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BACKGROUND Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained increasing attention with ever‐expanding applications. Developing new MOF‐based immobilized enzymes with new applications is required, not only for demonstrating the generality and applicability of using MOFs for enzyme immobilization, but also to provide potential biocatalysts for industrial applications. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of immobilizing mushroom tyrosinase on zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), with two new applications being developed. RESULTS: Upon immobilization through a one‐pot in situ encapsulation approach, the resultant tyrosinase@ZIF‐8 was characterized in structural features and catalytic properties. It was much more stable against pH and temperature relative to the free enzyme. The new biocatalyst was highly efficient in catalyzing the synthesis of catecholic products with pharmacological benefits (l‐DOPA, piceatannol and 3′‐hydroxypterostilbene) and in eliminating phenolic pollutants (phenol, p‐cresol, p‐chlorophenol). Excellent productivities were obtained for the synthesis of the three catecholic products (0.14, 1.38 and 1.46 g L−1 h−1, respectively). A complete removal of the three phenolic pollutants was achieved within 2.5 h, superior to other processes mediated by the same enzyme, or others, immobilized on different supports. The reusability of the new biocatalyst can be remarkably improved by entrapment into polyvinyl alcohol‐alginate gel. CONCLUSIONS: Tyrosinase can be immobilized on a new type of MOF with advantages such as easy preparation and excellent catalytic performance. This novel immobilization strategy for tyrosinase offers an excellent biocatalyst potent for both catecholic product synthesis and phenolic wastewater treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trust forms the basis of virtually all interpersonal relationships. Although significant individual differences characterize trust, the driving neuropsychological signatures behind its heterogeneity remain obscure. Here, we applied a prediction framework in two independent samples of healthy participants to examine the relationship between trust propensity and multimodal brain measures. Our multivariate prediction analyses revealed that trust propensity was predicted by gray matter volume and node strength across multiple regions. The gray matter volume of identified regions further enabled the classification of individuals from an independent sample with the propensity to trust or distrust. Our modular and functional decoding analyses showed that the contributing regions were part of three large‐scale networks implicated in calculus‐based trust strategy, cost–benefit calculation, and trustworthiness inference. These findings do not only deepen our neuropsychological understanding of individual differences in trust propensity, but also provide potential biomarkers in predicting trust impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American and Israeli toddler-caregiver dyads (mean age of toddler = 26 months) were presented with naturalistic tasks in which they must watch a short video (N = 97) or concoct a visual story together (N = 66). English-speaking American caregivers were more likely to use left to right spatial structuring than right to left, especially for well-ordered letters and numbers. Hebrew-speaking Israeli parents were more likely than Americans to use right to left spatial structuring, especially for letters. When constructing a pictorial narrative for their children, Americans were more likely to place pictures from left to right than Israelis. These spatial structure biases exhibited by caregivers are a potential route for the development of spatial biases in early childhood, before children have developed automatic reading and writing habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial processing of numbers has emerged as one of the basic properties of humans' mathematical thinking. However, how and when number-space relations develop is a highly contested issue. One dominant view has been that a link between numbers and left/right spatial directions is constructed based on directional experience associated with reading and writing. However, some early forms of a number-space link have been observed in preschool children who cannot yet read and write. As literacy experience is evidently not necessary for number-space effects, we are searching for other potential sources of this association. Here we propose and test a hypothesis that the number-space link can be quickly constructed in preschool children's cognition on the basis of spatially oriented visuo-motor activities. We trained 3- and 4-year-old children with a non-numerical spatial movement task (left-to-right or right-to-left), where via touch screen children had to move a frog across a pond. After the training, children had to perform a numerosity comparison task. After left-to-right training, we observed a SNARC-like effect (reactions to smaller numbers were faster on the left side, and reactions to larger numbers on the right side), and after right-toleft training a reverse effect. These results are the first to show a causal link between visuo-motor activities and number-space associations in children before they learn to read and write. We argue that simple activities, such as manual games, dominant in a given society, might shape number-space associations in children in a way similar to lifelong reading training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The mental number line metaphor describes how numbers are associated with space. These spatial-numerical associations ( SNA) are subserved by parietal structures (mainly intraparietal sulcus [ IPS] and posterior superior parietal lobule [ PSPL]). Generally, it is assumed that this association is a basic cornerstone for arithmetic skills. In this review, we present a taxonomy of SNAs and outline which of them are related to arithmetic skills. Recent research suggests that not all SNAs are related to arithmetic skills; for instance, the spatial-numerical association of response codes ( SNARC) is not or at least less related to arithmetic skills than SNAs assessed in the number line estimation task. In general, we conclude that the relationship between SNAs and arithmetic skills are rather weak or caused by mediating variables. Nevertheless, interventions based on relations between space and numbers can be beneficial for arithmetic skills because space is a powerful tool to understand arithmetic concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TEST is a novel taxonomy of knowledge representations based on three distinct hierarchically organized representational features: Tropism, Embodiment, and Situatedness. Tropic representational features reflect constraints of the physical world on the agent's ability to form, reactivate, and enrich embodied (i.e., resulting from the agent's bodily constraints) conceptual representations embedded in situated contexts. The proposed hierarchy entails that representations can, in principle, have tropic features without necessarily having situated and/or embodied features. On the other hand, representations that are situated and/or embodied are likely to be simultaneously tropic. Hence, although we propose tropism as the most general term, the hierarchical relationship between embodiment and situatedness is more on a par, such that the dominance of one component over the other relies on the distinction between offline storage versus online generation as well as on representation-specific properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]