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How COVID‐19 economic aid should be distributed continues to be an important societal question, with relevance to current and future public health policy. We argue that religious identities condition the influence of broader political context on COVID‐19 policy preferences, serving as social conduits through which political attitudes are transmitted. We analyze original U.S. survey data (N = 989), to examine support for inclusive (i.e., including undocumented immigrants) COVID‐19 economic aid. We find that individuals' religious identities interact with county‐level political context to influence COVID‐19 policy preferences. Born‐Again Christian individuals are more strongly affected by conservative political climates compared to their religious and nonreligious peers, after controlling for individual political characteristics and a host of sociodemographic factors. Findings support the conceptualization of conservative religious identities as social conduits for political messaging and show the importance of religion to how policy opinions are shaped by the broader environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the impact of the timing of implant placement following alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) on the need for soft‐tissue augmentation (STA) and to identify the risk factors for horizontal and vertical soft‐tissue loss. Materials and Methods: Patients with a single failing tooth in the anterior maxilla (15–25) were treated at six centres. Following tooth extraction, they were randomly allocated to the test group (immediate implant placement, IIP) or control group (delayed implant placement, DIP). ARP was performed in both groups and implants were immediately restored with an implant‐supported provisional crown. Six months after tooth extraction and ARP, a panel of five blinded clinicians assessed the need for STA on the basis of anonymized clinical pictures and a digital surface model. Lack of buccal soft‐tissue convexity and/or mid‐facial recession qualified for STA. Pre‐operative and 6‐month digital surface models were superimposed to assess horizontal and vertical soft‐tissue changes. Results: Thirty patients were included per group (test: 20 females, 10 males, mean age 53.1; control: 15 females, 15 males, mean age 59.8). The panel deemed STA as necessary in 24.1% and 35.7% of the cases following IIP and DIP, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant (odds ratio [OR] = 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.54–5.84]; p =.343). Loss of buccal soft‐tissue profile was higher following DIP (estimated mean ratio = 1.66; 95% CI [1.10–2.52]; p =.018), as was mid‐facial recession (mean difference [MD] = 0.47 mm; 95% CI [0.12–0.83]; p =.011). Besides DIP, regression analysis identified soft‐tissue thickness (−0.57; 95% CI [−1.14 to −0.01]; p =.045) and buccal bone dehiscence (0.17; 95% CI [0.01–0.34]; p =.045) as additional risk factors for mid‐facial recession. Surgeons found IIP significantly more difficult than DIP (visual analogue scale MD = −34.57; 95% CI [−48.79 to −20.36]; p <.001). Conclusions: This multi‐centre randomized controlled trial failed to demonstrate a significant difference in the need for STA between IIP and DIP when judged by a panel of blinded clinicians. Based on objective soft‐tissue changes, patients with thin buccal soft tissues, with a buccal bone dehiscence and treated with a delayed approach appeared particularly prone to soft‐tissue loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The World Health Organization's burn mortality estimate is 180,000 annually. Ninety‐five percent of all mortality caused by fire‐related burns worldwide occurs in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Prior studies have shown that transfer status (direct transfer from an injury scene to a trauma center vs. indirect transfer from another health facility) affects patient outcomes. We evaluated the effect of interhospital transfer on burn mortality. Methods: We analyzed a burn database of pediatric patients admitted to the Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) burn unit in Lilongwe, Malawi. We performed a bivariate analysis based on their transfer status and mortality and a logistic regression analysis to determine the effect of transfer status on mortality after burn injury. Results: A total of 2301 patients were analyzed, with 1095 (47.6%) being in the transfer cohort from referring hospitals. The median age was 3 years (IQR 1–4). The transfer cohort had more patients presenting to the hospital more than 48 h after injury. Upon multivariate logistic regression, controlling for pertinent variables, including time to presentation, burn‐injured patients in the transfer cohort had increased odds of mortality (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.22–4.19, and p = 0.01) compared to patients who were not transferred. The predictive probabilities of burn mortality by TBSA showed significant differences in mortality based on transfer status at TBSA between 20% and 80%. Conclusion: Ensuring district hospitals and other primary health care centers in resource‐limited settings are sufficiently equipped to provide initial burn resuscitation and care may decrease mortality rates associated with transferred patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The correlation between alcohol consumption and injury is undeniable. However, past research relying on self‐reporting alcohol use likely resulted in underreporting and emphasizing the need to increase alcohol testing, especially in resource‐limited settings where the burden of injuries is highest. Methods: This is a prospective analysis of injured patients presenting to the trauma center at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi. We collected information including patient age, sex, admission date, mechanism of injury, breathalyzer test and Rapid ResponseTM Alcohol Saliva Test Strips (AST) result, and survival. Results: A total of 805 trauma patients were included. The overall prevalence of alcohol consumption in this trauma cohort is 18.3%. There was a 95.5% agreement between the AST and breathalyzer test with a Kappa coefficient of 0.83. The sensitivity and specificity of the AST were determined to be 78.5% (CI 75.7–81.2) and 99.3% (CI 98.7–99.9), respectively. ROC analyses showed the AST to have excellent discrimination with an area under the curve of 0.88 (95% CI 0.85–0.92). Conclusion: The prevalence of alcohol‐related injury is high in Malawi and the use of the Alcohol Saliva Test Strips is feasible and correlated with results derived from the breathalyzer. Routine alcohol testing for trauma patients presenting to a resource‐limited setting is imperative and should be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Donation‐related fears are prevalent even among regular donors and can hinder both recruitment and retention. This cross‐sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence of these fears in Italian whole‐blood and plasma donors, across different levels of donation experience. Study Design and Methods: A sample of 615 voluntary, unpaid donors from Italy (64.1% male, mean age 45.42 ± 11.80 years) completed an online survey assessing their fear of common donation‐related stimuli (fear of blood, needles, pain, and fainting), experience of vasovagal symptoms at the last donation, and their intention to donate again. Donors were grouped based on donation history and their most recent donation type (whole‐blood or plasma). Results: A significant negative relationship was found between donation history and most types of donation‐related fears, suggesting that greater experience corresponds to reduced fear. Plasma donors reported lower levels of fear across all stimuli compared to whole‐blood donors. Despite this, nearly one‐third of the most experienced whole‐blood donors and 20% of plasma donors still reported some level of fear. Greater fear was associated with increased reports of pain and vasovagal symptoms during donation, regardless of donation type. However, no significant association emerged between donation‐related fears and the intention to donate again. Discussion: Donation‐related fear persists even among experienced donors, for both whole‐blood and plasma donors. Given its potential to impact donor comfort and retention, the assessment and management of donation‐related fears should be integrated into donor care, with appropriate strategies to help donors regulate their fear throughout their donation careers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network–based data collection methods that rely on third‐party reporting have emerged as a promising approach for measuring abortion in restrictive settings. In order for these methods to accurately measure abortion incidence, they must also assess the visibility of abortions within social networks. Failure to do so may result in estimates affected by transmission bias, caused by imperfect knowledge of all abortions within one's social network. In this paper, we present exploratory research that uses respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) and the game of contacts method to measure abortion visibility in four sites in Uganda and Ethiopia. We assess the existence of potential biases in the game of contacts estimate of abortion visibility in each site by conducting several internal and external validity tests. While these tests provided some promising results, other factors such as the representativeness of the RDS samples, direct versus indirect abortion knowledge transfers, and the generalizability of the study sites may have introduced biases into the final estimates of abortion visibility in this study. We conclude by making recommendations on how applications of this methodology could be improved to better estimate abortion‐related transmission bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: The ecological conditions that constrain plants to an environmental niche are assumed to be constant through time. While the fossil record has been used previously to test for niche conservatism of woody flowering plants, additional studies are needed in other plant groups especially since they can provide insight with paleoclimatic reconstructions, high biodiversity in modern terrestrial ecosystems, and significant contributions to agriculture. Methods: We tested climatic niche conservatism across time by characterizing the climatic niches of living herbaceous ginger plants (Zingiberaceae) and woody dawn redwood (Metasequoia) against paleoniches reconstructed based on fossil distribution data and paleoclimatic models. Results: Despite few fossil Zingiberaceae occurrences in the latitudinal tropics, unlike living Zingiberaceae, extinct Zingiberaceae likely experienced paratropical conditions in the higher latitudes, especially in the Cretaceous and Paleogene. The living and fossil distributions of Metasequoia largely remain in the upper latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The Zingiberaceae shifted from an initial subtropical climatic paleoniche in the Cretaceous, toward a temperate regime in the late Cenozoic; Metasequoia occupied a more consistent climatic niche over the same time intervals. Conclusions: Because of the inconsistent climatic niches of Zingiberaceae over geologic time, we are less confident of using them for taxonomic‐based paleoclimatic reconstruction methods like nearest living relative, which assume a consistent climatic niche between extant and extinct relatives; we argue that the consistent climatic niche of Metasequoia is more appropriate for these reconstructions. Niche conservatism cannot be assumed between extant and extinct plants and should be tested further in groups used for paleoclimatic reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Hearing loss is identified as one of the largest modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia. Studies evaluating this relationship have yielded mixed results. METHODS: We investigated the longitudinal relationship between self‐reported hearing loss and cognitive/functional performance in 695 cognitively normal (CN) and 941 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) enrolled in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. RESULTS: Within CN participants with hearing loss, there was a significantly greater rate of cognitive decline per modified preclinical Alzheimer's cognitive composite. Within both CN and MCI participants with hearing loss, there was a significantly greater rate of functional decline per the functional activities questionnaire (FAQ). In CN and MCI participants, hearing loss did not significantly contribute to the risk of progression to a more impaired diagnosis. DISCUSSION: These results confirm previous studies demonstrating a significant longitudinal association between self‐reported hearing loss and cognition/function but do not demonstrate an increased risk of conversion to a more impaired diagnosis. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: NCT00106899 (ADNI: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, clinicaltrials.gov), NCT01078636 (ADNI‐GO: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Grand Opportunity, clinicaltrials.gov), NCT01231971 (ADNI2: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 2, clinicaltrials.gov), NCT02854033 (ADNI3: Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative 3, clinicaltrials.gov). Highlights: Hearing loss is a potential modifiable risk factor for dementia.We assessed the effect of self‐reported hearing loss on cognition and function in the ADNI cohort.Hearing loss contributes to significantly faster cognitive and functional decline.Hearing loss was not associated with conversion to a more impaired diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A profound developmental experience is the emergence of adolescent romantic relationships and first feelings of love. However, the daily nature of feeling loved in adolescents' everyday lives is poorly understood. We investigated how daily stress severity was associated with adolescents' levels of feeling loved and whether romantic partner support moderated these associations. Furthermore, we investigated this for non‐interpersonal and interpersonal stressors. N = 97 mixed‐gender adolescent romantic couples (age M = 16.38, SD = 1.02) from an ethnically diverse sample (42.2% Hispanic/Latino/a/x, 44.7% White) participated in dyadic diary assessments twice a week for 12 consecutive weeks. Both partners independently completed open‐ended questions about a daily stressor, indicating stress severity, perceived partner support, and feeling loved. Daily stressors were coded for non‐interpersonal and various types of interpersonal stressors. Results from the dyadic multilevel model showed that days with lower than average support from a romantic partner amplify the adverse effects of stress severity on feeling loved, especially when the partner is involved in the stressor. We discuss the spillover of stress in romantic relationships and the stress‐buffering functions of adolescent romantic partner support. Adolescent romantic partners are potentially essential regulators of stress, increasing adolescents' feelings of love. Research Highlights: Romantic love is central in adolescents' lives; we showed that adolescents generally feel loved by romantic partners.Feeling loved fluctuates daily as adolescents feel less loved on stressful days.However, when adolescents perceive their partner as supportive, there is no association between stress and feeling loved. Partner support is protective for feeling loved.The current study provides essential insights into when adolescents and why adolescents feel loved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Facemasks represent an essential measure of prevention against the spread of infectious diseases; however, they lessen the ability to convey and understand emotions through facial expressions. In blood donation settings, facemask wearing could interfere with professionals' tasks, reduce the satisfaction of blood donors and affect their future blood donation behaviour. This preliminary cross‐sectional study explored the association of mandatory facemask wearing with the quality of the blood donation process at the end of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Materials and Methods: A sample of 615 voluntary unpaid Italian blood and plasma donors completed an online survey assessing their attitude towards facemask wearing, the perceived distress due to facemasks in the different steps of the donation process, self‐reported vasovagal reactions after donation and the intention to donate again. Results: Nearly 24% of donors reported a worsened quality of the donation process due to facemask wearing, and 36% reported moderate to severe distress during the donation itself. Donors with a more negative attitude towards facemasks reported a worse donation experience, mainly related to the interactions and the communication with physicians and nurses, and a higher probability of experiencing vasovagal reactions at their last donation. No significant correlations were observed between negative facemask attitudes towards facemask wearing, distress or future intention to donate blood/plasma. Conclusion: Facemasks have worsened the quality of blood and plasma donations for one fourth of donors, confirming the interference with the quality of communications and relationships with healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mono‐ and bis‐salen functionalised [2]rotaxanes have been synthesised from the esterification of [2]rotaxanes containing phenol‐terminated threads (salen=N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine). The [2]rotaxanes have general formula [RH][Cr7NiF8(O2CtBu)16], where [RH]+ is a thread with a central secondary ammonium site that templates a [Cr7NiF8(O2CtBu)16]− ring. The threads are terminated at one or both ends by carboxylic acid functionalised salen groups. The {M(salen)} groups can be free‐base [M=(H+)2] or metallated [M=Cu2+, Ni2+, (VO)2+]. The [2]rotaxanes have been characterised by single crystal XRD and solid‐ and solution‐state EPR spectroscopy. Where two paramagnetic M ions are involved [M=Cu2+ and/or (VO)2+] the [2]rotaxanes contain three electron spin S=1/2 ${{ 1/2 }}$ centres, since the {Cr7Ni} ring has an S=1/2 ${{ 1/2 }}$ ground state which is well isolated at low temperatures. These three‐spin [2]rotaxanes have been characterised in solution by pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopies (DEER, also known as PELDOR, and RIDME). The M⋅⋅⋅M and M⋅⋅⋅{Cr7Ni} interactions measured are consistent with dipolar interactions and also with the distances from single crystal XRD. The authors declare no competing financial interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Adults with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia, often showing neuropathological indicators by age 40. Physical function and activities of daily living (ADLs) are understudied areas of function that may inform dementia risk. We investigated associations among age, physical function (gait/balance, grip strength, and lower extremity strength), ADLs, and dementia risk symptoms in adults with DS. We hypothesized that compromised physical function and lower independence with ADLs would be associated with an informant/caregiver‐reported measure of dementia risk symptoms. METHODS: A secondary analysis for this cross‐sectional study was completed using data from two academic research centers with 43 adults with DS (age 30 ± 12 years). We examined the association of dementia risk symptoms, captured through the Dementia Screening Questionnaire for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (DSQIID), with physical function (timed up and go [TUG], sit‐to‐stand [STS], grip strength) and ADLs (Waisman Activities of Daily Living Scale). A linear regression model for the continuous dementia risk measure in the DSQIID used a log transformation of (1 + log(Y + 1)) to account for a high zero count. Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests were used to assess differences in the physical function measures, DSQIID questionnaire, and Waisman ADL by dividing mean age categories. RESULTS: Higher DSQIID scores were associated with lower independence with ADLs (β = −0.103, p = 0.008), slower gait times (TUG; β = 0.112, p = 0.034), and impaired lower extremity strength (STS; β = 0.112, p = 0.017) and grip strength (β = −0.039, p = 0.034). DSQIID scores differed significantly between the ≥30 and <30 age groups. Participants ≥30 years of age scored 5 points higher on the DSQIID than participants <30, suggesting that age was associated with greater dementia risk. DISCUSSION: Greater dementia risk symptoms were associated with age, lower physical function scores, and independence with ADLs, suggesting that declines in physical function and ADLs may be early indicators of subsequent dementia risk in adults with DS. Highlights: We explored the association of physical function and activities of daily living (ADLs) in aging adults with DS and their relationship with informant/caregiver report of dementia risk symptoms.Our findings demonstrated a significant relationship between a higher number of dementia risk symptoms observed and lower independence with ADLs, and impaired gait/balance, grip strength, and lower extremity strength.Further research with larger longitudinal studies is necessary to investigate any causative relationships among physical function, ADL function, and dementia risk symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder associated with inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, leading to a range of debilitating symptoms. Fecal calprotectin is an established biomarker for ulcerative colitis (UC), one of the main IBD diseases, which provides indications of the presence and severity of inflammation in the digestive tract. Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) as a gold standard approach for fecal calprotectin detection is time‐consuming and impractical in point‐of‐care settings. Moreover, obtaining fecal samples from patients is challenging and inhibits longitudinal monitoring. To address these specific problems, we have developed a novel approach for detecting calprotectin which leverages clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas technology. We successfully developed a portable tube‐based CRISPR/Cas assay for point‐of‐care testing of calprotectin. This assay showed a detection range from 1 to 10,000 ng/ml (over 4 log units), using both fluorescent and colorimetric analytical techniques. The established assay was further validated through measurements in mucosal samples obtained in an anesthetised preclinical rodent model of UC, with 2–3 times higher calprotectin concentration detected in UC rat samples compared to that of healthy control animals. This point‐of‐care test may provide a rapid, precise, and user‐friendly approach for the diagnosis and monitoring of IBD through mucosal sample testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Advanced hybrid closed‐loop (AHCL) therapy improves glycemia. However, it is not known if there is an improvement in overall outcomes with AHCL for youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) at high risk of diabetes‐related complications. The study aimed to capture the experiences of youth with suboptimal glycemic control when commencing AHCL therapy in a clinical trial setting. Methods. This was a singlecenter substudy of a multicenter 6‐month randomized clinical trial. Youth between 12 and 25 years of age on insulin pump therapy with HbA1c > 8.5% (> 69 mmol/mol) who commenced AHCL therapy with Medtronic MiniMed™ system were invited to participate in a semistructured interview after 6 months of AHCL. Open‐ended questions were used to explore the participants' lived experience of AHCL in improving their glucose levels and its impact on diabetes management and well‐being. The interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results. Ten youth with T1D with a mean (SD) age of 17.4 (2.9) years, diabetes duration 10.7 (4.8) years, HbA1c 10.2 (0.8)%, or 87 (9.5) mmol/mol at enrollment participated in the interview. Three main themes were identified: (1) improved glycemia despite not using closed loop to its full potential; (2) persistent diabetes burden; and (3) a need for increased psychosocial and clinical support. Although improved glycemia was noted with AHCL therapy, participants reported ongoing motivation issues and used the system suboptimally. They continued to experience distress with overall diabetes management and acknowledged the need for ongoing support from family and health professionals. Conclusion. All participants reported overall satisfaction with improved glucose levels, however, the persistent diabetes burden impacted their ability to use AHCL optimally. The need for ongoing monitoring with support and interventions to enhance psychological care remains vital for youth with suboptimal diabetes management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: University psychological counselling services represent a frontline defence to detect, treat or refer students with a wide range of (clinical and non‐clinical) difficulties. Nevertheless, only few studies describe their impact on academic self‐efficacy and report follow‐up data. Evidence on students' actual access to further psychological support in times of hardship is also scant and most needed. This study aimed to fill these gaps, exploring the stability of improvement in clinical conditions in a wide sample of university students and reporting post‐intervention referrals to mental health services. Methods: In a longitudinal study, 218 students who accessed a psychological counselling service at the University of Milano‐Bicocca between 2015 and 2019 completed an assessment at the beginning (T0), conclusion (T1) and 6 months after (T2) a brief cognitive behavioural intervention. The assessment included psychological symptoms, general distress, emotion dysregulation and academic self‐efficacy. Information about students' choices to continue a psychological intervention in other services was also collected and contrasted with the counsellor's indication. Results: At follow‐up, the improvement in academic self‐efficacy remained stable, with more than 60% of the students maintaining a reliable clinical change, and nearly half of them reporting having accessed (or being willing to contact) a mental health service outside the university services. Conclusion: These findings highlight the key role of counselling services in addressing students' distress and academic performances in the long term and in building bridges with mental health services outside the university system for students who need longer and specialised treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is an important part of the medical imaging field which is continually exploring novel biological targets as exemplified by PET imaging of neuroinflammation. Due to limitations stemming from either sub‐optimal biological targets or a lack of available selective radiotracers, alternative biomarkers and PET imaging agent candidates are considered. One such possible target is microRNA (miRNA) and herein, we discuss the potential of miRNA for PET imaging. With the aim of addressing key strategies for imaging miRNA with PET, we identify three distinct approaches as follows: small molecules directly targeting miRNA, small molecules indirectly targeting Argonaute 2 (AGO2)‐protein complexes, and direct chemical modification of antisense oligonucleotides. The radiosynthetic approaches are based on the methods of direct radiolabelling of respective antisense oligonucleotides and several examples are described herein, showcasing the potential of miRNA in PET imaging. Whilst these approaches offer different radiolabelling strategies, application of these radiolabelled molecules towards PET imaging of miRNA are scarce with only one, limited example applied to bone remodeling reported in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically review evidence on and devise treatment recommendations for patient monitoring before, during, and following CPR in dogs and cats, and to identify critical knowledge gaps. Design: Standardized, systematic evaluation of literature pertinent to peri‐CPR monitoring following Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Prioritized questions were each reviewed by Evidence Evaluators, and findings were reconciled by Monitoring Domain Chairs and Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) Co‐Chairs to arrive at treatment recommendations commensurate to quality of evidence, risk:benefit relationship, and clinical feasibility. This process was implemented using an Evidence Profile Worksheet for each question that included an introduction, consensus on science, treatment recommendations, justification for these recommendations, and important knowledge gaps. A draft of these worksheets was distributed to veterinary professionals for comment for 4 weeks prior to finalization. Setting: Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency practice. Results: Thirteen questions pertaining to hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic monitoring practices for identification of cardiopulmonary arrest, quality of CPR, and postcardiac arrest care were examined, and 24 treatment recommendations were formulated. Of these, 5 recommendations pertained to aspects of end‐tidal CO2 (ETco2) measurement. The recommendations were founded predominantly on very low quality of evidence, with some based on expert opinion. Conclusions: The Monitoring Domain authors continue to support initiation of chest compressions without pulse palpation. We recommend multimodal monitoring of patients at risk of cardiopulmonary arrest, at risk of re‐arrest, or under general anesthesia. This report highlights the utility of ETco2 monitoring to verify correct intubation, identify return of spontaneous circulation, evaluate quality of CPR, and guide basic life support measures. Treatment recommendations further suggest intra‐arrest evaluation of electrolytes (ie, potassium and calcium), as these may inform outcome‐relevant interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: After the 2012 Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation (RECOVER) CPR Guidelines, this is an update of evidence‐based consensus guidelines for Basic Life Support (BLS), advanced life support (ALS), and periarrest monitoring. Design: These RECOVER CPR Guidelines were generated using a modified version of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system for evidence evaluation and translation of this evidence into clear and actionable clinical instructions. Prioritized clinical questions in the Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) format were used as the basis to conduct systematic literature searches by information specialists, to extract information from relevant publications, to assess this evidence for quality, and finally to translate the findings into treatment recommendations. These recommendations were reviewed by the RECOVER writing group and opened for comment by veterinary professionals for 4 weeks. Setting: Transdisciplinary, international collaboration in university, specialty, and emergency practice. Results: A total of 40 worksheets were prepared to evaluate questions across the 3 domains of BLS, ALS and Monitoring, resulting in 90 individual treatment recommendations. High‐dose epinephrine is no longer recommended, and atropine, if used, is only administered once. Bag–mask ventilation is prioritized over mouth‐to‐nose ventilation in nonintubated animals. In addition, an algorithm for initial assessment, an updated CPR algorithm, a rhythm diagnosis tool, and an updated drug dosing table are provided. Conclusions: While the majority of the BLS and ALS recommendations remain unchanged, some noteworthy changes were made due to new evidence that emerged over the past 10 years. Indirectness of evidence remains the largest impediment to the certainty of guidelines formulation and underscores an urgent need for more studies in the target species of dogs and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing parental death during childhood is an adverse, potentially traumatic experience that may have substantial long‐term effects on mental and physical well‐being. The current study was based on data of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety to investigate mental health (i.e., depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and suicidal ideation) and physical health outcomes (i.e., metabolic syndrome, telomere length, and perceived physical health) as well as health behaviour (i.e., smoking status, alcohol use, and physical activity) to provide more insight into the long‐term outcomes after experiencing childhood parental death (CPD). For individuals who experienced CPD, we also investigated the role of loss‐related factors in these associations, namely the age of the child when their parent passed away and gender of the deceased parent. Interviews and questionnaires were completed by adults between 18 and 65 years; 177 participants experienced CPD (mean age = 45.19, 61.6% female) and 2463 did not (mean age = 41.38, 66.6% female). Results showed no overall association between the experience of CPD and mental and physical health indices and health behaviour. Within the CPD group, experiencing CPD at a younger age was related to a higher likelihood of suicidal ideation. These findings seem to illustrate a general positive adjustment with regard to long‐term health functioning after experiencing such an impactful life event. Future research should focus on individual differences in terms of adaptation, especially elucidating on contextual factors after the loss, such as the kind of support that is or is not provided by the surviving parent and/or other important individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While stromatolites, and to a lesser extent thrombolites, have been extensively studied in order to unravel Precambrian (>539 Ma) biological evolution, studies of clastic‐dominated microbially induced sedimentary structures (MISS) are relatively scarce. The lack of a consolidated record of clastic microbialites creates questions about how much (and what) information on depositional and taphonomic settings can be gleaned from these fossils. We used μCT scanning, a non‐destructive X‐ray‐based 3D imaging method, to reconstruct morphologies of ancient MISS and mat textures in two previously described coastal Archaean samples from the ~3.48 Ga Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia. The aim of this study was to test the ability of μCT scanning to visualize and make 3D measurements that can be used to interpret the biotic–environmental interactions. Fossil MISS including mat laminae with carpet‐like textures in one sample and mat rip‐up chips in the second sample were investigated. Compiled δ13C and δ34S analyses of specimens from the Dresser Fm. are consistent with a taxonomically diverse community that could be capable of forming such MISS. 3D measurements of fossil microbial mat chips indicate significant biostabilization and suggest formation in flow velocities >25 cm s−1. Given the stratigraphic location of these chips in a low‐flow lagoonal layer, we conclude that these chips formed due to tidal influence, as these assumed velocities are consistent with recent modeling of Archaean tides. The success of μCT scanning in documenting these microbialite features validates this technique both as a first step analysis for rare samples prior to the use of more destructive techniques and as a valuable tool for gaining insight into microbialite taphonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: We studied the 3D morphology of a small, well‐preserved cone from the Pennsylvanian Mazon Creek Lagerstätte to characterize its structure and determine its systematic affinity. Previously tentatively assigned to the enigmatic Tetraphyllostrobus, we show that it differs in key respects from that genus as described. Methods: We systematically compared the new fossil with relevant Paleozoic cone genera and employed advanced imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, Airyscan confocal super‐resolution microscopy, optical microscopy, and X‐ray microcomputed tomography to visualize and reconstruct the fossil cone in 3D. Results: The analyses demonstrate unequivocally that the sporophylls of the new Mazon Creek cone are arranged in whorls of six and have characters typical of Sphenophyllales, including epidermal cells with undulatory margins and in situ spores assignable to Columinisporites. The combination of characters, including sporophyll arrangement, anatomy, and spore type, supports the establishment of Hexaphyllostrobus kostorhysii gen. et sp. nov. within Sphenophyllales. Furthermore, we show that Tetraphyllostrobus, although originally described as possessing smooth monolete spores, actually possesses Columinisporites‐type spores, indicating that it, too, was most likely a sphenophyll. Conclusions: The recognition of Hexaphyllostrobus contributes to our knowledge of Pennsylvanian sphenophyll diversity, and in particular increases the number of species with in situ Columinisporites‐type spores. Attribution of Hexaphyllostrobus to Sphenophyllales calls into question current interpretations of Tetraphyllostrobus suggesting that future research on better‐preserved macrofossil material may demonstrate a sphenophyllalean relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of a veterinary point‐of‐care (POC) luminometer‐based kit for the diagnosis of septic peritoneal or pleural effusion in dogs and cats. Design: Prospective study performed between January 2020 and July 2021. Setting: University teaching hospital. Animals: Forty‐eight animals with naturally occurring peritoneal or pleural effusion collected by aseptic abdominocentesis or thoracocentesis. Procedures: Effusion samples were split into filtered (using a 10‐micron filter) and unfiltered aliquots and analyzed by the POC instrument according to the manufacturer's instructions and following variable incubation periods. Samples were also plated aerobically on standard and blood agar plates. Proprietary reagents were added to samples, causing bacterial ATP to generate bioluminescence that is detected by the luminometer. Bioluminescence values (relative light units [RLUs]) were recorded and compared with the presence of bacterial growth on the culture plates. Nucleated cell counts in native and filtered effusion samples were recorded. Results: Twenty‐one samples were septic based on positive culture. RLUs were higher in septic effusions for filtered and native effusions compared with sterile effusions. The use of a filter reduced cell counts. In filtered samples incubated for 30 minutes before testing, the sensitivity and specificity of the luminometer for diagnosis of infection in cavitary effusions were 81% and 82%, respectively, using a cutoff of 12,202 RLUs. Conclusions: The luminometer kit evaluated in this study represents a viable screening tool for diagnosis of septic cavitary effusions and could be used in conjunction with other POC diagnostics to support the rapid diagnosis of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Australia's Higher Education and Research Sector (HERS) must adopt digital resilience strategies to tackle cybersecurity challenges and manage major crises effectively. In this study, we have developed a digital resilience framework to mitigate these cybersecurity issues. Our findings suggest a range of keystone factors for crisis management, such as implementing cybersecurity awareness programmes, providing cyber support, redefining roles and responsibilities, implying risk management tools, partnerships with external security organizations, introducing policies, reconfiguring technologies, adopting new technologies, and evaluating current changes to combat these issues. These keystone factors will help achieve digital resilience and significantly minimize cybersecurity issues in HERS, not only during the current major crisis but also in the future. This research offers valuable theoretical and practical contributions that can be applied beyond the context of the recent crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to have a notably poorer quality of life than the general population, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This study aimed to analyze the association between institutional support and family support on the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of children with ASD during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was conducted in October 2022 in a School for Special Needs in Malang City, East Java Province, Indonesia. The pediatric quality of life inventory (PedsQL) and Institutional and Family Support questionnaire were used to measure the HRQoL and support perceived by parents of children with ASD. We analyzed each component of the PedsQL and the Institutional and Family Support questionnaire. The independent T‐test was performed to analyze the association between HRQoL and perceived support by parents of children with ASD. Findings: The results showed that most participants (72.7%) were women aged 40. As many as 69.39% of participants had more than one child, and 16.33% declared they had other children who experienced the same problem (special needs children). This study indicated that the average health‐related quality of life score in children with ASD was 57.41 (9.418). The finding of this study showed a significant mean difference in HRQoL scores in children with ASD who received high institutional and family support compared to those who had low (p = 0.028, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −11.071 to 0.664). Conclusion: Institutional support positively impacts children with ASD's quality of life. Therefore, it is essential to improve the adequacy of support felt by families while caring for children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Rasagiline or pramipexole monotherapy has been suggested for the management of early Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of this research was to systematically review the clinical efficacy and safety of rasagiline or pramipexole in early PD (defined as disease duration ≤5 years and Hoehn and Yahr stage of ≤3). Methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of rasagiline or pramipexole for early PD published up to September 2021 were retrieved. Outcomes of interest included changes in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Parts II and III and the incidence of adverse events. Standardized mean difference (SMD), odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and heterogeneity was measured with the I2 test. Results. Nine rasagiline and eleven pramipexole RCTs were included. One post hoc analysis of one rasagiline study was included. Five studies for each drug were included in meta-analyses of the UPDRS scores. The rasagiline meta-analysis focused on patients receiving 1 mg/day. Rasagiline and pramipexole significantly improved UPDRS Part II and III scores when compared to placebo. Significant heterogeneity among the studies was present (I2 > 70%). Neither rasagiline nor pramipexole increased the relative risk for any adverse events, serious adverse events, or adverse events leading to withdrawal when compared with placebo. Conclusion. Applying a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach to summarize the evidence, we found moderate confidence in the body of evidence for the efficacy of rasagiline or pramipexole in early PD, suggesting further well-designed, multicenter comparative RCTs remain needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mnemonic discrimination (MD) may be dependent on oscillatory perforant path input frequencies to the hippocampus in a "U"‐shaped fashion, where some studies show that slow and fast input frequencies support MD, while other studies show that intermediate frequencies disrupt MD. We hypothesize that pattern separation (PS) underlies frequency‐dependent MD performance. We aim to study, in a computational model of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG), the network and cellular mechanisms governing this putative "U"‐shaped PS relationship. We implemented a biophysical model of the DG that produces the hypothesized "U"‐shaped input frequency–PS relationship, and its associated oscillatory electrophysiological signatures. We subsequently evaluated the network's PS ability using an adapted spatiotemporal task. We undertook systematic lesion studies to identify the network‐level mechanisms driving the "U"‐shaped input frequency‐PS relationship. A minimal circuit of a single granule cell (GC) stimulated with oscillatory inputs was also used to study potential cellular‐level mechanisms. Lesioning synapses onto GCs did not impact the "U"‐shaped input frequency–PS relationship. Furthermore, GC inhibition limits PS performance for fast frequency inputs, while enhancing PS for slow frequency inputs. GC interspike interval was found to be input frequency dependent in a "U"‐shaped fashion, paralleling frequency‐dependent PS observed at the network level. Additionally, GCs showed an attenuated firing response for fast frequency inputs. We conclude that independent of network‐level inhibition, GCs may intrinsically be capable of producing a "U"‐shaped input frequency‐PS relationship. GCs may preferentially decorrelate slow and fast inputs via spike timing reorganization and high frequency filtering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to identify profiles of youth presenting with a unique combination of environmental characteristics and understand the differential relationship between profile membership, anxiety, and depression symptoms. Data were drawn from 158 Latino youth between the ages of 11 and 13. Youth provided information on community violence exposure, acculturative stress, familial and peer support, and parental supervision. Main analyses included Latent Profile Analysis and Multivariate Analysis of Variance. Support for a four‐profile model was found. Profiles are distinguished by mean levels of community violence exposure, acculturative stress, familial and peer support, and parental supervision. Profile membership was significantly associated with anxiety and depression, separately. Those belonging to the profile with the highest levels of environmental risk reported the highest levels of anxiety and depression. Findings contribute to a personalized understanding of risk and protective experiences in the environment for Latino youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs) have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence and poor prognosis. We previously demonstrated that pre‐S expression in some GGHs is resistant to current hepatitis B virus (HBV) antiviral therapies. This study aimed to investigate whether integrated HBV DNA (iDNA) is the primary HBV DNA species responsible for sustained pre‐S expression in GGH after effective antiviral therapy. We characterized 10 sets of micro‐dissected, formalin‐fixed‐paraffin‐embedded, and frozen GGH, HCC, and adjacent hepatitis B surface antigen‐negative stained tissues for iDNA, pre‐S deletions, and the quantity of covalently closed circular DNA. Eight patients had detectable pre‐S deletions, and nine had detectable iDNA. Interestingly, eight patients had integrations within the TERT and CCNE1 genes, which are known recurrent integration sites associated with HCC. Furthermore, we observed a recurrent integration in the ABCC13 gene. Additionally, we identified variations in the type and quantity of pre‐S deletions within individual sets of tissues by junction‐specific PacBio long‐read sequencing. The data from long‐read sequencing indicate that some pre‐S deletions were acquired following the integration events. Our findings demonstrate that iDNA exists in GGH and can be responsible for sustained pre‐S expression in GGH after effective antiviral therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A synthetic strategy is demonstrated to prepare two distinct trimers of antiferromagnetically coupled {Cr7Ni} rings, substantially varying the magnetic interactions between the spin centres. The interactions were studied using multi‐frequency cw EPR: in a trimer linked via non‐covalent H‐bonding interactions no measurable interaction between rings was seen, while in a trimer linked via iso‐nicotinate groups isotropic and anisotropic exchange interactions of +0.42 and −0.8 GHz, respectively, were observed. The latter are the same as those for a simpler hetero‐dimer system, showing how the spin‐spin interactions can be built in a predictable and modular manner in these systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Defining the optimal timing of operative intervention for pediatric burn patients in a resource-limited environment is challenging. We sought to characterize the association between mortality and the timing of operative intervention at a burn center in Lilongwe, Malawi. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of burn patients (<18 years old) presenting to Kamuzu Central Hospital from 2011 to 2022. We compared patients who underwent excision and/or burn grafting based on the timing of the operation. We used logistic regression modeling to estimate the adjusted odds ratio of death based on the timing of surgery. Results: We included 2502 patients with a median age of 3 years (IQR 1–5) and a male preponderance (56.8%). 411 patients (16.4%) had surgery with a median time to surgery of 18 days (IQR 8–34). The crude mortality rate among all patients was 17.0% and 9.1% among the operative cohort. The odds ratio of mortality for patients undergoing surgery within 3 days from presentation was 5.00 (95% CI 2.19, 11.44) after adjusting for age, sex, % total burn surface area (TBSA), and flame burn. The risk was highest for the youngest patients. Conclusions: Children who underwent burn excision and/or grafting in the first 3 days of hospitalization had a much higher risk of death than patients undergoing surgical intervention later. Delaying operative intervention till >72 h for pediatric patients, especially those under 5 years old, may confer a survival advantage. More investment is needed in early resuscitation and monitoring for this patient population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐dimensional parametric models for network dynamics have been successful as inferentially efficient and interpretable tools for modelling network evolution but have difficulty in settings with strong time inhomogeneity (particularly when sharp variation in parameters is possible and covariates are limited). Here, we propose to address this problem via a novel family of block‐structured dynamic exponential‐family random graph models (ERGMs), where the time domain is divided into consecutive blocks and the network parameters are assumed to evolve smoothly within each block. In particular, we let the latent ERGM parameters follow a piecewise polynomial model with an unknown block structure (e.g., change points). We propose an iterative estimation procedure that involves estimating the block structure using trend filtering and fitting ERGMs for networks belonging to the same time block. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach using simulation studies and applications to interbank transaction networks and citations among political blogs over the course of an electoral cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peatlands of the central Congo Basin have accumulated carbon over millennia. They currently store some 29 billion tonnes of carbon in peat. However, our understanding of the controls on peat carbon accumulation and loss and the vulnerability of this stored carbon to climate change is in its infancy. Here we present a new model of tropical peatland development, DigiBog_Congo, that we use to simulate peat carbon accumulation and loss in a rain‐fed interfluvial peatland that began forming ~20,000 calendar years Before Present (cal. yr BP, where 'present' is 1950 CE). Overall, the simulated age‐depth curve is in good agreement with palaeoenvironmental reconstructions derived from a peat core at the same location as our model simulation. We find two key controls on long‐term peat accumulation: water at the peat surface (surface wetness) and the very slow anoxic decay of recalcitrant material. Our main simulation shows that between the Late Glacial and early Holocene there were several multidecadal periods where net peat and carbon gain alternated with net loss. Later, a climatic dry phase beginning ~5200 cal. yr BP caused the peatland to become a long‐term carbon source from ~3975 to 900 cal. yr BP. Peat as old as ~7000 cal. yr BP was decomposed before the peatland's surface became wetter again, suggesting that changes in rainfall alone were sufficient to cause a catastrophic loss of peat carbon lasting thousands of years. During this time, 6.4 m of the column of peat was lost, resulting in 57% of the simulated carbon stock being released. Our study provides an approach to understanding the future impact of climate change and potential land‐use change on this vulnerable store of carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Arrhythmias are common in critically ill patients, though the impact of arrhythmias on surgical patients is not well delineated. We aimed to characterize mortality following arrhythmias in critically ill patients. Methods: We performed a propensity-matched retrospective analysis of intensive care unit (ICU) patients from 2007 to 2017 in the Cerner Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation database. We compared outcomes between patients with and without arrhythmias and those with and without surgical indications for ICU admission. We also modeled predictors of arrhythmias in surgical patients. Results: 467,951 patients were included; 97,958 (20.9%) were surgical patients. Arrhythmias occurred in 1.4% of the study cohorts. Predictors of arrhythmias in surgical patients included a history of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI95] 1.11–1.63), respiratory failure (OR 1.48, CI95 1.12–1.96), pneumonia (OR 3.17, CI95 1.98–5.10), higher bicarbonate level (OR 1.03, CI95 1.01–1.05), lower albumin level (OR 0.79, CI95 0.68–0.91), and vasopressor requirement (OR 27.2, CI95 22.0–33.7). After propensity matching, surgical patients with arrhythmias had a 42% mortality risk reduction compared to non-surgical patients (risk ratio [RR] 0.58, CI 95 0.43–0.79). Predicted probabilities of mortality for surgical patients were lower at all ages. Conclusions: Surgical patients with arrhythmias are at lower risk of mortality than non-surgical patients. In this propensity-matched analysis, predictors of arrhythmias in critically ill surgical patients included a history of cardiovascular disease, respiratory complications, increased bicarbonate levels, decreased albumin levels, and vasopressor requirement. These findings highlight the differential effect of arrhythmias on different cohorts of critically ill populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The process of receiving a communication of positivity for metabolic diseases at expanded newborn screening (ENBS) is extremely articulated, involves a variety of actors (parents, maternal and child departments, clinical centres and laboratories) and is open to a variety of outcomes from false positive to true positive cases. Receiving communication of positivity can be highly stressful for parents and requires an adequate communication process to give clear and reliable information without causing excessive worry. This qualitative study describes the parents' experience of receiving a communication of positivity to metabolic diseases at ENBS, and their assessment of the quality of the communication process and steps, with the main aim to identify the process' strengths and weaknesses and to advance tailored recommendations to improve the communication process. Method: Fourteen in‐depth, semi‐structured phone interviews were conducted with parents whose children resulted positive to the ENBS. As part of the ENBS communication process, parents received a first phone call communication of positivity and a second in‐person communication at metabolic clinical centres (MCC). The framework analysis method was used to organize the data and identify emerging themes. Results: Parents were largely dissatisfied with the quality and depth of the information received and with the way the healthcare staff delivered the first communication phone call, which failed to create a caring, empathic and safe setting. Many parents tried to reduce the uncertainty by searching online information or consulting with other providers. Nevertheless, the majority of parents described the in‐person visit at MCC as clear, welcoming and reassuring. Conclusion: More efforts are needed to improve the quality of the communication process of the ENBS. Guidelines, recommendations and standard scripts to communicate positivity are needed along with programmes and educational resources to train tailored communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Word co‐occurrence patterns in language corpora contain a surprising amount of conceptual knowledge. Large language models (LLMs), trained to predict words in context, leverage these patterns to achieve impressive performance on diverse semantic tasks requiring world knowledge. An important but understudied question about LLMs' semantic abilities is whether they acquire generalized knowledge of common events. Here, we test whether five pretrained LLMs (from 2018's BERT to 2023's MPT) assign a higher likelihood to plausible descriptions of agent−patient interactions than to minimally different implausible versions of the same event. Using three curated sets of minimal sentence pairs (total n = 1215), we found that pretrained LLMs possess substantial event knowledge, outperforming other distributional language models. In particular, they almost always assign a higher likelihood to possible versus impossible events (The teacher bought the laptop vs. The laptop bought the teacher). However, LLMs show less consistent preferences for likely versus unlikely events (The nanny tutored the boy vs. The boy tutored the nanny). In follow‐up analyses, we show that (i) LLM scores are driven by both plausibility and surface‐level sentence features, (ii) LLM scores generalize well across syntactic variants (active vs. passive constructions) but less well across semantic variants (synonymous sentences), (iii) some LLM errors mirror human judgment ambiguity, and (iv) sentence plausibility serves as an organizing dimension in internal LLM representations. Overall, our results show that important aspects of event knowledge naturally emerge from distributional linguistic patterns, but also highlight a gap between representations of possible/impossible and likely/unlikely events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Racial/ethnic disparities in living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) are a persistent challenge. Although nearly all directed donations are from members of patients' social networks, little is known about which social network members take steps toward living kidney donation, which do not, and what mechanisms contribute to racial/ethnic LDKT disparities. Methods: We describe the design and rationale of the Friends and Family of Kidney Transplant Patients Study, a factorial experimental fielding two interventions designed to promote LKD discussions. Participants are kidney transplant candidates at two centers who are interviewed and delivered an intervention by trained center research coordinators. The search intervention advises patients on which social network members are most likely to be LKD contraindication‐free; the script intervention advises patients on how to initiate effective LKD discussions. Participants are randomized into four conditions: no intervention, search only, script only, or both search and script. Patients also complete a survey and optionally provide social network member contact information so they can be surveyed directly. This study will seek to enroll 200 transplant candidates. The primary outcome is LDKT receipt. Secondary outcomes include live donor screening and medical evaluations and outcomes. Tertiary outcomes include LDKT self‐efficacy, concerns, knowledge, and willingness, measured before and after the interventions. Conclusion: This study will assess the effectiveness of two interventions to promote LKD and ameliorate Black‐White disparities. It will also collect unprecedented information on transplant candidates' social network members, enabling future work to address network member structural barriers to LKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Aims: To examine the clinical utility of liver fat quantification for determining CVD risk among a well‐phenotyped cohort of patients with T2DM. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional analysis of a prospective cohort of adults aged ≥50 with T2DM. Liver fat was quantified with magnetic resonance imaging proton‐density‐fat‐fraction (MRI‐PDFF), an advanced imaging‐based biomarker. Patients were stratified into a higher liver fat group (MRI‐PDFF ≥ 14.6%), and a lower liver fat group (MRI‐PDFF < 14.6%). The co‐primary outcomes were CVD risk determined by Framingham and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk scores. High CVD risk was defined by risk scores ≥20%. Results: Of the 391 adults (66% female) in this study, the mean (±SD) age was 64 (±8) years and BMI 30.8 (±5.2) kg/m2, respectively. In multivariable analysis, adjusted for age, gender, race, and BMI, patients in the higher liver fat group had higher CVD risk [OR = 4.04 (95% CI: 2.07–7.88, p < 0.0001)] and ASCVD risk score [OR = 2.85 (95% CI: 1.19–6.83, p = 0.018)], respectively. Conclusion: Higher liver fat content increases CVD risk independently of age, gender, ethnicity and BMI. These findings raise the question whether liver fat quantification should be incorporated into risk calculators to further stratify those with higher CVD risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Storage of samples may be necessary prior to testing drug levels in certain study designs; however, the effect of storage duration on measured drug levels is not known for all drugs. Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of carprofen in canine plasma when stored at −80°C for 6 months. Methods: Six healthy dogs were enrolled (1–10 years old, 17–35 kg) and received compounded carprofen at 2.2 mg/kg orally every 12 h for 2 days. On the third day, blood was collected immediately before the morning dose (trough), then 1 and 6 h after the dose (sampling timepoint). Whole blood was immediately centrifuged, and plasma was stored at −80°C. Plasma carprofen concentration was measured at day 2, week 2 and then monthly for 6 months using reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The measured carprofen concentrations were analysed statistically using a linear mixed effects model. Results: There was no effect of storage time over 6 months (p = 0.891) on measured carprofen levels. Although there was an effect of sampling timepoint (0, 1 and 6 h) (p < 0.001), the interaction between storage timepoint and sampling timepoint was not statistically significant (p = 1). Conclusions: Carprofen‐laden canine plasma samples can be stored for up to 6 months before analysis with no degradation in carprofen concentrations expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Promoting resolution of inflammation using new classes of lipids mediators has been proposed for the management of inflammatory disease. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the benefits of the use of omega‐3 fatty acids as an adjuvant in the nonsurgical treatment of periodontitis. Material and Methods: The data search was conducted into three main databases: PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The search equation was built around the PICO framework in which the population was constituted by human adults suffering from chronic periodontitis that had to be treated with conventional SRP with the adjunction of omega‐3 fatty acids (I) or without the adjunction of omega‐3 fatty acids (C), with, as a first outcome the probing pocket depth reduction (PPD) and as a second outcome the clinical attachment loss reduction (CAL). Risk of bias within studies was evaluated for each included study using the Cochrane collaboration tool for randomized studies (RoB Tool). A meta‐analysis was performed using REVMAN 5.3. Results: After a global search, 117 studies were selected but only seven of them were eligible for the systematic review and meta‐analysis. Six out of seven studies showed a significantly better PPD reduction in the omega‐3 fatty acids group compared to the control group and five out of seven studies showed a significantly better CAL reduction in the omega‐3 fatty acids group compared to the control group. The meta‐analysis showed a statistically significant difference for PPD reduction (SMD: −0.78 [95% CI: −1.02, −0.54, p <.0001]) and CAL reduction (SMD: −0.80 [95% CI: −1.04, −0.56, p <.0001]) in favor of the test group. Conclusion: After scaling and root planning, PPD reduction and CAL reduction were observed in both control and test groups, but with statistically significant better values for the omega‐3 fatty acids group. Patients suffering from periodontitis could benefit from the use of omega‐3 fatty acids to increase the effectiveness of a nonsurgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advances in trauma care in high-income countries have significantly reduced late deaths following trauma, challenging the classical trimodal pattern of trauma-associated mortality. While studies from low and middle-income countries have demonstrated that the trimodal pattern is still occurring in many regions, there is a lack of data from sub-Saharan Africa evaluating the temporal epidemiology of trauma deaths. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of the trauma registry at Kamuzu Central Hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, including all injured patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) from 2009 to 2021. Patients were compared based on timing of death relative to time of injury. We then used a modified Poisson regression model to identify adjusted predictors for early mortality compared to late mortality. Results: Crude mortality of patients presenting to the ED in the study period was 2.4% (n = 4,096/165,324). Most patients experienced a pre-hospital death (n = 2,330, 56.9%), followed by death in the ED (n = 619, 15.1%). Early death (pre-hospital or ED) was associated with transportation by police (RR1.52, 95% CI 1.38, 1.68) or private vehicle (RR1.20, 95% CI 1.07, 1.31), vehicle-related trauma (RR1.10, 95% CI 1.05, 1.14), and penetrating injury (RR1.11, 95% CI 1.04, 1.19). Ambulance transportation was associated with a 40% decrease in the risk of early death. Conclusions: At a busy tertiary trauma center in Malawi, most trauma-associated deaths occur within 48 h of injury, with most in the pre-hospital setting. To improve clinical outcomes for trauma patients in this environment, substantial investment in pre-hospital care is required through first-responder training and EMS infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bird bones were rarely used for production of artifacts, due to various reasons—they were much smaller and thinner than bones of mammals usually selected for tool production; they also have specific shapes and fine structure, inadequate for the majority of common artifact types. They were occasionally used for some specific objects, such as flutes, pipes, needle cases, and amulets. When it comes to the Eneolithic and Early Bronze Age periods in south‐eastern Europe, bird bone artifacts are rare; only few have been discovered thus far. In this paper, we will present one additional finding of a bird bone artifact, from the site of Zók–Gradina, situated in present‐day Hungary. Excavations carried out in 1920 by the National Museum in Belgrade revealed a multi‐period site, with major parts of the stratigraphic sequence belonging to the Late Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age Vučedol culture (2900–2500/2400 BC). Vučedol layers yielded relatively large quantities of worked bone, including one artifact produced from a bird bone, that will be presented here. The object in question was produced from the right radius of a Cygnus sp.; it is in the shape of an elongated tube; carefully cut at both ends. The function of this item is uncertain—it may have served as some sound‐producing instrument (flute), or it was some sort of a handle or needle case. It is interesting to note that bird representations, in particular, ornithomorphic vessels, are among the specific traits of the Vučedol culture; therefore, the choice of a bird bone for the production of this artifact may have had a certain symbolic significance as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increased focus on developing tools to image large biomolecules, such as antibodies, within the brain using positron emission tomography (PET). The inverse electron demand Diels–Alder cycloaddition (IEDDA) reaction has offered the greatest prospect of achieving such a feat and has gained much interest over the past decade. The fast reaction kinetics of the IEDDA reaction opens up the possibility of utilising a pretargeted approach, whereby the subject is pretreated with a biomolecule that has high specificity for its target. A radiolabelled second component is then administered to the subject, enabling the biomolecule to be visualised by PET. However, for this to become common practice, there is a need for the development of either radiolabelled trans‐cyclooctenes (TCOs) or tetrazines that can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This review highlights the advancements in the development of both radiolabelled TCOs and tetrazines, which have been radiolabelled with either carbon‐11 or fluorine‐18 and show promise or have been evaluated for use in pretargeted PET imaging across the BBB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leafroll and red blotch are two of the most consequential viral diseases threatening the sustainability of the wine grape industry. To promote uptake of management practices, there is a critical need to understand the motivating factors for decision makers and optimize the dissemination and acquisition of knowledge. From 2019 to 2020, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 42 wine grape industry professionals ("decision makers") in the Western United States, from California (n = 32) and Washington (n = 10). The interview questions explored the perceptions and experiences of these decision makers as they learned about disease ecology, interacted with their immediate and extended community, and adopted management practices. Utilizing qualitative thematic analysis, we identified nine economic, knowledge, and social-behavioural factors along with 24 sub-factors. These factors illustrated the interplay between knowledge, communication, economics, labour, government subsidies, regulatory practices, and collaborative efforts that influence adoption. The quality of knowledge dissemination emerged as a critical aspect. Using the interview data along with a quantitative survey (n = 145), we also explored how growers use 14 educational resources to learn about grapevine viruses. Using these findings, extension educators can optimize their activities to disseminate knowledge on grapevine viral disease management. In total, this study provides context for the agricultural industry, research scientists, extension educators, and other supporting partners of the financial, interpersonal, and technical issues that must be overcome to successfully manage grapevine viral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]