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Substitution of fish-based ingredients may alter the nutritional profile of the feeds, including the vitamin contents, ultimately leading to unbalanced vitamin supply. Vitamin A plays an essential role in epithelium preservation, cell differentiation, reproduction, and vision. It also intervenes in skeletogenesis through chondrocytes development. Therefore, low levels of vitamin A may cause poor growth and abnormal bone development among other symptoms. Besides, in gilthead seabream excess vitamin A altered bone structure and homeostasis, indicating that an upper level for vitamin A in feeds for this species must be defined. For this purpose, a practical plant-based diet (FM 10% and FO 6%) containing five increasing levels of vitamin A (24,000, 26,000, 27,000, 31,000, and 37,000 IU/kg) supplemented as retinyl acetate was formulated to identify the effects of high levels of vitamin A for gilthead seabream juveniles. The trial was conducted with 450 total fish distributed into 15 tanks, where each diet was tested in triplicates for 70 days. At the end of the trial, samples were taken for analyses of vitamin A—relevant markers. At the end of the trial the high levels of vitamin A supplementation did not cause a reduction in growth, whereas no significant effect was observed for the feed efficiency, specific growth rate, and feed convertion ratio. Although not significant, retinol content in liver showed a tendency to increase with the elevation of dietary vitamin A levels. Although minor, the highest level of vitamin A dietary content (37,000 IU/kg) caused a significant increase in caudal vertebrae partial fusion as well as caudal vertebrae malformations. Increasing dietary vitamin A was related to a reduction in the occurrence of microhemorrhages in the liver and a reduction in the presence of eosinophils associated to the pancreas. Overall, the results of the present study suggested that gilthead seabream juveniles fed a plant-based diet are able to tolerate very high levels of vitamin A supplementation when supplemented as retinyl acetate. Nevertheless, further supplementation should be avoided in order to reduce the prevalence of anomalies affecting the caudal vertebrae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most emerging species in marine aquaculture and the aquarium industry have a sensitive and small-mouthed larval stage, and their culture is very challenging due to a lack of appropriate early feeding protocols. The use of copepods has been widely recognized as a good alternative to traditional fish live feeds (rotifers and Artemia spp.), especially for new species targeted for the multibillion-dollar marine aquarium trade. However, most copepod culture trials are focused on biomass production, while their nutritional requirements and enrichment protocols remain scarcely known. The main objective of this study was to determine the dietary contribution of three microalgae-based diets, provided as a mono R (Rhodomonas salina) or binary I–R (Isochrysis galbana + R. salina) and T–R (Tetraselmis suecica + R. salina), on the biochemical composition (proximate and fatty acids (FAs)) and survival of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (nauplii) versus the conventional rotifer Brachionus plicatilis throughout 96 hr exposure. Both live preys were characterized by the highest protein and total n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs) content when fed with the binary diet I–R compared to other treatments, although the nutritional value of A. tonsa nauplii was always much higher compared to B. plicatilis. In general, there was a wide difference in proximate and FAs composition between the two preys, denoting A. tonsa as better live feed in terms of capacity to retain n-3 LC-PUFAs, especially eicosapentanoic acid (20 : 5n-3) and docosahexanoic acid (22 : 6n-3). The present study highlights the nutritional profile of enriched A. tonsa nauplii and contributes to the production of high-quality live feeds, which may be able to reach the nutritional needs of new marine fish species during their larval development, as well as contributing to the improvement of A. tonsa culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most commercial products available for Artemia sp. enrichment include high levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to boost its nutritional value, though with limited success. In this regard, the present study evaluated the alternative utilization of eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5n-3; EPA) oils to improve the n-3 long-chain highly unsaturated fatty acid content (n-3 LC-HUFA) in enriched Artemia sp. to feed greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) larvae. Five experimental emulsions containing increasing levels of EPA from 0.8% to 60% of total fatty acids (TFA) and n-3 LC-HUFA (1.3%–70.6% TFA) were formulated. Each diet was fed to greater amberjack larvae (17–35 days posthatch (dph)) in three replicate 200-L tanks. The dietary EPA supplementation significantly improved larval growth during the feeding trial and survival at 35 dph (P < 0.05). In addition, larval fatty acid profiles showed a positive correlation with dietary EPA. Finally, despite the sum of total skeletal anomalies and column anomalies were not significantly affected by dietary EPA, increasing dietary EPA, and n-3 LC-HUFA tended to reduce the incidence of these types of anomalies in greater amberjack larvae at 35 dph. Based on these results, S. dumerili larvae could be successfully grown with low DHA but high EPA-rich oil enrichment products when n-3 LC-HUFA content in Artemia sp. is maintained in sufficient amounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key points: What's already known about this topic? Twin to twin syndrome (TTTS) is a serious complication of monochorionic twin pregnancyThe treatment of choice is fetoscopic laser ablation of placental anastamosesSimulation plays an important role in teaching this high‐acuity procedure What does this study add? We report the development of a high‐fidelity digital simulation system for teaching TTTS fetoscopic lasersRemote teaching has been demonstrated to work well with this systemThis simulator is robust, easy to store and assemble and relatively inexpensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversification of species and ingredients is essential for further developing aquaculture production. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of a blend of microalgae oils and poultry oil as total replacers of fish oil in aquafeeds, a fast-growing species for aquaculture diversification, that was shown to require high dietary n-3 LC-PUFA levels. For that purpose, meagre juveniles (2.74 ± 0.01 g initial body weight) were fed one of the four experimental diets for 30 days. A control diet (FO diet) was based on 5% fish oil and 7% of rapeseed oil, whereas in the other three diets, fish oil was totally replaced by either poultry oil only (PO diet), or blending poultry oil and one of two commercial algal oils (ED and DD diets). Growth performance, tissue composition, and the expression of genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis, antioxidant defense system, and heat shock proteins were determined. Diets with blends of poultry and microalgae oils supported good growth and feed utilization of meagre. Besides, these diets maintained high DHA tissue contents and good fillet lipid quality indices, like in those fish fed the control diet containing fish oil. Furthermore, the meagre fed ED diet showed the highest expression of gpx, in agreement with the highest dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid content. These results demonstrated the good potential of blending these two commercial microalgae oils with poultry oil to completely replace fish oil cost-effectevily in diets for meagre. In contrast, PO as the sole replacer of fish oil was not able to support fish growth performance and tissue contents of n-3 LC-PUFA, leading to an increased thrombogenic index in fish fillets. Additionally, the low dietay n-3 LC-PUFA content of PO diet upregulated the relative expression offads2 while downregulating gpx compared to microalgal diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional profile of aquaculture feeds can be altered with substitution of fish-based ingredients, including the vitamin contents, ultimately affecting the vitamin supply to fish. Requirements for several vitamins have been described for early life stages of species including some as salmonids and carps, but optimum levels for gilthead seabream fingerlings have not been described for most vitamins. In order to evaluate the essentiality of vitamin K in gilthead seabream fingerlings, a basal diet with low levels of marine ingredients (FM 10% and FO 6%) designed to contain five supplementation levels of vitamin K3 (0.1, 2.8, 6.3, 12.0, and 23.0 mg kg-1) was tested for 70 days. Growth and productive parameters were monitored along the trial and samples for X-ray analyses, and bone and liver molecular markers, histology, and proximal composition were taken. At the end of the experiment, growth, grp expression, and the reduced prevalence of skeletal disorders suggested that dietary vitamin K3 levels for gilthead seabream fingerlings should be above 12 mg kg-1 in diets containing a larger proportion of plant protein and vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic granulomatosis is a chronic disease that affects the majority of farmed meagre (A. regius). Nutritional imbalances and overcrowding can increase the risk to suffer oxidative stress, and consequently, impact the incidence of granulomatosis. In order to evaluate this, juvenile meagre were fed five isolipidic (16.7%) and isoproteic (49.6%) fish meal and fish oil‐based feeds prepared by adding different levels of vitamin C, minerals (Mn, Zn, Se) with constant vitamin E and K (300 and 35 mg/kg respectively): Diet KEC (100 mg/kg C), Diet KEC+Mn/Zn/Se (100 mg/kg C, 40 mg/kg Mn, 200 mg/kg Zn, 1.5 mg/kg Se), Diet KECC (600 mg/kg C), Diet KECCC (1200 mg/kg C), Diet KECCCC (3200 mg/kg C). All diets were tested at 3.20 kg/m3, but diets KECC and KECCCC were also tested at 6.20 kg/m3. Growth performance was only affected by stocking density, being lower at high density. The percentage of fish with granulomas was significantly lower in fish fed with the highest dietary vitamin C contents (KECCC and KECCCC) at low density. TBARS content was correlated with the percentage of granulomas in the liver (R2 = 0.9439, y = 0.003x − 0.1242) denoting the involvement of an imbalance oxidative status in the appearance of granulomas. The present results show that high levels of vitamin C (1200–3200 mg/kg C) and low stock density (3.20 kg/m3) favours the growth of juvenile meagre, reducing the lipid peroxidation indicators and decreasing the incidence of granulomas, which confirms that this pathology is mostly triggered by the deficiency of antioxidant nutrients, particularly vitamin C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequently, stranded sea turtles require rehabilitation under controlled conditions. Currently, few publications have described the conditions under which rehabilitation is to take place, particularly with respect to the hatchling life stage. To address this paucity of data, we conducted some experiments to assist rehabilitating facilities assess their handling of hatchlings. While in captivity, hatchlings are routinely handled, for example, for data collection and cleaning. Standardization of handling and housing protocols is necessary to define the most adequate rearing conditions to maintain hatchling welfare. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess plasma circulating corticosterone (Cort) concentration and growth, as a biomarker for the stress of hatchling loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) under controlled conditions. We performed two experiments to analyze handling frequency and stocking density. In both, Cort was measured and correlated with variations in animal weight and length. In handling experiments, Cort exhibited no significant increase when hatchlings were handled once a week, whereas Cort was significantly elevated when hatchlings were handled once every 2 weeks, suggesting that hatchlings have the ability to acclimate to frequent handling. However, hatchlings exhibited similar growth and mortality, regardless of handling regime. In stocking density experiments, hatchling isolation induced a significant elevation of Cort, in comparison with hatchlings placed with conspecifics at increasing densities. Growth increased in singly housed hatchlings, while mortality increased in tanks with three or more hatchlings. The results obtained suggest that Cort, growth, and mortality should be measured to assess hatchling welfare when kept under controlled conditions. Research Highlights: Standardized protocols should be applied when loggerhead hatchlings are held under controlled conditions.Regular handling (once per week) is better than subjecting hatchlings to lower frequency handling protocols (every 2 weeks) as growth was not affected, and corticosterone concentration remained low.The stocking density of loggerhead hatchlings could be as high as 60 hatchlings per m3 (three to six hatchlings per 100‐L tanks) during the first 6 months of rearing under controlled conditions, to keep appropriate fitness and low mortality rates.Isolation of individual hatchlings is not recommended, as our results suggested a significant elevation of plasma corticosterone, though growth appeared to be better and mortality was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replacement of fish meal (FM) and oil (FO) by plant sources can alter the feed mineral profile. However, requirements of these nutrients have not been established for gilthead sea bream. The aim of the present study was to obtain information about the adequate levels of some of these minerals (such as Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, Co, Fe and Ca) in diets with low FM and FO levels. Six plant‐based practical diets were supplemented with increasing levels of a multi‐nutrient package for 155 days. Performance parameters, biochemical analyses of whole body, vertebrae, plasma and blood cells; haematocrit; expression of several genes in liver and vertebrae were conducted. Increasing multi‐nutrient package affected fish growth, expression of molecular markers and mineral content in different tissues. A regression method was used to establish a relation between multi‐nutrient package levels and different indicators. However, nutrient interactions made it difficult to obtain clear results and so specific effects of each mineral must be studied in more detail. Mineral supplementation was required for Zn, Cu, Mn, Se and Co, whilst basal levels of Ca were sufficient to cover the optimum levels. On the other hand, there is evidence regarding a possible interaction between Fe and Zn which reduced Fe availability and absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio‐frequency (RF) sputtering is a low‐cost technique for the deposition of large‐area single‐phase AlInN on silicon layers with application in photovoltaic devices. Here, the effect of the Al mole fraction x from 0 to 0.56 on the structural, morphological, electrical, and optical properties of n‐AlxIn1−xN layers deposited at 550 ºC on p‐Si(100) by RF sputtering is studied. X‐ray diffraction data show a wurtzite structure oriented along the c‐axis in all samples, where the full width at half maximum of the rocking curve around the InN (0002) diffraction peak decreases from ≈9° to ≈3° while incorporating Al to the AlInN layer. The root‐mean‐square surface roughness, estimated from atomic force microscopy, evolves from 20 nm for InN to 1.5 nm for Al0.56In0.44N. Low‐temperature photoluminescence spectra show a blueshift of the emission energy from 1.59 eV (779 nm) for InN to 1.82 eV (681 nm) for Al0.35In0.65N according to the Al content rise. Hall effect measurements of AlxIn1−xN (0 < x < 0.35) on sapphire samples grown simultaneously point to a residual n‐type carrier concentration in the 1021 cm−3 range. The developed n‐AlInN/p‐Si junctions present promising material properties to explore their performance operating as solar cell devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TDP-43 is an RNA-binding protein active in splicing that concentrates into membraneless ribonucleoprotein granules and forms aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Alzheimer's disease. Although best known for its predominantly disordered Cterminal domain which mediates ALS inclusions, TDP-43 has a globular N-terminal domain (NTD). Here, we show that TDP-43 NTD assembles into head-to-tail linear chains and that phosphomimetic substitution at S48 disrupts TDP-43 polymeric assembly, discourages liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro, fluidizes liquid-liquid phase separated nuclear TDP-43 reporter constructs in cells, and disrupts RNA splicing activity. Finally, we present the solution NMR structure of a head-to-tail NTD dimer comprised of two engineered variants that allow saturation of the native polymerization interface while disrupting higher-order polymerization. These data provide structural detail for the established mechanistic role of the well-folded TDP-43 NTD in splicing and link this function to LLPS. In addition, the fusion-tag solubilized, recombinant form of TDP-43 full-length protein developed here will enable future phase separation and in vitro biochemical assays on TDP-43 function and interactions that have been hampered in the past by TDP-43 aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Photovoltaic solar cells based on the intermediate band (IB) concept could greatly enhance the efficiency of future devices. We have analyzed the electrical and photoconductivity properties of GaP supersaturated with Ti to assess its suitability for IB solar cells. GaP:Ti was obtained by ion implantation followed by pulsed‐laser melting (PLM) using an ArF excimer laser. It was found that PLM energy densities between 0.35 and 0.55 J/cm2 produced a good recovery of the crystalline structure of GaP (both unimplanted and implanted with Ti), as evidenced by high mobility measured values (close to the reference GaP). Outside this energy density window, the PLM failed to recover the crystalline structure producing a low mobility layer that is electrically isolated from the substrate. Spectral photoconductivity measurements were performed by using the van der Pauw set up. For GaP:Ti a significant enhancement of the conductivity was observed when illuminating the sample with photon energies below 2.26 eV, suggesting that this photoconductivity is related to the presence of Ti in a concentration high enough to form an IB within the GaP bandgap. The position of the IB was estimated to be around 1.1 eV from the conduction band or the valence band of GaP, which would lead to maximum theoretical efficiencies of 25% to 35% for a selective absorption coefficients scenario and higher for an overlapping scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In order to successfully diversify Mediterranean aquaculture, it is necessary to determine optimum culture conditions of potential candidate species such as greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Among culture conditions, rearing temperature is a key factor for achieving optimum growth and maintaining fish welfare. However, little is known about the optimum culture conditions of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili). Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of three different rearing temperatures (17, 22 and 26°C) during 120 days on growth performance, body morphometry, biochemical composition, gut transit and liver morphology of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles. After 120 days of rearing, fish raised at 26°C showed higher (p < .05) body weight and specific growth rate than fish held at lower temperatures, as well as improved feed utilization, protein efficiency and nutrient retention percentages. Fish stomach emptying was faster (p < .05) in fish raised at 26°C than in fish held at 22°C and 17°C. Similar results were obtained for gut transit time, being gut emptying faster (p < .05) in fish reared at 26°C than in fish cultured at lower temperatures. Rearing temperature also induced changes in fish morphology which resulted in a higher (p < .05) caudal propulsion efficiency index for fish reared at 26°C. Based on these results, we conclude that greater amberjack fingerlings perform better at 26°C than at 22°C or 17°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the interest of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) as a fast-growing candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture diversification, there is a lack of information on nutrition along larval development. Importance of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and the antioxidant vitamins E and vitamin C has not been investigated yet in this species. Six diets with two levels of HUFA (0.4% and 3% dw), two of vitamin E (1500 and 3000 mg kg-1) and two of vitamin C (1800 and 3600 mg kg-1) were fed to 15 dah meagre larvae. Larval growth in total length and dry body weight was significantly lowest in larvae fed diet 0.4/150/180 and showed few lipid droplets in enterocytes and hepatocytes and lower HUFA contents than the initial larvae. Increase in dietary HUFA up to 3%, significantly improved larval growth and lipid absorption and deposition. Besides, among fish fed 3% HUFA, increase in vitamin E and vitamin C significantly improved body weight, as well as total lipid, 22:6n-3 and n-3 fatty acids contents in the larvae. Thus, the results showed that 0.4% dietary HUFA is not enough to cover the essential fatty acid requirements of larval meagre and a high HUFA requirement in weaning diets is foreseen for this species. Besides, the results also pointed out the importance of dietary vitamin E and C to protect these essential fatty acids from oxidation, increase their contents in the larvae and promote growth, suggesting high vitamin E and C requirements in meagre larvae (higher than 1500 and 1800 mg kg-1 for vitamin E and vitamin C respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports for the first time on European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), larvae, the effect of different levels of dietary arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) on the expression of genes related to the fish stress response. Copies of mRNA from genes related to steroidogenesis [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein), c-Fos, and CYP11β (11β-hydroxylase gene)], glucocorticoid receptor complex [GR (glucocorticoid receptor) and HSP (heat shock proteins) 70 and 90) and antioxidative stress (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase] were quantified. Eighteen day-old larvae were fed for 14 days with three experimental diets with increasing levels of ARA (0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 % d.w.) and similar levels of docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) acids (5 and 3 %, respectively). The quantification of stress-related genes transcripts was conducted by One-Step TaqMan real time RT-PCR with the standard curve method (absolute quantification). Increase dietary levels of ARA induced a significantly ( p < 0.05) down-regulation of genes related to cortisol synthesis, such as StAR and CYP11β and up-regulated genes related to glucocorticoid receptor complex, such as HSP70 and GR. No effects were observed on antioxidant enzymes gene expression. These results revealed the regulatory role of dietary ARA on the expression of stress-related genes in European sea bass larvae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary lipid source in aquaculture has become a central topic in research whilst natural resources availability diminishes. Hence, to weigh up and forecast consumers impressions, the impact of partial (70%) and complete (100%) dietary replacement of fish oil ( FO) by linseed oil ( LO) on sensory and quality attributes was studied during the edible shelf life of gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata). Physico-chemical parameters (p H, torrymeter, total volatile basic nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and texture), and sensory analysis, both in cooked and raw fish were carried out during 17 days of ice storage. Throughout ice storage, feeding with LO diets, TBARS values remained lower on muscle than those found when feeding FO control diet. On freshly caught fish (day 0 of ice storage), statistically significant dietary texture variations were recorded on cooked fillet fed FO diet. No sensory differences on Quality Index Method, sensory profile or Torry scheme were found with partial or total LO replacement diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Together with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (ARA) is being considered to be an essential fatty acid in marine fish larval diets. The objective of the present study was to determine the importance of dietary ARA levels for larval European sea bass performance, when EPA and DHA are also present in the diet. Eighteen-day-old larvae were fed, for 14 days, gelatine-based microdiets containing the following ARA levels: 0.3%, 0.6% or 1.2%. Elevation of dietary ARA up to 1.2% showed a positive correlation with larval survival and a significant improvement in the specific growth rates, body weight and total length. Arachidonic acid was efficiently incorporated into larval lipids, even at a higher proportion than that in the diets. Increased accumulation of ARA did not affect the incorporation of DHA or EPA from the diet into larval total lipids. A significant positive correlation was found between dietary ARA levels and survival after handling stress, indicating the importance of this fatty acid in sea bass larvae response to acute stressors. The results show the importance of ARA for sea bass larvae, but higher dietary levels should be tested to determine whether there is a negative effect of ARA in sea bass as reported for other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the fluorescent visible implant elastomer (VIE) tagging system in juvenile gilthead seabream,Sparus auratusL., between 7 and 18 g was examined. Four different colours (red, green, orange and yellow), three body positions (dorsal, lateral and caudal) and two orientations (horizontal and vertical) were tested. The mean tag application time for each fish was 15.7±0.32 s. There was no mortality associated with the method of tagging. The most visible tag colour was red. Injection orientation had a significant effect on length, width, fragmentation and fluorescent intensity of the tag. Horizontal tagging is recommended because of high fluorescent intensity, low fragmentation and for double tagging. There were no differences in growth between untagged controls and the VIE-tagged fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the AlInN thickness (65–145 nm) on the photovoltaic characteristics of In‐rich n‐AlxIn1−xN (x ≈0.38–0.42) on p‐Si(111) heterojunctions deposited by radio frequency sputtering has been reported. All samples show a closely packed columnar morphology with a root mean‐squared surface roughness below 3.7 nm and an apparent optical bandgap energy of ≈2.0 eV. Dark current density–voltage curves of the solar cell devices based on the developed AlInN/Si(111) heterojunction reveal shunt and series resistances in the range of 1.3–5.0 kΩ and 7.7–16.2 Ω depending on the AlInN thickness, respectively. Their photovoltaic performance shows an enhancement with the AlInN thickness, with an increase of the short circuit current and conversion efficiency from 16 to 19 mA cm−2 and from 1.8 to 2.5% under one‐sun AM1.5G illumination. At the same time, the open circuit voltage and the fill factor remain at ≈0.34–0.40 V and ≈30–37%, respectively. These effects are due to the enhanced optical transmittance of the AlInN layer in the wavelength range in which the maximum of the Si spectral photoresponse occurs, in agreement with the increased responsivity of the devices at 950 nm of 450 mA W−1. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using In‐rich AlInN alloys deposited by radio frequency sputtering as n‐type layer of AlInN/p‐type Si heterojunction solar cells. This paper reports the influence of the AlInN thickness on the photovoltaic characteristics of In‐rich n‐AlInN/p‐Si(111) heterojunctions deposited by RF sputtering. The photovoltaic performance enhances with the AlInN thickness, achieving an efficiency record value around 2.5%. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using In‐rich AlInN alloys deposited by RF sputtering as n‐type layer of AlInN/p‐type Si heterojunction solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]