 3 dilutions of eugenol (2.7%–0.5%) and a control. Before and after the ROAT, patch testing with 17 dilutions of eugenol (2.0%–0.00006%) and controls was performed. Results: Out of the 34 subjects with contact allergy to eugenol, 21 (61.8%) showed a positive patch test before ROAT was performed, the lowest positive concentration was 0.031%. The ROAT was positive in 19 (55.9%) of the 34 subjects, the time until a positive reaction occurred was negatively associated with the concentration of the ROAT solution, as well as with the allergic reactivity of the subjects as defined by patch testing. In the patch test after ROAT, 20 of the 34 test subjects (58.8%) showed a positive reaction. In 13 (38.2%) of the 34 test subjects, the patch test result was not reproduceable, still 4 (31.0%) of these 13 subjects developed a positive ROAT. Conclusion: Eugenol can provoke a positive patch test reaction in a very low dose; besides, this hypersensitivity may persist even if a former positive patch test is not reproduceable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecological recovery following restoration is typically evaluated using metrics based on species diversity and composition. However, increasing evidence suggests the success of long‐term ecological recovery increases when more complex attributes such as biotic interaction networks are targeted. In created lagoons, the influence of nearby habitats can generate early similarities in the community structure, but communities often diverge from surrounding water bodies at later successional stages. These changes have been attributed to the effect of biotic interactions, but few studies have tested this assumption. Here, we analyze the zooplankton community recovery after the creation of new lagoons in a Mediterranean coastal wetland using beta diversity approaches and mixed graphical models to infer interaction networks from abundance data. Increasing differences in the community structure between new and old lagoons were detected the second year after their creation. The overall interaction network was more complex in new than in old lagoons. Interestingly, the network structure in old lagoons increased its complexity during the third and fourth years after restoration. The creation of new lagoons with overall milder environmental conditions contributed to a greater differentiation of the zooplankton community structure between new and old lagoons. Moreover, our results suggest that the creation of a heterogeneous and more connected landscape can increase the interaction network in newly created and pre‐existing habitats, even if environmental conditions remain unchanged. We show how the inclusion of interaction networks for the monitoring of ecosystem recovery reflects unique facets of community complexity, otherwise overlooked when targeting diversity metrics alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]