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As the sole commercially viable anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, hard carbon currently faces challenges such as slow diffusion kinetics in the low voltage range and low safety due to sodium deposition. In order to deepen the understanding of the pseudocapacitive processes of hard carbon in the high voltage range and enhance sodium storage capacity, this study systematically investigates the electrochemical performance and ion storage of ZIF‐8‐derived porous carbons (ZPCs) of different sizes. We propose a mathematical model based on a spherical particle core‐shell structure, which profoundly reveals the relationship between size and specific surface area, as well as the linear relationship between specific surface area and specific capacity. Moreover, simply by reducing the size of the porous carbon, the specific capacity increased by 86.5 mAh g−1. Dynamic studies reveal that in nano‐porous carbon materials, sodium‐ion storage primarily relies on defect adsorption. Size reduction enhances physical adsorption and surface capacitance response, with ZPC‐80 exhibiting lower resistance and higher diffusion coefficient, indicating that size reduction improves electronic conductivity and charge transfer efficiency, achieving excellent reversible capacity and cycling stability. This work yields a profound insight into the dynamic characteristics of hard carbon anode materials, presenting a new perspective for the design of efficient sodium‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Himalayan marmot oil (SPO) has been used for pharmaceutical purposes for centuries, but its composition is still unclear. The bioactivity of SPO highly depends on the techniques used for its processing. This study focused on the comprehensive lipidomics of SPO, especially on the ones derived from dry rendering, wet rendering, cold pressing, and ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction. Methods: We performed lipid profiling of SPO acquired by different extraction methods using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography Q‐Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and 17 classes of lipids (2 BMPs, 12 LysoPCs, 9 LysoPEs, 41 PCs, 24 PEs, 23 Plasmenyl‐PCs, 10 Plasmenyl‐PEs, 10 MGs, 63 DGs, 187 TGs, 2 MGDGs, 3 Cer[NDS]s, 22 Cer[NS]s, 2 GlcCer[NS]s, 14 SMs, 14 CEs, and 6 AcylCarnitines) were characterized. Results: Fifty‐five lipids were differentially altered (VIP > 1.5, p < 0.05) between the extraction techniques, which can be used as potential biomarkers to differentiate SPO extracted by various methods. Additionally, the contents of oleic acid and arachidic acid were abundant in all samples that may suggest their medicinal values and are conducive to in‐depth research. Conclusions: These findings reveal the alterations of lipid profile and free fatty acid composition in SPO obtained with different extraction methods, providing a theoretical foundation for investigating its important components as functional factors in medicines and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

P2‐type layered manganese‐based oxides have attracted considerable interest as economical, cathode materials with high energy density for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Despite their potential, these materials still face challenges related to sluggish kinetics and structural instability. In this study, a composite cathode material, Na0.67Ni0.23Mn0.67V0.1O2@Na3V2O2(PO4)2F was developed by surface‐coating P2‐type Na0.67Ni0.23Mn0.67V0.1O2 with a thin layer of Na3V2O2(PO4)2F to enhance both the electrochemical sodium storage and material air stability. The optimized Na0.67Ni0.23Mn0.67V0.1O2@5wt %Na3V2O2(PO4)2F exhibited a high discharge capacity of 176 mA h g−1 within the 1.5‐4.1 V range at a low current density of 17 mA g−1. At an increased current density of 850 mA g−1 within the same voltage window, it still delivered a substantial initial discharge capacity of 112 mAh g−1. These findings validate the significant enhancement of ion diffusion capabilities and rate performance in the P2‐type Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 material conferred by the composite cathode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

90 W‐7Ni‐3Fe refractory alloys are first sintered by hot oscillating pressure (HOP) under different oscillating frequencies (0, 1, and 10 Hz) in this work. The effects of oscillating frequencies on the microstructure and Vickers hardness are investigated. With the oscillating frequency increasing, the relative density and hardness of refractory alloys are obviously improved. Especially, the alloy sintered at the oscillating frequency of 10 Hz had the highest relative density of approximately 98.9% and the smallest average grain size of 3.26 μm. Moreover, the narrowest average thickness of the bonding phase is about 0.18 μm, and the lowest tungsten contiguity is about 61.1%. Then its excellent hardness (456.8 HV30) is obtained, which is nearly 16.1% higher than that of the 0 Hz frequency alloy. The refractory alloy with high densification, small grain size, and good hardness could be obtained by HOP with a high oscillating frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic refractory wounds have become a severe threat to public health and are characterized by repeated bacterial infections, persistent hypoxia, abnormal immune regulation, and obstruction of angiogenesis. However, current treatment strategies usually perform only one or two therapeutic functions and cannot satisfy the dynamic and complex demands of chronic wound healing. Herein, a versatile dynamic Schiff base and borate ester cross‐linked glycopeptide hydrogel is prepared from phenylboronic acid‐grafted ε‐polylysine (EPBA), epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), and oxidized alginate. Customized polydopamine‐coated honeycomb MnO2 nanoparticles loaded with herb‐derived salvianolic acid B (PHMS) are embedded into the hydrogel before gelation. Under the distinct acidic and oxidative microenvironment of chronic refractory wounds, the hydrogel gradually dissociates, and the released EPBA effectively eliminates bacteria, while the released EGCG and PHMS eradicates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, promotes M2 polarization of macrophages, and continuously generates oxygen. Then PHMS further disintegrates, and the released salvianolic acid B promotes angiogenesis through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The versatile glycopeptide hydrogel accelerates Staphylococcus aureus‐infected diabetic cutaneous wound repair in vivo and is a promising candidate dressing for chronic refractory wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although direct isthmic repair, such as PSVPH, did not affect the mobility of the fixed segment and adjacent segment, it has a relatively low rate of isthmic fusion compared with conventional fusion. The Isobar TTL dynamic internal fixation system has been widely used in clinical practice and has achieved satisfactory clinical results. However, the use of the Isobar TTL system in combination with direct isthmic repair for lumbar spondylolysis has rarely been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and radiologic outcomes between patients who underwent Isobar TTL system and PSVPH with direct repair of defect for lumbar spondylolysis. Methods: Stepwise propensity score matching (PSM) for age and sex were performed to keep comparable clinical data between groups in this retrospective and matched‐pair case control study. A total of 50 patients diagnosed with lumbar spondylolysis underwent surgical implantation of the Isobar TTL group (n = 25) or PSVPH group (n = 25) from June 2009 to June 2016. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Oswestry disability index (ODI), and visual analog score (VAS). Radiographic evaluations included range of motion (ROM) and the disc heights of stabilized segment and adjacent segment, adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) and bony fusion. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of lumbar CT scan was obtained to evaluate bone fusion of the isthmic at final follow‐up. The independent Student's t test and chi‐square test were applied to compare the differences between groups. Results: A total of 25 patients from TTL group were matched to 25 patients in PSVPH group for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), defect side, spondylolisthesis meyerding, and follow‐up duration. The intervertebral space height (IH) of stabilized segment at postoperative 1 week and final follow‐up in the TTL group was higher than those in the PSVPH group, respectively (P = 0.030; P = 0.013). The ROM of stabilized segment at final follow‐up in the TTL group was significantly lower than that in the PSVPH group (P < 0.001). The bony fusion rate at the final follow‐up was 88.0% (22/25 cages) in the TTL group and 80.0% (20/25 cages) in the PSVPH group. The ODI score at final follow‐up in the TTL group was significantly lower than that in the PSVPH group (P = 0.007). Conclusion: Overall, our data suggest that the Isobar TTL system outcomes are comparable to those in the PSVPH, with a similar high bony fusion rate as PSVPH, especially its wider indications as a new surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Treatment of adjacent segment disease (ASD) is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short‐term efficacy and safety and to analyze the technical advantages, surgical approach, and indications of percutaneous full endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) in the treatment of ASD after lumbar fusion in elderly patients. Methods: A retrospective of 32 patients with symptomatic ASD were accepted for PELD from October 2017 to January 2020. All patients used the transforaminal approach and recorded the operation time and intraoperative conditions. Preoperative, 3, 12, 24 months of postoperative and at the last follow‐up, the pain of back and leg of visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry dysfunction index (ODI), and Japanese Orthopaedic Association Assessment Treatment Score (JOA) were performed, and the paired student's t test was used to the compare the continuous variables preoperatively and postoperatively. The clinical efficacy was evaluated according to MacNab standards. The lumbar MRI was performed to evaluate the decompression of the nerve roots, and the lumbar lateral and dynamic X‐rays were performed to evaluate the stability of the surgical segment. Results: A total of 32 patients were included in the study, including 17 males and 15 females. The follow‐up time ranged from 24 to 50 months, with an average of (33.2 ± 8.1) months and an average operation time of (62.7 ± 28.1) minutes. Compared to preoperatively, the VAS score of the back and leg pain (p < 0.05), ODI (p < 0.05), and JOA (p < 0.05) postoperatively were significantly improved. At the last follow‐up, according to the modified MacNab standard assessment, 24 cases were excellent, five cases were good, and three cases were fair, the excellent and good rate was 90.65%. As for complications, one case had a small rupture of the dural sac during the operation, which was found but not repaired during the operation, and one case recurred after the operation. At the last follow‐up, there were three cases of intervertebral instability. Conclusion: PELD showed satisfactory short‐term efficacy and safety in the management of ASD after lumbar fusion in elderly patients. Therefore, PELD might be an alternative choice for elderly patients with symptomatic ASD after lumbar fusion, but surgical indications must be strictly controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for energy storage in carbonaceous materials is well known. Heteroatom doping – particularly nitrogen doping – can further enhance their electrochemical performance. The type of N configuration determines the reactivity of doped carbon. It remains a challenge, however, to achieve a high ratio of active N (N‐5) in N‐doped carbon. In this study, a high proportion of active nitrogen‐doped hard carbon (PTA‐Lys‐800) is synthesized by the classical Mannich reaction, using tannic acid (TA) and amino acid as precursors. For sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), PTA‐Lys‐800 provides outstanding cycling stability and rate performance (338.8 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 for 100 cycles, a capacity retention of 86 %; 131.1 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1 after 5000 cycles). The excellent performance of PTA‐Lys‐800 is attributed to stable hierarchical pore structure, abundant defects, and a high proportion of N‐5 formed during the carbonization process. Based on a detailed fundamental analysis, the pseudocapacitance mechanism is found to contribute to the higher sodium storage process in PTA‐Lys‐800. The Na‐adsorption mechanism is further explored through ex situ Raman spectroscopy. A new method is presented for designing carbonaceous anode materials with high capacity and long cycle life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interface fusion plays a key role in constructing Ni‐based single‐crystal cathodes, and is governed by the atomic migration related to kinetics. However, the interfacial atom migration path and its control factors are lack of clearly understanding. Herein, we systematically probe the solid‐state synthesis mechanism of single‐crystal LiNi0.92Co0.04Mn0.04O2, including the effects of precursor size, Li/transition metal (TM) ratio and sintering temperature on the structure. Multi‐dimensional analysis unravels that thermodynamics drives interface atoms migration through intermediate state (i.e. cation mixing phase) to induce grain boundary fusion. Moreover, we demonstrate that smaller precursor size (<6 μm), lager Li/TM ratio (>1.0) and higher temperature (≥810 °C) are conducive to promote the growth of the intermediate state due to reaction kinetics enhancement, and ultimately strengthen the atomic migration‐induced interface fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium‐based oxides with high theoretical specific capacities and open crystal structures are promising cathodes for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). In this work, the confined synthesis can insert metal ions into the interlayer spacing of layered vanadium oxide nanobelts without changing the original morphology. Furthermore, we obtain a series of nanomaterials based on metal‐confined nanobelts, and describe the effect of interlayer spacing on the electrochemical performance. The electrochemical properties of the obtained Al2.65V6O13 ⋅ 2.07H2O as cathodes for AZIBs are remarkably improved with a high initial capacity of 571.7 mAh ⋅ g−1 at 1.0 A g−1. Even at a high current density of 5.0 A g−1, the initial capacity can still reach 205.7 mAh g−1, with a high capacity retention of 89.2 % after 2000 cycles. This study demonstrates that nanobelts confined with metal ions can significantly improve energy storage applications, revealing new avenues for enhancing the electrochemical performance of AZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have become a major component of current clean energy technologies. Accounting for nearly half the cost of a commercial fuel cell stack, Pt‐based catalysts are the main choices for both anode and cathode in PEMFCs. However, catalytical activity and operating life of Pt‐based catalysts are still unsatisfactory. High cost and scarcity of Pt further hinder the development of PEMFCs. Constructing core‐shell structure for Pt‐based catalysts is a promising strategy to enhance the catalytic activity and reduce the cost. In this review, we overview recent advances in Pt‐based core‐shell catalysts according to catalytic reaction types involved in PEMFCs. Furthermore, we discuss the working principle of core‐shell catalysts from the perspective of coupling between core and shell. In the end, we conclude the recent progress and discuss the future developments and facing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen‐doped carbon has great potential in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), considering N‐doping can not only improve the surface wettability of carbon materials, but also accelerate charge transfer by generating additional defects. However, designing carbon materials with a high nitrogen content and uniform distribution using conventional doping methods remains a challenge. In this study, a hollow carbon sphere with an ultrahigh nitrogen content of 9.58 wt % was successfully fabricated by rationally designing Schiff base chemistry (PTA‐NHCS‐700). Stable hierarchical pore structures, moderate defects, and large specific surface areas were formed during the carbonization process. Excellent electrochemical performance was observed in LIBs (204.2 mAh g−1 after 7000 cycles at 5 A g−1) and SIBs (154.2 mAh g−1 after 10000 cycles at 5 A g−1). This study not only promotes the development of efficient carbon anode materials for LIBs and SIBs, but also provides a novel idea for the doping of heteroatoms with special chemical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable batteries and supercapacitors are currently considered as promising electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems to address the energy and environment issues. Self‐supported transition metal (Ni, Co, Mn, Mo, Cu, V)‐based materials are promising electrodes for EES devices, which offer highly efficient charge transfer kinetics. This review summarizes the latest development of transition metal‐based materials with self‐supported structures for EES systems. Special focus has been taken on the synthetic methods, the selection of substrates, architectures and chemical compositions of different self‐supported nanoarrays in energy storage systems. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of these materials for future development in this field are briefly discussed. We believe that the advancement in self‐supported electrode materials would pave the way towards next‐generation EES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia via nitrogen reduction reaction is a rational route to save energy and relieve pollution compared to the traditional Haber‐Bosch process. In this report, ZrO2 nanosphere derived from thermolysis of Zr‐based biphenyl‐4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid MOFs (ZrO2/C) as a non‐noble metal catalyst with large specific surface area and porous structure is proposed to fix nitrogen to ammonia at ambient conditions. Such catalyst achieves Faradaic efficiency of 11.86 % and a NH3 yield rate of 10.72 μg h−1 mg−1cat. at −0.6 V vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode in 0.1 M Na2SO4. First‐principles calculations confirm the alternating reaction at the catalyst surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance low‐cost hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts are urgently demanded for hydrogen production by water splitting. Herein, we report that an efficient defect engineering strategy, NaBH4 treatment, was employed to promote the HER activity of pre‐synthesized Mo‐doped V1.11S2 nanosheets. The abundant sulfur vacancies enable Mo‐doped V1.11S2 petaloid nanosheets with a low overpotential of 160 mV and a small Tafel slope of 46.2 mV dec−1 at 10 mA cm−2 to drive the HER, as well as excellent long‐term stability in 0.5 mol L−1 H2SO4. The outstanding electrocatalytic performance can be attributed to the large electrochemical surface area and low charge transfer resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are highly desirable. In this report, we successfully synthesized amorphous Fe−P shell electrodeposited on Co(OH)F nanowire arrays supported on titanium mesh (Fe−P@Co(OH)F/TM) as an efficient catalyst for OER. Such catalyst exhibits excellent OER activity with a low overpotential of 267 mV to reach the geometrical current density of 10 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH. In addition, it has good electrochemical durability to maintain its activity for at least 20 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of features, such as adjustable structures, high porosity, and high crystallinity, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) deservedly have received considerable attention. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvements in the electrical conductivity and chemical stability of some MOFs, because of which they cannot be utilized as electrode materials. Fortunately, MOF derivatives have received widespread attention in recent years, especially phosphide materials, which are widely used in practical applications because of their outstanding conductivity, excellent specific surface area, and standout charge mobility. In this review, the latest developments of MOF‐derived phosphides in electrocatalysis related to energy, including the excellent performance in terms of electrochemical energy storage and ingenious strategies, and diversified synthetic approaches have been emphasized and summarized. Additionally, the arduous task and feasible proposals of MOF‐derived phosphides are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Z‐scheme, a tandem structure with two‐step excitation process, has gained significant attention in energy production and environmental remediation. By effectively connecting and matching the band‐gaps of two different photosystems, it is significant to utilize more photons for excellent photoactivity. Herein, a novel one‐photon (same energy‐two‐photon) Z‐scheme system is constructed between rGO modified boron‐nitrogen co‐doped‐WO3, and coupled CdSe quantum dots‐(QDs). The coctalyst‐0.5%RhxCr2O3(0.5RCr) modified amount‐optimized sample 6%CdSe/1%rGO3%BN‐WO3 revealed an unprecedented visible‐light driven overall‐water‐splitting to produce ≈51 µmol h−1 g−1 H2 and 25.5 µmol h−1 g−1 O2, and it remained unchanged for 5 runs in 30 h. This superior performance is ascribed to the one‐photon Z‐scheme, which simultaneously stimulates a two photocatalysts system, and enhanced charge separation as revealed by various spectroscopy techniques. The density‐functional theory is further utilized to understand the origin of this performance enhancement. This work provides a feasible strategy for constructing an efficient one‐photon Z‐scheme for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited lithium resources have promoted the exploration of new battery technologies. Among them, potassium‐ion batteries are considered as promising alternatives. At present, commercial graphite and other carbon‐based materials have shown good prospects as anodes for potassium‐ion batteries. However, the volume expansion and structural collapse caused by periodic K+ insertion/extraction have severely restricted further development and application of potassium‐ion batteries. A hollow biomass carbon ball (NOP‐PB) ternarily doped with N, O, and P was synthesized and used as the negative electrode of a potassium‐ion battery. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the hollow biomass carbon spheres were successfully doped with N, O, and P. Further analysis proved that N, O, and P ternary doping expands the interlayer distance of the graphite surface and introduces more defect sites. DFT calculations simultaneously proved that the K adsorption energy of the doped structure is greatly improved. The solid hollow hierarchical porous structure buffers the volume expansion of the potassium insertion process, maintains the original structure after a long cycle and promotes the transfer of potassium ions and electrons. Therefore, the NOP‐PB negative electrode shows extremely enhanced electrochemical performance, including high specific capacity, excellent long‐term stability, and good rate stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FeCoNi spinel oxides nanosheets array directly supported on the Ni foam substrate were prepared via a facile wet chemical method with 2‐methylimidazole as a structure directing agent and subsequently annealing. The as‐prepared 0.1Fe−CoNiO/NF offers high intrinsic catalytic activity, high surface area and good conductivity, resulting in enhanced activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the alkaline solution. It demonstrates an ultralow overpotentials of 240 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 36.8 mV dec−1, with attractive durability during long‐term operation in 1 M KOH solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrons released from surface reactions need to be transferred quickly to avoid the inhibition for following reactions. Herein, a novel strategy has been demonstrated to achieve outstanding catalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), specifically removing interfacial charges through an optimized hybrid amorphous/crystalline FeNi (Oxy)hydroxides. Such hybrid structure offers an overpotential of only 215 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 50.9 mV dec−1 in 1 M KOH, together with outstanding stability. The superior catalytic activity and stability can be attributed to the unique amorphous/crystalline microstructure, leading to optimized reactivity and excellent conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]