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Background and Purpose: Cytoplasmic fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1)‐interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2), as a component of the Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein family verprolin‐homologous protein (WAVE) regulatory complex, is involved in actin polymerization, contributing to neuronal development and structural plasticity. Mutating serine‐968 to phenylalanine (S968F) in CYFIP2 causes an altered cocaine response in mice. The neuronal mechanisms underlying this response remain unknown. Experimental Approach: We performed cocaine reward‐related behavioural tests and examined changes in synaptic protein phenotypes and neuronal morphology in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), using CYFIP2 S968F knock‐in mice to investigate the role of CYFIP2 in regulating cocaine reward. Key Results: CYFIP2 S968F mutation attenuated cocaine‐induced behavioural sensitization and conditioned place preference. Cocaine‐induced c‐Fos was not observed in the NAc of CYFIP2 S968F knock‐in mice. However, c‐Fos induction was still evident in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). CYFIP2 S968F mutation altered cocaine‐associated CYFIP2 signalling, glutamatergic protein expression and synaptic density in the NAc following cocaine exposure. To further determine the role of CYFIP2 in NAc neuronal activity and the mPFC projecting to the NAc activity‐mediating reward response, we used optogenetic tools to stimulate the NAc or mPFC‐NAc pathway and observed that optogenetic activation of the NAc or mPFC‐NAc pathway induced reward‐related behaviours. This effect was not observed in the S968F mutation in CYFIP2. Conclusion and Implications: These results suggest that CYFIP2 plays a role in controlling cocaine‐mediated neuronal function and structural plasticity in the NAc, and that CYFIP2 could serve as a target for regulating cocaine reward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of planar meta‐lenses on flexible materials has profoundly impacted the long‐standing perception of diffractive optics. Despite their advantages, these lenses still face challenges in design and fabrication to obtain high focusing efficiency and resolving power. A nanofabrication technique is demonstrated based on photolithography and polyimide casting for realizing membrane‐based multilevel phase‐type Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) with high focusing efficiency. By employing advantageous techniques, these lenses with nanostructures are directly patterned into thin polyimide membranes. The computational and experimental results have indicated that the focusing efficiency of these nanostructures at the primary focus increases significantly with increasing the number of phase levels. Specifically, 16‐level phase lenses on a polyimide membrane can achieve a focusing efficiency of more than 91.6% of the input signal (9.5 times better than that of a conventional amplitude‐type FZP) and focus light into a diffraction‐limited spot together with very weak side‐lobes. Furthermore, these lenses exhibit considerably reduced unwanted diffraction orders and produce extremely low background signals. The potential impact of these lenses extends across various applications and techniques including microscopy, imaging, micro‐diffraction, remote sensing, and space flight instruments which require lightweight and flexible configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing mechanical energy harvesters for electrical stimulation (ES) needed to augment cell behavior is a burgeoning area of interest. Mechanical energy harvesters that can generate electrical energy in electrolyte‐containing aqueous environments offer a unique solution for delivering ES to cells. In this work, a fully integrated ES assembly (FESA) is introduced that comprises coiled polydopamine (PDA) containing carbon nanotube yarn (CNT) harvesters, serving as ES generators, and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) coated carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) sheets employed as a conductive scaffold. The PDA containing CNT (PDA/CNT) yarn, a novel twistron electrode, achieves an enhanced electrical power at a lower matching impedance than coiled CNT yarn to efficiently transfer ES to the conductive scaffold. The PEDOT used for the scaffold provides a suitable surface for cell adhesion and low resistance for effective ES transmission. In addition, the upscaled array of coiled PDA/CNT yarns provides an ES current density range up to 75.4 µA cm−2, which is much higher than for ES systems using different mechanical energy harvesters. This FESA is designed to provide an optimal level of ES for the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. The findings illuminate the potential of chemically modified twistron energy harvesters as an innovative and effective strategy to promote biological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Reproduction in angiosperms relies on the precise growth of pollen tubes, facilitating the delivery of sperm cells to the ovule for double fertilization. LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN10 (LBD10), a plant‐specific transcription factor, plays a pivotal role in Arabidopsis pollen development. Here, we uncovered LBD10's function in sustaining pollen tube growth and integrity. The lbd10 mutant exhibited elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in both pollen grains and tubes, leading to compromised pollen tube growth. The inhibition of ROS synthesis and scavenging of excess ROS with an antioxidant treatment each alleviated these defects in lbd10. The lbd10 mutant displayed reduced flavonol accumulation in both pollen grains and tubes. All the altered phenotypes of lbd10 were complemented by expressing LBD10 under its native promoter. Exogenous application of flavonoids recused the defects in pollen tube growth and integrity in lbd10, along with reducing the excess levels of ROS and H2O2. LBD10 directly binds the promoters of key flavonol biosynthesis genes in chromatin and promotes reporter gene expression in Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Our findings indicate that LBD10 modulates ROS homeostasis by transcriptionally activating genes crucial for flavonol biosynthesis, thereby maintaining pollen tube growth and integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ion dynamics within the electric double layer (EDL) is crucial for maximizing the potential of chemo‐mechanical energy harvesters. This study elucidates the electrochemical response of EDL to the compressive mechanical stimulation of carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns from the perspective of ion adsorption. The results revealed that H3O+ contributed to the ionic capacitance of the EDL by forming a polarized layer with Cl− on the outer Helmholtz plane. The unique molecular shape, compatible with spx hybridized orbitals of CNTs also enhance surface adsorption properties. In contrast, Cl− provides a strong electrostatic potential to the electrode, which has electronic structures incompatible with the spx hybridized orbitals of CNTs. The differing dynamic behaviors of these two ions jointly induce delamination of the cationic and anionic layers, as well as unipolarization of the EDL under mechanical compression of the microstructure. The ion dynamics revealed by multiscale simulations satisfactorily explain the experimentally observed high ion capacitance and energy conversion process of the HCl‐based EDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a study that examines the relationship between whole-genome doubling (WGD) and different types of cancer. The study analyzes data from 10 cancer types and identifies three types of WGD tumors. The researchers also identify specific genetic signatures associated with WGD in different types of cancer and suggest potential therapeutic targets for WGD tumors. The study was supported by grants and the authors have no conflicts of interest. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of these targeted therapies. [Extracted from the article]

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has a high mortality rate compared to other infectious diseases. SFTS is particularly associated with a high risk of mortality in immunocompromised individuals, while most patients who die of SFTS exhibit symptoms of severe encephalitis before death. However, the region of brain damage and mechanisms by which the SFTS virus (SFTSV) causes encephalitis remains unknown. Here, we revealed that SFTSV infects the brainstem and spinal cord, which are regions of the brain associated with respiratory function, and motor nerves in IFNAR1‐/‐ mice. Further, we show that A1‐reactive astrocytes are activated, causing nerve cell death, in infected mice. Primary astrocytes of SFTSV‐infected IFNAR1‐/‐ mice also induced neuronal cell death through the activation of A1‐reactive astrocytes. Herein, we showed that SFTSV induces fatal neuroinflammation in the brain regions important for respiratory function and motor nerve, which may underlie mortality in SFTS patients. This study provides new insights for the treatment of SFTS, for which there is currently no therapeutic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable luminescent nanocomposites with metal halide perovskite (MHP) emitters are in high demand as deformable color‐conversion layers (CCLs) for vivid‐colored form‐factor free displays. However, the immiscibility of the MHP crystals with an elastomeric polymer matrix induces particle aggregation with resultant luminescence quenching, hindering the development of MHP‐based CCLs. Herein, a simple method is proposed to produce highly luminescent MHP nanoparticles (NPs) and stably disperse them in an elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer matrix with block copolymer (BCP) dispersant. The nanocomposites are developed through sequential steps of synthesis of MHP‐NP dispersion solution with BCP and blending with PDMS followed by thermal curing. It is revealed that Lewis basic poly(2‐vinylpyridine)‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) (P2VP‐b‐PDMS) BCP added in the synthesis step promotes crystallization of the MHPs as nanocrystals with an average diameter of 5.9 ± 1.2 nm, whereas MHPs with hundreds of nm are produced without BCP. The resultant MHP‐NPs with P2VP‐b‐PDMS exhibit excellent photophysical properties, such as narrow band emission, high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, and long PL lifetime. The MHP‐NPs are stably dispersed in the PDMS matrix by P2VP‐b‐PDMS without particle aggregation, leading to highly deformable and stretchable nanocomposites with stable PL emission upon repetitive stretching, and excellent environmental stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senescent cells increase in many tissues with age and induce age‐related pathologies, including osteoarthritis (OA). Senescent chondrocytes (SnCs) are found in OA cartilage, and the clearance of those chondrocytes prevents OA progression. However, targeting SnCs is challenging due to the absence of a senescent chondrocyte‐specific marker. Therefore, we used flow cytometry to screen and select senescent chondrocyte surface markers and cross‐validated with published transcriptomic data. Chondrocytes expressing dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4), the selected senescent chondrocyte‐specific marker, had multiple senescence phenotypes, such as increased senescence‐associated‐galactosidase, p16, p21, and senescence‐associated secretory phenotype expression, and showed OA chondrocyte phenotypes. To examine the effects of DPP‐4 inhibition on DPP‐4+ SnCs, sitagliptin, a DPP‐4 inhibitor, was treated in vitro. As a result, DPP‐4 inhibition selectively eliminates DPP‐4+ SnCs without affecting DPP‐4‐ chondrocytes. To assess in vivo therapeutic efficacy of targeting DPP‐4+ SnCs, three known senolytics (ABT263, 17DMAG, and metformin) and sitagliptin were comparatively verified in a DMM‐induced rat OA model. Sitagliptin treatment specifically and effectively eliminated DPP‐4+ SnCs, compared to the other three senolytics. Furthermore, Intra‐articular sitagliptin injection to the rat OA model increased collagen type II and proteoglycan expression and physical functions and decreased cartilage destruction, subchondral bone plate thickness and MMP13 expression, leading to the amelioration of OA phenotypes. Collectively, OARSI score was lowest in the sitagliptin treatment group. Taken together, we verified DPP‐4 as a surface marker for SnCs and suggested that the selective targeting of DPP‐4+ chondrocytes could be a promising strategy to prevent OA progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gracilaria chorda (GC) is a red algal species that is primarily consumed in Asia. Here, we investigated the effect of GC on obesity‐related skeletal muscle wasting. Furthermore, elucidating its impact on the activation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC1α) constituted a critical aspect in understanding the underlying mechanism of action. In this study, 6‐week‐old male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce obesity, then continued on the HFD for another 8 weeks while orally administered GC. GC decreased ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscle and increased muscle weight, size, and function in obese mice. Furthermore, GC reduced skeletal muscle atrophy and increased hypertrophy in mice. We hypothesized that the activation of SIRT1/PGC1α by GC regulates skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. We observed that GC increased the expression of SIRT1 and PGC1α in skeletal muscle of mice and in C2C12 cells, which increased mitochondrial function and biogenesis. In addition, when C2C12 cells were treated with the SIRT1‐specific inhibitor EX‐527, no changes were observed in the protein levels of SIRT1 and PGC1α in the GC‐treated C2C12 cells. Therefore, GC attenuated obesity‐related muscle wasting by improving mitochondrial function and biogenesis through the activation of SIRT1/PGC1α in the skeletal muscle of mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathological and oncological characteristics of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) between young and elderly patients without any genetic mutations that cause hereditary CRC. Method: In this cross‐sectional, retrospective study conducted at three tertiary referral hospitals, we enrolled 1599 patients with CRC who underwent surgery between January 2010 and December 2017, including 157 young patients (age ≤ 40 years; yCRC) and 1442 elderly patients (age ≥ 70 years; eCRC). The clinicopathological and oncological outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 37 years in the yCRC group (range 33.0–39.2 years) and 76 years in the eCRC group (range 72.0–79.0 years). The yCRC group did not present with advanced stages at diagnosis compared with the eCRC group, and the distribution of tumour stages was similar between the two groups. Microsatellite instability (MSI) testing revealed no difference in the frequency of tumours with high MSI (7.8% in yCRC, 5.8% in eCRC), and the frequency of mutations in the KRAS, NRAS and BRAF genes was also similar. The 3‐year overall survival was better in the yCRC group than in the eCRC group (97.4% vs. 83.5%, p < 0.001); however, no such difference was observed in cancer‐specific survival. Conclusion: Genetically proven sporadic CRCs did not differ significantly between young and elderly patients in terms of tumour stage, tumour location and various molecular features. Clinical Trial Registration Number: The study was retrospectively registered with Clinical Trials.gov (no. NCT05601609). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Based on a high incidence of genomic alteration in the cell cycle and DNA damage and response (DDR)‐related pathways in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the clinical efficacy of the DDR‐targeting agent olaparib (PARP inhibitor) as monotherapy and in combination with ceralasertib (ATR inhibitor) in relapsed or refractory SCLC was evaluated. Methods: As part of a phase 2 biomarker driven umbrella study, patients with SCLC and predefined DDR gene alterations who failed to benefit from prior platinum‐based regimens were allocated to the olaparib monotherapy arm and nonbiomarker‐selected patients were allocated to the olaparib and ceralasertib combination arm. Results: In the olaparib monotherapy arm (n = 15), the objective response rate was 6.7% (one partial response), and the disease control rate was 33.3%, including three patients with stable disease. The median progression‐free survival was 1.3 months (95% CI, 1.2–NA). In the combination arm (n = 26), the objective response rate and disease control rate were 3.8% and 42.3%, respectively, with one partial response and 10 patients with stable disease. The median progression‐free survival was 2.8 months (95% CI, 1.8–5.4). Treatment was generally well tolerated except for one fatal case of neutropenic fever in the combination arm. Conclusions: Targeting DDR pathways with olaparib as a single agent or in combination with ceralasertib did not meet the predefined efficacy end point. However, disease stabilization was more evident in the combination arm. Further investigation of the combination of olaparib in SCLC should be performed with diverse combinations and patient selection strategies to maximize efficacy. This study provides clinical evidence that current approaches targeting DNA damage and response pathway as either olaparib alone or in combination with ceralasertib therapy are insufficient to achieve a satisfactory response in small cell lung cancer. However, this study supports the evidence for further investigation, searching for an appropriate combination partner of DNA damage and response pathway targeting agent and relevant predictive biomarkers in small cell lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exponential development in quantum phenomena is directly correlated with the decreasing size of nano‐semiconductor transistors. Consequently, the use of a quantum structure that deviates from traditional transistor types becomes imperative. Electrostatically defined nanoscale devices within 2D semiconductor heterostructures serve as foundational elements for diverse quantum electrical circuits. Van der Waals heterostructures, distinguished by atomically flat interfaces and inherent 2D characteristics, offer advantages such as large‐scale uniformity, flexibility, and portability over conventional bulk semiconductor heterostructures. Herein, the intricate electronic behavior of a MoS2/WSe2 encapsulated heterostructure governed by split‐gate and middle‐gate configurations is investigated, revealing a distinctive step‐like current profile at a low temperature of 77 K. The observed four regimes in the current highlight the impact of quantum confinement induced by reduced lateral dimensions, coupled with precise electrostatic confinement controlled by gate voltages. The temperature dependence of the phenomena emphasizes the role of thermal effects on carrier scattering mechanisms. In addition, the pinch‐off characteristics with different temperatures, middle‐gate voltages, and drain biases are explored. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of electrostatic effects in 2D transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures and holds promise for the development of advanced electronic devices with tailored confinement for enhanced functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The etiological distribution of oculomotor nerve palsy has varied amongst the studies. This study aimed to define the clinical features and underlying etiologies of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy by recruiting patients from all departments in a referral‐based university hospital. Methods: The medical records of 672 patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy at all departments of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea, from 2003 to 2020 were reviewed. A proportion of the etiology of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy was also compared with that of patients pooled from the previous studies that were searched on PubMed in May 2022. Results: The most common etiology was microvascular (n = 168, 26.5%), followed by vascular anomalies (n = 110, 17.4%), neoplastic (n = 86, 13.6%), inflammatory (n = 79, 12.5%), idiopathic (n = 60, 9.5%) and traumatic (n = 53, 8.4%). Neurologists were mainly involved in the management of microvascular and inflammatory oculomotor nerve palsies whilst ophthalmologists mainly participated in the care of idiopathic, neoplastic and traumatic palsies. Neurosurgeons mostly took care of oculomotor nerve palsy due to vascular anomalies. Conclusions: The proportion of etiologies of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy may differ according to the specialties involved in the management. The results of previous studies on the etiological distribution of isolated oculomotor nerve palsy should be interpreted with this consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the internal structure of the nasomaxillary complex, including the maxillary sinus, nasal cavity and nasal septum according to the facial asymmetry pattern and to evaluate its correlation with external maxillomandibular asymmetry in Class III patients based on cone‐beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: Facial asymmetry was analysed in a total of 100 Class III patients aged 16 years or older using CBCT scans. Patients were categorized into subgroups based on asymmetry pattern. Measurements of the nasomaxillary complex were obtained from the CBCT scans, including the volume and width of the maxillary sinuses and nasal cavities on deviated and non‐deviated sides, as well as the displacement of the nasal septum. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the internal nasomaxillary variables within and between groups, and regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the correlation between facial asymmetry and the internal nasomaxillary variables. Results: Group comparisons showed that there were no significant differences in the volume of the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity. However, the direction and extent of nasal septum deviation, as well as the width of the nasal cavity, varied depending on the maxillary asymmetry pattern. Regression analysis indicated a correlation between nasal septum deviation and the difference in maxillary height, while the difference in nasal cavity width was correlated with the difference in maxillary width. Conclusion: A comprehensive evaluation of the internal nasal anatomy is vital for understanding the intricate relationship between nasal structure and maxillary growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce inverse design strategy utilizing machine learning (ML) models to discover efficient blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) organic emitter materials. Here, we leverage graph neural network (GNN) to predict the characteristic intrinsic materials properties of TADF such as excited state energy levels and their transition properties. The GNN model is trained based on density‐functional theory (DFT) calculation results to meet the TADF properties. We discuss consistency between experimental observation and ML predictions, and examined conditions for improving the accuracy of DFT calculations and ML models on top of it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions This study aimed to screen oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) diagnostic and prognostic candidates and investigate the potential functions and mechanisms of candidates in the chemoresistance of OSCC cell lines.Differential expression profiling of lncRNA was performed in a large cohort of OSCC patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify OSCC diagnostic and prognostic candidates. Taxol resistance in OSCC cell lines was analyzed using MTT assay. OSCC cell lines transfected with EIF3J‐DT pcDNA or siRNA were used to determine its regulatory effects on apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and autophagy using flow cytometry and western blot.We identified EIF3J‐DT as a candidate for OSCC diagnosis and prognosis. The expression level of EIF3J‐DT in OSCC cell lines correlates with taxol resistance. EIF3J‐DT silencing attenuated taxol resistance, and EIF3J‐DT overexpression enhanced taxol resistance in OSCC cell lines. Silencing of EIF3J‐DT reduced taxol resistance by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and ATG14‐mediated autophagy inhibition in OSCC cell lines.We found that EIF3J‐DT induced chemoresistance by regulating apoptosis, cell cycle, and autophagy in OSCC cell lines, which EIF3J‐DT might provide a novel therapeutic approach for OSCC as well as a diagnostic and prognostic factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Submental intubation is an airway management technique wherein an endotracheal tube is guided through incisions in the floor of the mouth and the submental skin after normal orotracheal intubation. Case presentation: A 20‐year‐old man with a history of pharyngeal flap construction for a cleft palate was planned for orthognathic surgery. Preoperative nasopharyngoscopy showed that the space lateral to the flap was too narrow for nasotracheal intubation; then submental intubation was performed. No intra‐ or postoperative complications were observed. Conclusion: Submental intubation is a useful alternative to tracheotomy in patients with difficulty in nasotracheal intubation during surgeries requiring occlusal confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Diagnosis of lymphoma involving the central nervous system (CNS) is challenging. This study aimed to explore the abnormal vestibular and ocular motor findings in CNS lymphoma. Methods: A retrospective search of the medical records identified 30 patients with CNS lymphoma presenting ocular motor and vestibular abnormalities from four neurology clinics of university hospitals in South Korea (22 men, age range 14–81 years, mean 60.6 ± 15.2). The demographic and clinical features and the results of laboratory, radiological and pathological evaluation were analyzed. Results: Patients presented with diplopia (13/30, 43%), vestibular symptoms (15/30, 50%) or both (2/30, 7%). In 15 patients with diplopia, abnormal ocular motor findings included ocular motor nerve palsy (n = 10, 67%), internuclear ophthalmoplegia (n = 2, 13%), external ophthalmoplegia (n = 2, 13%) and exophoria (n = 1, 7%). The vestibular abnormalities were isolated in 14 (82%) of 17 patients with vestibular symptoms and included combined unilateral peripheral and central vestibulopathy in three from lesions involving the vestibular nuclei. CNS lymphoma involved the brainstem (53%), cerebellum (33%), leptomeninges (30%), deep gray nuclei (23%) or cranial nerves (17%). Two patients showed the "double‐panda" sign by involving the midbrain. Conclusions: This study expands the clinical and radiological spectra of CNS lymphoma. Neuro‐ophthalmological and neuro‐otological evaluation may guide the early diagnosis of CNS lymphoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Female gametogenesis has been rarely studied due to gametophyte lethality and the unavailability of related genetic resources. In this study, we identified a rice ATP‐binding cassette transporter, OsABCB24, whose null function displayed a significantly reduced seed setting rate by as much as 94%–100% compared with that of the wild type (WT). The reciprocal cross of WT and mutant plants demonstrated that the female reproductive organs in mutants were functionally impaired. Confocal microscopy observations revealed that, although megasporogenesis remained unaffected in CRISPR/Cas9 osabcb24 mutants, the formation of female gametophytes was interrupted. Additionally, the structure of the syncytial nucleus was impaired during the initial stages of endosperm formation. Histochemical analysis showed that OsABCB24 was preferentially expressed at the conjunction of receptacle and ovary, spanning from the functional megaspore stage to the two‐nucleate embryo sac stage. Further, OsABCB24 was identified as an endoplasmic reticulum membrane‐localized protein. Notably, the overexpression of OsABCB24 triggered a 1.5‐ to 2‐fold increase in grain production compared to the WT. Our findings showed that OsABCB24 plays a key role in both female gametophyte development and the early development of seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the use of steroids as antiemetics in clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors with chemotherapy. Methods: Focusing on phase III trials registered before August 2023, it evaluated the consistency of steroid use guidelines. Results: Out of 3452 trials screened, 44 were selected for in‐depth review. The findings indicate a considerable variation: 13 trials did not specify the use of antiemetics, while 31 provided criteria for antiemetics, with 13 conforming to local standards, six to international guidelines, and five allowing either. Seven trials recommended effective antiemetics without detailed criteria. This inconsistency led to a range of steroid dosages, with only 11 trials advocating for minimizing or avoiding steroids for antiemetic purposes. Conclusion: The research highlights the lack of uniformity in antiemetic steroid use in trials, reflecting diverse clinical practices and underscoring the need for further research to understand the implications on treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategies for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy hold significant importance in diverse battery‐free and battery‐supported applications. Recent studies have demonstrated promising approaches involving the twisting of carbon nanotube yarns, which alter the intrinsic electrochemical capacitance during mechanical motion, thereby generating electrical energy in various aqueous environments. However, the fundamental mechanism of chemo–mechanical energy harvesters based on the nanoscale piezoionic effect, as well as the kinetics of both cations and anions within the system, remains to be clarified. In this study, experimental and computational approaches aimed at fundamentally understanding the piezoionic effect in nanoscale chemo–mechanical dynamics are presented. This phenomenon is analyzed using in situ Raman scattering, piezoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. The findings elucidate the collective contributions of cations and anions under mechanical energy inputs and demonstrate the impact of piezoionic kinetics on electrical energy outputs. By gaining a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental piezoionic effect in chemo–mechanical energy harvesting systems, significant advancements in energy sustainability across numerous practical applications are anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift towards ecofriendly solvents in perovskite solar cell (PSC) production represents a significant leap towards sustainable renewable energy generation, effectively addressing concerns related to the harmful nature of conventional solvents employed in PSC manufacturing. This review assesses the toxicity of traditional solvents utilized in the PSC fabrication process as well as recent studies and challenges related to substituting toxic solvents with less harmful or green alternatives. Although considerable efforts have been made to adopt greener solvents, this review underscores the variations in evaluations based on specific criteria, highlighting the need for thorough consideration to ensure the viability and sustainability of each solvent replacement. This study offers a comprehensive exploration of the transition to greener solvents in PSC fabrication and elucidates the associated challenges and opportunities in this pivotal shift towards a more environmentally sustainable approach to renewable energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People living in rural areas often experience limited access to health resources, slow knowledge diffusion, and geographical isolation, and tend to be at higher risk for poor physical and mental health outcomes compared with nonrural populations. It is unclear, yet, how the concept of "rural" shapes observed differences from nonrural populations. We aim to develop a psychometrically sound scale to assess key dimensions that constitute individual‐level perceived rurality. Methods: We first conducted a broad literature review to identify a priori concepts related to rurality and adapted survey items measuring relevant constructs, such as loneliness, attitudes toward people living in rural areas, and perceived social membership. We used these conceptual constructs and measures to develop a survey questionnaire focused on rural perceptions. We recruit residents in 3 rural states: Kentucky, New Hampshire, and Vermont. Using the explorative factor analysis and second‐order measurement model in the structural equation model framework, we developed a rural perception scale consisting of 18 items. Results: We recruited 1,384 participants (n = 686 from KY; n = 698 from NH/VT) using Amazon Mechanical Turk (n = 897, 64.8%) and social media paid ads (n = 487, 35.2%). The average age of participants was 41 years old (SD = 15); 54.7% of respondents had less than college graduate education, and 94.2% reported their race as non‐Hispanic White. Majority of the participants were from Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA)‐designated urban areas (n = 798, 57.7%), followed by RUCA‐designated large rural areas (257, 18.6%), RUCA‐designated rural areas (n = 174, 12.6%) and RUCA‐designated isolated areas (n = 133, 9.6%). Our final model revealed 4 latent constructs: "belonging" (Cronbach's α = 0.896), "attitudes toward rural life" (Cronbach's α = 0.807), "loneliness" (Cronbach's α = 0.898), and "community social ties to people in their community" (Cronbach's α = 0.846). Conclusions: We identified 4 subfactors of the umbrella concept of rurality that explain how people in rural regions may perceive being in rural environments and having rural lifestyles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the global pandemic and the continuous mutations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the need for effective and broadly neutralizing treatments has become increasingly urgent. This study introduces a novel strategy that targets two aspects simultaneously, using bifunctional antibodies to inhibit both the attachment of SARS‐CoV‐2 to host cell membranes and viral fusion. We developed pioneering IgG4‐(HR2)4 bifunctional antibodies by creating immunoglobulin G4‐based and phage display‐derived human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically bind to the SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding domain, engineered with four heptad repeat 2 (HR2) peptides. Our in vitro experiments demonstrate the superior neutralization efficacy of these engineered antibodies against various SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, ranging from original SARS‐CoV‐2 strain to the recently emerged Omicron variants, as well as SARS‐CoV, outperforming the parental mAb. Notably, intravenous monotherapy with the bifunctional antibody neutralizes a SARS‐CoV‐2 variant in a murine model without causing significant toxicity. In summary, this study unveils the significant potential of HR2 peptide‐driven bifunctional antibodies as a potent and versatile strategy for mitigating SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. This approach offers a promising avenue for rapid development and management in the face of the continuously evolving SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, holding substantial promise for pandemic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular energy is primarily produced from glucose and fat through glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle in mitochondria; energy homeostasis is carefully maintained via numerous feedback pathways. In this report, we uncovered a new master regulator of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. When ubiquitin E3 ligase β‐TrCP2 was inducibly knocked out in β‐TrCP1 knockout adult mice, the resulting double knockout mice (DKO) lost fat mass rapidly. Biochemical analyses of the tissues and cells from β‐TrCP2 KO and DKO mice revealed that glycolysis, FAO, and lipolysis were dramatically upregulated. The absence of β‐TrCP2 increased the protein stability of metabolic rate‐limiting enzymes including 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase (PFKFB3), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase (CACT). Our data suggest that β‐TrCP is a potential regulator for total energy homeostasis by simultaneously controlling glucose and fatty acid metabolism and that targeting β‐TrCP could be an effective strategy to treat obesity and other metabolic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant genomes contain numerous genes encoding chitinase‐like (CTL) proteins, which have a similar protein structure to chitinase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) family but lack the chitinolytic activity to cleave the β‐1,4‐glycosidic bond in chitins, polymers of N‐acetylglucosamine. CTL1 mutations found in rice and Arabidopsis have caused pleiotropic developmental defects, including altered cell wall composition and decreased abiotic stress tolerance, likely due to reduced cellulose content. In this study, we identified suppressor of hot2 1 (suh1) as a genetic suppressor of the ctl1hot2‐1 mutation in Arabidopsis. The mutation in SUH1 restored almost all examined ctl1hot2‐1 defects to nearly wild‐type levels or at least partially. SUH1 encodes a Golgi‐located type II membrane protein with glycosyltransferase (GT) activity, and its mutations lead to a reduction in cellulose content and hypersensitivity to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, although to a lesser extent than ctl1hot2‐1 mutation. The SUH1 promoter fused with the GUS reporter gene exhibited GUS activity in interfascicular fibers and xylem in stems; meanwhile, the ctl1hot2‐1 mutation significantly increased this activity. Our findings provide genetic and molecular evidence that the antagonistic activities of CTL1 and SUH1 play an essential role in assembling the cell wall in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clinical diabetic traits have been reported to be associated with increased colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in observational studies. Using the Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis method, we examined the causal association between glycemic traits, such as fasting glucose (FG), fasting insulin (FI), and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and survival in a cohort of CRC patients. Methods: We conducted a two‐sample MR analysis among a cohort of patients with locally advanced CRC at Seoul National University Hospital. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated (p < 5 × 10−8) with the three glycemic traits were obtained from the Meta‐Analyses of Glucose and Insulin‐related traits Consortium, Asian Genetic Epidemiology Network, and Korea Biobank Array. Three‐year and 5‐year overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were used as outcomes. Survival analysis was conducted using subgroup analysis by cancer stage and subsite in a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age and sex to examine whether glycemic traits affected survival. Results: A total of 509 patients were included in our final analysis. MR analysis showed that HbA1c levels were associated with poor 3‐year OS (β = 4.20, p = 0.02). Sensitivity analyses did not show evidence of any violations of the MR assumptions. In the cancer subgroup analysis of the Cox proportional hazards model, pooled hazard ratios for FG were significantly associated with poor 3‐year OS and PFS regardless of cancer stage. FI was not significantly associated with any 3‐year survival endpoints. Among Stage III patients, three glycemic traits were significantly associated with both 5‐year OS and PFS. Location‐specific subgroup analysis showed a significant association between three glycemic traits and 5‐year PFS in patients with left‐sided colon cancer. FG was associated with poor 3‐year survival for colon cancer but not rectal cancer. Conclusions: Our results suggest that FG and HbA1c could be used to predict prognosis in CRC patients. Lifestyle and/or pharmacological interventions targeting glycemic traits could help improve survival for CRC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Companion diagnostic tests play a crucial role in guiding treatment decisions for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The Oncomine Dx Target Test (ODxTT) Multi‐CDx System has emerged as a prominent companion diagnostic method. However, its efficacy in detecting driver gene mutations, particularly rare mutations, warrants investigation. Aims: This study aimed to assess the performance of the ODxTT in detecting driver gene mutations in NSCLC patients. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate its sensitivity in detecting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, a key determinant of treatment selection in NSCLC. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of NSCLC patients who underwent testing with the ODxTT at Keio University Hospital between May 2020 and March 2022. Patient samples were subjected to both DNA and RNA tests. Driver gene mutation status was assessed, and instances of missed mutations were meticulously examined. Results: Of the 90 patients, five had nucleic acid quality problems, while 85 underwent both DNA and RNA tests. Driver gene mutations were detected in 56/90 (62.2%) patients. Of the 34 patient specimens, driver mutations were not detected using the ODxTT; however, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations were detected using polymerase chain reaction‐based testing in two patients, and a KRAS mutation was detected by careful examination of the sequence data obtained using the ODxTT in one patient. For the above three cases, carefully examining the gene sequence information obtained using the ODxTT could identify driver mutations that were not mentioned in the returned test results. Additionally, we confirmed comparable instances of overlook results for EGFR mutations in the dataset from South Korea, implying that this type of oversight could occur in other countries using the ODxTT. EGFR mutation was missed in ODxTT in Japan (6.3%, 2/32), South Korea (2.0%, 1/49), and overall (3.7%, 3/81). Conclusion: Even if sufficient tumor samples are obtained, rare EGFR mutations (which are excluded from the ODxTT's genetic mutation list) might not be detected using the current ODxTT system due to the program used for sequence analysis. However, such rare EGFR mutations can still be accurately detected on ODxTT's sequence data using next‐generation sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have gained considerable attention due to their potential applications in emerging biosensor platforms. The use of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) as active materials in OECTs is particularly advantageous owing to their functional, water‐processable, and biocompatible nature, as well as their tunable electronic and ionic transport properties. However, there exists a lack of systematic studies of the structure‐property relationships of these materials with respect to OECT performance. This study shows how by tuning the molecular weight of self‐doped CPE (CPE‐K) it is possible to fabricate OECTs with a µC* value of 14.7 F cm−1 V−1 s−1, one order of magnitude higher than previously reported CPE‐based devices. Furthermore, OECTs with a transconductance of 120 mS are demonstrated via device engineering. While CPE‐K batches with different molecular weights show good doping behavior and high volumetric capacitance, as confirmed by spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the medium molecular weight possesses the highest carrier mobility of ≈0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1 leading to the highest transconductance. The enhanced charge transport is due to a favorable charge percolation pathway, as revealed by the combination of X‐ray analysis and conductive atomic force microscope. These insights provide guidelines for further improving the performance of CPE‐based OECTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early and accurate detection of viruses in children might help prevent transmission and severe diseases. In this study, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐COV‐2) detection in children was evaluated using saliva specimens with a Proteinase K (PTK)‐based RNA preparation, as saliva collection is a simple and noninvasive procedure, even in young children, with fewer concerns about sample contamination. The saliva‐based PTK and the conventional paired nasopharyngeal aspiration (NPA)‐based detection methods were compared between COVID‐19‐positive and ‐negative children. In addition, the detection rate for SARS‐COV‐2 and the difference between admission and discharge by the saliva‐based PTK method was tested in COVID‐19 patients. The diagnostic accuracy of the saliva‐based PTK method was 98.8% compared to NP swab‐based reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Saliva samples showed high sensitivity (94.1%) and specificity (100%) when using the PTK method. Furthermore, the saliva‐based PTK method significantly reduced the test processing time by 2 h. Notably, Ct values at discharge increased in saliva samples compared with those at admission, which might indicate patients' clinical conditions or virus activity. In conclusion, the saliva‐based PTK implemented in this study streamlines RNA extraction, making the process faster, safer, and more cost‐effective, demonstrating that this method is a rapid and reliable diagnostic tool for SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first facile synthesis of cypripedin (1) was achieved using commercially available 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2) and 5‐bromovanillin (4) via a convergent strategy involving the Mizoroki–Heck reaction and photocyclization as key steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite theoretical expectations for 2D Weyl semimetals (WSMs), realizing stable 2D topological semimetal states experimentally is currently a great challenge. Here, 2D WSM states achieved by a thickness‐dependent topological phase transition from 3D Dirac semimetal to 2D WSM in molecular‐beam‐epitaxy‐grown Bi0.96Sb0.04 thin films are reported. 2D weak anti‐localization (WAL) and chiral anomaly arise in the Bi0.96Sb0.04 films for thicknesses below ≈10 nm, supporting 2D Weyl semimetallic transport in the films. This is particularly evident from magnetoresistance (MR) measurements which show cusp structures at around B = 0, indicating WAL, and negative MR, typical of chiral anomaly, only for layers with thicknesses below ≈10 nm. The temperature dependencies of the dephasing length for various thicknesses are consistent with those of the MR. Analysis based on second harmonic generation, terahertz emission, Seebeck/Hall effects, Raman scattering, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoemission demonstrates that the Dirac‐ to Weyl‐semimetal phase transition for films thinner than ≈10 nm is induced by inversion‐symmetry breaking due to the lattice‐mismatch strain between the Bi0.96Sb0.04 film and substrate. The realization of 2D WSMs is particularly significant for applications in high‐speed electronics, spintronics, and quantum computations due to their high mobility, chiral spin, and topologically‐protected quantum qubits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of polycythemia vera (PV) is important. The presence of JAK2 mutations is important in the diagnosis of PV, and serum levels of erythropoietin (EPO) also play a supporting role. However, serum EPO levels show some limitations. The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are a readily available marker of inflammation. Thus, we examined whether NLR & PLR might diagnose PV in erythrocytosis patients. We compared NLR & PLR and EPO diagnostic values. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and laboratory data from two referral hospitals. Two hundred and eighty‐five patients with erythrocytosis who underwent a test for the JAK2 mutation were included. It wac classified as the PV group and the secondary polycythemia (SP) group. Results: The median NLR & PLR in the PV group (n = 70) was significantly higher than that in the SP group (n = 170) (NLR: 6.04 vs. 1.77, PLR: 283.18 vs. 101.56, respectively, p < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve of NLR & PLR was significantly higher than that of serum EPO (NLR vs EPO: 0.921 vs. 0.827, p = 0.003; PLR vs EPO: 0.917 vs 0.827, p = 0.003). Conclusion: In conclusion, NLR & PLR were higher in PV than in SP and showed better diagnostic value than serum EPO level, highlighting their potential as minor diagnostic criteria in patients with PV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their unique tunable optical properties, chalcogenide phase change materials are increasingly being investigated for optics and photonics applications. However, in situ characterization of their phase transition characteristics is a capability that remains inaccessible to many researchers. Herein, a multifunctional silicon microheater platform capable of in situ measurement of structural, kinetic, optical, and thermal properties of these materials is introduced. The platform can be fabricated leveraging industry‐standard silicon foundry manufacturing processes. This platform is fully open‐sourced, including complete hardware design and associated software codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the trends in antiseizure medications (ASMs) use following ischemic stroke and to examine factors associated with use of newer‐ and older‐generation ASMs. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using state‐wide linked health datasets. Patients who were hospitalized with a first‐ever ischemic stroke between 2013 and 2017 and were dispensed ASM within 12 months from discharge were included. Logistic regression was used to examine the predictors of receiving newer‐generation ASMs. Generalized linear modeling was used to identify factors associated with ASM use after ischemic stroke. Results: Of 19 601 people hospitalized with a first‐ever ischemic stroke, 989 were dispensed an ASM within 12 months from discharge. The most prevalent first ASMs were levetiracetam (38.0%), valproate (25.8%), and carbamazepine (10.3%). Most people were dispensed ASM monotherapy (86.9%). There was a shift toward the use of newer‐generation ASMs between 2013 and 2017 (odds ratio [OR] 2.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.92–4.16). Metropolitan residents were more likely to be dispensed newer‐generation ASMs as a first‐line treatment (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.31–2.45). People over 85 years (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.23–0.64), with dementia (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.19–0.63) and psychotic comorbidities (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.09–0.96) were less likely to be dispensed newer‐generation ASMs. Older age (coefficient [β] 0.23, P = 0.030), history of beta blocker use (β 0.17, P = 0.029), multiple ASMs (β 0.78, P < 0.001), and newer‐generation ASM (β 0.23, P = 0.001) were associated with higher defined daily dose (DDD) of ASM whereas female sex and being married were associated with lower DDD. Significance: There has been a shift toward newer‐generation ASMs for poststroke seizures and epilepsy. Concerningly, vulnerable patient groups were more likely to be dispensed older‐generation ASMs. This may lead to unnecessary exposure to adverse events and drug–drug interactions. Further research is needed to evaluate comparative effectiveness and safety of newer‐ and older‐generation ASMs in poststroke populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify a specific population of patients with rheumatic diseases receiving rituximab treatment for whom the benefit from primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) outweighs the risk of adverse events (AEs). Methods: This study included 818 patients treated with rituximab for rheumatic diseases, among whom 419 received prophylactic trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) with rituximab, while the remainder did not. Differences in 1‐year PJP incidence between the groups were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Risk–benefit assessment was performed in subgroups stratified according to risk factors based on the number needed to treat (NNT) to prevent 1 case of PJP and the number needed to harm (NNH) due to severe AEs. Inverse probability of treatment weighting was applied to minimize the confounding by indication. Results: During the 663.1 person‐years, there were 11 PJP cases, with a mortality rate of 63.6%. Concomitant use of high‐dose glucocorticoids (≥30 mg/day of prednisone or equivalent during 4 weeks after rituximab administration) was the most important risk factor. The PJP incidence (per 100 person‐years) was 7.93 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.91–17.25) in the subgroup receiving high‐dose glucocorticoids compared with 0.40 (95% CI 0.01–2.25) in the subgroup without high‐dose glucocorticoid use. Although prophylactic TMP/SMX significantly reduced the overall PJP incidence (HR 0.11 [95% CI 0.03–0.43]), the NNT to prevent 1 case of PJP (146) was higher than the NNH (86). In contrast, the NNT fell to 20 (95% CI 10.7–65.7) in patients receiving concomitant high‐dose glucocorticoids. Conclusion: The benefit associated with primary PJP prophylaxis outweighs the risk of severe AEs in patients with rheumatic diseases receiving rituximab and concomitant high‐dose glucocorticoid treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated photobiomodulation (PBM) effects in Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling as a potential approach to taste preservation and regeneration. Primary taste cell (TC) cultures were treated with Shh antagonist vismodegib and irradiated using a continuous wave type 630 nm light‐emitting diode (10 mW/cm2) array, with single or multiple doses of 30 J/cm2 to determine dose inducing significant upregulation effect. Shh, Ptch, Smo, and Gli1 were significantly upregulated at 120 J/cm2, used as the minimum dose in vivo. Vismodegib was administered via daily oral gavage for 21 days (30 mg/kg) to induce Shh inhibition in the tongue of rat animal models resulting in taste bud damage and taste dysfunction. PBM treatment using a 630 nm laser (3 W/cm2) at a radiant exposure of 120 J/cm2 (24 J/cm2 × 5) successfully upregulated the Shh protein expression, regenerated taste buds, and recovered taste function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been renewed annually, now recorded to 25.7%, which is the highest efficiency for thin‐film solar cells, raising expectations for commercialization. However, the PSCs have a massive technical lack in entering the photovoltaic industry because of the low PCE of perovskite solar modules (PSMs), poor stability, high levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and environmental issues. Herein, cutting‐edge studies for overcoming the challenges faced by commercialization of PSCs are discussed. First, the reduction of the efficiency gap between small‐area PSCs and the large‐area PSMs via the solution process is reviewed. Second, the strategies for stable PSMs are discussed to reduce the LCOE. In addition, the environmental issues for manufacturing and sustainable use of PSMs are dealt with and it is demonstrated that the recycling/reuse of PSMs is the most promising way to reduce the manufacturing costs. Finally, it is suggested that the life cycle assessment system from manufacturing to recycling/reuse for PSMs is the key technology to resolve the commercialization issues of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]