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Aim: The aim of the study was to describe the level, types and determinants of leisure time PA and exercise among children with type 1 diabetes and their parents. Methods: One hundred twenty children aged 6–18 years with type 1 diabetes and 113 parents (n = 113) participated to this questionnaire‐based study at Northern Ostrobothnia District Hospital in Oulu, western Finland. All participants gave informed consent before entering this study. Results: Twenty‐three per cent of the children exercised briskly for at least 7 h a week which corresponds to 60 min per day. The total PA occasions children had with a parent accounted for the children's total number of PA occasions in a week (β = 0.83, 95% CI 0.20–1.47) and total weekly hours of PA (β = 0.90, 95% CI 0.07–1.73). There was a positive association between total weekly hours of brisk PA and HbA1c (β = 0.65, 95% CI 0.02–0.13), while there was no such association with light PA (β = 0.42, 95% CI −0.04–0.87). Laziness, fear of unexpected glycaemic variability and tiredness were the most frequent barriers to PA in children. Conclusion: Most of the children with type 1 diabetes did not reach generally recommended 60 min of brisk PA a day. Exercising with a parent was positively associated with children's weekly frequency and total hours of PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This population‐based study examines the associations between physical activity (PA), residential environmental greenness, and cardiac health measured by resting short‐term heart rate variability (HRV). Methods: Residential greenness of a birth cohort sample (n = 5433) at 46 years was measured with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) by fixing a 1 km buffer around each participant's home. Daily light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and the combination of both (MVPA) were measured using a wrist‐worn accelerometer for 14 days. Resting HRV was measured with a heart rate monitor, and generalized additive modeling (GAM) was used to examine the association between PA, NDVI, and resting HRV. Results: In nongreen areas, men had less PA at all intensity levels compared to men in green areas. Women had more LPA and total PA and less MPA, MVPA, and VPA in green residential areas compared to nongreen areas. In green residential areas, men had more MPA, MVPA, and VPA than women, whereas women had more LPA than men. GAM showed positive linear associations between LPA, MVPA and HRV in all models. Conclusions: Higher LPA and MVPA were significantly associated with increased HRV, irrespective of residential greenness. Greenness was positively associated with PA at all intensity levels in men, whereas in women, a positive association was found for LPA and total PA. A positive relationship of PA with resting HRV and greenness with PA was found. Residential greenness for promoting PA and heart health in adults should be considered in city planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the associations of sedentary time, and substituting sedentary time with physical activity and sleep, with cardiometabolic health markers while accounting for a full 24 h of movement and non‐movement behaviors, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and other potential confounders. The participants were 4585 members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, who wore a hip‐worn accelerometer at the age of 46 years for 14 consecutive days. Time spent in sedentary behaviors, light‐intensity physical activity (LPA), and moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity (MVPA) were determined from the accelerometer and combined with self‐reported sleep duration to obtain the 24‐h time use. CRF was estimated from the peak heart rate in a submaximal step test. An isotemporal substitution paradigm was used to examine how sedentary time and substituting sedentary time with an equal amount of LPA, MVPA, or sleep were associated with adiposity markers, blood lipid levels, and fasting glucose and insulin. Sedentary time was independently and adversely associated with the markers of cardiometabolic health, even after adjustment for CRF, but not in partition models including LPA, MVPA, sleep, and CRF. Substituting 60, 45, 30, and 15 min/day of sedentary time with LPA or MVPA was associated with 0.2%–13.7% favorable differences in the cardiometabolic health markers after accounting for LPA, MVPA, sleep, CRF, and other confounders. After adjustment for movement and non‐movement behaviors within the 24‐h cycle, reallocating additional time to both LPA and MVPA was beneficially associated with markers of cardiometabolic health in middle‐aged adults regardless of their CRF level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes a high disease burden. Physical activity (PA) reduces CVD morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the relationship between the composition of moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), light PA (LPA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep during midlife to the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and all‐cause mortality at a 7‐year follow‐up. The study population consisted of Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 members who participated in the 46‐year follow‐up in 2012 and were free of MACE (N = 4147). Time spent in MVPA, LPA, and SB was determined from accelerometer data. Sleep time was self‐reported. Hospital visits and deaths were obtained from national registers. Participants were followed until December 31, 2019, or first MACE occurrence (acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, stroke, hospitalization due to heart failure, or death due to CVD), death from another cause, or censoring. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios of MACE incidence and all‐cause mortality. Isotemporal time reallocations were used to demonstrate the dose–response association between time spent in behaviors and outcome. The 24‐h time composition was significantly associated with incident MACE and all‐cause mortality. More time in MVPA relative to other behaviors was associated with a lower risk of events. Isotemporal time reallocations indicated that the greatest risk reduction occurred when MVPA replaced sleep. Higher MVPA associates with a reduced risk of incident MACE and all‐cause mortality after accounting for the 24‐h movement composition and confounders. Regular engagement in MVPA should be encouraged in midlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Up to 70% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have pre‐obesity or obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether women with PCOS have more weight‐loss attempts than women without PCOS, regardless of BMI. Moreover, women's weight perceptions in relation to previous weight‐loss attempts were evaluated. Methods: A population‐based birth cohort study included women with (n = 278) and without PCOS (control individuals, n = 1560) who were examined at ages 31 and 46 years with questionnaires and clinical examinations. Results: Women with PCOS had more weight‐loss attempts compared with control individuals at age 31 (47% vs. 34%, p < 0.001) and 46 years (63% vs. 47%, p < 0.001). At age 46 years, PCOS was associated with multiple weight‐loss attempts in the adjusted model (odds ratio: 1.43 [95% CI: 1.00‐2.03], p = 0.05). The perception of having overweight was more prevalent in those with PCOS, even among participants with normal weight, at age 31 (PCOS 47% vs. control 34%, p = 0.014) and 46 years (PCOS 60% vs. control 39%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Women with PCOS were more likely to have experienced multiple weight‐loss attempts and a perception of having overweight compared with control individuals, regardless of obesity status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated whether the timing of infant motor development is associated with self‐reported and accelerometer‐measured physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) in midlife. This population‐based study consisted of 4098 people born in 1966 in Northern Finland (NFBC 1966). Data on nine infant motor developmental milestones included making sounds, holding up the head, grabbing objects, turning from back to tummy, sitting without support, standing with support, walking with support, standing without support, and walking without support. At the age of 46, PA at leisure time and sitting time was self‐reported. PA and ST were also measured with a wrist‐worn Polar Active accelerometer that was instructed to be worn on the non‐dominant hand 24 h/d for 14 days. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the association between infant motor development and PA and ST in midlife. Later infant motor development was weakly associated with higher accelerometer‐measured light PA, but not with moderate‐to‐vigorous PA. Later infant locomotor development was associated with lower accelerometer‐measured ST (β −0.07, p = 0.012) and lower self‐reported sitting time at work (β −0.06, p = 0.004) in women. In conclusion, later infant motor development was associated with higher light PA and lower sedentary time at middle age. PA is a multifactorial behavior influenced by various factors from early childhood to midlife. Further research is required before more general conclusions can be drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morning, day, or evening chronotypes differ by the circadian timing of alertness and the preferred timing of sleep. It has been suggested that evening chronotype is associated with low physical activity (PA) and high sedentary time (SED). Our aim was to investigate whether such an association is confirmed by objectively measured PA and SED. In 46‐year follow‐up of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study, total PA (MET min/day) and SED (min/day) among 5156 participants were determined using wrist‐worn accelerometers for 14 days. We used the shortened Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire to define participants' chronotypes. As covariates, we used self‐reported physical strenuousness of work, health, and demographics, and clinical measures. We used adjusted general linear models (B coefficients with 95% confidence intervals, CI) to analyze how chronotype was related to total PA or SED. As compared to evening chronotype, men with day and morning chronotypes had higher total PA volumes (adjusted B 75.2, 95% CI [8.1, 142.4], P =.028, and 98.6, [30.2, 167.1], P =.005). Men with day and morning chronotypes had less SED (−35.8, [−53.8, 17.8], P <.0001, and − 38.6, [−56.9, −20.2], P <.0001). Among women, morning chronotype was associated with higher total PA (57.8, [10.5, 105.0], P =.017), whereas no association between chronotype and SED emerged. Evening chronotype was associated with low objectively measured PA in both sexes and with high SED in men, even after adjustments for established potential confounders. Chronotype should be considered in PA promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) are associated with autonomic function, but their associations to orthostatic autonomic responses are unclear in epidemiological setting. We hypothesized that higher CRF and PA would associate with higher immediate vagal responses and lower incidence of adverse findings during orthostatic test. At age of 46, 787 men and 938 women without cardiorespiratory diseases and diabetes underwent an orthostatic test (3‐minutes sitting, 3‐minutes standing) with recording of RR intervals (RRi) and blood pressure (BP) by finger plethysmography. Acute responses of RRi (30:15 ratio) and BP were calculated. CRF was measured by a submaximal step test and daily amount of moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) for 2 weeks by wrist‐worn accelerometer. Lifelong PA was based on questionnaires at ages of 14, 31, and 46. High CRF was significantly associated with higher RRi 30:15 ratio (adjusted standardized β = 0.17, P < 0.001) and milder acute decrease of systolic BP while standing (β = 0.10, P = 0.001), while MVPA was not (β = 0.04 for RRi 30:15 ratio and β = 0.05 for systolic BP acute response). High lifelong PA was significantly associated with higher RRi 30:15 ratio (β = 0.08, P = 0.002) but not with acute systolic BP response. Those in the lowest tertile of CRF had 9.2‐fold risk (P = 0.002) of having postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome compared to more fit. Cardiorespiratory fitness and lifelong physical activity, but not current physical activity, were independently associated with higher cardiac vagal response to orthostasis. The present results underscore the importance fitness and lifelong physical activity in prevention of abnormal autonomic function and related cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]