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The Fosdick Mountains, West Antarctica, expose a 15 x 80 km migmatite-cored gneiss dome consisting of migmatitic gneisses, diatexite migmatite, and subhorizontal leucogranite sheets. The Fosdick dome was emplaced and exhumed in the mid-Cretaceous due to oblique extension associated with the West Antarctic Rift system along the West Antarctic-New Zealand segment of East Gondwana. The dome is bounded to the south by a dextral oblique detachment structure and to the north by an inferred dextral strike-slip fault. Within the Fosdick dome and in the detachment zone, granite occupies leucosomes, dikes, sills, and dilatant and shear structures. The pattern of kilometer-scale domains of migmatite and granite suggest that lithologic variations and heterogeneous deformation (boudinage) resulted in pressure gradients that enhanced melt flow and magma accumulation in the Fosdick dome. Steep foliations are overprinted, folded, and transposed by subhorizontal fabrics. The crosscutting relationship is interpreted as a transition from wrench deformation to oblique divergence. Steep structures in the dome host concordant, subvertical leucosome and granite sheets yielding SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages between ca. 117 and 114 Ma. Prevalent subhorizontal domains host large volumes of subhorizontal diatexite migmatite and granite sheets that yield U-Pb zircon ages between ca. 109 and 102 Ma. These ages indicate a timescale for melt influx of approximately 15 Ma and that the transition from wrench to oblique divergence may have occurred in as little as 5 Ma. Granites with crystallization ages between ca. 109 and 102 Ma were also emplaced in the South Fosdick Detachment zone, indicating that the detachment was active during oblique divergence. SHRIMP U-Pb titanite ages between ca. 102 and 97 Ma for late- to post-tectonic diorite dikes are interpreted as emplacement ages and give a minimum age for gneissic foliation development during detachment faulting. The Fosdick Mountains preserve a record of the middle to lower crustal response to a transition from wrench to oblique extensional deformation. Overprinting structural relationships show that a change in the angle of oblique extension can induce accumulation of subhorizontal magma sheets and lead to initiation of a detachment zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mars' dayside ionosphere is maintained primarily by ionization from solar ultraviolet photons and subsequent chemical reactions, with small contributions from other mechanisms such as impact ionization and charge exchange. In December 2023, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission observed the impact of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) on Mars' ionosphere, including strongly enhanced fluxes of suprathermal electrons. We show that this enhancement in suprathermal electron fluxes increased ion production from electron impact, so that dayside electron impact ionization rates exceeded photoionization rates during the ICME. This change in ion production mechanisms led to unusually high densities of the minor ions C+ ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ and O++ ${\mathrm{O}}^{++}$. Space weather events are known to increase ion escape rates, so changes in ion composition during space weather events have important implications for atmospheric evolution. We show that scaling nominal loss rates to account for space weather may underestimate carbon loss from Mars' atmosphere. Plain Language Summary: Dayside planetary ionospheres are primarily produced through interactions between atmospheric neutral gases and sunlight. Impact by energetic particles, especially electrons, typically only contributes a small amount of plasma. We observed unusually high densities of the minor ions C+ ${\mathrm{C}}^{+}$ and O++ ${\mathrm{O}}^{++}$ in Mars' ionosphere during a space weather event in December 2023, when a large bubble of magnetized plasma launched from the Sun impacted the planet. This plasma bubble compressed the Mars magnetosheath, pushing suprathermal electrons to lower altitudes, where they impacted the atmosphere and significantly increased plasma production through impact ionization. Changes in the production mechanisms of the ionosphere during space weather events lead to changes in its density and composition. This is important because space weather events are known to increase the amount of atmospheric gas escaping from a planet, which can have important implications for how the atmosphere evolves over millions of years. Key Points: Unexpected increases in C+ and rarely detected O++ densities were observed during the December 2023 space weather event at MarsThese ions were produced by electron impact ionization from the intense electron fluxes associated with the space weather eventElectron impact ionization exceeded photoionization during the event, which temporarily altered the composition of ions escaping Mars [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of fentanyl and xylazine in the drug supply market, injection‐related skin injuries and wounds are becoming more common. Xylazine is an alpha‐2 adrenergic agonist thought to cause deep ulcerative wounds due to peripheral vasoconstriction leading to poor wound healing. This case series describes four patients with injection drug use leading to severe xylazine‐related skin injuries who were treated between 2022 and 2023. This paper provides visualization of the extent and severity of these "tranq wounds," as well as the healing progression when receiving medical treatment, addiction treatment, and wound care. Medical treatment and overall care were complicated by individual social determinants of health. Further understanding of xylazine‐related wounds is necessary as xylazine continued to be an emerging threat in the United States. Though some reports in the literature capture the appearances, only few displayed progressive improvements or success in treatment given the challenging nature of treating this high‐risk population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug resistance poses a crucial challenge in healthcare, with response rates to chemotherapy and targeted therapy remaining low. Individual patient's resistance is exacerbated by the intricate heterogeneity of tumor cells, presenting significant obstacles to effective treatment. To address this challenge, DrugFormer, a novel graph‐augmented large language model designed to predict drug resistance at single‐cell level is proposed. DrugFormer integrates both serialized gene tokens and gene‐based knowledge graphs for the accurate predictions of drug response. After training on comprehensive single‐cell data with drug response information, DrugFormer model presents outperformance, with higher F1, precision, and recall in predicting drug response. Based on the scRNA‐seq data from refractory multiple myeloma (MM) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients, DrugFormer demonstrates high efficacy in identifying resistant cells and uncovering underlying molecular mechanisms. Through pseudotime trajectory analysisunique drug‐resistant cellular states associated with poor patient outcomes are revealed. Furthermore, DrugFormer identifies potential therapeutic targets, such as COX8A, for overcoming drug resistance across different cancer types. In conclusion, DrugFormer represents a significant advancement in the field of drug resistance prediction, offering a powerful tool for unraveling the heterogeneity of cellular response to drugs and guiding personalized treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes circular entrepreneurship trends across global regions using the 2014–2018 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor dataset. Content analysis of business descriptors from 79,663 unique entrepreneurs was used to position each startup within the 9R's framework. The results show that startups are mainly associated with "repurpose" and "recover", which are less desirable for circularity. We further define circular entrepreneurs as those with the top 10% highest weighted score in circular strategies according to the type of business they run. The BERTopic approach is applied to identify specific business topics for these entrepreneurs. Similarities (North America and Latin America & the Caribbean) and differences (Europe) in popular topics are found across regions. Lastly, regression analysis reveals that entrepreneurial perception and the presence of role models are key factors driving circular entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Matrix vesicles (MVs) provide the initial site for amorphous hydroxyapatite (HA) formation within mineralizing osteoblasts. Although Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform‐3 (NCX3, SLC8A3) was presumed to function as major Ca2+ transporter responsible for Ca2+ extrusion out of osteoblast into the calcifying bone matrix, its presence and functional role in MVs have not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the involvement of NCX3 in MV‐mediated mineralization process and its impact on bone formation. Using differentiated MC3T3‐E1 cells, we demonstrated that NCX3 knockout in these cells resulted in a significant reduction of Ca2+ deposition due to reduced Ca2+ entry within the MVs, leading to impaired mineralization. Consequently, the capacity of MVs to promote extracellular HA formation was diminished. Moreover, primary osteoblast isolated from NCX3 deficient mice (NCX3−/−) exhibits reduced mineralization efficacy without any effect on osteoclast activity. To validate this in vitro finding, μCT analysis revealed a substantial decrease in trabecular bone mineral density in both genders of NCX3−/− mice, thus supporting the critical role of NCX3 in facilitating Ca2+ uptake into the MVs to initiate osteoblast‐mediated mineralization. NCX3 expression was also found to be the target of downregulation by inflammatory mediators in vitro and in vivo. This newfound understanding of NCX3's functional role in MVs opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing bone mineralization and treating mineralization‐related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. An accurate identification of patients at the need for prioritized diagnostics and care are crucial in the emergency department (ED). Blood gas (BG) analysis is a widely available laboratory test, which allows to measure vital parameters, including markers of ventilation and perfusion. The aim of our analysis was to assess whether blood gas parameters in patients with dyspnea at an increased risk of respiratory failure admitted to the ED can predict short-term outcomes. Methods. The study group eventually consisted of 108 patients, with available BG analysis. The clinical and laboratory parameters were retrospectively evaluated, and three groups were distinguished—arterial blood gas (ABG), venous blood gas (VBG), and mixed blood gas. The primary endpoint was short-term, all-cause mortality during the follow-up of median (quartile 1–quartile 3) 2 (1–4) months. The independent risk factors for mortality that could be obtained from blood gas sampling were evaluated. Results. The short-term mortality was 35.2% (38/108). Patients who died were more frequently initially assigned to the red triage risk group, more burdened with comorbidities, and the median SpO2 on admission was significantly lower than in patients who survived the follow-up period. In the multivariable analysis, lactate was the strongest independent predictor of death, with 1 mmol/L increasing all-cause mortality by 58% in ABG (95% CI: 1.01–2.47), by 80% in VBG (95% CI: 1.13–2.88), and by 68% in the mixed blood gas analysis (95% CI: 1.22–2.31), what remained significant in VBG and mixed group after correction for base excess. In each group, pH, pO2, and pCO2 did not predict short-term mortality. Conclusions. In patients admitted to the ED due to dyspnea, at risk of respiratory failure, lactate levels in arterial, venous, and mixed blood samples are independent predictors of short-term mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Improving prediction abilities in the therapy process can increase therapeutic success for a variety of reasons, such as more personalised treatment or resource optimisation. The increasingly applied methods of dynamic prediction seem to be very promising for this purpose. Prediction models are usually based on static approaches of frequentist statistics. However, the application of this statistical approach has been widely criticised in this research area. Bayesian statistics has been proposed in the literature as an alternative, especially for the task of dynamic modelling. In this study, we compare the performance of predicting therapy outcome over the course of therapy between both statistical approaches. Method: Based on a sample of 341 patients, a logistic regression analysis was performed using both statistical approaches. Therapy success was conceptualised as reliable pre–post improvement in brief symptom inventory (BSI) scores. As predictors, we used the subscales of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ‐30) and the Helping Alliance Questionnaire (HAQ) measured every fifth session, as well as baseline BSI scores. Results: The influence of the predictors during therapy differs between the frequentist and the Bayesian approach. In contrast, predictive validity is comparable with a mean area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 in both model types. Conclusion: Bayesian statistic provides an innovative and useful alternative to the frequentist approach in predicting therapy outcome. The theoretical foundation is particularly well suited for dynamic prediction. Nevertheless, no differences in predictive validity were found in this study. More complex methodology as well as further research seems necessary to exploit the potential of Bayesian statistics in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bail‐out of the Spanish financial system was the largest in the Eurozone. The Spanish savings banks were the main direct recipients of public support between 2010 and 2012 and most of the bail‐out money was transferred to the savings banks after a series of mergers and acquisitions were completed among these entities. This article analyses the evolution of the savings banks in the years of economic growth preceding the crisis and their performance in the early aftermath of the 2007 crash using previously unexplored data from the annual financial statements of the 45 savings banks. We conclude it is possible to observe distinct behaviours among the savings banks during the boom years and we estimate the largest part of the bail‐out money corresponds to losses registered by a small number of savings banks that were already severely impaired before the merger process got under way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a panel dataset of commercial fisheries in the Gulf of Mexico, we attempt to separately identify the moral hazard and self‐selection effects of property insurance coverage among commercial fishers. We use captains' propensity to take fishing trips under adverse weather conditions as a proxy for their private information; these data are available to us, but not to insurers. We find that vessels with higher long‐term exposure to risk are significantly less likely to be insured, suggesting potential advantageous selection. However, this relationship dissipates once we control for information likely known to the insurer. Finally, using a Heckit estimator, we find evidence of moral hazard: insured captains take more risks at sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, titanium implants have gained popularity as the number of performed implantation operations has significantly increased. There are a number of methods for modifying the surface of biomaterials, which are aimed at extending the life of titanium implants. The developments in this field in recent years have required a comprehensive discussion of all the properties of electrophoretically deposited coatings on titanium and its alloys, taking into account their bioactivity. The development that took place in this field in recent years required a comprehensive discussion of all the properties of coatings electrophoretically deposited on titanium and its alloys, with particular emphasis on their bioactivity. Herein, we attempt to assess the influence of the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) process parameters on these coatings' biological and mechanical properties. Particular attention has been addressed to the in‐vitro and in‐vivo studies conducted hitherto. We have seen an increased interest in using titanium alloys without the addition of toxic compounds and gaps in the EPD field such as the uncommon endeavors to develop a "Design of experiments" approach as well as the lack of assessment of the surface free energy and detailed topography of electrophoretically deposited coatings. The exact correlation of coating properties with EPD process parameters still seems explicitly not understood, necessitating more future investigations. Ipso facto, the exact mechanism of particle agglomeration and Hamaker's law need to be fathomable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diarylethenes (DAEs) exhibiting photochromic behavior have emerged as a popular research topic owing to their superior thermal stability, rapid photo‐responsiveness, robust fatigue resistance, and remarkable solution/solid‐state photochromic properties. However, the overlapped reading wavelength and absorption of DAEs can lead to a partial photochromic reaction, resulting in destructive readout that erodes pre‐existing information in memory and data processing. To address this issue, researchers have implemented a range of strategies, including gated reactivity, infrared (IR) absorption, and Raman scattering readout. Among them, gating functions as a "key" or "lock" to regulate the photochromic reactivity through external stimuli, such as reactions, chemicals, additional photons, or heat, making it a viable solution. This review presents a summary of recent developments in gated DAEs, with a particular focus on gating strategies and principles, including modulation of the 1,3,5‐hexatriene moiety and molecular conformation, and regulation of activation energy. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities of gated DAEs systems for future non‐destructive readout and functional materials are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A huge variety of synthetic molecular machines and their components are developed, and their actuation at the molecular level is demonstrated and used in microscopic molecular systems and macroscopic materials. Not only the actuation but also their mechanical responses are critical to the applications. In other words, a molecular machine or a machine part insensitive to mechanical forces can produce mechanical work by another external stimulus even under mechanical loading as an actuator, whereas that sensitive to mechanical forces can be controlled to generate motions by mechanical forces as a mechanophore. To explore the mechanical response empirically, a molecular machine or a part of it has to be chemically incorporated in a polymer chain, through which elongational forces can be applied to the embedded molecule. Here, the mechanochemistry of component parts is reviewed for artificial molecular machines represented by photoswitches and mechanically interlocked architectures using polymer mechanochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's per capita dairy consumption has been far below the intake level recommended by the World Health Organization. Since the dairy industry is a significant contributor to carbon emissions, the recently launched "Double‐Carbon" goals in China may also suppress the supply of dairy products, further reducing Chinese residents' dairy intake. While the notion of sustainable (i.e., nutritious and environmentally friendly) food consumption has recently gained popularity in the policy arena, whether Chinese milk consumers are ready to embrace this notion and what specific measures can effectively promote sustainable milk consumption in China remain unclear. On the basis of a discrete choice experiment, this paper examines how information nudges (i.e., randomly provided messages with different contents and details) may steer Chinese consumers into choosing liquid milk products with attributes that are more nutritious and environmentally friendly. Our analysis, involving 839 consumers randomly selected from Beijing, China, shows that consumers value carbon labels the most, followed by nutrition claims, sustainable production claims, and energy conservation certificates. Meanwhile, nutrition information induces consumers to place higher values on nutrition claims; in contrast, environmental information raises consumers' willingness to choose environmental sustainability‐related attributes. Finally, the concreteness of the information provided strengthens these effects [EconLit Citations: D12, Q01, Q13, Q18]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appointed leaders of administrative agencies routinely record subdelegations of governmental authority to civil servants. That appointees willingly cede authority in this way presents a puzzle, at least at first glance: Why do these appointees assign their power to civil servants insulated by merit protection laws, that is, to employees over whom they have limited control? This article develops and tests a theory to explain this behavior. Using original data on appointee‐to‐civil servant delegations and a measure of the ideological distance between these two groups of actors, we show that appointees are more willing to vest power in civil servants when the two groups are more closely aligned. They are particularly likely to do so in the last months of a presidential administration, prior to a transition to a new set of appointees from a different party. Essentially, appointees strategically devolve authority to ideologically similar civil servants to entrench their views in the face of oppositional future presidential administrations. Further, judicial doctrine and interest‐group politics can make existing subdelegations difficult to reverse. This stickiness adds to the strategic value of subdelegations as a means of projecting preferences into future administrations. These findings raise important implications for administrative law and governance. One conventional wisdom on intra‐agency dynamics considers appointees and civil servants as rivals. Relatedly, studies of personnel practices focus on strategies to empower appointees and sideline civil servants. This article, by contrast, shows how appointees and civil servants can act as strategic partners under certain conditions. At a time when leading political figures propose fundamental changes to the civil service, our findings call for a more nuanced understanding of the dynamics between political appointees and civil servants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress shielding and osseointegration are two main challenges in bone regeneration, which have been targeted successfully by chemical and physical surface modification methods. Direct irradiation synthesis (DIS) is an energetic ion irradiation method that generates self‐organized nanopatterns conformal to the surface of materials with complex geometries (e.g., pores on a material surface). This work exposes porous titanium samples to energetic argon ions generating nanopatterning between and inside pores. The unique porous architected titanium (Ti) structure is achieved by mixing Ti powder with given amounts of spacer NaCl particles (vol % equal to 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%), compacted and sintered, and combined with DIS to generate a porous Ti with bone‐like mechanical properties and hierarchical topography to enhance Ti osseointegration. The porosity percentages range between 25% and 30% using 30 vol % NaCl space‐holder (SH) volume percentages to porosity rates of 63%–68% with SH volume of 70 vol % NaCl. Stable and reproducible nanopatterning on the flat surface between pores, inside pits, and along the internal pore walls are achieved, for the first time on any porous biomaterial. Nanoscale features were observed in the form of nanowalls and nanopeaks of lengths between 100 and 500 nm, thicknesses of 35‐nm and heights between 100 and 200 nm on average. Bulk mechanical properties that mimic bone‐like structures were observed along with increased wettability (by reducing contact values). Nano features were cell biocompatible and enhanced in vitro pre‐osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. Higher alkaline phosphatase levels and increased calcium deposits were observed on irradiated 50 vol % NaCl samples at 7 and 14 days. After 24 h, nanopatterned porous samples decreased the number of attached macrophages and the formation of foreign body giant cells, confirming nanoscale tunability of M1–M2 immuno‐activation with enhanced osseointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes random-parameters multinomial logit models, with heterogeneity in means and variances, to explore the differences in the factors influencing injury severities of drivers involved in different types of two-vehicle crashes. The models are verified using crash data from the United Kingdom (UK) over three years (2016–2018). Three types of crashes are separately identified (car-car, car-truck, and truck-truck crashes). In this study, a wide variety of potential variables, including the driver, vehicle, road, and environmental characteristics, are considered, with two possible injury-severity outcomes: severe and slight injury. The results show that unobserved heterogeneity existed for young drivers in both car-car and truck-truck crash models and the 30 mph speed limit in the three separate models. Remarkably variations are observed in crashes involving different types of vehicles. The driver's age and gender, speeding, sideswipes, presence of junctions, weekdays, unlit, and weather conditions significantly impact driver-injury severities in various types of vehicle crashes. These findings are expected to help policymakers seek to improve highway safety and implement proper safety countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite well‐documented benefits, instructor adoption of active learning has been limited in engineering education. Studies have identified barriers to instructors' adoption of active learning, but there is no well‐tested instrument to measure instructors perceptions of these barriers. Purpose: We developed and tested an instrument to measure instructors' perceptions of barriers to adopting active learning and identify the constructs that coherently categorize those barriers. Method: We used a five‐phase process to develop an instrument to measure instructors' perceived barriers to adopting active learning. In Phase 1, we built upon the Faculty Instructional Barriers and Identity Survey (FIBIS) to create a draft instrument. In Phases 2 and 3, we conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on an initial 45‐item instrument and a refined 21‐item instrument, respectively. We conducted confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in Phases 4 and 5 to test the factor structure identified in Phases 2 and 3. Results: Our final instrument consists of 17 items and four factors: (1) student preparation and engagement; (2) instructional support; (3) instructor comfort and confidence; and (4) institutional environment/rewards. Instructor responses indicated that time considerations do not emerge as a standalone factor. Conclusions: Our 17‐item instrument exhibits a sound factor structure and is reliable, enabling the assessment of perceived barriers to adopting active learning in different contexts. The four factors align with an existing model of instructional change in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Although time is a substantial instructor concern that did not comprise a standalone factor, it is closely related to multiple constructs in our final model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cross‐section data on small and medium enterprises (SMEs), the paper examines the importance of gender on discouraged borrowers in India. We distinguish the role of women across various capacities, such as owner, manager and owner‐manager. Controlling for potential endogeneity, the findings indicate that firms with women managers and those where women perform dual roles are more likely to be discouraged from borrowing. Furthermore, we show that interest rates and procedural complexities to be the key reasons that inhibit borrowing. Robustness tests lend credence to these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miocene strike‐slip tectonics was responsible for creating and closing short‐lived (ca. 6 Ma) passages and the emergence of isolated topography in the Northern Andes. These geological events likely influenced the migration and/or isolation of biological populations. To better understand the paleogeography of the Miocene hinterland and foreland regions in the Northern Andes, we conducted a source‐to‐sink approach in the Magdalena Basin. This basin is located between the Central and Eastern Cordilleras of Colombia and contains an ample Miocene record, which includes Lower Miocene fine‐grained strata and Middle Miocene to Pliocene coarsening‐up strata. Our study presents a new data set that includes detrital U–Pb zircon ages (15 samples), sandstone petrography (45 samples) and low‐temperature thermochronology from the Southern Central Cordillera (19 dates); which together with previously published data were used to construct a paleogeographical model of the Miocene hinterland and foreland regions in the Northern Andes. The evolution of the Magdalena Basin during the Miocene was characterized by playa and permanent lake systems at ca. 17.5 Ma, which may be related to a marine incursion into NW South America and western Amazonia. The appearance of Eocene to Miocene volcanic sources in the Honda Group after ca. 16 Ma suggests the development of fluvial passages, which connected the Pacific with the western Amazonia and Caribbean regions. These passages were synchronous with a time of Miocene exhumation and topographic growth (ca. 16 to 10 Ma) in the Central Cordillera and the transition from lacustrine to fluvial deposition in the Magdalena Basin. Middle to Late Miocene strike‐slip deformation promoted by oblique plate convergence and the oblique collision of the Panamá‐Chocó Block likely explains the synchronous along‐strike fragmentation and exhumation in the Central Cordillera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine whether measures of neuromuscular control and proprioceptive acuity were predictive of falls in an older community‐dwelling population and to develop a multivariate prediction model. Methods: Fifty‐eight adults aged above 60 living independently in the community were recruited for a prospective falls study. On entry, they undertook a Sensory Organisation Test (SOT) and an Active Movement Extent Discrimination Assessment (AMEDA) and completed a short fall risk questionnaire. Participants were monitored for falls over the subsequent 12 months. Prior to analysis, falls were classified into three categories based on the difficulty of the activity being undertaken and the demands of the environment in which the fall occurred. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of a fall. Results: For falls occurring under the least challenging circumstances, the model fitted using the AMEDA score and two of the questions from the fall risk questionnaire, related to balance and confidence, achieved a specificity of 87% and sensitivity of 83%. Falls occurring in more challenging circumstances could not be predicted with any accuracy based on the variables recorded at inception. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering the heterogeneous nature of falls. Poorer proprioceptive acuity appears to play a role in falls occurring where neither the environment nor the activity is challenging, but not in falls occurring in other circumstances. Falls in the least‐challenging circumstances affected 15% of participants, but this group was considerably more likely to have multiple falls, increasing their vulnerability to adverse consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We use a stochastic frontier model to estimate a firm's capacity overhang. We find that excess capacity is positively related to a drop in new capital expenditures, an accumulation of depleted long‐term assets, and outright sales of investment assets. However, the sale of long‐term assets (property, plant, and equipment [PP&E]) peaks for intermediate levels of excess capacity and then declines. We attribute this to growth options. We test for evidence of a preference ordering in the firm's choice of responding to excess capacity and find evidence for a pecking order in firm disinvestment, where sales of long‐term assets are a measure of last resort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of participation in farmer groups on dairy farmers' adoption of sustainable farming practices in New Zealand. A spatial propensity score matching method is used to consider the spatial dependence and social connections between farmers in the decision‐making of farmer group participation and adoption of sustainable farming practices. The results show that farmers' decisions of farmer group participation are affected by their neighbors' choices, and participation in farmer groups has a positive effect on farmers' adoption of sustainable farming practices. The findings indicate the important role of social interactions in farmers' voluntary uptake of sustainable agricultural practices. Overall, the positive effect of farmer group participation on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices highlights learning and knowledge spillover among farmers, which emerges as important to the formulation of sustainable farming policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American popular and Electoral College presidential elections are forecast for 2020 and 2024, employing auto‐regressive time series and cross‐section probit models. Predictions are between the Republican and Democratic parties, not named persons. Year 2020: In July 2020, the Democrats' two party popular vote was predicted to be 52.7%. They received 52.2%. The cross‐section Electoral College model showed Democrats could not win the White House without winning all of Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Nevada, which they did with 306 Electoral Votes. Year 2024: Democrats are predicted to win the 2024 presidency with 272 electoral votes, including Nevada's six votes and most of the large states they won in 2020. Democrats are predicted to win 53.7% of the popular vote. Fed's policies are expected to reduce inflation to 5.5%. Trump announced his candidacy in November 2022; however, other candidates are announcing for 2024. Trump's extreme positions in office and erratic behavior after losing in 2020 and then encouraging the January 6 insurrection are experiences Democrats can exploit. Events occurring after December 31, 2022, do not influence the predictions presented here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify the measures assessing the nursing image, and to analyse, evaluate and synthesize the psychometric properties of these available instruments. Design: A systematic review of the psychometric properties of instruments assessing the nursing image. The system review has been registered in the PROSPERO database with the registration number CRD42020221511. Methods: The systematic review was conducted according to COSMIN guidelines. Search strategies were run in CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, COSMIN systematic review database, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracting the psychometric properties of the included study characteristics and instruments. The methodological quality of the studies, instrument measurement performance, risk of bias and grade of evidence were evaluated and disagreements were resolved via discussion. Results: The search strategy yielded a total of 24 studies and 11 instruments assessing nursing image. None of the measures fulfilled all criteria in the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist. The Nurses Self‐Concept Instrument (NSCI) and the Nurses Self‐Concept Questionnaire (NSCQ) were recommended for measuring the professional image of nursing, and the Nursing Brand Image Scale (NBIS) have the potential to be recommended for measuring a more comprehensive image of nursing. Every instrument evaluated in this review had different characteristics in the nursing image (e.g. the traditional image, the professional image, and the brand image). Therefore, the selection of the most appropriate instrument depends on the psychometrics, the context and the aim of the assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoresponsive polymers have attracted increasing interest owing to their potential applications in anticounterfeiting, information encryption, adhesives, etc. Among them, diarylethene (DAE)‐containing polymers are one of the most promising photoresponsive polymers and have unique thermal stability and fatigue resistance compared to azobenzene‐ and spiropyran‐containing polymers. Herein, the design of DAE‐containing polymers based on different types of structures, including main chain polymers, side‐chain polymers, and crosslinked polymers, is introduced. The mechanism and applications of DAE‐containing polymers in anti‐counterfeiting, information encryption, light‐controllable adhesives, and photoinduced healable materials are reviewed. In addition, the remaining challenges of DAE‐containing polymers are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of plastic waste, due to lack of recycling, has led to serious environmental pollution. Although mechanical recycling can alleviate this issue, it inevitably reduces the molecular weight and weakens the mechanical properties of materials and is not suitable for mixed materials. Chemical recycling, on the other hand, breaks the polymer into monomers or small‐molecule constituents, allowing for the preparation of materials of quality comparable to that of the virgin polymers and can be applied to mixed materials. Mechanochemical degradation and recycling leverages the advantages of mechanical techniques, such as scalability and efficient energy use, to achieve chemical recycling. We summarize recent progress in mechanochemical degradation and recycling of synthetic polymers, including both commercial polymers and those designed for more efficient mechanochemical degradation. We also point out the limitations of mechanochemical degradation and present our perspectives on how the challenges can be mitigated for a circular polymer economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has addressed the effects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives on consumer purchase intention (CPI). However, most of the empirical evidence is based on the analysis of mature large‐scale firms; much less examines the effects of CSR initiatives on CPI in entrepreneurial contexts. In this study, we address this gap by investigating whether entrepreneurial start‐ups' declaration of CSR engagement affects consumers' purchasing intent. We assert that consumers may consider firms' CSR engagement as a signal for unobserved product quality. We exploit a vignette experimental approach to test our theoretical predictions. In our experiment, participants received online invitations to subscribe to an electronic catalog that advertised various products supplied by entrepreneurial start‐ups. The invitations are of five types, some of which presenting different CSR‐related information on the suppliers to the participants. Overall, we find that the displayed information on CSR engagement promotes participants' willingness to subscribe to the electronic catalog, indicating that consumers will increase their purchase intentions for ethically oriented suppliers. Moreover, we find that among all the initiatives, external CSR initiatives (social contribution and environmental responsibility) promote consumers' intentions to purchase most effectively. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to explore the effects of different CSR initiatives on entrepreneurial start‐ups in entrepreneurship literature. We highlight the heterogeneous effects of CSR initiatives on CPI, contributing new insights to research on CSR and consumer behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The McIntosh Archive consists of four solar cycles (SC20–23) of synoptic maps of solar features (magnetic polarities, coronal holes, filaments, sunspots, plage) that were produced by Patrick McIntosh and his cartographers. In this paper we present the full Archive for the first time and find a hemispheric pattern of coronal hole polarity reflecting the Hale sunspot polarity pattern. In addition, we present a supplemental set of related maps created for the 2019–2020 solar minimum in support of the Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions (WHPI) interval. To facilitate this addition, we cross calibrate EUV and He‐I 10,830 Å coronal holes and study differences between the WHPI solar minimum and the earlier minima in the main Archive. We find, first, that the visibility of coronal holes in EUV introduces a bias toward larger counts of low‐latitude coronal holes near solar minimum. However, the estimated lifetimes (in Carrington Rotations) of coronal hole complexes are unaffected by this fragmentation, and we find the longest‐lived low‐latitude coronal holes occurred during the 2008–2009 solar minimum, with 2019–2020 solar minimum lifetimes not far behind. In this way, we consider the large‐scale organization of solar magnetic fields between solar minima and study each solar minimum in the context of its solar cycle. Key Points: The McIntosh Archive of solar synoptic maps enables long‐term analysis of multiple solar cyclesBy cross calibrating coronal hole observations across wavelengths we extend the archive to the most recent solar minimumWe compare the past four minima and find the 2008–2009 interval had the longest‐lived low‐latitude coronal holes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

11 Saisho Y. Use of diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire in diabetes care: importance of patient-reported outcomes. Patient enrolment might not be fully representative of the general population of elderly adults with T1D because of the requirement for insulin pump therapy. Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring; insulin pump therapy; real-world evidence; type 1 diabetes EN continuous glucose monitoring insulin pump therapy real-world evidence type 1 diabetes 2034 2037 4 06/06/23 20230701 NES 230701 BACKGROUND The advancements in diabetes care leading to longer life expectancy have increased the population of older adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D).[1] In this population, the management of diabetes is often challenging because of the presence of possible cognitive impairment, co-morbidities and specific diet requirements. All-cause mortality trends in a large population-based cohort with long-standing childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: the Allegheny County type 1 diabetes registry. [Extracted from the article]

Aim: To assess the feasibility and applicability of a standardized programme to facilitate family participation in essential care activities in the intensive care unit. Design: Pilot study with a cross‐sectional survey design. Methods: A standardized programme to facilitate family participation in essential nursing care activities was implemented in intensive care units of three hospitals in the Netherlands from November 2018 until March 2019. The feasibility and applicability of the programme were assessed with surveys of the patients, relatives and healthcare providers. Results: Three intensive care units successfully implemented the standardized programme. Three patients, ten relatives and 37 healthcare providers responded to the surveys. Patients appreciated family participation and recognized that their relatives liked to participate. Relatives appreciated being able to do something for the patient (80%) and to participate in essential care activities (60%). The majority of relatives (60%) felt they had sufficient knowledge and skills to participate and did not feel obliged nor uncomfortable. Healthcare providers felt they were trained adequately and motivated to apply family participation; application was perceived as easy, clear and relatively effortless according to the majority. According to 68% of the healthcare providers, most relatives were perceived to be capable of learning to participate in essential care activities. Some healthcare providers felt uncertain about the patient's wishes regarding family participation, with some indicating the behaviours of relatives and patients discouraged them from offering family participation. Use of a standardized programme to facilitate family participation in essential care activities in the intensive care unit seems feasible and applicable as determined by relatives and healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions initiative was established to leverage relatively quiet intervals during solar minimum to better understand the interconnectedness of the various domains in the heliosphere. This study provides an expansive mosaic of observations spanning from the Sun, through interplanetary space, to the magnetospheric response and subsequent effects on the ionosphere‐thermosphere‐mesosphere (ITM) system. To accomplish this, a diverse set of observational datasets are utilized from 2019 July 26 to October 16 (i.e., over three Carrington rotations, CR2220, CR2221, and CR2222) with connections of these observations to the more focused studies submitted to this special issue. Particularly, this study focuses on two long‐lived coronal holes and their varying impact in sculpting the heliosphere and driving of the magnetospheric system. As a result, the evolution of coronal holes, impacts on the inner heliosphere solar wind, glimpses at mesoscale solar wind variability, magnetospheric response to these evolving solar wind drivers, and resulting ITM phenomena are captured to reveal the interconnectedness of this system‐of‐systems. Plain Language Summary: The field of Heliophysics research spans a large range of plasma regimes and disciplines that are all linked through the complex interactions each system has with one another. To better explore the interconnected nature of the heliosphere, this study combines observations from across the sub‐domains of Heliophysics to construct snapshots of the Sun, solar wind, and the magnetospheric and ionospheric systems at Earth over three revolutions of the Sun. This allows for a unique vantage point to put these systems in perspective of one another and understand how they impact one another. Key Points: The evolution and impacts of two coronal holes are investigated over three Carrington rotationsThe evolution of the coronal hole led to changes in the solar wind throughout the inner solar systemSubsequent geospace response differed with each passage due to both changes in the solar wind and preconditioning within the systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions (WHPI) is an international initiative to study the most recent solar minimum and its impact on the interconnected solar‐heliospheric‐planetary system by facilitating and encouraging interdisciplinary activities. Particular WHPI science foci include the global connected structure of the heliosphere and planetary space environments/atmospheres, the origins and impacts of high‐speed solar wind streams, coronal mass ejections from Sun‐to‐Heliopause, and comparative solar minima. This is achieved through a series of coordinated observing campaigns, including Parker Solar Probe perihelia, and scientific virtual interactions including a dedicated workshop where observers and modelers gathered to discuss, compare, and combine research results. This introduction sets the scene for the WHPI interval, placing it into the context of prior initiatives and describing the overall evolution of the system between 2018 and 2020. Along with the accompanying articles, it presents a selection of key scientific results on the interconnected solar‐heliospheric‐planetary system at solar minimum. Key Points: The Whole Heliosphere and Planetary Interactions initiative studies the solar‐heliospheric‐planetary system's response to solar minimumSolar minimum time periods provide an opportunity to characterize the baseline system and to trace events from "end to end"By comparing solar minima of multiple solar cycles, we gain insight into how the system changes over decadal times scales [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to a lack of physical protection and balance, motorcycle riders are one of the most vulnerable road users and are more likely to suffer severe injuries than motorists. Between 2009 and 2020, about 60% of motorcycle crashes occurred on nonintersection urban roadways in Victoria, Australia. While considerable research on intersections and their influence on the severity of motorcycle crashes has been conducted, there are limited studies on motorcycle crashes on nonintersection roadways. Since gathering all information from every motorcycle crash may not be possible, heterogeneity can arise from unobserved factors and cause problems in developing reliable crash severity models. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the factors contributing to motorcycle crash severity on Victorian nonintersection urban roadways while considering the heterogeneity of factors. A total of 10,897 nonintersection motorcycles crash data from the beginning of 2009 to November 2020 in the State of Victoria, Australia, were analyzed. A random parameters (mixed) logit model (RPL) was used for evaluating motorcycle crashes. The severity of motorcycle crashes was divided into three categories: fatal injury, serious injury, and minor injury. Also, marginal effects were calculated to see how each parameter estimate affects crash severity outcomes. The RPL model results showed that some factors increased the likelihood of fatal injuries. These factors included not wearing a helmet, being in the older rider age group, riding during the early morning or midnight hours, weekend motorcycle use, riding in the early morning or midnight hours (00:00–6:29 A.M), and insufficient lighting (dark and dusk/dawn). Also, the following factors enhanced the probability of serious injuries: having a pillion passenger, having a motorcycle age of more than 7 years, riding at higher speed limits (more than 50 km/h) or during peak hours in the morning (6:30−8:59 A.M), and being in the younger age group (less than 26 years old). The findings from this study are valuable resources for road safety policy managers to develop effective strategies for improving motorcyclists' safety at nonintersections. This may include improving the light conditions at nonintersection, encouraging the motorcyclist to maintain motorcycles regularly, and educating the motorcyclist to wear a helmet, avoid distractions, and ride responsibly on the weekends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As in most developing countries, farm households in Ethiopia are often engaged in several income diversification activities to mitigate several risks and uncertainties faced by agriculture and address poverty and food insecurity. The benefits of income diversification have been widely documented in the literature. However, little econometric evidence exists on the drivers of income diversification among farm households in Ethiopia. The paper addresses this information gap by investigating the drivers of choice decisions and intensity of income diversification among farm households using data collected from a sample of 385 randomly selected households from the Ethiopian central highlands. Unlike previous studies, our multivariate probit model results show that the choice decision of farm households is significantly interrelated and drivers had heterogeneous effects on the choice decision of households. The findings revealed that age, education, livestock, land, food shortage, agricultural commercialization cluster (ACC), investment in sustainable farming practices, rainfall, and maximum temperature significantly impacted the choice of income diversification. The fractional response logit model results revealed that age, livestock, food shortage, joint household decision‐making, ACC, income, rainfall, and study site significantly impacted the intensity of income diversification. The descriptive results revealed that most farmers (67%) tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income including off‐farm, forest, non‐farm, livestock, crop, and other sources, and the intensity of diversification ranges between 0 and 0.76. The study also finds the presence of both synergies and trade‐offs in different types of diversification. We suggest that there is an urgent need to improve the ways of income diversification among farm households to both the sustainability of small farms and ensure food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on a study investigating how computational essays can be used to help students in higher education STEM take up disciplinary epistemic agency—cognitive control and responsibility over one's own learning within the scientific disciplines. Computational essays are a genre of scientific writing that combine live, executable computer code with narrative text to present a computational model or analysis. The study took place across two contrasting university contexts: an interdisciplinary data science and modeling course at a large research university in the Midwestern United States, and a third‐semester physics course at a large research university in Scandinavia. Over the course of a semester, computational essays were simultaneously and independently used in both courses, and comparable datasets of student artifacts and retrospective interviews were collected from both student populations. These data were analyzed using a framework that operationalized the construct of disciplinary epistemic agency across the dimensions of programming, inquiry, data analysis and modeling, and communication. Based on this analysis, we argue that computational essays can be a useful tool for fostering disciplinary epistemic agency within higher education science due to their combination of adaptability and disciplinary authenticity. However, we also argue that educational contexts, scaffolding, expectations, and student backgrounds can constrain and influence the ways in which students choose to take up epistemic agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement: Although significant advances have been made in implementing international mechanisms to support the benefit sharing of natural resources in low and middle income countries, there are limited practical examples. Our research examines how the ornamental horticulture sector might be able to meet its benefit sharing requirements. Employing a consumer survey, we reveal the potential for monetary benefit sharing to emerge for plants with Known Wild Provenance. Our results indicate that although consumers value plants that have their Known Wild Provenance clearly labelled, the magnitude of this estimate is insufficient to generate meaningful monetary benefits. Summary: The global trade in ornamental plants is significant and growing. Historically, the relationship between the acquisition of novel plants from the wild for use in ornamental horticulture has been referred to as plant hunting. However, questions are now being raised about the ethical utilisation of biological resources and if those countries providing access to material from the wild are receiving adequate benefits. It is in this context that we examine if plants of Known Wild Provenance (KWP) are valued by UK consumers, and if a potential premium could be the basis of a benefit‐sharing agreement.Employing a choice experiment, we assess consumers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for KWP.Our analysis reveals that KWP did not prove to be a strong driver for plant buyers.Although a positive WTP is generated it is relatively small. Thus, the ability of commercial horticulture to provide monetary benefits to support benefit sharing is likely limited. This result raises questions as to how benefit sharing might then be implemented if buyers of plants are not prepared to pay a price premium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although board‐level corporate social responsibility (CSR) committees have been discussed extensively, we know relatively little about how CSR committees affect companies' water conservation and the contingencies that influence this relationship, specifically in emerging markets. In Taiwan, industrial water conservation is an imperative climate change adaptation given the elevating incidence of floods and droughts brought on by climate change. This study extensively hand‐collects data on water usage, the existence of CSR committees from CSR reports, and the annual reports of companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange and Taipei Exchange companies during 2017–2020. Our findings support the stakeholder theory that the existence of CSR committees likely set water use reduction targets and facilitated water usage reduction. Moreover, this relationship is stronger in water consumption industries. In summary, the memberships in water consumption industries and CSR committees are complements rather than substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superplastic metals that exhibit exceptional ductility (>300%) are appealing for use in high‐quality engineering components with complex shapes. However, the wide application of most superplastic alloys has been constrained due to their poor strength, the relatively long superplastic deformation period, and the complex and high‐cost grain refinement processes. Here these issues are addressed by the coarse‐grained superplasticity of high‐strength lightweight medium entropy alloy (Ti43.3V28Zr14Nb14Mo0.7, at.%) with a microstructure of ultrafine particles embedded in the body‐centered‐cubic matrix. The results demonstrate that the alloy reached a high coarse‐grained superplasticity greater than ≈440% at a high strain rate of 10−2 s−1 at 1173 K and with a gigapascal residual strength. A consecutively triggered deformation mechanism that sequences of dislocation slip, dynamic recrystallization, and grain boundary sliding in such alloy differs from conventional grain‐boundary sliding in fine‐grained materials. The present results open a pathway for highly efficient superplastic forming, broaden superplastic materials to the high‐strength field, and guide the development of new alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin crosslinking using conventional methods is usually associated with some toxic side effects. In this research, therefore, the vacuum heating method at 10 Pascal and 140°C under different times of 8, 16, and 32 h was used to cross-link strontium-loaded gelatin microparticles with varying degrees obtained by the oil/water mixing method on titanium scaffolds by the dip-coating method to avoid toxicity and also to control the strontium release rate to the surrounding tissue. The possible phases formed on the surface of the porous titanium scaffolds, the gelatin microparticle distribution, gelatin strontium loading, and strontium release were characterized using thin film X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) machines, respectively. The results indicated that at 600°C, the rutile phase was formed on the surface of the heat-treated titanium scaffolds. Furthermore, strontium was successfully loaded in the spherical gelatin microparticles, and the strontium-loaded gelatin microparticles were distributed uniformly on the surface of the titanium scaffolds, while the rate of the in vitro strontium release decreased by increasing the time of the gelatin microparticle vacuum-heat crosslinking, whereas at the burst release step, the in vitro strontium release rates were around 5, 4.4, and 2.5 ppm/h, for the 8, 16, and 32 h vacuum-heat cross-linked gelatin microparticles, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Psychometric properties of the v1.0 Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®) sleep disturbance (27 items) and sleep‐related impairment (SRI; 16 items) item banks, short forms derived from the item bank, and simulated computerised adaptive test (CAT), were assessed in a representative sample of 1,006 adults from the Dutch general population. For sleep disturbance all items fitted the item response theory model. Four items showed differential item functioning (i.e., lack of measurement invariance) for age and two for language but the impact on scores (expressed as T‐scores) was small. Reliable scores (r > 0.90) were found for 92.2%–96.3% of respondents with the full bank, short forms with six and eight items, and CAT, but for only 25.6% with the four‐item short form. For SRI two items did not fit the item response theory model. Four items showed differential item functioning for language but the impact on T‐scores was small. Reliable scores were found for 82.1% with the full bank, for 47.8%–69.5% with short forms and CAT. T‐scores of 49.7 and 49.3 represent the average score of the Dutch general population for sleep disturbance and SRI, respectively. In conclusion, sufficient structural validity, reliability, and cross‐cultural validity was found for the full banks but short forms of four items are not reliable enough for clinical practice. For SRI we recommend the full item bank if this is the primary outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a versatile mechanophore exhibiting a vividly detectable, light‐regulable multicolor mechanochromism. Such optical features rely on the synergistic coupling of mechanochromic bis‐rhodamine (Rh) and photochromic bisthienylethene (BTE). Poly(methyl acrylate)s incorporating this bis‐mechanophore can be mechanically activated under sonication. The relative distribution of the two distinctly colored and fluorescent Rh ring‐opening products is altered with different magnitudes of applied force. Orthogonal use of the photochromic reaction of the BTE core can strengthen the mechanochromism and gate the mechanofluorescence in polymers. Due to increased conjugation offered by the BTE linker, both force‐ and light‐induced optical signals display high contrast. Combined DFT simulated and experimental results reveal that the three subunits (two Rhs and one BTE) in this chromophore are activated sequentially, thus generating switchable three‐colored forms and gradient optical responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of this study were to develop a profile of households who purchase coffee, to determine the socioeconomic determinants of the demand for coffee by US households, and to update the own‐price, cross‐price, and income elasticities of demand for US households. The profile suggests to targeting wealthier households, households without children living in the household, older households, white households, and households located in the Pacific region and in New England. The own‐price elasticity of −1.93 indicates that the demand for at‐home purchases of coffee is elastic. Tea is a substitute for coffee. Given the income elasticity of 0.20, changes in household income are not likely to have sizeable impacts on at‐home coffee consumption. Nevertheless, coffee is a necessity in economic parlance. The source of data for this analysis was the NielsenIQ pertaining to 61,380 households for calendar year 2015. [EconLit Citations: D1, D9, D12]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on inferences from proxy records the Miocene (23.03–5.33 Ma) was a time of amplified polar warmth compared to today. However, it remains a challenge to simulate a warm Miocene climate and pronounced polar warmth at reconstructed Miocene CO2 concentrations. Using a state‐of‐the‐art Earth‐System‐Model, we implement a high‐resolution paleobathymetry and simulate Miocene climate at different atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We estimate global mean surface warming of +3.1°C relative to the preindustrial at a CO2 level of 450 ppm. An increase of atmospheric CO2 from 280 to 450 ppm provides an individual warming of ∼1.4°C, which is as strong as all other Miocene forcing contributions combined. Substantial changes in surface albedo are vital to explain Miocene surface warming. Simulated surface temperatures fit well with proxy reconstructions at low‐ to mid‐latitudes. The high latitude cooling bias becomes less pronounced for higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations. At such CO2 levels simulated Miocene climate shows a reduced polar amplification, linked to a breakdown of seasonality in the Arctic Ocean. A pronounced warming in boreal fall is detected for a CO2 increase from 280 to 450 ppm, in comparison to weaker warming for CO2 changes from 450 to 720 ppm. Moreover, a pronounced warming in winter is detected for a CO2 increase from 450 to 720 ppm, in contrast to a moderate summer temperature increase, which is accompanied by a strong sea‐ice concentration decline that promotes cloud formation in summer via enhanced moisture availability. As a consequence planetary albedo increases and dampens the temperature response to CO2 forcing at a warmer Miocene background climate. Key Points: At a CO2 level of 450 ppm, a Miocene simulation shows a global mean surface warming of +3.1°C relative to the preindustrial stateAtmospheric CO2 increase from 280 to 450 ppm causes a warming of ∼1.4°C, which is as strong as all other forcing factors combinedAt higher atmospheric CO2 levels, the Miocene climate shows a reduced polar amplification linked to a breakdown of seasonality in the Arctic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distinguishing the initiation of actual collision from flat‐slab subduction of oceanic buoyant highs along convergent margins is elusive because both can lead to inboard deformation and disrupt magmatic arcs. Volcanoes with nascent tear magmatic signatures provide a means to document both the occurrence and timing of actual oceanic buoyant high collision. There is a ~40‐year debate on when the true collision of the Yakutat plateau began in Alaska. Three newly identified ca. 1 Ma volcanoes with a north‐to‐south trench perpendicular orientation, nascent tear geochemical signatures, overlaying an imaged Yakutat slab tear, provide constraints on the timing of Yakutat collision and slab tearing. The ca. 1 Ma slab tear is coincident with Yakutat slab segmentation, northern continental Aleutian Arc rejuvenation, cessation of Wrangell Arc magmatism, increased collisional zone exhumation and eastern Yakutat trench abandonment. The documentation of nascent slab tear volcanoes may help resolve similar debates in other convergent margin settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Influenza vaccination is associated with reduced cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality among patients with heart failure or recent myocardial infarction. The immune response to vaccination frequently results in mild adverse reactions (AR), which leads to vaccine hesitancy. This post hoc analysis explored the association between vaccine‐related AR and morbidity and mortality in patients with high‐risk cardiovascular disease. Methods and results: The INVESTED trial randomized 5260 patients with recent heart failure hospitalization or acute myocardial infarction to high‐dose trivalent or standard‐dose quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. We examined the association between vaccine‐related AR and adverse clinical outcomes across both treatment groups in propensity‐adjusted models. Among 5210 participants with available information on post‐vaccination symptoms, 1968 participants (37.8%) experienced a vaccine‐related AR. Compared to those without AR, post‐vaccination AR, most commonly injection site pain (60.3%), were associated with lower risk for the composite of all‐cause death or cardiopulmonary hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75–0.92, p < 0.001), cardiopulmonary hospitalizations (HR 0.85 [95% CI 0.76–0.95], p = 0.003), all‐cause death (HR 0.77 [95% CI 0.62–0.96], p = 0.02), cardiovascular hospitalizations (HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.78–0.99], p = 0.03) and non‐cardiopulmonary hospitalizations (HR 0.80 [95% CI 0.69–0.92], p = 0.003). While mild (76.4%) and moderate (20.6%) AR were most common and together associated with lower risk for the primary outcome (HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.74–0.90], p < 0.001), severe AR (2.9%) were related to increased risk (HR 1.68 [95% CI 1.17–2.42], p = 0.005). Conclusion: Mild to moderate post‐vaccination reactions after influenza vaccine were associated with reduced risk of cardiopulmonary hospitalizations and all‐cause mortality in patients with high‐risk cardiovascular disease, while severe reactions may indicate increased risk. Mild to moderate AR to influenza vaccination may be a marker of immune response and should not deter future vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]