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This article is an introduction to the themed section titled, "Viviana A. Zelizer: Sociologist of the Family and Intimacy." It first reviews the major works of Viviana Zelizer and their significance for the social studies of families and intimacy, underscoring how she has accounted for the interplay between family and economy through a series of objects: life insurance, the assessment of children's value, the social meaning of money, and, more recently, intimacy. The second part of the article describes extensions of Zelizer's work in the fields of family and intimacy studies and presents the four articles featured in the themed section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Femtosecond laser direct writing is a powerful technique for fabricating micro‐nano devices as it can modify the interior of transparent optical materials in a spatially selective manner through nonlinear multi‐photon absorption. In this context, laser‐induced nanogratings, i.e., a sub‐wavelength assembly of nanolayers (≈20 nm in width, ≈200 nm period), are ultrashort self‐organized structures created by light in the bulk of transparent materials. These have been intensively explored over the last two decades opening a novel era of micro photonic devices due to their unique physicochemical properties, like orientable form birefringence, anisotropic light scattering, highly selective chemical etching, optical chirality, and extraordinary thermal stability. This review provides a throughout overview of the advances in this field, specifically focused on the formation of nanogratings, optical properties that can be exploited in various transparent solids, and the related main applications. Also, the fundamental characteristics, formation mechanism, tuning methods of nanogratings are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transformer‐based neural networks with billions of parameters trained on very large text corpora from diverse sources. LLMs have the potential to improve healthcare due to their capability to parse complex concepts and generate context‐based responses. The interest in LLMs has not spared digestive disease academics, who have mainly investigated foundational LLM accuracy, which ranges from 25% to 90% and is influenced by the lack of standardized rules to report methodologies and results for LLM‐oriented research. In addition, a critical issue is the absence of a universally accepted definition of accuracy, varying from binary to scalar interpretations, often tied to grader expertise without reference to clinical guidelines. We address strategies and challenges to increase accuracy. In particular, LLMs can be infused with domain knowledge using Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) or Supervised Fine‐Tuning (SFT) with reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). RAG faces challenges with in‐context window limits and accurate information retrieval from the provided context. SFT, a deeper adaptation method, is computationally demanding and requires specialized knowledge. LLMs may increase patient quality of care across the field of digestive diseases, where physicians are often engaged in screening, treatment and surveillance for a broad range of pathologies for which in‐context learning or SFT with RLHF could improve clinical decision‐making and patient outcomes. However, despite their potential, the safe deployment of LLMs in healthcare still needs to overcome hurdles in accuracy, suggesting a need for strategies that integrate human feedback with advanced model training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is a very complex industry and represents one of the most profitable activity in the world. A tourist product requires the execution of several multifaceted activities. Indeed, transportation, accommodation, entertainment, food, and beverages represent only some of the products/services required by a tourist. It is evident that a single enterprise cannot provide all the components of a tourist product, but several interrelated actors should collaborate. This leads to a very complex supply tourist chain that needs to be optimized. The relevant theories and methods of logistics can be used to efficiently manage all the flows that are generated in a tourist chain. The definition of appropriate policies, at the different nodes of the chain, can improve the performance of all the actors involved in tourism logistics. In this paper, we concentrate our attention on tour operators that are relevant in the touristic logistic chain since they are involved in several activities. We introduce different revenue management policies to support tour operators in the decision of accepting the most profitable tourist requests. A request consists of flights and hotel booking, characterized by a starting time of the trip and the length of stay at the destination. We allow for various combinations of flight legs and multiple categories of hotels to accommodate a variety of customer preferences and needs. A computational study is carried out by considering different scenarios, and the performance of the considered revenue management policies is analyzed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of functional artificial photosynthetic devices relies on the understanding of mechanistic aspects involved in specialized photocatalysts. Modified iron porphyrins have long been explored as efficient catalysts for the light‐induced reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) towards solar fuels. In spite of the advancements in homogeneous catalysis, the development of the next generation of catalysts requires a complete understanding of the fundamental photoinduced processes taking place prior to and after activation of the substrate by the catalyst. In this work, we employ a state‐of‐the‐art nanosecond optical transient absorption spectroscopic setup with a double excitation capability to induce charge accumulation and trigger the reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO). Our biomimetic system is composed of a urea‐modified iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin (UrFeIII) catalyst, the prototypical [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2'‐bipyridine) used as a photosensitizer, and sodium ascorbate as an electron donor. Under inert atmosphere, we show that two electrons can be successively accumulated on the catalyst as the fates of the photogenerated UrFeII and UrFeI reduced species are tracked. In the presence of CO2, the catalytic cycle is kick‐started providing further evidence on CO2 activation by the UrFe catalyst in its formal FeI oxidation state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are no standard management protocols for the treatment of bile leak (BL) after liver transplantation. The objective of this study is to describe treatment options for BL after pediatric LT. Methods: Retrospective analysis (January 2010–March 2023). Variables studied: preoperative data, status at diagnosis, and postoperative outcome. Four groups: observation (n = 9), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC, n = 38), ERCP (2), and surgery (n = 27). Results: Nine hundred and thirty‐one pediatric liver transplantation (859 LDLT and 72 DDT); 78 (8.3%) patients had BL, all in LDLT. The median (IQR) peritoneal bilirubin (PB) level and fluid‐to‐serum bilirubin ratio (FSBR) at diagnosis was 14.40 mg/dL (8.5–29), and 10.7 (4.1–23.7). Patients who required surgery for treatment underwent the procedure earlier, at a median of 14 days (IQR: 7–19) versus 22 days for PTC (IQR: 15–27, p = 0.002). PB and FSBR were significantly lower in the observation group. In 11 cases, conservative management had resolution of the BL in an average time of 35 days, and 38 patients underwent PTC in a median time of 22 days (15–27). Twenty‐seven (34.6%) patients were reoperated as initial treatment for BL in a median time of 17 days (1–108 days); 25 (33%) patients evolved with biliary stricture, 5 (18.5%) after surgery, and 20 (52.6%) after PTC (p = 0.01). Conclusion: Patients with BL who were observed presented significantly lower levels of PB and FSBR versus those who underwent PTC or surgery. Patients treated with PTC presented higher rates of biliary stricture during the follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Australia's ageing population is challenging for surgical units and there is a paucity of evidence for geriatric co‐management in acute general surgery. We aimed to assess if initiating a Geriatric Medicine in‐reach service improved outcomes for older adults in our Acute Surgical Unit (ASU). Methods: The Older Adult Surgical Inpatient Service (OASIS) was integrated into ASU in 2021. We retrospectively reviewed all patients over age 65 admitted to ASU over a 12‐month period before and after service integration with a length of stay (LOS) greater than 24 h. There was no subsequent truncation or selection. Primary outcomes were 30‐day mortality, LOS, and 28‐day readmissions. Secondary outcomes were discharge disposition, in‐hospital mortality, and hospital‐acquired complications (HACs). Results: 1339 consecutive patients were included in each group, with no differences in baseline characteristics. There was a significant decrease in 28‐day readmissions from 20.2% to 16.0% (P < 0.05), greatest in patients undergoing non‐EL operative procedures (21.9% pre‐OASIS vs. 12.6% post‐OASIS; P < 0.05). Trends towards reduced 30‐day mortality (7.17% vs. 5.90%; P = 0.211), in‐hospital mortality (3.88% vs. 2.91%; P = 0.201), permanent care placement (7.77% vs. 7.09%; P = 0.843) and HACs (8.14% vs. 7.62%; P = 0.667) were seen, although statistical significance was not demonstrated. LOS remained unchanged at 4 days (P = 0.653). Conclusion: The addition of a geriatric in‐reach service to a tertiary ASU led to a significant reduction in 28‐day readmissions. Downtrends were seen in mortality, permanent care placement, and HAC rates, while LOS remained unchanged. We aimed to assess if initiating a geriatric medicine in‐reach service (OASIS) improved outcomes for older adults in a tertiary acute surgical unit (ASU). We retrospectively reviewed all patients over age 65 admitted to ASU over a 12‐month‐period before and after service integration with primary outcomes being 30‐day mortality, length of stay (LOS), and 28‐day hospital readmissions and secondary outcomes being discharge disposition, in‐hospital mortality, and hospital‐acquired complications (HACs). The addition of OASIS led to a significant reduction in 28‐day readmissions, with downtrends seen in mortality and HAC rates, and an unchanged LOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the Global Health Sector Strategy, ratified by the 69th World Health Assembly, set the ambitious goal of eliminating hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus infections by 2030, emphasizing the importance of national screening programmes. Achieving this goal depends on each country's ability to identify and treat 80% of chronic hepatitis C cases, a critical threshold set by the World Health Organization. Traditionally, estimates of HCV prevalence have been based on interferon era studies that focused on high-risk subgroups rather than the general population. In addition, the incomplete data available from national registries also limited the understanding of HCV prevalence. The 2016 report from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control highlighted that HCV rates varied across European counties, ranging from .1% to 5.9%. However, data were only available for 13 countries, making the overall picture less clear. Additionally, the epidemiological data may have underestimated the true burden of HCV due to lack of awareness among those with chronic infection. The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of HCV epidemiology in Europe in the current era of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The data included in the analysis range from the end of 2013 to December 2023 and have been categorised according to the United Nations Geoscheme. The resulting synthesis underscores the noteworthy impact of DAA treatment on the epidemiological situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Few data are available addressing the impact of post‐operative management of Crohn's disease (CD) on long‐term clinical course. Aim: To assess the evolution of post‐operative management strategies over the last 40 years and their impact on the re‐operation rate of CD. Methods: We included 657 patients with CD who had undergone their first radical ileo‐caecal resection between 1980 and 2020. Three cohorts were defined according to year of surgery: cohort 1 (1980–1998; n = 198), cohort 2 (1999–2009; n = 218) and cohort 3 (2010–2020; n = 241). We estimated exposure to immunomodulators and anti‐TNFα agents after surgery and rates of re‐operation using Kaplan–Meier survival analyses. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the association of clinical variables with time to re‐operation. Results: Immunosuppressants, (IMMs) and anti‐TNFα exposure within 5 years after surgery increased significantly from cohort 1 to cohort 2 and cohort 3 (IMMs: 1.6%, 38.2% and 28.0%, respectively, p < 0.001; anti‐TNFα: 0.0%, 20.7% and 52.0%, respectively, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference across cohorts regarding the cumulative probability of re‐operation within 5 and 10 years. Multivariate analysis identified IMMs/anti‐TNFα exposure before the first surgery (HR 9.15; 95% CI 2.77–30.21) and post‐operatively (HR: 0.24; 95% CI 0.07–0.74) as variables associated with the risk of re‐operation. However, these associations had a time‐varying effect and become non‐significant after 5 and 2 years after surgery, respectively. Conclusion: Despite increased post‐operative use of IMMs and anti‐TNFα agents in the last two decades, the impact of these strategies on the risk of long‐term re‐operation rate has been modest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the need to address the awareness gap and improve the quality of education regarding metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). The authors emphasize the proliferation of internet-based health information and the often inadequate quality and reliability of health videos related to MASLD. They suggest that health professionals and platforms should generate and disseminate reliable information, including awareness videos, educational material, and skills-oriented training. The article also highlights the low awareness of MASLD among the general population, healthcare providers, and non-liver specialists, and calls for increased awareness, education, and skills development investments. The authors stress the importance of incorporating patient voices and advocate for tailored patient education and digital health interventions to improve outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Background: High positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP>10 cmH2O) is commonly used in mechanically ventilated hypoxemic patients with COVID‐19. However, some epidemiological and physiological studies indirectly suggest that using a lower PEEP may primarily and beneficially decrease lung hyperinflation in this population. Herein we directly quantified the effect of decreasing PEEP from 15 to 10 cmH2O on lung hyperinflation and collapse in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID‐19. Methods: Twenty mechanically ventilated patients with COVID‐19 underwent a lung computed tomography (CT) at PEEP of 15 and 10 cmH2O. The effect of decreasing PEEP on lung hyperinflation and collapse was directly quantified as the change in the over‐aerated (density below −900 HU) and non‐aerated (density above −100 HU) lung volumes. The net response to decreasing PEEP was computed as the sum of the change in those two compartments and expressed as the change in the "pathologic" lung volume. If the pathologic lung volume decreased (i.e., hyperinflation decreased more than collapse increased) when PEEP was decreased, the net response was considered positive; otherwise, it was considered negative. Results: On average, the ratio of arterial tension to inspiratory fraction of oxygen (PaO2:FiO2) in the overall study population was 137 (119–162) mmHg. In 11 (55%) patients, the net response to decreasing PEEP was positive. Their over‐aerated lung volume decreased by 159 (98–186) mL, while the non‐aerated lung volume increased by only 58 (31–91) mL. In nine (45%) patients, the net response was negative. Their over‐aerated lung volume decreased by 46 (18–72) mL, but their non‐aerated lung volume increased by 107 (44–121) mL. Conclusion: In 20 patients with COVID‐19 the net response to decreasing PEEP, as assessed with lung CT, was variable. In approximately half of them it was positive (and possibly beneficial), with a decrease in hyperinflation larger than the increase in collapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The impact of delirium on cognition has not been well‐studied in long‐term care (LTC) residents. This study examined changes in cognition 1 year after a probable delirium episode among LTC residents, compared to LTC residents without probable delirium. We also evaluated whether the relationship between probable delirium and cognitive change differed according to a diagnosis of dementia. Methods: We conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study using linked health administrative data. The study population included adults aged 65+ residing in LTC in Ontario, Canada and assessed via the Resident Assessment Instrument‐Minimum Dataset between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018. Probable delirium was ascertained via the delirium Clinical Assessment Protocol on the index assessment. Cognition was measured quarterly using the Cognitive Performance Scale (range 0–6, higher values indicate greater impairment). Cognitive decline up to 1 year after index was evaluated using multivariable proportional odds regression models. Results: Of 92,005 LTC residents, 2816 (3.1%) had probable delirium at index. Residents with probable delirium had an increased odds of cognitive decline compared to those without probable delirium, with adjusted odds ratios of 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–1.99), 1.56 (95% CI 1.34–1.85), 1.57 (95% CI 1.32–1.86) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.25–1.80) after 1–3, 4–6, 7–9, and 10–12 months of follow‐up. Residents with probable delirium and a comorbid dementia diagnosis had the highest adjusted odds of cognitive decline (adjusted odds ratio 5.57, 95% CI 4.79–6.48) compared to those without probable delirium or dementia. Residents with probable delirium were also more likely to die within 1 year than those without probable delirium (52.5% vs. 23.4%). Conclusions: Probable delirium is associated with increased mortality and worsened cognition in LTC residents that is sustained months after the probable delirium episode. Efforts to prevent delirium in this population may help limit these adverse effects. See related editorial by Bellelli et al. in this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the efficacy and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in a cohort of 90 transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) patients. Thalassemia is a common genetic disorder, and previous studies have shown that TDT patients have a high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study found that TDT patients who received the vaccine had a significantly lower rate of infection compared to unvaccinated patients. The vaccine was well-tolerated with minimal side effects. However, the study had a small sample size, and further research is needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the vaccine in TDT patients. [Extracted from the article]

Organizational identification has been linked to both positive behavior and negative behavior at work. Based on theory and research that suggest that for many organizational behaviors, team identification may be a more important influence than organizational identification, we advance a research model proposing that team identification, more than organizational identification, predicts counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior and is the more important mediator of the influence of communication climate (CC) and perceived external prestige (PEP) on these outcomes. This research model was tested in a survey of N = 300 employees of four Italian organizations from different sectors. Results show that team identification, but not organizational identification, predicts counterproductive behavior and citizenship behavior and mediates the influence of CC and PEP. To enhance team identification for sustaining positive voluntary behavior at work, two possible strategies could be considered: improving perceived external prestige and promoting a good communication climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Mortality in type 2 diabetes is twice that of the normoglycemic population. Unravelling biomarkers that identify high‐risk patients for referral to the most aggressive and costly prevention strategies is needed. Objective: To validate in type 2 diabetes the association with all‐cause mortality of a 14‐metabolite score (14‐MS) previously reported in the general population and whether this score can be used to improve well‐established mortality prediction models. Methods: This is a sub‐study consisting of 600 patients from the "Sapienza University Mortality and Morbidity Event Rate" (SUMMER) study in diabetes, a prospective multicentre investigation on all‐cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolic biomarkers were quantified from serum samples using high‐throughput proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics. Results: In type 2 diabetes, the 14–MS showed a significant (p < 0.0001) association with mortality, which was lower (p < 0.0001) than that reported in the general population. This difference was mainly due to two metabolites (histidine and ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids) with an effect size that was significantly (p = 0.01) lower in diabetes than in the general population. A parsimonious 12‐MS (i.e. lacking the 2 metabolites mentioned above) improved patient discrimination and classification of two well‐established mortality prediction models (p < 0.0001 for all measures). Conclusions: The metabolomic signature of mortality in the general population is only partially effective in type 2 diabetes. Prediction markers developed and validated in the general population must be revalidated if they are to be used in patients with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature reviews are crucial for attaining a full understanding of the key topics and latest trends in research and instrumental in identifying important research gaps. Unfortunately, conducting literature reviews can be time‐consuming, and the outcomes are frequently subjective. Hence, to address such limitations, we detail an alternative, recent approach to conducting literature reviews. In this research, we outline the steps involved in conducting a literature review via natural language processing. Specifically, we illustrate how to (1) select relevant papers using term frequency‐inverse document frequency and (2) perform topic modeling analysis through latent Dirichlet allocation to identify key research topics. This study and the associated ready‐to‐use Python code provide researchers, including those in consumer behavior, with detailed guidance on how to use natural language processing in their literature reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endovascular management of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is challenging. Transsplenic access (TSA) is growing as an access option to the portal system but with higher rates of bleeding complications. The aim of this article is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of transsplenic portal vein recanalization (PVR) using a metallic stent after pediatric liver transplantation. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective review of 15 patients with chronic PVT who underwent PVR via TSA between February 2016 and December 2020. Two children who had undergone catheterization of a mesenteric vein tributary by minilaparotomy were excluded from the patency analysis but included in the splenic access analysis. The technical and clinical success of PVR and complications related to the procedure via TSA were evaluated. Results: Thirteen children with PVT were treated primarily using the TSA. The mean age was 4.1 years (range, 1.5–13.7 years), and the most common clinical presentation was hypersplenism (60%). Technically successful PVR was performed in 11/13 (84.6%) children, and clinical success was achieved in 9/11 (81.8%) children. No major complications were observed, and one child presented moderate pain in the TSA (from a total of 17 TSA). The median follow‐up was 48.2 months. The median primary patency was 9.9 months. Primary patency in the first 4 years was 75%, and primary assisted patency was 100% in the follow‐up period. Conclusions: Transsplenic PVR is a safe and effective method for the treatment of PVT after pediatric liver transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fabrication of optoelectronic devices using low‐cost inkjet printing techniques is a topic of great interest to the scientific and industrial community and represents a step toward the full deployment of solution‐processable organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), particularly for commercial lighting and signaling applications. Herein, the inkjet printing of tBuCzDBA (9,10‐bis(4‐(3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)−2,6‐dimethylphenyl)−9,10‐diboraanthracene) is reported, a high‐performing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter for OLEDs. Optimizing the surface tension values of the ink formulations and the associated wetting behavior are crucial parameters for achieving a uniform and homogeneous printed thin film. In particular, it is observed that using a proper mixture of solvents with different surface tensions, it is possible to generate Marangoni flows inside the drop, which triggers a very fast drying process, ensuring optimized morphological and optical properties in the inkjet printed tBuCzDBA‐based film. OLEDs exploiting this film as an emissive layer are then fabricated, achieving a maximum luminance of 32 000 cd m−2, a current efficiency of 27.5 cd A−1, and an external quantum efficiencyof 10%. To the best of the knowledge, this is the highest efficiency reported to date for self‐hosted TADF inkjet‐printed OLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Medication poisoning is the most common method of self‐harm. Longitudinal studies incorporating pre‐ and post‐COVID‐19 pandemic data are required to describe the phenomenon and to evaluate the long‐term impact on mental health. Methods: Calls to the Poison Control Center of Policlinico Umberto I Hospital ‐ Sapienza University of Rome, Italy, were analyzed retrospectively for characteristics and clinical presentation of cases of interest from January 2018 to December 2022. Results: A total of 756 cases of self‐harm by medication poisonings were recorded in the study period. A reduction in rate of cases in 2020 was followed by a return to pre‐pandemic levels by 2021. When separately analyzing single‐ and multi‐agent cases, occurrence of cases involving just one medication increased since early 2021, with a peak in 2022 (7.8% of total calls, 95% CI 6.2–9.5, from 4.9%, 95% CI 4.1–5.8 in 2018). This increase in the rate of cases, mostly of none or mild severity, was driven by youth aged 12–21, in which the relative proportion of single‐ versus multi‐agent cases showed an increasing trend since 2020 (from 42.6% in 2018 to 78.6% in 2022). Acetaminophen was the medication most frequently involved and benzodiazepines the largest class. A psychiatric background was increasingly seen in 2022, especially in age group 12–21. Conclusion: Single‐agent medication self‐harm may be an increasingly prevailing phenomenon. Young adolescents with a psychiatric background might be most vulnerable to this behavior in the COVID‐19 pandemic aftermath. Healthcare professionals should expect favorable clinical outcome and improve both counseling and psychotherapy supervision in individuals at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the successful restoration of superior eyelid function in a horse following traumatic avulsion using an advancement flap blepharoplasty and subdermal hyaluronic acid filler. Animal Studied: A 21‐year‐old American Paint Horse stallion who was attacked by a fellow stallion resulting in numerous traumatic injuries including avulsion of approximately 75% of the left superior eyelid. Procedures: With standing sedation and locoregional anesthesia, the superior eyelid wound was debrided and an advancement flap blepharoplasty (H‐plasty) and temporary tarsorrhaphy were performed. Routine healing of the surgical site occurred over the subsequent weeks, though lagophthalmos persisted. At 2 and 4 weeks post‐operatively, 2.4% cross‐linked hyaluronic acid was injected subdermally into the superior eyelid to attempt to improve corneal coverage. At 8 weeks post‐operatively, a complete blink was restored and the cosmetic outcome was good. Conclusions: Injection of subdermal hyaluronic acid filler following eyelid injuries or blepharoplastic procedures that result in lagophthalmos can improve corneal coverage by the eyelids and allow for maintenance of a comfortable and visual eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Effort intolerance is frequent in patients with overweight/obesity and/or type 2 diabetes (T2D) free from cardiac and respiratory disease. We sought to quantify the independent effects of T2D and body mass index (BMI) on cardiopulmonary capacity and gain insights on the possible pathophysiology by case‐control and regression analyses. Methods: Patients at high/moderate cardiovascular risk, with or without T2D, underwent spirometry and combined echocardiography‐cardiopulmonary exercise test as part of their clinical workup. Subjects with evidence of cardiopulmonary disease were excluded. The effects of T2D and obesity were estimated by multivariable models accounting for known/potential confounders and the major pathophysiological determinants of oxygen uptake at peak exercise (VO2peak) normalized for fat‐free mass (FFM). Results: In total, 109 patients with T2D and 97 controls were included in the analysis. The two groups had similar demographic and anthropometric characteristics except for higher BMI in T2D (28.6 ± 4.6 vs. 26.3 ± 4.4 kg/m2, p =.0003) but comparable FFM. Patients with T2D achieved lower VO2peak than controls (18.5 ± 4.4 vs. 21.7 ± 8.3 ml/min/kg, p =.0006). Subclinical cardiovascular dysfunctions were observed in T2D: concentric left ventricular remodelling, autonomic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction and reduced systolic reserve. After accounting for confounders and major determinants of VO2peakFFM, T2D still displayed reduced VO2peak by 1.0 (−1.7/−0.3) ml/min/kgFFM, p =.0089, while the effect of BMI [−0.2 (−0.3/0.1) ml/min/kgFFM, p =.06 per unit increase], was largely explained by a combination of chronotropic incompetence, reduced peripheral oxygen extraction, impaired systolic reserve and ventilatory (in)efficiency. Conclusions: T2D is an independent negative determinant of VO2peak whose effect is additive to other pathophysiological determinants of oxygen uptake, including BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the findings of a study on the use of liposomal-encapsulated doxorubicin in the treatment of primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and mediastinal gray zone lymphoma (MGZL). The study examined the efficacy and safety of a new treatment regimen called R-COMP-DIx6, which included a higher dose of the medication. The study found that the treatment resulted in a high rate of complete metabolic response and was well-tolerated with minimal side effects. However, the study had limitations, including a small sample size and a long duration of data collection. Further research is needed to validate these findings in a larger clinical trial. [Extracted from the article]

This research focused on evaluating blood mineral levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of oxidative stress before and after giving birth in Achai and Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cows. Blood samples were obtained from a total of 50 cows representing both breeds on the third, second, and first week prior to calving, as well as on the day of calving (day 0). Subsequently, samples were collected on the 1–3 weeks postpartum to allow a comprehensive evaluation of blood parameters throughout the peripartum period. Results showed a significant (p <.01) decrease in serum zinc (Zn) levels on the day of parturition in both breeds. Additionally, HF cows exhibited higher (p <.01) Zn levels on week 2 before giving birth. Interestingly, blood selenium (Se) concentration increased (p <.01) in HF cows on weeks 2 and 3 after calving. In contrast, Achai cows showed a rise (p <.01) in blood Se on week 3 of parturition. Blood copper (Cu) levels were higher (p <.01) on weeks 2 and 3 after parturition in HF cows and on third week before parturition compared to Achai cows, where serum Cu remained high on week 1 of parturition. The findings indicated that blood magnesium (Mg) was higher (p <.01) on third week before parturition in Achai cows and on weeks 2 and 3 after parturition. Serum calcium (Ca) was higher (p <.01) in both HF and Achai cows on weeks 2 and 3 after parturition, and lower (p <.01) on third week before giving birth in both breeds. The mean blood MDA levels in Achai cows were lower (p <.01) on weeks 1 to 3 postpartum or 3 weeks before giving birth. In HF cows, serum MDA increased (p <.01) just before 2 weeks of parturition and remained elevated until 3 weeks of parturition. Thus, both breeds exhibited a similar pattern of mineral fluctuations; yet, Achai cows demonstrated greater resilience to oxidative stress compared to HF cows during the transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapsed or refractory (r/r) Philadelphia chromosome–positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) still represent an unmet clinical need despite the new immune therapies available for these patients. We report the case of a Ph + ALL relapsed one year after allogeneic stem cell transplant. After one DLI was started CAR‐T program with brexucabtageneautoleucel, using as bridging treatment ponatinib, vincristine and prednisone. Brexu‐cel infusion was performed in 2023, without CRS or ICANS onset. One month after Brexu‐cel infusion BM aspirate and CT‐PET showed recovery of full donor chimerism, MRD negativity and complete metabolic remission. Subsequently was started maintenance with ponatinib: at last follow‐up, the patient persisted in leukemia‐free status. CAR‐T cells represent the most powerful treatment for r/r Ph + ALL but there is no consensus about the optimal bridging strategy and also regarding the management algorithm during "post CAR‐T phase". Here, we report the efficacy of ponatinib as a bridge to anti‐CD19 CAR‐T cell therapy and as post CAR‐T maintenance. Our experience suggests that a preserving approach with TKI associated to low‐dose chemotherapy can be the optimal bridging therapy prior to CAR‐T and that an "MRD‐guided" and "TKI‐based" maintenance strategy can represent the best choice for Ph + ALL which satisfactorily responds to CAR‐T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and first structural characterization of the [K(18‐crown‐6)] bismolyl Bitet (C4Me4Bi) contact ion pair (1) is presented. Notably, according to Natural Resonance Theory calculations, the Bitet anion of 1 features two types of leading mesomeric structures with localized anionic charge and two lone pairs of electrons at the BiI center, as well as delocalized anionic charge in the π‐conjugated C4Bi ring. The lone pairs at Bi enable a unique bridging coordination mode of the bismolyl ligand, as shown for the first rare earth metal bismolyl complex (Cptet2Y)2(μ‐η1‐Bitet)2 (2). The latter results from the salt metathesis reaction of KBitet with Cptet2Y(BPh4) (Cptet=C5Me4H). The Y‐Bi bonding interaction in 2 of 16.6 % covalency at yttrium is remarkably large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reliability and safety of front‐line ultrasonography guided core needle biopsy (UG‐CNB) performed with specific uniform approach have never been evaluated in a large series of patients with lymphadenopathies suspected of lymphoma. The aim of this study was to assess the overall accuracy of UG‐CNB in the lymph node histological diagnosis, using a standard reference based on pathologist consensus, molecular biology, and/or surgery. We retrospectively checked the findings concerning the application of lymph node UG‐CNB from four Italian clinical units that routinely utilized 16‐gauge diameter modified Menghini needle under power‐Doppler ultrasonographic guidance. A data schedule was sent to all centers to investigate the information regarding techniques, results, and complications of lymph node UG‐CNB in untreated patients over a 12‐year period. Overall, 1000 (superficial target, n = 750; deep‐seated target, n = 250) biopsies have been evaluated in 1000 patients; other 48 biopsies (4.5%), screened in the same period, were excluded because inadequate for a confident histological diagnosis. Most patients were suffering from lymphomas (aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma [aBc‐NHL], 309 cases; indolent B‐cell [iBc]‐NHL, 279 cases; Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], 212 cases; and nodal peripheral T‐cell [NPTC]‐NHL, 30 cases) and 100 cases from metastatic carcinoma; 70 patients had non‐malignant disorders. The majority of CNB results met at least one criterion of the composite reference standard. The overall accuracy of the micro‐histological sampling was 97% (95% confidence interval: 95%–98%) for the series. The sensitivity of UG‐CNB for the detection of aBc‐NHL was 100%, for iBc‐NHL 95%, for HL 93%, and for NPTC‐NHL 90%, with an overall false negative rate of 3.3%. The complication rate was low (6% for all complications); no patient suffered from biopsy‐related complications of grade >2 according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Lymph node UG‐CNB as mini‐invasive diagnostic procedure is effective with minimal risk for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on assessing blood metabolites and somatic cell count (SCC) during the transition period in Achai and Holstein Friesian cows. Blood samples were collected from cows of both breeds on days −21, −14, −7 (pre‐partum period), on day 0 (parturition day) and then on days 7, 14 and 21 (post‐partum period). Additionally, milk samples were obtained on the day of parturition and on days 7, 14 and 21 post‐partum for SCC assessment. Among Holstein cows, blood glucose levels showed a significant increase on day −21 before calving, and a decrease on the 14th and 21st days post‐partum. Similarly, the blood triglycerides concentration exhibited a significant rise in Holstein cows 21 days before calving, while Achai cows experienced a significant decline in blood triglycerides on the day of parturition and throughout the entire post‐partum period. Comparing Holstein and Achai cows, blood cholesterol was significantly higher in Holstein cows on day −21 before calving, whereas Achai cows had significantly lower blood cholesterol levels on the day of parturition. Regarding blood protein, Holstein cows exhibited significantly higher levels on day 14 post‐partum, while Achai cows had lower protein levels 7 days before calving. The results further demonstrated that SCC was significantly elevated in Holstein cows on day 21 of parturition and lower on the day of parturition in Achai cows. Overall, the metabolic profile trend and SCC were comparable, yet the studied parameters were more pronounced in Holstein Friesian compared to Achai cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The management of complex, intra‐ and extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (PVT) after liver transplantation (LT) is challenging. Although most of the patients remain asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic in the chronic setting, some of them may develop severe portal hypertension and related complications, notably gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. In the emergency scenario, clinical and endoscopic treatments as well as intensive support constitute the bases of conservative management, while more definitive treatment options such as surgical shunting and retransplantation are related to high morbidity rates. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was largely considered of limited role due to technical difficulties arising from extensive PVT. Recently, however, new minimally invasive image‐guided techniques emerged, allowing portal vein recanalization and TIPS creation simultaneously (TIPS‐PVR), even in complex PVT pretransplant patients. Methods: Herein, we describe a novel indication for TIPS‐PVR in a post‐LT adolescent presenting with life‐threatening, refractory GI bleeding. Results: The patient presented with complete resolution of the hemorrhagic condition after the procedure, with no deterioration of hepatic function or hepatic encephalopathy. Follow‐up Doppler ultrasound after TIPS‐PVR showed normal hepatopetal venous flow within the stents, and no evidence of complications, including intraperitoneal or peri splenic bleeding. Conclusions: This report describes the feasibility of TIPS‐PVR in the post‐LT scenario complicated by extensive PVT. In this case, a complete resolution of the life‐threatening GI bleeding was achieved, with no major complications. Other patients with complex chronic PVT might benefit from the use of the described technique, but further studies are required to determine the correct timing and indications of the procedure, eventually before the occurrence of life‐threatening complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kligman's trio (KT), combining hydroquinone, retinoic acid and corticosteroid, is considered as the gold standard treatment of melasma. Its efficacy has never been matched before, but it is tempered by frequent adverse effects. Objective: To assess the efficacy and tolerance of a New Trio (NT) combination with isobutylamido‐thiazolyl‐resorcinol, retinoic acid and cortosteroid compared to KT. Methods: We conducted a 24‐week monocentric trial, randomized, double‐blind, controlled versus KT, with 40 melasma patients. NT and KT were applied for 12 weeks and associated with the same sunscreen applied for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the modified Melasma Area Severity Index (mMASI) at 12 weeks. Patient quality of life was investigated using MelasQoL. Results: After 12 weeks, KT and NT groups both demonstrated a significant improvement in mMASI, respectively −2.84 (SE 0.69, p < 0.0002) and −4.33 (SE 0.71, p < 0.0001). The mean difference between the two groups was −1.49 (IC 95% −3.52 to 0.54, p = 0.14). MelasQoL improvement was −6.66 (SE 3.29, p = 0.0515) with KT and −12.57 (SE 3.29, p = 0.0006) with NT. Conclusion: The NT combination appears to be an effective treatment option for treating melasma and could be considered as a well‐tolerated alternative to KT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Vaccine hesitancy represents a state of uncertainty before a decision about vaccination is made. It can lead to limited vaccine uptake despite adequate supply and an efficacious product. Western Australia (WA) presents a unique challenge with a population widely spread across metropolitan and rural sites and diverse opinions regarding vaccination. Objective: To elicit and compare the common COVID‐19 vaccine concerns in rural and metropolitan WA, and to identify proposed solutions to vaccine hesitancy. Design: A voluntary online survey was distributed via social media over a 2‐week period in August 2021 during Phase 2A of the National COVID‐19 Vaccine Rollout Strategy. General practitioners and members of the public living in rural and metropolitan WA over the age of 18 were surveyed regarding COVID‐19 vaccine concerns (blood clots; long‐ and short‐term side effects; lack of testing; and other concerns) and suggested methods to address vaccine hesitancy. Data were analysed with a sequential mixed methods and thematic analysis approach. Findings: There were 468 general population respondents to our survey, of whom 19.0% (n = 89) lived rurally. A majority (52.6% [n = 246]) of general respondents expressed concerns about COVID‐19 vaccine safety. The commonest concerns were long‐ and short‐term side effects, blood clots and inadequate testing. There was a positive correlation between rurality and vaccine concerns; an inverse relationship between rurality and vaccine uptake; and an inverse relationship between vaccine concerns and uptake. Improved media coverage was the commonest solution suggested to address COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy. Discussion: A significant proportion of respondents had concerns about vaccine safety; concerns were more common in rural respondents. Rural communities may benefit from location‐targeted media campaigns with a focus on breaking down barriers specific to these members of the population. Vaccine access is more challenging, and consistent messaging from trusted sources is of utmost importance to improve uptake. Conclusion: COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy is more common in rural populations. Targeted media‐based education regarding vaccine safety may improve COVID‐19 vaccine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research summary: Darknet marketplaces (DNMs) are global digital marketplaces used primarily to buy and sell illicit drugs online. High rates of adulterated substances have contributed to the creation of harm reduction policies by DNM administrators to address growing rates of overdose worldwide. This paper explores the extent to which harm reduction occurs in buyer feedback of Adderall and Oxycodone purchased on AlphaBay and how these comments are impacted by AlphaBay's administrator‐led "harm reduction" policy. This study finds that harm reduction strategies are present in buyer feedback of Oxycodone and Adderall pills, but AlphaBay's policy has very little impact on the preexisting harm reduction communication within buyer feedback. Policy implications: International policy proposals have placed emphasis on addressing the overdose crisis through harm reduction programs that provide people who use drugs with the necessary services and resources to buy and use drugs safely. There have been very few proposals that have considered how these programs can address the unique setting of buying and using drugs purchased on DNMs. Communication occurring among DNM buyers reveals how harm reduction strategies are being employed by users purchasing drugs from DNMs. In particular, these findings offer insight into the shared experiences of drug buyers in anonymous settings and the strategies they are using to protect one another from overdose and other unwanted side effects often caused by adulterated substances. Understanding these strategies highlights the ways in which street‐based harm reduction programs can extend their services to online environments to assist buyers with making safe and informed decisions when using substances purchased online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Degenerative aortic valve stenosis with preserved ejection fraction (ASpEF) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) display intriguing similarities. This study aimed to provide a non‐invasive, comparative analysis of ASpEF versus HFpEF at rest and during exercise. Methods and results: We prospectively enrolled 148 patients with HFpEF and 150 patients with degenerative moderate‐to‐severe ASpEF, together with 66 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. All subjects received a comprehensive evaluation at rest and 351/364 (96%) performed a combined cardiopulmonary exercise stress echocardiography test. Patients with ASpEF eligible for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (n = 125) also performed cardiac computed tomography (CT). HFpEF and ASpEF patients showed similar demographic distribution and biohumoral profiles. Most patients with ASpEF (134/150, 89%) had severe high‐gradient aortic stenosis; 6/150 (4%) had normal‐flow, low‐gradient ASpEF, while 10/150 (7%) had low‐flow, low‐gradient ASpEF. Both patient groups displayed significantly lower peak oxygen consumption (VO2), peak cardiac output, and peak arteriovenous oxygen difference compared to controls (all p < 0.01). ASpEF patients showed several extravalvular abnormalities at rest and during exercise, similar to HFpEF (all p < 0.01 vs. controls). Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness was significantly greater in ASpEF than HFpEF and was inversely correlated with peak VO2 in all groups. In ASpEF, EAT was directly related to echocardiography‐derived disease severity and CT‐derived aortic valve calcium burden. Conclusion: Functional capacity is similarly impaired in ASpEF and HFpEF due to both peripheral and central components. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether extravalvular alterations may affect disease progression and prognosis in ASpEF even after valve intervention, which could support the concept of ASpEF as a specific sub‐phenotype of HFpEF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Venous leg ulcers (VLU) represent a major public health challenge. Little is known about the prevalence and incidence of VLU internationally. Published studies are usually reporting different estimates because of disparities in study designs and measurement methods. Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review and meta‐analysis to identify the prevalence and incidence of VLU internationally and to characterise the population as reported in these studies. Studies were identified from searches in Medline (PubMed), CINAHL Complete (EBSCOhost), Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, LiSSa (Littérature Scientifique en Santé), Google Scholar and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews up to November 2022. Studies were included if their primary outcomes were reported as a period prevalence or point prevalence or cumulative incidence or incidence VLU rate. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, 10 reporting estimates of prevalence, three reporting both prevalence and incidence estimates and one incidence. All were included in meta‐analyses. The results show a pooled prevalence of 0.32% and a pooled incidence of 0.17%. Our results highlighted an extreme heterogeneity across effect sizes for both prevalence and incidence, which prevent a meaningful interpretation of pooled indexes and argue for further studies with specific prevalence‐type reported and target population under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chemical products against fungi and oomycetes pose serious environmental issues. In the last decade, the use of less impacting active ingredients was encouraged to reduce chemical inputs in viticulture. In this study, the effect of different antifungal compounds on grapevine agronomic, physiological, and molecular responses in the vineyard was evaluated in addition to protection against powdery and downy mildews. RESULTS: In 2 years and in two Vitis vinifera cultivars (Nebbiolo and Arneis), a conventional crop protection approach, based on traditional fungicides (sulfur and copper), was compared to combined strategies. A well‐known resistance inducer (potassium phosphonate), Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808 and calcium oxide, both active ingredients whose biological interaction with grapevine is poorly characterized, were applied in the combined strategies in association with chemical fungicides. Despite a genotype effect occurred, all treatments optimally controlled powdery and downy mildews, with minimal variations in physiological and molecular responses. Gas exchange, chlorophyll content and photosystem II efficiency increased in treated plants at the end of season, along with a slight improvement in the agronomic performances, and an activation of molecular defense processes linked to stilbene and jasmonate pathways. CONCLUSION: The disease control strategies based on potassium phosphonate, Bacillus pumilus strain QST 2808 or calcium oxide combined with traditional chemical compounds did not cause severe limitations in plant ecophysiology, grape quality, and productive yields. The combination of potassium phosphonate and calcium oxide with traditional fungicides can represent a valuable strategy for reducing copper and sulfur inputs in the vineyards, including those organically managed. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In order to improve the biological control agent (BCA) efficacy, stress factors threatening the viability of microorganisms during spray application need to be determined. The effect of spray mixture temperature and exposure time on Trichoderma harzianum T 22 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens QST713 viability were tested. Concurrently the combined effect of mechanical and thermal stress effect on BCA viability were tested at two initial spray mixture temperatures (14 and 25 °C) by simulating a spray application using airblast sprayers featured by different tank capacity and a spray liquid circuit (without and with hydraulic agitation system). To assess the BCA microorganism viability, spray mixture samples were collected at time intervals along trials and plated to count the colony forming units (CFU). Results: The critical temperature threshold that inhibited BCA viability was 35 °C with 30 min of exposure. The sprayer type, the initial temperature of the spray mixture and the temperature increment during the trials significantly decreased the number of CFU recovered. When simulating a spray application, the spray mixture temperature increase rate was determined mainly by the residual amount of spray mixture in the tank. Even if the tank capacity does not substantially affect the final temperature reached by the spray mixture, the higher residual spray mixture in bigger tanks can expose the BCAs for a longer time to critical temperatures. Conclusions: Experimental trials allowed us to identify the effect of factors affecting the viability of tested BCAs, providing information about the actual chance to guarantee the biological efficacy of BCA treatments. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we presented a new thermoelectrochromic device based on the preparation of a hydrogel‐based electrolyte derived from cellulose, namely hydroxypropyl cellulose, with thermochromic properties and a good ion conduction at atmospheric conditions. With these premises, an electrochromic layer of PEDOT:PSS was developed to fabricate a multifunctional device capable of exploiting the TC properties of HCP when the critical temperature of 43°C is reached, where an increase in reflectance of 37% at 420 nm is reported and, at the same time, capable of undergoing a significant modulation of transmittance (52% at 650 nm) when a small external bias (2.5 V) is applied. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a smart window is designed embodying HPC and PEDOT:PSS in a single device, reporting a fully organic system suitable for several applications, from constructions to transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: A novel tool for the evaluation of left ventricular (LV) systo‐diastolic function through echo‐derived haemodynamic forces (HDFs) has been recently proposed. The present study aimed to assess the predictive value of HDFs on (i) 6 month treatment response to sacubitril/valsartan in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients and (ii) cardiovascular events. Methods and results: Eighty‐nine consecutive HFrEF patients [70% males, 65 ± 9 years, LV ejection fraction (LVEF) 27 ± 7%] initiating sacubitril/valsartan underwent clinical, laboratory, ultrasound and cardiopulmonary exercise testing evaluations. Patients experiencing no adverse events and showing ≥50% reduction in plasma N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and/or ≥10% LVEF increase over 6 months were considered responders. Patients were followed up for the composite endpoint of HF‐related hospitalisation, atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular death. Forty‐five (51%) patients were responders. Among baseline variables, only HDF‐derived whole cardiac cycle LV strength (wLVS) was higher in responders (4.4 ± 1.3 vs. 3.6 ± 1.2; p = 0.01). wLVS was also the only independent predictor of sacubitril/valsartan response at multivariable logistic regression analysis [odds ratio 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.10–1.67], with good accuracy at receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis [optimal cutpoint: ≥3.7%; area under the curve (AUC) = 0.736]. During a 33 month (23–41) median follow‐up, a wLVS increase after 6 months (ΔwLVS) showed a high discrimination ability at time‐dependent ROC analysis (optimal cut‐off: ≥0.5%; AUC = 0.811), stratified prognosis (log‐rank p < 0.0001) and remained an independent predictor for the composite endpoint (hazard ratio 0.76; 95% CI 0.61–0.95; p < 0.01), after adjusting for clinical and instrumental variables. Conclusions: HDF analysis predicts sacubitril/valsartan response and might optimise decision‐making in HFrEF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Large language models have made artificial intelligence readily available to the general public and potentially have a role in healthcare; however, their use in difficult differential diagnosis is still limited, as demonstrated by a case of necrotizing otitis externa. This case report presents a peculiar case of necrotizing otitis externa (NOE) with skull base involvement which proved diagnostically challenging. The initial patient presentation and the imaging performed on the 78‐year‐old patient suggested a neoplastic rhinopharyngeal lesion and only after several unsuccessful biopsies the patient was transferred to our unit. Upon re‐evaluation of the clinical picture, a clinical hypothesis of NOE with skull base erosion was made and confirmed by identifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biopsy specimens of skull base bone and external auditory canal skin. Upon diagnosis confirmation, the patient was treated with culture‐oriented long‐term antibiotics with complete resolution of the disease. Given the complex clinical presentation, we chose to submit a posteriori this NOE case to two large language models (LLM) to test their ability to handle difficult differential diagnoses. LLMs are easily approachable artificial intelligence tools that enable human‐like interaction with the user relying upon large information databases for analyzing queries. The LLMs of choice were ChatGPT‐3 and ChatGPT‐4 and they were requested to analyze the case being provided with only objective clinical and imaging data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermediate wheatgrass [IWG, Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey, trade name Kernza] is a widely adapted, cool‐season forage grass, actively bred for perennial grain production. Most of IWG's net primary productivity is directed to nonreproductive structures, so dual‐use strategies to harvest both grain and forage represent a potentially viable pathway to increase its productivity and profitability. We conducted a 3‐year trial at nine diverse environments across North America to evaluate grain and forage yields and forage nutritive value of an early IWG breeding line under contrasting forage harvest managements. These included control (no forage harvest), summer forage harvest immediately after grain harvest, and summer forage harvest with spring or fall forage harvests. Across all sites, IWG grain yields averaged 745, 296, and 221 kg ha−1 for the first, second, and third years, respectively. Grain yields were influenced more by stand age than site. Summer forage mass after grain harvest averaged 6.0, 4.5, and 5.7 Mg ha−1 respectively for the first 3 years. Forage mass was less influenced by stand age, and more by site and forage harvest frequency. Fall forage harvest increased grain yields while spring forage harvests decreased grain yields and both treatments increased total relative feed nutritive values. Collectively, our results demonstrate that harvesting forage can improve both grain yield and forage nutritive values. Farmers growing IWG as a perennial grain can benefit from dual‐use management by harvesting both grain and forage. Core Ideas: Different forage harvest frequencies were imposed on intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) in nine sites across North America.Grain yields were largest in the first year and sharply declined with stand age.Fall and summer forage harvests increased grain yields.Increasing forage harvest frequency did not impact total annual forage mass but increased nutritive value.Harvesting forage is an important strategy to increase IWG productivity and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate the relationship between changes in physical fitness and cardiovascular risk factors and scores in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving either a behavioural counselling intervention to increase moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) and decrease sedentary‐time (SED‐time) or standard care. Materials and Methods: This is a pre‐specified ancillary analysis of the Italian Diabetes and Exercise Study_2, a 3‐year randomized clinical trial in which 300 physically inactive and sedentary patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either a one‐month theoretical and practical counselling each year or standard care. Mean changes from baseline throughout the 3‐year period in MVPA, SED‐time, cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), muscle strength, flexibility, cardiovascular risk factors and scores were calculated for study completers (n = 267) and considered irrespective of study arm. Results: Haemoglobin (Hb) A1c and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk scores decreased with quartiles of VO2max and lower body muscle strength changes. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that increases in VO2max independently predicted decreases in HbA1c, blood glucose, diastolic blood pressure (BP), CHD and total stroke 10‐year risk and increases in HDL cholesterol, whereas increases in lower body muscle strength independently predicted decreases in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic BP, CHD and fatal stroke 10‐year risk. These associations remained after including changes in BMI, waist circumference, fat mass and fat‐free mass, or MVPA and SED‐time as covariates. Conclusions: Improvement in physical fitness predicts favourable changes in cardiometabolic risk profile, independent of changes not only in (central) adiposity or body composition but also in MVPA and SED‐time. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01600937; URL https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01600937. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early adversity can change educational, cognitive, and mental health outcomes. However, the neural processes through which early adversity exerts these effects remain largely unknown. We used generative network modeling of the mouse connectome to test whether unpredictable postnatal stress shifts the constraints that govern the organization of the structural connectome. A model that trades off the wiring cost of long‐distance connections with topological homophily (i.e., links between regions with shared neighbors) generated simulations that successfully replicate the rodent connectome. The imposition of early life adversity shifted the best‐performing parameter combinations toward zero, heightening the stochastic nature of the generative process. Put simply, unpredictable postnatal stress changes the economic constraints that reproduce rodent connectome organization, introducing greater randomness into the development of the simulations. While this change may constrain the development of cognitive abilities, it could also reflect an adaptive mechanism that facilitates effective responses to future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Issue: In this commentary, we sought to highlight research opportunities in terms of how governance mechanisms, accounting regulation, and corporate disclosure were affected by Covid‐19 (C19) and shaped the economic landscape in the post‐C19 period. Research Insights: The outbreak of the C19 triggered significant researchers' interests in the fields of business and economics for two main reasons: first, to the economic and social consequences of the crisis, and the impact of various policy interventions enacted by governments and supra‐national institutions worldwide and, second, the availability of microdata on the spread of the pandemic and vaccines, complemented economic and financial data to assess the effects of policy interventions in curtailing the crisis. Theoretical/Academic Implications: We envision two potential avenues for further study: first, research on the impact of C19 and policy interventions in areas of interest, and, second, using the C19 disruption as a "laboratory" to unravel research questions on how various characteristics of firms, governments, and regulatory bodies affect the response to systemic crises, assuming that pre‐existing characteristics are not related to the crisis event. Policy Implications: Relevant and rigorous research on the effects of C19 and the policy interventions is likely to be informative to governments, financial regulators, and supra‐national institutions facing future instances of systemic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of bioelectronic neural implant technologies has advanced significantly over the past 5 years, particularly in brain–machine interfaces and electronic medicine. However, neuroelectrode‐based therapies require invasive neurosurgery and can subject neural tissues to micromotion‐induced mechanical shear, leading to chronic inflammation, the formation of a peri‐electrode void and the deposition of reactive glial scar tissue. These structures act as physical barriers, hindering electrical signal propagation and reducing neural implant functionality. Although well documented, the mechanisms behind the initiation and progression of these processes are poorly understood. Herein, in silico analysis of micromotion‐induced peri‐electrode void progression and gliosis is described. Subsequently, ventral mesencephalic cells exposed to milliscale fluid shear stress in vitro exhibited increased expression of gliosis‐associated proteins and overexpression of mechanosensitive ion channels PIEZO1 (piezo‐type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1) and TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1), effects further confirmed in vivo in a rat model of peri‐electrode gliosis. Furthermore, in vitro analysis indicates that chemical inhibition/activation of PIEZO1 affects fluid shear stress mediated astrocyte reactivity in a mitochondrial‐dependent manner. Together, the results suggest that mechanosensitive ion channels play a major role in the development of a peri‐electrode void and micromotion‐induced glial scarring at the peri‐electrode region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]