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This research reveals the presence, in online survey data, of a key pattern documented in psychology lab research: the Mirror Effect. The Mirror Effect occurs when unfamiliar stimuli are unexpectedly recognized as accurately as familiar stimuli, or more accurately. Using a set of familiar and unfamiliar words (as determined by lexical frequency), we first report that we can robustly replicate psychology lab research in an online survey, detecting the Mirror Effect. We then apply the same analytical approach to surveying consumer recognition of everyday brands (supermarkets, banks and car brands). We find that unfamiliar brands can be recognized with the same level of accuracy as familiar brands, and this effect is stronger than age and gender memory biases present in the data. However, we detect a boundary condition for branded apps, which are extremely unfamiliar brands competing in highly fragmented marketplaces, so very few get downloaded or used. For these digital brands, we find a Concordant Effect, as most respondents find it difficult to recognize highly unfamiliar branded apps (i.e., those with fewer than 5000 downloads). The Mirror Effect re‐emerges for highly experienced app users. These results demonstrate the implications of a generalizable empirical pattern from cognitive psychology for branding and advertising theory. The outcomes of this research also translate into practical guidelines for brand performance measurement via online surveys, mitigating recognition memory bias for the development of marketing strategies based on more accurate interpretation of empirical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a rich literature about the benefits of the Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) for schools. However, evidence on teacher‐related outcomes is relatively limited. The current study examines the effect of the PBIS Tier 1 implementation on collective teacher efficacy (CTE). Participants were 530 teachers from 60 primary schools in Cyprus and Greece, who completed the Collective Teacher Efficacy Belief Scale (CTEBS) before and after a 1‐year PBIS implementation. The Greek language version of the instrument was tested and validated. Results were in line with the original two‐dimensional structure of instructional strategies and behavioral management, with adequate internal consistency (ω = 0.89 and ω = 0.87, respectively). Multilevel analyses showed that premeasurement and Tier 1 implementation fidelity along with selected teachers' demographic characteristics accounted for a considerable amount of variance of CTE's both dimensions (30.84% and 25.43% for instructional strategies and behavioral management, respectively). The results suggest that PBIS Tier 1 training and subsequent implementation contributes to teachers' collective belief that they can provide quality teaching opportunities and manage unexpected behaviors as a team. Schools are encouraged to consider the application of whole‐school approaches for improvement and actively engage all school staff in their efforts. Implications for practice and further research are discussed. Practitioner points: The PBIS Tier 1 implementation fidelity predicted collective teacher efficacy.The intervention increased teachers' perceived ability to provide quality instruction.Whole‐school approaches are suggested for collectively improving behavioral management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Insecticide resistance has emerged in various western flower thrips (WFT) populations across the world, threatening the efficiency of chemical control applications. Elucidation of insecticide resistance mechanisms at the molecular level provides markers for the development of diagnostics to monitor the trait and support evidence‐based resistance management. RESULTS: TaqMan and Droplet Digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) diagnostics were developed and validated, against Sanger sequencing, in individual and pooled WFT samples respectively, for the G275E mutation (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 gene, nAChR α6) associated with resistance to nAChR allosteric modulators, site I (spinosyns); L1014F, T929I, T929C and T292V mutations (voltage‐gated sodium channel gene, vgsc) linked with pyrethroid resistance; and I1017M (chitin synthase 1 gene, chs1) conferring resistance to growth inhibitors affecting CHS1 (benzoylureas). The detection limits of ddPCR assays for mutant allelic frequencies (MAF) were in the range of 0.1%–0.2%. The assays were applied in nine WFT field populations from Crete, Greece. The G275E (MAF = 29.66%–100.0%), T929I and T929V (combined MAF = 100%), L1014F (MAF = 11.01%–37.29%), and I1017M (MAF = 17.74%–51.07%) mutations were present in all populations. CONCLUSION: The molecular diagnostics panel that was developed in this study can facilitate the quick and sensitive resistance monitoring of WFT populations at the molecular level, to support evidence‐based insecticide resistance management strategies. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To report clinical outcomes of relapsed oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) after definitive intensity‐modulated (chemo)radiotherapy [(C)RT]. Materials and methods: Data for all relapsed patients treated for OPSCC with definitive (C)RT between 2010 and 2016 were collected. Primary end‐point was post‐failure survival (PFS). Results: Overall, 273 OPSCC patients completed definitive (C)RT. Of these, 42 cases (n = 26 human papilloma virus (HPV)‐negative; n = 16 HPV‐positive) had relapsed (n = 23 persistent disease; n = 19 recurrent disease) and were included in the final analysis. Two‐year PFS for the entire population was 30.6%; 20.5% for HPV‐negative and 43.8% for HPV‐positive patients. Salvage curative surgery was associated with a significantly higher 2 years PFS rate (56.2%) compared with palliative treatment (22.9%) and best supportive care (0%) (p < 0.001). A positive trend in 2 years PFS was recorded in the early complete response cases (49.5%) versus patients who did not achieve a complete response within 3 months of the end of (C)RT (23.0%) (p = 0.11). Conclusion: A higher PFS rate is achieved when relapsed OPSCC cases are treated with salvage curative intent. HPV‐positive disease and early complete response within 3 months from the end of (C)RT may be related to better PFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though shared mobility has been widely examined in the transportation research (Shaheen, [19]), only a few consumer researchers have thoroughly explored related consumer behavioural research questions. Thus, from one perspective, some of these papers demonstrate how consumer behaviour theories and constructs (such as brand awareness, PBC, consumer expectations and satisfaction) which have been widely employed in consumer behaviour research can be applied in the domain of transport decisions. The special issue advances knowledge on consumers' transport and mobility behaviour. Thus, we want the special issue to reveal and illustrate what consumer behavioural theories might add, complement or even challenge what we currently know about the way in which consumers make decisions about transportation and mobility. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Insecticide resistance has developed in several populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci worldwide and threatens to compromise the efficacy of chemical control. The molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance have been characterized and markers associated with the trait have been identified, allowing the development of diagnostics for individual insects. Results: TaqMan and Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) assays were developed and validated, in individual and pooled whitefly samples, respectively, for the following target‐site mutations: the acetylcholinesterase (ace1) F331W mutation conferring organophosphate‐resistance; the voltage‐gated sodium channel (vgsc) mutations L925I and T929V conferring pyrethroid‐resistance; and the acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (acc) A2083V mutation conferring ketoenol‐resistance. The ddPCR's limit of detection (LoD) was <0.2% (i.e. detection of one heterozygote whitefly in a pool of 249 wild‐type individuals). The assays were applied in 11 B. tabaci field populations from four locations in Crete, Greece. The F331W mutation was detected to be fixed or close to fixation in eight of 11 B. tabaci populations, and at lower frequency in the remaining ones. The pyrethroid‐resistance mutations were detected at very high frequencies. The A2083V spiromesifen resistance mutation was detected in eight of 11 populations (frequencies = 6.16–89.56%). Spiromesifen phenotypic resistance monitoring showed that the populations tested had variable levels of resistance, ranging from full susceptibility to high resistance. A strong spiromesifen‐resistance phenotype–genotype (A2083V) correlation (rs = −0.839, P = 0.002) was observed confirming the ddPCR diagnostic value. Conclusion: The ddPCR diagnostics developed in this study are a valuable tool to support evidence‐based rational use of insecticides and resistance management strategies. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Decisions on which pesticide to use in agriculture are expected to become more difficult, as the number of available chemicals is decreasing. For Tetranychus urticae (T. urticae), a major pest for which a number of candidate markers for pesticide resistance are in place, molecular diagnostics could support decision‐making for the rational use of acaricides. RESULTS: A suite of 12 TaqMan qPCR assays [G314D (GluCl1), G326E, I321T (GluCl3), G119S, F331W (Ace‐1), H92R (PSST), L1024V, F1538I (VGSC), I1017F (CHS1), G126S, S141F, P262T (cytb)], were validated against Sanger‐sequencing, and subsequently adapted for use with the ddPCR technology. The concordance correlation coefficient between the actual and ddPCR measured mutant allelic frequencies was 0.995 (95% CI = 0.991–0.998), and no systematic, proportional, or random differences were detected. The achieved Limit of Detection (LoD) was 0.1% (detection of one mutant in a background of 999 wild type mites). The ddPCR assay panel was then assessed in terms of agreement with phenotypic resistance, through a pilot application in field populations from Crete, with strong correlation and thus predictive and diagnostic value of the molecular assays in some cases (e.g., etoxazole and abamectin resistance). Molecular diagnostics were able to capture incipient resistance that was otherwise missed by phenotypic bioassays. The molecular and phenotypic resistance screening of T. urticae field populations from Crete, revealed both multi‐resistant and susceptible populations. CONCLUSION: The highly sensitive T. urticae molecular diagnostic platforms developed in this study could prove a valuable tool for pesticide resistance management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian cancer (OC) remains a leading cause of gynecological cancer‐related death worldwide, characterized by poor 5‐year survival. Molecular markers could serve as crucial tools of personalized prognosis and therapy. Herein, we present miR‐181a as novel predictor of OC prognosis, using five independent OC cohorts. In particular, a screening (n = 81) and an institutionally independent validation (n = 100, OVCAD multicenter study) serous OC (SOC) cohorts were analyzed. Bagnoli et al (2016) OC179 (n = 124) to OC133 (n = 100) and TCGA (n = 489) served as external validation cohorts. Patients' survival and disease progression were assessed as clinical endpoint events. Bootstrap analysis was performed for internal validation and decision curve analysis was utilized to evaluate clinical benefit. miR‐181a overexpression was unveiled as powerful and independent molecular predictor of patients' poor survival and higher risk for disease progression after debulking surgery and platinum‐based chemotherapy. Analysis of the OVCAD institutionally independent cohort, as well as of Bagnoli et al. and TCGA external cohorts further confirmed the unfavorable prognostic nature of miR‐181a overexpression in SOC. Strikingly, multivariate prognostic models incorporating miR‐181a with established disease markers clearly improved patients' risk‐stratification and offered superior clinical benefit in OC prognostication. Conclusively, miR‐181a evaluation could augment prognostic accuracy and support precision medicine decisions in OC. What's new? Ovarian cancer remains difficult to treat and has a low 5‐year survival rate. Biological markers associated with the disease could help develop personalized therapy or refine prognosis. The microRNA miR‐181a has been shown to mediate EMT transition and inhibit apoptosis. Here, the authors looked for miR‐181a in five independent cohorts of ovarian cancer patients. They found that miR‐181a overexpression predicted poor survival and increased risk of disease progression. Testing for this marker could improve the way that patients' risk is assessed and help guide treatment decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates two decision‐making paths that underpin the continued use of branded apps. One path originates from past use of a category of apps and leads to continued use of a branded app from that category via recognition. The second path also starts with past use, but leads to continued use through the evaluation of the app's benefits. Two empirical studies test and subsequently validate the resulting conceptual model, confirming that both paths underpin continued use; however, the strength of the theoretical links varies, and the two paths warrant separate investigation. These outcomes support the generalizability of the proposed model, highlighting its potential as a tool to advance the understanding of consumer decision‐making leading to the continued use of branded apps. The findings of this study also yield practical relevance, especially for the delineation of strategies to enhance the chances of market survival of branded apps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) hereditary polyneuropathies pose a diagnostic challenge. Our aim here is to describe CMT patients diagnosed by whole exome sequencing (WES) following years of fruitless testing. Methods/Results: Three patients with polyneuropathy suspected to be genetic in origin, but not harboring PMP22 gene deletion/duplication, were offered WES. The first patient, a 66‐year‐old man, had been suffering from progressive weakness and atrophies in the lower and upper extremities for 20 years. Due to ambiguous electrophysiological findings, immune therapies were administered to no avail. Twelve years after PMP22 deletion/duplication testing, WES revealed two pathogenic variants in the FIG4 gene (p.Ile41Thr and p.Phe598fs, respectively), as a cause of CMT 4J. The second patient, a 19‐year‐old man, had been suffering from hearing and gait impairment since at least his infancy, and recently presented with weakness and dystonia of the lower extremities. In this patient, WES identified the p.Leu122Val LITAF gene variant in heterozygous state, suggesting the diagnosis of CMT 1C, several years after initial genetic analyses. The third patient, a 44‐year‐old man, presented with progressive weakness and atrophies of the lower and upper extremities since the age of 17 years old. In this patient, WES identified the hemizygous p.Arg164Gln pathogenic variant in the GJB1 gene, establishing the diagnosis of CMT X1, 8 years after testing for PMP22 deletion/duplication. Conclusion: Novel diagnostic techniques, such as WES, offer the possibility to decipher the cause of CMT subtypes, ending the diagnostic Odyssey of the patients and sparing them from unnecessary and potentially harmful treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compositional characteristics of Feta cheese manufactured in two mountainous areas from raw milk, from sheep fed by grass, and the forages’ volatile organic compounds (VOC) were studied, to differentiate the Feta cheese. Although the main compositional features did not vary greatly, the proteolysis mode was altered. The VOC profiles of the cheeses varied. While some VOCs were common to both groups of cheeses, others were discriminatory for each production area. There were common terpenes in both the bulk forage and the mature cheeses. Overall, the VOC composition of Feta could provide a basis for identification with regard to its region of origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To analyse survival and toxicity outcomes in patients treated with primary intensity-modulated radiotherapy ( IMRT) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma ( OPSCC) in the era of routine human papilloma virus ( HPV) testing. Design Single-institution case series. Setting Tertiary Head and Neck Cancer Unit. Participants A total of 186 patients received IMRT (+/− chemotherapy) for radical primary treatment of OPSCC between March 2010 and December 2013. HPV status was available for 88% of cases. Median radiation dose was 65 Gy in 30 daily fractions. 90% of stage III/ IV patients received concurrent chemotherapy or cetuximab. Main Outcome Measures Overall, disease-free and disease-specific survival; rates of late xerostomia and dysphagia. Results A total of 177 patients completed treatment (Stage I/ II: 23; Stage III/ IV: 154), with median follow-up of 26 months. Estimated 3-year overall survival ( OS), disease-free survival ( DFS) and disease-specific survival ( DSS) rates were 77.2% (70.5-83.9), 72.3% (65.4-79.2) and 80.2% (74.1-86.3). Estimated 3-year OS, DFS and DSS for HPV-positive patients were 90.9% (85.2-96.6), 87.9% (81.4-94.4) and 91.8% (86.3-97.3). A previously identified risk stratification method was validated, showing improved OS for low-risk over high-risk patients ( HR 0.09, P < 0.001). The 2-year feeding tube retention rate was 6%, and 2-year grade ≥2 xerostomia rate was 38% (23% if mean contralateral parotid dose <24 Gy). Conclusions Outcomes with IMRT are favourable, particularly in the HPV-positive patient group. This data further supports the use of a previously described prognostication model that can be used to select patients for escalation/de-escalation clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of the importance and relevance of consumer personality in explaining behaviours in multiple contemporary contexts, we currently lack sufficient understanding of its mechanisms, which underpin such behaviours. Using an experimental design, the authors uncover that the usage of a branded smartphone apps can lead consumers to change their personality self-perceptions in accordance with the personality of the brand. Prior research highlights how psychological constructs impact consumer behaviour (e.g., Barone et al., 2000; Campbell & Winterich, 2018; Grewal et al., 2019; Häfner, 2004; Schmitt et al., 2015; Youn & Kim, 2019). [Extracted from the article]

The paper investigates the impact of motives and barriers to healthy eating on individuals' healthy eating intention and behaviour using a cross-national design. Data were collected from the UK and the Czech Republic via a self-completion questionnaire. Findings highlight the significance of intrinsic motives and psychological barriers in predicting both intention and healthy eating behaviour for both UK and Czech consumers, albeit their weight as well as the variance captured by these factors differs across the two national cultures. Findings also indicate that physical barriers are in fact unimportant when it comes to adopting a healthy eating diet. These findings are discussed in the light of previous research, while their implications for policy makers and researchers are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we: (1) offer a conceptualisation of what it means for Greek Cypriot teachers to be 'reconciled' with the 'other side' (i.e. Turkish Cypriots) in Cyprus; (2) examine Greek Cypriot teachers' emotional responses to the new educational objective of cultivating peaceful coexistence in schools; and (3) investigate how Greek Cypriot teachers' perceptions of reconciliation and emotional responses to the new educational objective of cultivating peaceful coexistence are entangled, and what implications these entanglements may have for educational reform efforts. This investigation is based on data collected in a national survey of Greek Cypriot primary and secondary teachers. The study is important not only for the Greek Cypriot educational system, but also for educational reform efforts in other conflict-ridden areas in Europe because it addresses a fundamental issue in relation to reconciliation: Can teachers, who may still carry traumatic experiences from a conflict and thus be (potentially) emotionally unready to engage in reconciliation, be convinced to put the past behind and promote peaceful coexistence in schools? The findings highlight the teachers' multiple ambivalences, yet they also identify openings for promoting reconciliation and peaceful coexistence in schools. The implications are discussed in terms of educational policymaking, curriculum development, and teacher training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to determine whether processes of denervation and reinnervation, as measured by electrodiagnostic methods, correlate with clinical function, as measured by three-dimensional (3D) video analysis and whether electrodiagnostic data can serve as a prognostic indicator. Methods: Eighteen patients with facial palsy were investigated by 3D video analysis, needle electromyography, and electrical muscle testing at 6, 12, and 18 months after free muscle transplantation for smile reconstruction. Results: Electrophysiological parameters determined 6 months postoperatively correlated significantly with the index of dynamic symmetry 12 and 18 months postoperatively. Conclusions: Processes of reinnervation can be detected earlier by electrophysiological analysis than by quantified clinical analysis. Pathological spontaneous activity alone and combined assessment with motor unit action potentials in the early postoperative stage are strong prognostic indicators. Muscle Nerve, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of nutrition information on consumers' choice of a cake and examined the roles of key psychological decision factors. Based on a generalized linear model, results of an experiment on 299 female consumers in the United Kingdom showed that the presence of nutrition information in the form of Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) had a direct impact on food choice. GDA information had a moderating effect on the relationship between two psychological factors (conflict and self-control, but not temptation) and consumer choice. Temptation, conflict and self-control had direct effects on choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the impact of internal factors such as variety-seeking drive, loyalty, involvement, perceived risk, pleasure and similarity perceptions on brand-switching propensity in clothing purchases using multiple regression. The model derived shows that five internal factors including involvement, perceived risk, loyalty and variety-seeking drive have an impact on brand switching propensity. The findings highlight that highly involved and loyal consumers are likely to show brand-switching propensities in their clothing purchases, thus buying from a repertoire of brands and stores. These findings imply that retailers should ensure that their clothing brands or stores are among those in the multi-brand repertoire of the consumer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the roles of health consciousness, food safety concern and ethical self-identity in predicting attitude and purchase intention within the context of organic produce. A conceptual model is derived and tested via structural equation modelling. Findings indicate food safety as the most important predictor of attitude while health consciousness appears to be the least important motive in contrast to findings from some previous research. In addition, ethical self-identity is found to predict both attitudes and intention to purchase organic produce, emphasizing that respondents' identification with ethical issues affects their attitude and subsequent consumption choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the dimensionality of involvement with clothing. The extant literature is reviewed to show the origins, application and classification of involvement. The discussion focuses on enduring, situational and response involvement, emphasising the dimensionality of the construct. The research examines enduring involvement with clothing, using a scale of 15 Likert-type statements to operationalise the concept. The findings suggest that involvement with clothing stems from: (1) pleasure and enjoyment derived from shopping and (2) the importance consumers attach to the product, which relates to the symbolic nature of clothing as a means of self-expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The clinical severity in thalassaemia major (TM) depends on the underlying mutations of the β-globin gene and the degree of iron overload. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of genotype on the development of endocrine complications in TM in our center. Subjects and methods: 126 (62 males, 64 females) thalassaemic patients of Greek Cypriot origin with a mean age of 31.2 (17–68) yr were included in the study. All patients, who were on the standard treatment protocol, were subsequently divided into two groups according to their genotype, group A (92): TM with no mitigating factor and group B (34): TM carrying one or more mitigating factors in the β- and/or α-globin genes. Iron overload calculation was based on the amount of red cell consumption and the mean ferritin level over a 12-year period. Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program. Results: Patients in group A, who were consuming larger amounts of blood on transfusions, were more likely to develop hypogonadism ( P = 0.001) compared with patients in group B, despite their similar mean ferritin levels. The incidence of other endocrinopathies (short stature, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus) was similar in the two groups. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in splenectomized patients was significantly higher ( P = 0.005), whereas the presence of hypogonadism, impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, although more frequent, was not statistically significant. The clinical severity of TM had no impact on bone mineral density (BMD) in both men and women. BMD was only influenced by gonadal function. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the underlying genetic defect in TM is a contributing factor for gonadal dysfunction, because the patients with the more severe defects have a greater rate of iron loading through higher red cell consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermolysis of pyridinol (I) leads to oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine-2-carbonitrile (II), whilst the treatment with a base gives oxazine (III). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a report from the Cyprus Nurses' Association (CNA) on how it followed up on the ICN "Guidelines for Mobilizing National Nurses' Associations in HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care." Focus on CNA's organization of lectures in all major hospitals in Cyprus on the methods of HIV transmission and ways to prevent its spread; Distribution of the HIV/AIDS information booklets to laboratory and operating theater staff in addition to nursing students.

Human cancers express organ-specific neoantigens (OSNs) which elicit specific cellular immune responses in the cancer patient, as demonstrated by leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI), an in vitro immune response assay. A purified protein of MW 40,000 (p40) exhibiting OSN (colon specific) activity was cleaved into specific peptide fragments and their partial amino acid sequences determined. This information was used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to obtain a 992 bp cDNA clone (PCR-992) from a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (LS-180). By comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of PCR-992 with the known sequence of p40 peptides, PCR-992 was shown to correspond to almost the entire coding region of p40. Nucleotide sequence analysis suggested that the protein was mycoplasmal in origin due to its high A+T content (76%) and the presence of five in frame TGA termination codons; at least two of the latter are actually read as tryptophan, a known feature of mycoplasma translation. We have confirmed this origin by direct isolation of a contaminating mycoplasma species from the LS-180 cell line and demonstration that it could be hybridized with the PCR-992 probe. Northern and PCR analysis of RNA preparations from the contaminated LS-180 cell line showed that p40 was part of the high affinity transport system operon of Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Dudler et al, EMBO J., 7: 3963-3970, 1988). Total protein lysates of Mycoplasma hyorhinis cultivated without animal cells could elicit positive LAI responses when incubated with cancer patient leukocytes but not with normal patient leukocytes. The organ-specific nature of the response was, however, not observed indicating that host cell-mycoplasmal interactions may play a role in determining the organ-specific nature of p40 seen with the LAI. The significance of these findings will be discussed in the context of previous thinking regarding the origin of OSNs.