Search

The prominent chemical bath deposition (CBD) method leverages tin dioxide (SnO2) as an electron transport layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), achieving exceptional efficiency. The deposition of SnO2, however, can lead to the formation of oxygen vacancies and surface defects, which subsequently contribute to performance challenges such as hysteresis and instability under light‐soaking conditions. To alleviate these issues, it is crucial to address heterointerface defects and ensure the uniform coverage of SnO2 on fluorine‐doped tin oxide substrates. Herein, the efficacy of tin(IV) chloride (SnCl4) post‐treatment in enhancing the properties of the SnO2‐ETL and the performances of PSCs are presented. The treatment with SnCl4 not only removes undesired agglomerated SnO2 nanoparticles from the surface of CBD SnO2 but also improves its crystallinity through a recrystallization process. This leads to an optimized interface between the SnO2‐ETL and perovskite, effectively minimizing defects while promoting efficient electron transport. The resultant PSCs demonstrate improved performance, achieving an efficiency of 25.56% (certified with 24.92%), while retaining 95.84% of the initial PCE under ambient storage conditions. Additionally, PSCs treated with SnCl4 endure prolonged light‐soaking tests, particularly when subjected to quasi‐steady‐state‐IV measurements. This highlights the potential of SnCl4 treatment as a promising strategy for advancing PSC technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seawater electrolysis is an innovative technique that can potentially transform hydrogen production and contribute to environmental redemption. However, the lack of good bifunctional electrocatalysts may hinder further development of this technology. Herein, nickel hydroxide nanosheets can be employed as a precursor to producing a 3D Prussian blue analogue (PBA) with a distinct dimensional structure. Nickel hydroxide nanosheets are formed within a nickel foam and undergo a reaction with potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]). The nickel hydroxide structure is sheets‐like and well‐preserved, containing a multitude of PBA nanocubes. Following phosphidation at 350 °C, the iron‐doped nickel phosphide (Fe‐doped Ni2P (1.0 mM) nanosheets) demonstrates remarkable potential as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for total water/seawater splitting. This electrocatalyst demonstrates exceptional performance in overall water splitting, achieving current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH at remarkably low voltages of 1.65 and 2.06 V, respectively. Additionally, its improved ability to resist corrosion and its hydrophilic surface makes it suitable for the seawater splitting process. The material can generate current densities of 100 to 500 mA cm−2 in seawater with 1.0 M KOH, resulting in voltages of 1.74 and 2.32 V. These outstanding results, together with its durability, indicate the material's strong potential for practical seawater electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chiral meta‐optics platform that incorporates hologram‐multiplexing with low phase distortion and wide‐incident angle tolerance over the broad spectral range of the ultraviolet‐visible (UV–vis) regimes holds great potential for photonic‐encryption‐based applications, particularly in next‐generation 3D displays, high‐resolution biomedical imaging, holographic anti‐counterfeiting labeling, and multi‐channel optical communication. However, the design incorporating giant chirality from UV–vis wavelengths coupled with wide‐incident‐angle tolerance and cost‐effective fabrication is still challenging. Here, the study introduces a pragmatic multifunctional dielectric chiral meta‐platform designed for simultaneous spin‐ and wavelength‐multiplexing of optical information in the UV–vis spectrum. The unit cell comprises a dimer structure based on wide‐bandgap silicon nitride (SiNx), ensuring substantial dual‐spectrum chiro‐optical effects. The meticulously engineered chiral meta‐platform offers an incident angle tolerance of up to 40 degrees, coupled with significant chiro‐optical transmission. To demonstrate the concept, two distinct phase profiles are embedded in the meta‐platform, utilizing the spin and wavelength of incident light as keys to unlock the specific holographic information. The chiral meta‐platform is experimentally validated for oblique illumination angles, showcasing its adaptability across the UV–vis spectrum. The demonstrated meta‐device with dual‐spectrum visual encryption can be applied in various anti‐counterfeiting and security applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the main effect, and interaction effect of, camping regions and type of accommodation (i.e., general tent; glamping; camping car, caravan, trailer; car including general/modified vehicle) on campers' spending in terms of total, transportation, and accommodation costs. This study recruited a total of 3087 respondents based on the online panel who experienced camping between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2021, in order to conduct two‐way ANOVA. Based on the analyses, the current study found a significant effect of the type of accommodation and camping regions on total, transportation, and accommodation costs. The significant interaction effect of camping regions and total, transportation, and accommodation costs suggests that a comprehensive understanding of campers' different needs for the type of accommodation in a diverse range of regions, specifically in Korea, is needed. As a result of the study, the practical implications for the operators of campsites were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the ecological presence and awareness of eco‐hotel satisfaction. 7471 reviews from Ecuador and Indonesia eco‐hotels were analyzed based on mathematical equations and Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (LIWC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis depicted differences in environmental awareness and satisfaction across cultures. The findings indicate that word count, perception, and green depth significantly impact satisfaction in Ecuador, while authenticity, perception, depth, and presence influence that in Indonesia. Furthermore, Indonesian customers had a higher understanding of eco‐friendly practices, but Ecuador reported higher overall satisfaction. These cultural differences provide valuable insights into the hospitality industry to enhance the guest experience at eco‐friendly accommodations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with behavioral and cognitive impairments. Unfortunately, the drugs the Food and Drug Administration currently approved for AD have shown low effectiveness in delaying the progression of the disease. The focus has shifted to non‐pharmacological interventions (NPIs) because of the challenges associated with pharmacological treatments for AD. One such intervention is environmental enrichment (EE), which has been reported to restore cognitive decline associated with AD effectively. However, the therapeutic mechanisms by which EE improves symptoms associated with AD remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the mechanisms underlying the alleviating effects of EE on AD symptoms using histological, proteomic, and neurotransmitter‐related analyses. Wild‐type (WT) and 5XFAD mice were maintained in standard housing or EE conditions for 4 weeks. First, we confirmed the mitigating effects of EE on cognitive impairment in an AD animal model. Then, histological analysis revealed that EE reduced Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and synaptic loss in the AD brain. Moreover, proteomic analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry showed that EE enhanced synapse‐ and neurotransmitter‐related networks and upregulated synapse‐ and neurotransmitter‐related proteins in the AD brain. Furthermore, neurotransmitter‐related analyses showed an increase in acetylcholine and serotonin concentrations as well as a decrease in polyamine concentration in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of 5XFAD mice raised under EE conditions. Our findings demonstrate that EE restores cognitive impairment by alleviating AD pathology and regulating synapse‐related proteins and neurotransmitters. Our study provided neurological evidence for the application of NPIs in treating AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was concentrated from tuna oil fatty acid using solvent crystallization combined with lipase‐catalyzed ethanolysis. In the first step, solvent crystallization was carried out to concentrate DHA from tuna oil fatty acid using acetonitrile as a solvent. The optimal conditions of solvent crystallization were the crystallization temperature of −40°C and the fatty acid to solvent ratio of 1:8 (w/v). This step increased the DHA content in the original tuna oil fatty acid from 22% up to 61%. In the second step, lipase‐catalyzed ethanolysis was conducted with DHA‐enriched fatty acid from the first step using Lipozyme RM IM (from Rhizomucor miehei) as a biocatalyst. The optimum conditions of this second step were the reaction temperature of 20°C and the molar ratio of 1:1 (fatty acid to ethanol). Overall, DHA enrichment with purity of 85% was obtained by the two step processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we present triple sets of wavefront modulation by proposing quarter‐waveplate‐based GPL (QWP GPL). We demonstrate nine depth‐switchable AR imaging functions with a bi‐stack condition of the QWP GPL modules. The presented QWP‐based GPL module scheme is advantageous for increasing depth‐switchable layers without increasing the switchable optic units required. In addition, the AR display optics based on the QWP GPL module can further improve form‐factor issues and AR imaging properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meteorological processes are investigated during the development of deep convective clouds over the Yellow Sea inside a quasi‐stationary rainy front in the East Asian region. WRF‐Chem simulations were conducted to assess the effects of aqueous‐phase chemistry on the concentrations of PM2.5 and hydrometers in deep convective clouds and the associated precipitation. A reduction in the south‐north air temperature gradient induced an inactive quasi‐stationary rainy front with nonlinear zonal clouds during the Changma period in the East Asian region in 2017, causing intensified surface heating due to solar radiation. A mesoscale cyclone was formed near the Shantung Peninsula inside the inactive quasi‐stationary rainy front, extending the eastward tongue of the troughs across the Yellow Sea. Deep convective clouds (CC16 on July 16, CC17 on July 17, and CC18 on July 18) formed in a severe mode on the east side of the mesoscale cyclone over the Yellow Sea at midnight as the warm type, as the warm and humid south‐southwesterly winds present at that time produced convection energy. PM2.5 from eastern China flowed into warm‐type CC16, CC17, and CC18 areas, producing more cloud droplets below 500 hPa via activation. In contrast, the release of additional condensation heat amplifies updrafts within convective clouds during efficient nighttime environmental cooling, thereby enhancing the production of cold‐type ice, reaching altitudes of up to 15 km. The WRF‐Chem PM2.5 outcomes indicate a significant increase in heavy rainfall, exceeding 10 mm hr−1, particularly in the context of the development of cold‐type convective clouds. Plain Language Summary: The regional phenomenon of summer rain, known as Changma in Korea, usually occurs with a quasi‐stationary rainy front that forms between the continental polar air mass over the East Asian region and the maritime tropical air mass over the northwest Pacific. An inactive quasi‐stationary rainy front with nonlinear zonal clouds induced by a reduction in the south‐north air temperature gradient during the Changma period led to the efficient absorption of solar radiation on the surface of the East Asian region. In addition, convective clouds have frequently developed over the Yellow Sea inside the inactive quasi‐stationary rainy front, resulting in extreme events with large amounts of short‐term precipitation in inland Korea. We found that aqueous‐phase chemistry in convective clouds led to the production of PM2.5 and nucleated cloud droplets, enhancing precipitation on 16–18 July 2017. While warm‐type convective clouds developed due to warm and humid south‐southwesterly flows over the Yellow Sea, WRF‐Chem‐simulated PM2.5 promoted cold‐type ice production to a top convection height of 15 km. The entrainment of near‐surface PM2.5 aerosols in the south‐southwesterly flows from eastern China and the secondary activations over the boundary layer clouds enhanced heavy rainfall to more than 10 mm hr−1 in cold‐type convective clouds. Key Points: A reduction in the air temperature gradient induced an inactive rainy front, forming a mesoscale cyclone over the Yellow SeaPM2.5 aerosols in eastern China flowed out to the Yellow Sea, wherein the PM2.5 inflows contributed to the development of cold‐type cloudsCold‐type clouds promoted heavy rainfall exceeding 10 mm hr−1 over the Yellow Sea and Korea [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding cancer treatment–related cardiovascular (CV) events is important for cancer care; however, comprehensive evaluation of CV events in patients with lung cancer is limited. This study aimed to assess the cumulative incidence and associated risks of various CV event types in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: A total of 7868 individuals aged 40 years and older, recently diagnosed with NSCLC (2007–2018), were assessed with data obtained from the National Cancer Center, Korea. This study included nine types of CV events. A 2‐year cumulative incidence function (CIF) of CV events was estimated, with death as a competing event. The associated risks were assessed by subdistribution hazard ratio (sHR) in the Fine–Gray competing risks model. Results: CV events were observed in 7.8% of patients with NSCLC, with the most frequently observed types being atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) (2.7%), venous thromboembolic disease (2.0%), and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) (1.5%). Overall, all CV events were highest in the group treated with systemic therapy (CIF, 10.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.5%–11.8%), followed by those treated with surgery (CIF, 10.0%; 95% CI, 8.6%–11.6%); the incidence of AF (CIF, 5.7%; 95% CI, 4.6%–7.0%) was highest in patients treated with surgery. Individuals treated with systemic therapy were found to exhibit a higher CeVD risk than those treated with surgery (sHR, 4.12; 95% CI, 1.66–10.23). Among the patients who underwent surgery, those with lobectomy and pneumonectomy had a higher AF risk (vs. wedge resection/segmentectomy; sHR, 7.79; 95% CI, 1.87–32.42; sHR, 8.10; 95% CI, 1.60–40.89). Conclusions: These findings revealed treatment‐related CV event risks in patients with NSCLC, which suggests that the risk of AF in surgery and CeVD in systemic therapy should be paid more attention to achieve a better prognosis and improve cancer survivorship outcomes. Plain Language Summary: Atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF) is the most common cardiovascular event, particularly at a high risk in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing surgery.Patients receiving surgery with poor performance status, diagnosed with regional stage, and undergoing lobectomy or pneumonectomy are at a high risk of AF.Systemic/radiotherapy is associated with cerebrovascular and ischemic heart disease in patients with NSCLC. This study revealed that cardiovascular events occurred in approximately 8% of patients with non–small cell lung cancer during 2‐year treatment periods, with atrial fibrillation and flutter, venous thromboembolic disease, and cerebrovascular disease being the most common types. The findings further emphasize the importance of monitoring atrial fibrillation in patients receiving surgery and cerebrovascular disease in those treated with systemic therapy to enhance cancer care and survivorship outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tauopathy is characterized by the abnormal aggregation of tau proteins. In order to develop drugs for tauopathies, a variety of different therapeutic strategies have been investigated. Synapse loss is a hallmark of tauopathies and is reportedly related to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease as well. Emerging evidence suggests that pathogenic tau species are linked to synaptic dysfunction and synapse loss in tauopathies. As such, a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate synaptic dysfunction and counteract synaptic loss due to pathogenic tau holds promise. This review highlights the pathological links between tau pathology and synaptic integrity and current efforts to develop therapeutics rescuing synaptic dysfunction for tauopathies, which will help to understand the association between tau and synapses and develop disease‐modifying drugs for tauopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very important to obtain high reliability in the high‐voltage direct current (HVDC) system operation because of extremely high and huge power capacity. To guarantee the reliability IEC‐62501 standard requires valve test for the voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC system. This paper proposes a test circuit for modular multilevel converter (MMC)‐based HVDC valve. The proposed scheme has good features of adequate test current generation, considerably reduced power supply voltage, simplified test circuit topology, etc., compared to the conventional test circuits. The validity of the proposed scheme is verified through experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On‐demand photo‐steerable amphibious rolling motions are generated by the structural engineering of monolithic soft locomotors. Photo‐morphogenesis of azobenzene‐functionalized liquid crystal polymer networks (azo‐LCNs) is designed from spiral ribbon to helicoid helices, employing a 270° super‐twisted nematic molecular geometry with aspect ratio variations of azo‐LCN strips. Unlike the intermittent and biased rolling of spiral ribbon azo‐LCNs with center‐of‐mass shifting, the axial torsional torque of helicoid azo‐LCNs enables continuous and straight rolling at high rotation rates (≈720 rpm). Furthermore, center‐tapered helicoid structures with wide edges are introduced for effectively accelerating photo‐motilities while maintaining directional controllability. Irrespective of surface conditions, the photo‐induced rotational torque of center‐tapered helicoid azo‐LCNs can be transferred to interacting surfaces, as manifested by steep slope climbing and paddle‐like swimming multimodal motilities. Finally, the authors demonstrate continuous curvilinear guidance of soft locomotors, bypassing obstacles and reaching desired destinations through real‐time on‐demand photo‐steering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are rare malignancies and lack well‐defined biomarkers for neoadjuvant therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of artificial intelligence (AI)‐powered tumor‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) analysis in TET. Methods: Patients initially diagnosed with unresectable thymoma or thymic carcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant therapy between January 2004 and December 2021 formed our study population. Hematoxylin and eosin‐stained sections from the initial biopsy and surgery were analyzed using an AI‐powered spatial TIL analyzer. Intratumoral TIL (iTIL) and stromal TIL (sTIL) were quantified and their immune phenotype (IP) was identified. Results: Thirty‐five patients were included in this study. The proportion of patients with partial response to neoadjuvant therapy was higher in the group with nondesert IP in preneoadjuvant biopsy (63.6% vs. 17.6%, p = 0.038). A significant increase in both iTIL (median 22.18/mm2 vs. 340.69/mm2, p < 0.001) and sTIL (median 175.19/mm2 vs. 531.02/mm2, p = 0.004) was observed after neoadjuvant therapy. Patients with higher iTIL (>147/mm2) exhibited longer disease‐free survival (median, 29 months vs. 12 months, p = 0.009) and overall survival (OS) (median, 62 months vs. 45 months, p = 0.002). Patients with higher sTIL (>232.1/mm2) exhibited longer OS (median 62 months vs. 30 months, p = 0.021). Conclusions: Nondesert IP in initial biopsy was associated with a better response to neoadjuvant therapy. Increased infiltration of both iTIL and sTIL in surgical specimens were associated with longer OS in patients with TET who underwent resection followed by neoadjuvant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, researchers have been exploring ways to artificially design chiral structures and materials, namely metamaterials and metasurfaces. They exhibit unique optical properties that can be used for various applications. However, metasurfaces comprise symmetry‐breaking structures that provide a more convenient solution for planar chiral optics regardless of whether they are plasmonic or dielectric. In general, plasmonic chiral metasurfaces are more suitable for applications requiring a high confinement level and substantial optical near‐field enhancement. In contrast, dielectric chiral metasurfaces are ideal for wide operating wavelength ranges and low losses. This review summarizes the recent progress on plasmonic and dielectric chiral metasurfaces. It includes the fundamental concepts, design strategies, and their implementation for applications in holographic displays, imaging and sensing, and detection. Moreover, an overview of chiral metasurfaces to generate the nonlinear effects, hosting bound states in the continuum, and the significant role of machine‐learning‐based design approaches are also discussed. Finally, some future developments are highlighted where chiral metasurfaces are expected to play a vital role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key process in many renewable energy systems. The development of low‐cost, long‐lasting alternatives to precious‐metal catalysts, particularly functional electrocatalysts with high activity for OER processes, is crucial for reducing the operating expense and complexity of renewable energy generating systems. This work describes a concise method for generating marigold flower‐like metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) aided manganese vanadium oxide via a hydrothermal procedure for increased OER activity. As synthesized MOF MnV oxide has a higher surface area due to the 3D flower‐like structure, which is reinvented with enhanced electrocatalytic active sites. These distinctive structural features result in remarkable catalytic activity for MOF MnV oxide microflowers towards OER with a low overpotential of 310 mV at 50 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope with only 51.4 mV dec−1 in alkaline conditions. This study provides a concise method for developing an optimized catalytic material with greater morphology and beneficial features for potential energy and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the anatomy of human eye, the role of iris is crucial since it controls the light level entering the eye and enhances the visibility. Here, we propose a soft contact lens type artificial iris actuated by eternal UV (ultra‐violet) light source, self‐regulating its effective aperture size by varying the crosslinking density of bio‐compatible polymer matrix doped with photochromic dye. For its self‐regulating characteristic, we cured HEMA‐based polymer matrix gradually from center to edge. Since the polymer matrix is polymerized by heat, we utilized NIR (near infra‐red) lamp and gradient grayscale patterned photomask for its gradual characteristic. Thereby, the crosslinking density of central position is higher compared to that of peripheral, causing slow switching dynamics. The gradient difference in switching dynamics leads to artificial iris gaining self‐regulation dynamics of effective aperture. The manufactured artificial iris shows advantage in blocking UV light, self‐regulating, and fast switching dynamics. The switching dynamics of artificial iris under bright and dim light adaptation are less than 50 seconds and 120 seconds, showing similar property with human iris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole transport materials (HTMs) play essential roles in achieving high photovoltaic performance and long‐term stability in the n–i–p structure of perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices. Recently, dopant‐free polymeric materials as HTMs in PSCs have attracted considerable attention owing to high carrier mobility and excellent hydrophobicity. However, achieving similar efficiencies to those of doped small molecule HTMs such as Spiro‐OMeTAD is a big challenge. Herein, a thienothiophene π‐bridge is selected as a stabilizer and energy level regulator incorporated into a donor–acceptor‐type HTM to synthesize a new polymer, Nap‐SiBTA. The incorporation of the thienothiophene group improves the thermal stability and favors the high planarity and face‐on orientation, promoting high charge carrier mobility and tunable optical band gap. Finally, the dopant‐free polymer Nap‐SiBTA‐based PSC achieves an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.07% with a high fill factor of 80.85%. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the best efficiencies in dopant‐free HTM PSCs. Moreover, the unencapsulated device retains 93% of its initial PCE after 1000 h owing to the excellent hydrophobicity of Nap‐SiBTA. This work provides a general and practical method to design dopant‐free HTMs for the high efficiency and long‐term stability of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a prospective phase II study on whether extended‐field irradiation (EFI) confers survival benefits depending on hypoxic markers in locally advanced uterine cervical cancer (LAUCC). RNA‐seq was performed to identify immune and hypoxic gene signatures. A total of 288 patients were randomized to either EFI or pelvic radiotherapy (PRT). All patients completed chemoradiotherapy. Overall, significantly higher 5‐year para‐aortic recurrence free survival (PARFS) rate occurred in EFI (97.6%) than in PRT group (87.2%), with marginal tendency to improve disease‐free survival (DFS; 78% vs 70%, P =.066). Subgroup analyses were performed based on carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9)‐only positive, CA9/hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) double positive and CA9 negative. In the CA9‐only positive, EFI successfully increased 5‐year PARFS (100% vs 76.4%, P =.010), resulting in significantly improved long‐term DFS (85.7% vs 54.7%, P =.023) compared to the PRT, while there was no such benefit of EFI in the CA9/HIFs double positive. RNA‐seq analysis identified distinct immunehigh subgroup with negative correlation with hypoxia gene signatures (R = −.37, P <.01), which showed a higher 5‐year DFS than the immunelow (P =.032). Hypoxia‐related genes were upregulated in the CA9/HIFs double positive compared to CA9 negative (P <.05). Only 17.4% of patients in CA9‐negative group showed immunelow signatures, while 40.0% of patients in the double‐positive group exhibited immunelow signatures. In conclusion, EFI improved PARFS significantly in all patients, but therapeutic efficacy of EFI in terms of improved DFS was solely observed in CA9‐only positive LAUCC, and not in CA9/HIFs double‐positive subgroup. RNA‐seq analysis suggested that hypoxia‐induced immunosuppression may be related to treatment resistance in LAUCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid crystal (LC) droplets have fascinating properties, such as anisotropic properties, in response to external stimuli. As LC droplet size may determine the proper application of soft composites, various results from numerical simulations and experimental observations of LC droplets are reported. Here, detailed topological responses of individual bipolar droplets to electric fields, are shown. The integration of each response influences the entire electro‐optic behavior. Monodispersed LC bipolar droplets are fabricated in a polyvinyl alcohol‐dissolved aqueous solution via a membrane‐emulsification method. The planar anchoring, provided by the polyvinyl alcohol surface, and surface elasticity, guide the entire LC director configuration, associated with topological defects, in the droplets. By simply blade‐coating the solution, bipolar axes of the droplets can be randomly placed on a flat substrate. Two different subsequential stages are found when applying voltages: 1) director reorientation, which is threshold‐less and 2) topological defect movement, which exhibits a threshold‐like behavior. Various initial directions of the bipolar axes with respect to the field direction provide the transition voltage between these two stages. It is believed that this study can provide important clues to handle several fundamental issues in electro‐optics of encapsulated LCs, such as the determination of response times, threshold, and operating voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An eco‐friendly polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–chitosan(CS)–NH4Br catalyst was prepared using a modified solution method. Although the amounts of PVA and CS were fixed, the amount of NH4Br was varied in the range 15–45 wt.%. The catalytic performance of PVA–CS–NH4Br was compared based on the carbonation performance in the presence of single‐component catalysts (PVA, CS, and NH4Br) and dual component catalyst (PVA–CS). The catalytic activity of PVA–CS was inadequate and considerably less than that observed when either PVA or CS was exclusively loaded. The number of functional groups within the PVA–CS structure was presumed to have been reduced due to the interactions of the OH groups in PVA and CS. However, the PVA–CS–NH4Br catalyst distinctively exhibited its catalytic performance. It has been suggested that NH4Br aided in sustaining the innate functional groups that both PVA and CS have within the PVA–CS–NH4Br structure. These results indicate that the functional groups and nucleophiles within the PVA–CS–NH4Br structure more effectively participated in the carbonation of propylene oxide. Quantitatively, the addition of 30 wt.% NH4Br yielded the best performance. Characteristic analyses of the catalysts were performed using X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hurdle of fabricating asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) devices using a faradic cathode and a double layer anode is challenging due to the required large amount of active mass of anodic material compared to that of the cathodic material during mass balancing due to the large difference in capacitance values of the two electrodes. Here, the problem is addressed by engineering a negative electrode that furnishes an ultrahigh capacitance. An in situ developed metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based thermal treatment is adopted to grow highly porous N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing submerged Co nanoparticles over nano‐fibrillated electrospun hollow carbon nanofibers (HCNFs). The optimized CNT@HCNF‐1.5 furnishes an ultrahigh capacitance approaching 712 F g–1 with excellent rate capability. The capacitance reported from this work is the highest for any carbonaceous material reported to date. The CNT@HCNF‐1.5 is further used to fabricate symmetric supercapacitors (SSCs), as well as ASC devices. Remarkably, both the SSC and ASC devices furnish incredible performances in all aspects of SCs, such as a high energy density, long cycle life, and high rate capability, displaying decent practical applicability. The energy density of the SSC device reaches as high as 20.13 W h kg–1, whereas that of ASC approaches 87.5 W h kg–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caryoynencin is a toxic and antifungal fatty acid derivative produced by a number of plant‐pathogenic and insect‐protective bacteria (Trinickia caryophylli and Burkholderia spp.). In addition to the reactive tetrayne unit, the presence of an allylic alcohol moiety is critical for antimicrobial activities. By a combination of mutational analyses, heterologous expression and in vitro reconstitution experiments we show that the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CayG catalyzes the complex transformation of a saturated carbon backbone into an allylic alcohol. Unexpectedly, CayG employs a ferritin‐like protein (CayK) or a rubredoxin (CayL) component for electron transport. A desaturation‐hydroxylation sequence was deduced from a time‐course study and in vitro biotransformations with pathway intermediates, substrate analogues, protegencin congeners from Pseudomonas protegens Pf‐5, and synthetic derivatives. This unusual multifunctional oxygenase may inspire future biocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbidium goeringii, commonly known as the spring orchid, has long been favoured for horticultural purposes in Asian countries. It is a popular orchid with much demand for improvement and development for its valuable varieties. Until now, its reference genome has not been published despite its popularity and conservation efforts. Here, we report the de novo assembly of the C. goeringii genome, which is the largest among the orchids published to date, using a strategy that combines short‐ and long‐read sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) information. The total length of all scaffolds is 3.99 Gb, with an N50 scaffold size of 178.2 Mb. A total of 29,556 protein‐coding genes were annotated and 3.55 Gb (88.87% of genome) repetitive sequences were identified. We constructed pseudomolecular chromosomes using Hi‐C, incorporating 89.4% of the scaffolds in 20 chromosomes. We identified 220 expanded and 106 contracted genes families in C. goeringii after divergence from its close relative. We also identified new gene families, resistance gene analogues and changes within the MADS‐box genes, which control a diverse set of developmental processes during orchid evolution. Our high quality chromosomal‐level assembly of C. goeringii can provide a platform for elucidating the genomic evolution of orchids, mining functional genes for agronomic traits and for developing molecular markers for accelerated breeding as well as accelerating conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a printing‐based scalable method is proposed for the higher density of a liquid crystal (LC) nanodroplet structure suitable for the optically isotropic LC mode where the LC nanodomains are accurately templated by a nanoporous breath figure (BF) membrane. The highly porous BF polymeric template structure is reliably obtained by utilizing self‐structured packing effects of the silica nanospheres achieved by doctor blade coating. A nanocomposite film with densely packed silica nanospheres encapsulated by the UV‐crosslinked polymer matrix is made by controlling the blade coating velocity and blade gap conditions. This provides a higher LC fill‐factor condition of the optically isotropic nanodroplet LC (OI‐NDLC) mode with filling the LCs into the nanopores obtained after selective silica etching. The OI‐NDLC structure templated by the nanoporous BF membrane made with the silica nanospheres of 300 nm can effectively resolve the scattering‐induced optical loss and depolarization issues observable in the OI‐NDLC mode prepared by conventional phase separation approaches due to the sufficiently reduced LC droplet size. The structure exhibits a much‐improved light leakage level in the field‐off optically isotropic state, a higher transmittance level as the field‐induced Kerr operation, and resultant improved contrast ratio properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an intense pulsed light (IPL) is irradiated for reducing graphene oxide (GO) to form a flexible resistive random access memory (ReRAM). The reduced‐GO (r‐GO) thin semiconductor layer is coated using spin coating method with distilled‐water and ethanol‐based solution on the flexible bottom electrode (Cu). The irradiation conditions are optimized to obtain high retention and switching characteristics. A top electrode (Al) is formed by deposition process and the electrical characteristics of the ReRAM are measured using a parameter analyzer. The optimally reduced GO‐based ReRAM shows write‐once read‐many times (WORM) characteristics and high electrical performances such as on/off ratio (≈103), operation voltage (−4.2–4.5 V), and excellent retention properties (retention time: 108). The effect of the IPL annealing on GO layer is analyzed using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). In the analysis results, the depth gradient reduced GO layer is clearly observed. In addition, the switching mechanism of ReRAM is investigated using energy band diagram of ReRAM structure(Cu/GO/r‐GO/Al). This ReRAM device fabricated on flexible substrate (PI substrate) does not show the degradation in switching characteristics even after bending the substrate in 1000 times with a 5 mm bending radius, demonstrating excellent mechanical endurance of ReRAM device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been strong demands for nanofibrous scaffolds fabricated by electrospinning for various fields due to their various advantages. Electrospun poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) fibre mats were prepared. The effects of processing variables as well as the inclusion of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the morphologies of generated fibres were investigated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The average fibrous diameter was monitored in the range 400–3000 nm relying on the total content of PEG. The fluorescence cell imaging of electrospun mats was also explored. The results of cell viability demonstrated that skin fibroblast BJ‐1 cells showed different adhesions and growth rates for the three kinds of PHBV fibres. Electrospun PHBV mats with low amount of PEG offer a high‐quality medium for cell growth. Therefore, those mats exhibited high potential for soft tissue engineering, in particular wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been much attention to biased ligands of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) for potential pharmacological benefits. Recently, we reported N‐((6‐chloro‐2'‐methoxy‐[1,1'‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl)methyl)ethanamine 1 as G protein‐biased agonist of 5‐HT7R, which could be used as a chemical probe for the study on treatment discovery of autism spectrum disorder. Herein, we describe the synthesis of derivatives of the compound 1 and their biological evaluations in both G protein and β‐arrestin signaling pathway. Total 16 compounds were synthesized and evaluated, and the compounds 3c, 3f, 3i, and 3p could be called as G protein‐biased agonists like the compound 1. Among the four compounds, the compound 3c was the best in efficacy with an Emax value of 73% and the compound 3f was the most potent agonist with an EC50 value of 0.094 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic and long‐lasting photoluminescent transparent, rigid, ultraviolet (UV) protective and superhydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) plastic able to switch colour beneath UV irradiation was developed. Photoluminescent transparent PMMA plastic was prepared by the simple polymerization process of methyl methacrylate immobilized with alkaline earth aluminate (AEA) nanoparticles. These colourless PMMA plastic substrates showed a colour switch to greenish underneath UV light as proved using CIELAB screening. The morphology of AEA was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. Conversely, transparent PMMA samples were evaluated using energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectra, scanning electron microscope, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy and for hardness properties. Additionally, the photoluminescence properties were explored by studying excitation and emission spectra. The produced luminescence colourless PMMA plastic substrates displayed excitation band at 370 nm, and three emission peaks at 433, 494 and 513 nm. Photoluminescent PMMA with lower contents of AEA showed fast and reversible photochromism under UV light, while PMMA samples with higher contents of AEA showed long‐lasting luminescence such as a flashlight with the ability to replace electric power. The findings showed that the produced photoluminescence colourless PMMA plastic substrates exhibited enhanced UV shielding and superhydrophobicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromism has been applied as an interesting technique in order to improve the anticounterfeiting of commercial commodities. To build up a mechanically reliable anticounterfeiting nanocomposite, it has been vital to enhance the engineering process of the anticounterfeiting material. In the current study, we developed mechanically reliable and highly photoluminescent lanthanide‐doped strontium aluminate nanoparticles (LSAN)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hybrid nanofibres successfully fabricated using an electrospinning technique for anticounterfeiting applications. The produced nanocomposite films exhibited ultraviolet‐induced photochromic anticounterfeiting properties. To guarantee the transparency of the LSAN‐PAN film, LSAN must be immobilized onto the nanoparticle size to allow better dispersion without aggregation in the polyacrylonitrile matrix. The LSAN‐PAN nanofibrous film demonstrated absorbance intensity that exhibited at 354 nm and associated with an emission intensity at 424 nm. The produced LSAN‐PAN films demonstrated an enhanced hydrophobicity when increasing the ratio of LSAN, without adversely influencing their native appearance and mechanical performance. Upon excitation with ultraviolet light, the translucent nanofibrous substrates exhibited fast and reversible photochromic activity to greenish‐yellow without exhaustion. The nanofibrous films exhibited stretchability, transparency, flexibility, and ultraviolet light‐induced photochromism at low cost. The current strategy can be considered as an efficient technique towards the development of various anticounterfeiting materials for a better market with economic and social values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although autogenous bone grafts are an optimal filling material for the induced membrane technique, limited availability and complications at the harvest site have created a need for alternative graft materials. We aimed to investigate the effect of an rhBMP‐2‐coated, 3D‐printed, macro/microporous CaO–SiO2–P2O5–B2O3 bioactive ceramic scaffold in the treatment of critical femoral bone defects in rabbits using the induced membrane technique. A 15‐mm segmental bone defect was made in the metadiaphyseal area of the distal femur of 14 rabbits. The defect was filled with polymethylmethacrylate cement and stabilized with a 2.0 mm locking plate. After the membrane matured for 4 weeks, the scaffold was implanted in two randomized groups: Group A (3D‐printed bioceramic scaffold) and Group B (3D‐printed, bioceramic scaffold with rhBMP‐2). Eight weeks after implantation, the radiographic assessment showed that the healing rate of the defect was significantly higher in Group B (7/7, 100%) than in Group A (2/7, 29%). The mean volume of new bone formation around and inside the scaffold doubled in Group B compared to that in Group A. The mean static and dynamic stiffness were significantly higher in Group B. Histological examination revealed newly formed bone in both groups. Extensive cortical bone formation along the scaffold was found in Group B. Successful bone reconstruction in critical‐sized bone defects could be obtained using rhBMP‐2‐coated, 3D‐printed, macro/microporous bioactive ceramic scaffolds. This grafting material demonstrated potential as an alternative graft material in the induced membrane technique for reconstructing critical‐sized bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assembly of proteins in a programmable manner provides insight into the creation of novel functional nanomaterials for practical applications. Despite many advances, however, a rational protein assembly with an easy scalability in terms of size and valency remains a challenge. Here, a simple bottom‐up approach to the supramolecular protein assembly with a tunable size and valency in a programmable manner is presented. The dendrimer‐like protein assembly, simply called a "protein dendrimer," is constructed through a stepwise and alternate addition of a building block protein. Starting from zeroth‐generation protein dendrimer (pG0) of 27 kDa, the protein dendrimer is sequentially grown to pG1, pG2, pG3, to pG4 with a molecular mass of 94, 216, 483, and 959 kDa, respectively. The valency of the protein dendrimers at the periphery increases by a factor of two after each generation, allowing a tunable valency and easy functionalization. The protein dendrimers functionalizes with a targeting moiety and a cytotoxic protein cargo shows a typical feature of multi‐valency in the avidity and a highly enhanced cellular cytotoxicity, exemplifying their utility as a protein delivery platform. The present approach can be effectively used in the creation of protein architectures with new functions for biotechnological and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Partial unilateral lentiginosis (PUL) is a rare acquired circumscribed hyperpigmentation characterized by multiple simple lentigines involving half of the body. Since the previous studies of PUL were mostly based on case reports and the current literature lacks well‐designed retrospective studies that involve a large number of cases, PUL is not a well‐defined entity, and differential diagnosis with nevus spilus is still difficult. This study aims to evaluate clinical and histopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of PUL on head and neck area of Koreans. Methods: Thirty‐two patients with PUL on head and neck area were diagnosed clinicohistopathologically at the Asan Medical Center from 2004 to 2017. Their medical records, photographs, and biopsy specimens were reviewed, and immunohistochemical staining for protein kinase C (PKC)‐βΙΙ was evaluated for melanogenic activity. Results: Four patients (12.5%) of PUL had congenital lesions, and 24 (75.0%) had age of onset younger than 10 years. Confluency of lentiginous lesions (100%) and mild to moderate background interlesional hyperpigmentation (90.6%) were observed. The lentiginous lesions showed increased melanocytes, melanophages, basal melanins, lentiginous hyperplasia, and perivascular inflammatory cells compared with background interlesional hyperpigmentation, and PKC‐βΙΙ was focally positive in 7 of 12 stained PUL lesions. Among the 16 patients who received laser treatments, 10 (62.5%) showed more than 50% of improvement. Conclusions: The findings of this study will allow for improved diagnosis of PUL and understanding of its features, which may facilitate proper management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fringe‐field switching (FFS) liquid crystal (LC) mode used with a negative dielectric LC (n‐LC) that is operable at an extremely low‐frequency signal voltage regime, without image flickering, is proposed. By doping charge‐trapping fullerenes (doping concentration: 0.2 wt%) into a low‐resistivity polyimide LC alignment layer of the FFS n‐LC mode, the mobile ionic‐charge density within the n‐LC layer can be drastically decreased. Thus, excellent voltage‐holding ratios of 98.24% and 87.91% are achievable in the proposed FFS n‐LC mode at low operation frequencies of 0.5 Hz and 0.2 Hz, respectively, corresponding to the improvement rates of 155.69% and 1127.05% at each operation frequency, compared with the FFS n‐LC mode without the fullerene doping case. The evaluation results by the modulation flicker level reveal that the operation frequency of the proposed device scheme can be decreased significantly (≈0.2 Hz) without inducing the perceptible image‐flickering problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Neutrocytic ascites, traditionally defined as a polymorphonuclear neutrophil count ≥250/mm3, is infrequently reported during paracenteses to relieve malignant ascites (MA). This study aims to explore new potential diagnostic criteria to discriminate ascitic fluid infection associated with MA and to examine the clinical and laboratory characteristics of neutrocytic ascites. Methods: The investigators retrospectively collected data on paracenteses to relieve MA at the Emergency Department of National Cancer Center, Korea, from January 2014 to February 2017. We analyzed the patients whose ascites fulfilled the traditional criteria for classification as neutrocytic ascites; polymorphonuclear neutrophils ≥250/mm3 with no history of either hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cirrhosis. Results: In total, 1467 patients underwent paracentesis to relieve MA. Excluding 98 follow‐up paracenteses cases, 112 cases (8.2%) showed neutrocytic ascites. Of these 112 patients, 27 (24.1%) had positive culture results. Receiver‐operating characteristic analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.90 (95% CI 0.82‐0.95) and 0.86 (95% CI 0.78‐0.92) for polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count, respectively. The difference between the two AUCs was not statistically significant (P =.29). Moreover, the best cutoff points were 70% and 1500/mm3 for polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count, respectively. In addition, extensive liver metastasis was a significant independent risk factor of MA associated with ascitic fluid infection. Conclusions: Both polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio and count had good discriminative abilities for culture results in MA. Polymorphonuclear neutrophil ratio was somewhat better despite lacking statistical significance compared to polymorphonuclear neutrophil count, with 70% as best cutoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the value of the vascular index (VI) on Superb Microvascular Imaging (SMI; Canon Medical Systems Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) in comparison with grayscale ultrasound (US) alone for assessing breast masses. Methods: We evaluated a total of 70 breast masses (36 malignant and 34 benign lesions) in 70 consecutive patients using grayscale US and SMI. Two breast radiologists analyzed grayscale US alone and the combination of grayscale US and SMI. They also measured the VI based on SMI. The diagnostic performance of grayscale US alone and the combination of grayscale US and SMI was compared. The VI was compared between benign and malignant masses, and the optimal cutoff value was determined. In addition, the interobserver agreement in imaging analyses and the VI was assessed. Results: The interobserver agreements in imaging analyses and the VI were almost perfect. The VI of malignant breast masses was significantly higher than that of benign lesions (P <.001). The optimal cutoff value of the VI for differentiating between malignant and benign breast masses was 2.95, with sensitivity of 86.1% and specificity of 91.2%. The diagnostic performance values of grayscale US alone and the combination of grayscale US and SMI were 0.824 and 0.912, respectively, for reader 1 (P =.028) and 0.795 and 0.853 for reader 2 (P =.101). Conclusions: The VI on SMI was significantly higher for malignant breast masses than for benign lesions, with high interobserver agreement. Our study suggests that the combination of grayscale US and SMI with the VI could improve the characterization of breast masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a hospital‐associated severe complication that may adversely affect patient prognosis. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of VTE and its risk factors in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the electronic health record data of 1268 patients with EOC who received primary treatment at the National Cancer Center, Korea between January 2007 and December 2017 to identify patients who developed VTE. Demographic, clinical, and surgical characteristics of these patients were ascertained. Competing risks analyses were performed to estimate the cumulative incidence of VTE according to the treatment type. The associations between putative risk factors and the incidence of VTE were evaluated using the Fine–Gray regression models accounting for competing risks of death. Results: VTE was the most prevalent cardiovascular event, found in 9.6% (n = 122) of all patients. Of these VTE events, 115 (94.3%) occurred within 2 years of EOC diagnosis. Advanced cancer stage at diagnosis (distant vs. localized, hazards ratio [HR])= 14.49, p = 0.015) and extended hospital stay (≥15 days, HR =3.87, p = 0.004) were associated with the incidence of VTE. There was no significant difference in the cumulative incidence of VTE between primary cytoreductive surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval cytoreductive surgery (HR =0.81, p = 0.390). Conclusions: Approximately 10% of patients with EOC were diagnosed with VTE, which was the most common cardiovascular disease found in this study. The assessment of VTE risks in patients with advanced‐stage EOC with an extended hospital stay is needed to facilitate adequate prophylactic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the previously noted limitations of high‐performance passenger tire tread were overcome by adding rough‐surface carbon nanotubes and soybean oil to a high‐loading silica‐based elastomer composite. The results of the practical tire test demonstrated improved wet braking, dry braking, snow traction, and rolling resistance in comparison with the unmodified silica‐based composite. Moreover, the wear resistance was enhanced by greater than 20% while commercially acceptable levels of the other properties were maintained, thereby minimizing the trade‐off. The wet traction and dry stability of the tires were enhanced by the inclusion of carbon nanotubes, while the improved snow traction and wear resistance were increased by the soybean oil. Therefore, this carbon nanotube/soybean oil‐based composite may represent a useful and practical means of improving high‐loading silica‐based elastomer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Lipid metabolism dysregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IPF; however, the roles of most lipid metabolites in lung fibrosis remain unexplored. Therefore, we aimed to identify changes in lipid metabolites in the lung tissues of IPF patients and determine their roles in pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: Free fatty acids in the lung tissues of IPF patients and controls were quantified using a metabolomic approach. The roles of free fatty acids in fibroblasts or epithelial cells treated with TGF‐β1 were evaluated using fibrotic markers. The antifibrotic role of stearic acid was also assessed in a bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis mouse model. Protein levels in cell lysates or tissues were measured by western blotting. Results: The levels of stearic acid were lower in IPF lung tissues than in control lung tissues. Stearic acid significantly reduced TGF‐β1‐induced α‐SMA and collagen type 1 expression in MRC‐5 cells. Furthermore, stearic acid decreased the levels of p‐Smad2/3 and ROS in MRC‐5 cells treated with TGF‐β1 and disrupted TGF‐β1‐induced EMT in Beas‐2B cells. Stearic acid reduced the levels of bleomycin‐induced hydroxyproline in a mouse model. Conclusion: Changes in the free fatty acid profile, including low levels of stearic acid, were observed in IPF patients. Stearic acid may exert antifibrotic activity by regulating profibrotic signalling. Stearic acid levels in IPF lung tissues were reduced compared with those in control lung tissues. Stearic acid alleviated pulmonary fibrosis in vitro by inhibiting TGF‐β1‐induced p‐Smad2/3. Stearic acid also showed antifibrotic effects in mice with bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis. Taken together, stearic acid may be a therapeutic target for IPF. See relatedEditorial [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed CH carbonylation of 2‐aryl quinazolinones with isocyanates as carbonyl sources is described. The developed method provides direct access to biologically relevant isoindoloquinazolinone core through CH aminocarbonylation followed by intramolecular annulation. A broad range of substrate scope and functional group tolerance were observed. Gram‐scale reactions and synthetic transformations demonstrate the synthetic potential of this protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large reversible biaxial (xy) stretching in energy storage devices is now an urgent requirement for the field of stretchable electronics to enable reliability in practical applications. Here, a fascinating stretching machine is designed and used for xy‐stretching of a high‐performance supercapacitor device without performance degradation. A trimetallic metal organic framework (MOF)‐derived ternary metal oxide on graphitic‐2200 knitted carbon fiber (MOF‐ZNCO@g‐KCF), activated carbon loaded onto drilled knitted carbon fiber (AC@g‐KCF‐d), and a poly‐vinyl alcohol, poly‐ethylene oxide, and potassium hydroxide (PVA/PEO/KOH) based hydrogel polymer film are used as a faradic cathode, a double layer anode, and an electrolyte, respectively, to integrate the biaxially stretchable asymmetric supercapacitor (BSASC) device. The fabricated MOF‐ZNCO@g‐KCF//AC@g‐KCF‐d BSASC maintains an outstanding performance consistency at different xy‐stretched conditions, even after repeated deformations. Notably, after 10 000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles, the BSASC in the xy‐biaxial stretched condition is retained at 93.7%, and after 100 successive stretch–relax cycles for the same stretching dimension it still retains a 92.48% capacity, demonstrating excellent mechanical and electrochemical stability. The exceptional performance consistency in the xy‐stretched position, demonstrates that the BSASC is one of the best performers among the stretchable supercapacitors reported to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new methods for the direct synthesis of bioactive molecules is a pivotal topic in organic and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we describe the rhodium(III)‐catalyzed C−H functionalization of N‐aryl phthalazinones with maleimides. The complete site‐selectivity and broad functional group tolerance are observed. Notably, this protocol allows the direct integration of phthalazinones and succinimides, which are vital motifs found in bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been few studies using hyaluronic acid fillers to restore mid‐face volume deficit especially in Asians. Aims: This study compared the efficacy and safety of two highly cohesive hyaluronic acid fillers, Neuramis® Volume Lidocaine and Juvederm® Voluma® with Lidocaine (VYC‐20L), for temporary restoration of mid‐face volume in Asians. Patients/Methods: A total of 88 subjects with moderate to severe age‐related mid‐face volume deficit on the Mid‐Face Volume Deficit Scale (MFVDS) received Neuramis® Volume Lidocaine on one side and VYC‐20L on the other side of the face. Response was defined as a ≥1 point reduction in MFVDS at 24 weeks after the injection by photographic assessment. Secondary end points included photographic and live assessments of MFVDS and its changes at week 4, 12, and 24; global aesthetic improvements, as assessed by the investigators and the subjects at each visit; and the proportion of subjects who received touch‐up treatment. Results: The response rates of the sides treated with Neuramis® Volume Lidocaine and VYC‐20L were identical (96.39%) at week 24, demonstrating that Neuramis® Volume Lidocaine was noninferior to VYC‐20L. Photographic and live assessments of MFVDS and its changes, global aesthetic improvement, and the proportion of subjects who received touch‐up treatment did not differ significantly during follow‐up. Conclusions: Neuramis® Volume Lidocaine was not inferior to VYC‐20L in temporarily restoring mid‐face volume at 24 weeks after treatment. Both of these highly cohesive hyaluronic acid fillers can be used effectively and safely for the correction of mid‐face volume loss in Asians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We performed a genome‐wide association study to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity (ACT) in patients diagnosed with early breast cancer. From January 2000 to December 2015, 8490 patients underwent breast surgery at the National Cancer Center in Korea. Patients who received doxorubicin (cumulative dose 240 mg/m2‐300 mg/m2) with or without trastuzumab as a neoadjuvant/adjuvant therapy were included in our cohort. Sixty‐seven patients in our cohort were diagnosed with ACT. Clinical data, including age, body weight, height, cancer stage, trastuzumab treatment, comorbidities, and concomitant medications, were collected retrospectively. Patients were classified as having either persistent or transient ACT based on their clinical course. In total, 346 946 single nucleotide polymorphisms in 42 cases and 215 controls were tested in this study. Body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.45, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.23‐4.88, P =.011] and trastuzumab use (OR = 2.40, 95% CI, 1.11‐5.17, P =.026) were identified as significant risk factors. We found 7 genetic variants for ACT including rs17530621 (SHISA3, P = 3.10E−06), rs11894115 (MPP4, P = 4.71E−06), rs58328254 (RPL7, P = 6.09E−06), and rs117299725 (PRUNE2, P = 8.53E−06), although none of these variants reached the Bonferroni‐corrected significance level when adjusted for BMI and trastuzumab use (= α1.44E−07 based on 0.05/346 946). rs117299725 was a common variant when only the persistent ACT group was analyzed separately. It is meaningful that our study analyzed comprehensively the influence of genetic variation on ACT, along with some clinical factors in Asian breast cancer patients who received anthracycline with or without trastuzumab. Further research will be needed on candidate genetic variants found in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]