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The upshot was a serious of economic policy mistakes of historic proportions that created an economy that has 'fallen short of any conception of a "good economy" - an economy offering a "good life"' (Phelps, 2015; Sandel, 2018). The family was gone, the unions were gone, neighbourly love was gone, the churches were no longer relevant for most, the government looked the other way, and the gig economy did not offer enough income to be successful in the marriage market. ' on Income Inequality ', YouTube video, posted by "johnklin", September 28, @ 2:36. www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqx88MyUSck 7 Greenspan, A. (2007b), The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. [Extracted from the article]

In 1979, when anthropometric history was still in its infancy, Robert Fogel and collaborators reported that the height of the U.S. male white population began to decline quite unexpectedly in the Antebellum era. This was quite a conundrum on account of the fact that according to conventional economic theory nutritional status was not expected to diminish at the outset of modern economic growth, i.e., at a time when incomes were growing robustly. Although many hypotheses were presented, not until 1987 was the comprehensive solution to the puzzle offered that the height decline was due primarily to a decrease in food consumption: agricultural productivity did not keep pace with rapid population growth and urbanization. However, it took another quarter of a century for a paradigm shift to occur before the developmental model elucidated by Komlos in 1987 was accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a study which aimed to estimate the trend and rate of change of body mass index (BMI) values by birth cohorts stratified according to gender and ethnicity based on surveys collected between 1959 and 2006 by the National Center for Health Statistics. The researchers estimated the age and trend effects of BMI values of U.S.-born black and white adults using the loess additive regression models. The findings show a gradual transition to post-industrial BMI values throughout the twentieth century which may have started much earlier.

The article discusses the result of a study concerning the transition to post-industrial body mass index (BMI) values among U.S. children. It was found that while the increase in BMI values started among the birth cohorts of the 1940s among black girls, the rate of increase tended to accelerate among all gender and ethnic groups born in the mid-1950s to early 1960s.

The article discusses which aimed to determine the effect of sulfate on the simultaneous bioreduction of iron (Fe) and uranium. A series of flow-through sediment column experiments to determine if sulfate reducing conditions occurred while bioavailable Fe(III) was still present and to determine how the bioreduction of a contaminant uranium was affected by the switch from iron-dominated to sulfate-dominated reducing conditions. Results demonstrate that under biostimulation, sulfate reduction can begin even though a significant pool of bioavailable Fe(III) is still present.

Objectives. The physical stature of a population is a useful supplementary indicator of the living standards of children and youth insofar as it is sensitive to income and medical care. It is, thus, somewhat of a conundrum that U.S. heights tended to stagnate between around the mid-1950s to the mid-1970s birth cohorts, an otherwise economically prosperous period. Because of the controversial nature of the finding based on the NHANES data sets we seek independent corroborating evidence. Methods. The height of U.S.-born army personnel is analyzed in order to explore ethnic and second-generation effects on height, in particular if these affect the trend among the birth cohorts of the 1950s and 1960s. We limit the regression analysis to U.S.-born (non-Hispanic) blacks and whites, controlling for ethnicity (own, mother's, and father's), foreign-born parents, and region of their birth within the United States stratified by race and gender. Results. We find that none of the above variables affect the trend meaningfully: the height of U.S. military personnel tended to stagnate during the period considered. Only black males showed some improvement in height. Hence, the army data support the trends obtained from the civilian population, which cannot be controlled for second-generation effects. Conclusion. The quality of nutritional intake and of medical care was not improving among children and youth in these decades in spite of the fact that the income of their parents was increasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the results of a study of the height of non-Hispanic children and adolescents ages 2 to 19 and born in the United States. A description of the experimental set-up and measurement method is presented. The study showed a positive correlation between height and family income. However, the income does not affect the secular trend or the age effects markedly.

Objective. We use the complete set of NHES and NHANES data collected between 1959 and 2004 in order to construct trends for the physical stature of the non-Hispanic white and black U.S. adult population and compare them to those of western and northern Europeans. Method. Regression analysis is used to estimate the trend in U.S. heights stratified by gender and ethnicity, holding income and educational attainment constant. Results. U.S. heights stabilized at mid-century and a two-decade period of stagnation set in with the birth cohorts 1955–1974, concurrent with continual rapid increases in heights in western and northern Europe. Americans had been the tallest in the world for (more than) two centuries until World War II, but by the end of the 20th century fell behind many European populations. Only since the most recent birth cohorts 1975–1983 is some gain apparent among whites but not among blacks. The relationship between height and income and between height and educational attainment has not changed appreciably over time for either men or women. Conclusion. We conjecture that the U.S. health-care system, as well as the relatively weak welfare safety net, might be why human growth in the United States has not performed as well in relative terms as one would expect on the basis of income alone. The comparative pattern bears some similarly to that of life expectancy insofar as the United States is also lagging behind in that respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents the expansion on biofilm barrier technology by examining the feasibility of using biofilm barrier to not only control contaminant migration through permeability reduction but also facilitate contaminant biodegradation. Alternative to traditional subsurface barrier technologies; Major concern on the increased of production and the presence of groundwater; Use in a funnel and gate type technology.

Discusses the threat of a Malthusian crisis in Great Britain in the 18th century. Empirical evidence that physical stature declined in the course of the century throughout Europe; Inference that the decline in wages and the trend in heights were related to the decline in the marginal product of labor; Issue over the height of indentured servants; Timing of the diminution in height.

The article discusses the relationship between industrialization and the well being of the European societies in eighteenth century. The anthropometric evidence indicates that from the middle of the eighteenth century, average height in several European countries declined and continued to do so until the beginning of the next century. This was the case in east-central Europe, in Sweden, and in Great Britain and Ireland. In fact, the slum boys of London in eighteenth century were so malnourished that they were shorter than boys living in practically any society today. Malnutrition became widespread, even endemic, during the course of the century. As a consequence, the lower classes suffered a diminution in their nutritional status. The notion of a general decline in food consumption during the second half of the eighteenth century was already evident to an earlier generation of scholars using conventional indicators. However, that evidence was not integrated well into a conceptualization of the industrial revolution, except insofar as its relevance to the debate over the changes in the standard of living was perceived.

The article explains the nutritional status of people of Great Britain. It tries to distinguish conceptually between the material standard of living and the notion of well being from the biological viewpoint that is from the biological standard of living. The latter concept, however, encompasses more than does nutritional status. It is meant to capture such aspects of the quality of life as health in general, including the frequency and duration of sickness, the extent of exposure to diseases or pollutants and age-specific life expectancy rates. To be sure, the physical stature of a population is a partial proxy for its nutritional status, but then one is exploring one dimension of this multidimensional variable. The article presents the study of physical stature because it enables one to illuminate the interaction of complex demographic, economic, and biological processes, and to synthesize them into a more nuance view of the industrial revolution and its effect on the lives of the men and women experiencing it, than was hitherto possible.

The article assesses the biological standards of living in Great Britain from 1730-1860 by examining height distribution records of soldiers and poor boys. Records collected by the army and the marines as well as by the Marine Society, a charitable institution, enable one to explore the trend in the height of the British population during the course of a century that included the beginning of the industrial revolution and its immediate aftermath. The standard of living in this period has remained a controversial issue among historians, and it is in this connection that the evidence about to be examined assumes its significance. Anthropometrical measures, such as height, weight, and biomass help the researchers to assess the biological standard of living because they enable them to quantify nutritional status. Medical research has established beyond doubt that the net cumulative nutritional intake of a population has a major influence on its average height. In conventional terms the standard of living, regarded as synonymous with a material standard, has been measured by such indices as per caput gross national product, real per caput income, or hourly wages.

The article focuses on a reply by the authors to a comment by economist Donald N. McCloskey on their paper "Anachronistic Economics: Grain Storage in Medieval England," that appeared in the 1991 issue of the journal "Economic History Review." McCloskey suggests that the main purpose of this paper was to show that the cost of storage was "formidable" in medieval England. The point was to get a rough idea of storage cost (not storage amounts) in which he had only a "desultory" interest. He devotes the first two sections of his paper to the proposition that the storage amounts were small: (1) the direct evidence that storage was small and (2) using prices to show that storage was small. He spells out the significance of interest rates in subsequent sections. He says that the cost was high because the interest rate was high and the significance of high medieval interest rates. His conclusion reiterates his opening premise, namely that the cost of storage and the rate of interest were shockingly high. Stores of grain were therefore very low.

The article discusses the cliometric controversy over the extent and nature of grain storage in medieval England. The controversy originated from the thesis that open-field agriculture was brought about by rational risk-averse farmers, to insure themselves against insufficient harvests. Inventories had depended not only on the rate of interest, but also on income during that time. To the extent that most income was generated in agriculture, the maximizing strategy for storing or selling grain in such an environment must have depended in the first instance on the average per caput output of grains (as well as on its variance), and on consumption, and not primarily on the rate of interest on alternative investments. Thus, the competing hypothesis, that the quantity of grain held in storage was a function of output (consumption) should be given equal consideration. In addition, one must note that grain stocks are not quite like any other form of investment. In contrast to other assets, they are an important source of nutrients.

This article comments on an article written by Susan Watkins and Jane Menken, published previously in the journal "Population and Development Review." Fluctuations in the crude birth rate (CBR) should also be investigated because this rate, too, is affected by subsistence crises. The average birth rate in England during this period was about 34 per thousand population. A 10 percent decline in the CBR would account for almost half of the 32,000 excess births that accrued in a normal year. On the basis of four indicators of adverse demographic circumstances, it is evident that crises were most frequent during the third period. This impression is reinforced once the pattern is considered in closer detail by examining the relationship between the extreme fluctuations in the price of wheat and demographic circumstances. Watkins and Menken doubt whether a strong relationship exists between food intake and vital rates. Even though England was relatively advanced for the time, and poised to escape from the Malthusian trap through the industrial revolution, it remained largely an agricultural country.

This article discusses the depression in Austria after 1873. Researcher David F. Good suggests in his dissertation that the idea of a depression in Austria between 1873 and 1896 is a "myth." The following adjustments were made. Instead of using three-year averages at the end points in calculating the growth rate of financial assets, the peak-to-peak growth rates were calculated. This is particularly inconvenient as the Austrian and Hungarian growth rates were out of phase after 1873, and would therefore have compensated one another to a certain extent in the exercise above. Gleaning Hungary's share of total assets from Austrian banks' accounts would be rather time-consuming. One might, with the usual caveats, try a proxy. The force of this rebuttal does not really turn on whether one accepts the above result. It is only meant to demonstrate the main contention, that the method is not applicable to Austria, given the data limitations, because of its close financial ties to Hungary. The role of the cliometrician, after all, is not exclusively to disprove, but, as the occasion requires, to substantiate hitherto accepted hypotheses.