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Background and Aim: The microsurface structure reflects the degree of damage to the glands, which is related to the invasion depth of early gastric cancer. To evaluate the diagnostic value of quantitative microsurface structure analysis for estimating the invasion depth of early gastric cancer. Methods: White‐light imaging and narrow‐band imaging (NBI) endoscopy were used to visualize the lesions of the included patients. The area ratio and depth‐predicting score (DPS) of each patient were calculated; meanwhile, each lesion was examined by endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). Results: Ninety‐three patients were included between 2016 and 2019. Microsurface structure is related to the histological differentiation and progression of early gastric cancer. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that when an area ratio of 80.3% was used as a cut‐off value for distinguishing mucosal (M) and submucosal (SM) type 0–II gastric cancers, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 82.9%, 80.2%, and 91.6%, respectively. The accuracies for distinguishing M/SM differentiated and undifferentiated early gastric cancers were 87.4% and 84.8%, respectively. The accuracy of EUS for distinguishing M/SM early gastric cancer was 74.9%. DPS can only distinguish M‐SM1 (SM infiltration <500 μm)/SM (SM infiltration ≥500 μm) with an accuracy of 83.8%. The accuracy of using area ratio for distinguishing 0–II early gastric cancers was better than those of using DPS and EUS (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Quantitative analysis of microsurface structure can be performed to assess M/SM type 0–II gastric cancer and is expected to be effective for judging the invasion depth of gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral preservation and microbial residue production are vital for the accumulation of mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC) in soils. However, their relative importance and interactive effects remain unclear. Here MAOC content and composition are analyzed in tandem with soil mineral and microbial attributes along a weathering gradient on a volcanic soil sequence. We find that MAOC content increases with increasing mineral weathering states, accompanied by increasing microbial contribution to MAOC. Mineral attributes rather than microbial physiological traits are strongly related to MAOC contents, suggesting that weathering‐enhanced mineral preservation capacity overrides microbial residue production in governing MAOC accumulation by increasing reactive minerals. Furthermore, mineral attributes have a strong interactive effect with microbial traits on MAOC accumulation and composition, likely related to increasing fungal abundance in the microbial community with increasing weathering. These findings highlight that mineral weathering may effectively boost persistent SOC in synergy with microbial conversion in the long term. Plain Language Summary: The accrual of mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC) is one of the key mechanisms promoting the long‐term sequestration of atmospheric CO2 into soil organic carbon (SOC). Both microbial residue production and mineral preservation are vital for MAOC accumulation. However, their relative importance and interactive effects remain unclear, hampering our ability to understand how to effectively increase this important pool of persistent SOC. Here by analyzing MAOC content and composition in tandem with soil mineral and microbial attributes along a weathering gradient on a volcanic soil sequence (290 years–2.1 million years ago), we find that MAOC content increases with increasing weathering states, accompanied by increasing microbial contribution to MAOC. In contrast to short‐term studies where microbial residue production predominantly influences MAOC accumulation, weathering‐enhanced mineral preservation capacity overrides microbial residue production in governing MAOC accumulation in the long term by increasing reactive minerals. Furthermore, mineral attributes have a strong interactive effect with microbial traits on MAOC accumulation and composition, likely by enhancing the accumulation efficiency of microbial residues via affecting the microbial community composition. Our findings highlight mineral weathering may effectively boost persistent SOC pools in synergy with microbial conversion. Key Points: The relative importance of mineral versus microbial attributes and their interactive effects in MAOC accumulation was comparedWeathering‐enhanced mineral preservation overrode microbial residue production in governing MAOC accumulation over the weathering gradientMineral weathering strengthened microbial contribution to MAOC via affecting microbial community composition [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, solar absorbers have received widespread attention, however, large‐scale preparation is difficult to achieve for many absorbers, and the raw materials are expensive. Halloysite (HNTs) and palygorskite (PAL) have the advantage of abundant reserves and low prices. Herein, solar absorbers with bilayer and porous features are prepared from mixed clays of HNTs and PAL; further studies focused on the solar–thermal conversion efficiency of the absorbers. The mixed clays are gelated by aqueous polymerization of acrylamide and N, N′‐methylene bisacrylamide, then the surface of the gel is carbonized to obtain the double‐layer solar absorbers (F‐HNTs/PAL). The F‐HNTs/PAL shows excellent thermal stability with a weight‐loss ratio of 13% at 1,000 °C, good mechanical properties with a compressed strength of up to 200 KPa at 80% strain, abundant porosity with an adsorption pore volume of 0.057 cm3 g−1, and low thermal conductivity (0.206 W m−1 K−1). Under 1 sun illumination, the F‐HNTs/PAL has a higher vapor rate of 1.215 kg m−2 h−1 that equals 84% solar‐to‐vapor efficiency, which is much more than 57% of F‐HNTs prepared by the same methods, but the F‐HNTs/PAL shows unique thermal stability and mechanical property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Genomic biomarkers predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment outcomes for Asian metastatic melanoma have been rarely reported. This study presents data on next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and tumour microenvironment biomarkers in 33 cases. Methods: Thirty‐three patients with advanced melanoma, who underwent ICI treatment at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan, were recruited. The study evaluated clinical outcomes, including response rate, disease control rate, progression‐free survival (PFS) rate and overall survival (OS) rate. Archived tissue samples from 33 cases were subjected to NGS by ACTOnco, and ACTTME was employed in 25 cases. Results: The most prevalent driver mutations were BRAF mutations (24.2%), followed by NRAS (15.2%), KIT (12.1%), KRAS (9.1%) and NF1 (9.1%) mutations. Acral/mucosal melanomas exhibited distinct mutation patterns compared to non‐acral melanomas. Tumour mutational burden estimated using ACTOnco was not associated with ICI efficacy. Notably, genetic alterations in the p53 pathway (CDKNA2 loss, MDM2 gain/amplification and TP53 mutation) accounted for 36.4% and were significantly associated with unfavourable PFS (median PFS 2.7 months vs. 3.9 months, P = 0.0394). Moreover, 26 genes were identified as differentially expressed genes that were upregulated in patients with clinical benefits compared to those without benefits. Four genes, GZMH, GZMK, AIM2 and CTLA4, were found to be associated with both PFS and OS. Conclusion: Genetic alterations in the p53 pathway may be critical in Asian patients with melanoma undergoing ICI treatment. Further investigation is required to explore this mechanism and validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate projection requires an accurate understanding for soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and its response to warming. An emergent view considers that environmental constraints rather than chemical structure alone control SOC turnover and its temperature sensitivity (i.e., Q10), but direct long‐term evidence is lacking. Here, using compound‐specific radiocarbon analysis of soil profiles along a 3300‐km grassland transect, we provide direct evidence for the rapid turnover of lignin‐derived phenols compared with slower‐cycling molecular components of SOC (i.e., long‐chain lipids and black carbon). Furthermore, in contrast to the slow‐cycling components whose turnover is strongly modulated by mineral association and exhibits low Q10, lignin turnover is mainly regulated by temperature and has a high Q10. Such contrasts resemble those between fast‐cycling (i.e., light) and mineral‐associated slow‐cycling fractions from globally distributed soils. Collectively, our results suggest that warming may greatly accelerate the decomposition of lignin, especially in soils with relatively weak mineral associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest ecosystems are important global soil carbon (C) reservoirs, but their capacity to sequester C is susceptible to climate change factors that alter the quantity and quality of C inputs. To better understand forest soil C responses to altered C inputs, we integrated three molecular composition published data sets of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil microbial communities for mineral soils after 20 years of detrital input and removal treatments in two deciduous forests: Bousson Forest (BF), Harvard Forest (HF), and a coniferous forest: H.J. Andrews Forest (HJA). Soil C turnover times were estimated from radiocarbon measurements and compared with the molecular‐level data (based on nuclear magnetic resonance and specific analysis of plant‐ and microbial‐derived compounds) to better understand how ecosystem properties control soil C biogeochemistry and dynamics. Doubled aboveground litter additions did not increase soil C for any of the forests studied likely due to long‐term soil priming. The degree of SOM decomposition was higher for bacteria‐dominated sites with higher nitrogen (N) availability while lower for the N‐poor coniferous forest. Litter exclusions significantly decreased soil C, increased SOM decomposition state, and led to the adaptation of the microbial communities to changes in available substrates. Finally, although aboveground litter determined soil C dynamics and its molecular composition in the coniferous forest (HJA), belowground litter appeared to be more influential in broadleaf deciduous forests (BH and HF). This synthesis demonstrates that inherent ecosystem properties regulate how soil C dynamics change with litter manipulations at the molecular‐level. Across the forests studied, 20 years of litter additions did not enhance soil C content, whereas litter reductions negatively impacted soil C concentrations. These results indicate that soil C biogeochemistry at these temperate forests is highly sensitive to changes in litter deposition, which are a product of environmental change drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timings of phenological events have been paid more attention in facing of climate change. However, little is known how shifts of phenological events are associated with variations of vegetative and reproductive periods which could further link to population fitness over time. We compiled an observational data set including timings of four phenological events, height, and population aboveground biomass of 12 plant species across five sites in alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau spanning 1988–2006. Our time‐series data revealed timings of budburst and flower budding are more sensitive to climate warming than timings of fruit ripeness and leaf senescence. Some species showed advances of budburst and/or flower budding, and others did not show any response. We also found advance of budburst was correlated with lengthening of vegetative and activity period, and advance of flower budding was correlated with shortening of vegetative and lengthening of reproductive period. Furthermore, negative relationship was found between budburst shifts and aboveground biomass suggesting advance of budburst is beneficial to population fitness over time under warming. Our spatial‐data showed lengthening vegetative period due to budburst advance was correlated with increase of aboveground biomass as comparison the species pairs in a warm‐wet site with that in a cold‐dry site. Prolonging reproductive period due to flower budding advance was correlated with increase of aboveground biomass as comparison the species pairs in a warm‐dry site with that in a cold‐wet site. Our study suggests linking phenology to population fitness is helpful to better understanding diverse responses of phenological events to climate changes. Plain Language Summary: Studies have paid more attention to the timings of phenological events in response to climate changes. However, little is known how shifts of phenological events are associated with variations of vegetative and reproductive periods which could further link to population fitness over time. Here we compiled an observational data set including the timings of four phenological events, height, and population aboveground biomass of 12 plant species across five sites in alpine meadow on Tibetan Plateau spanning 1988–2006. We found that advance of budburst was correlated with lengthening vegetative and activity period, and advance of flower budding was correlated with shortening vegetative and lengthening reproductive period. Such lengthening vegetative and reproductive period could be beneficial to population fitness. Key Points: Advance of budburst and flower budding was respectively correlated with lengthening vegetative and reproductive periodLengthening vegetative period due to budburst advance was beneficial to the increase of aboveground biomassProlonging reproductive period due to flower budding advance was beneficial to the increase of aboveground biomass [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell, enzyme, and tissue activity in living organisms are closely related to intracellular pH. Detecting the changes of intracellular pH is important to understanding the physiological and pathological changes in the process of crucial cell metabolism. A pH probe (HTBI) based on hemicyanine was synthesized. The probe solution displayed a marked colour change from yellow to amaranth with the pH increase from neutral to basic; simultaneously, the emission spectra showed a significant red shift. The probe exhibited a ratiometric fluorescence emission (F586nm/F542nm) characteristic of pKa 8.82. As expected, HTBI exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for pH, fine photostability, reversibility, and low cytotoxicity. Therefore, it would be a very useful tool for measuring the intracellular pH changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsoils contain >50% of soil organic carbon (SOC) globally yet remain under‐investigated in terms of their response to climate changes. Recent evidence suggests that warmer, drier conditions in alpine grasslands induce divergent responses in SOC decomposition and carbon accrual in top‐ versus subsoils. However, longer term effects on microbial activity (i.e., catabolic respiration vs. anabolic growth) and belowground carbon cycling are not well understood. Here we utilized a field manipulation experiment on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau and conducted a 110‐day soil incubation with and without 13C‐labeled grass litter to assess microbes' role as both SOC "decomposers" and "contributors" in the top‐ (0–10 cm) versus subsoils (30−40 cm) after 5 years of warming and drought treatments. Microbial mineralization of both SOC and added litter was examined in tandem with potential extracellular enzyme activities, while microbial biomass synthesis and necromass accumulation were analyzed using phospholipid fatty acids and amino sugars coupled with 13C analysis, respectively. We found that warming and, to a lesser extent, drought decreased the ratio of inorganic nitrogen (N) to water‐extractable organic carbon in the subsoil, intensifying N limitation at depth. Both SOC and litter mineralization were reduced in the subsoil, which may also be related to N limitation, as evidenced by lower hydrolase activity (especially leucine aminopeptidase) and reduced microbial efficiency (lower biomass synthesis and necromass accumulation relative to respiration). However, none of these effects were observed in the topsoil, suggesting that soil microbes became inactive and inefficient in subsoil but not topsoil environments. Given increasing belowground productivity in this alpine grassland under warming, both elevated root deposits and diminished microbial activity may contribute to new carbon accrual in the subsoil. However, the sustainability of plant growth and persistence of subsoil SOC pools deserve further investigation in the long term, given the aggravated N limitation at depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsoil contains more than half of soil organic carbon (SOC) globally and is conventionally assumed to be relatively unresponsive to warming compared to the topsoil. Here, we show substantial changes in carbon allocation and dynamics of the subsoil but not topsoil in the Qinghai‐Tibetan alpine grasslands over 5 years of warming. Specifically, warming enhanced the accumulation of newly synthesized (14C‐enriched) carbon in the subsoil slow‐cycling pool (silt‐clay fraction) but promoted the decomposition of plant‐derived lignin in the fast‐cycling pool (macroaggregates). These changes mirrored an accumulation of lipids and sugars at the expense of lignin in the warmed bulk subsoil, likely associated with shortened soil freezing period and a deepening root system. As warming is accompanied by deepening roots in a wide range of ecosystems, root‐driven accrual of slow‐cycling pool may represent an important and overlooked mechanism for a potential long‐term carbon sink at depth. Moreover, given the contrasting sensitivity of SOC dynamics at varied depths, warming studies focusing only on surface soils may vastly misrepresent shifts in ecosystem carbon storage under climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands are hot spots for particulate organic matter (POM) supply into rivers, which link the land‐ocean transfer in the global carbon cycle. However, the source, composition, and seasonal variability of POM carried by wetland‐draining rivers are poorly constrained. Here we combine bulk and source‐specific biomarker analyses to investigate the fluvial POM biogeochemistry of the Black and White Rivers draining from the Zoige wetland. We find that POM was dominated by terrestrial organic matter including high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) lipids, branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers, and lignin phenols. However, fluvial POM was rich in HMW lipids and poor in lignin phenols compared to the catchment soils, possibly due to hydrodynamic sorting and dissolution processes. While lignin phenol concentrations were higher in the wet season, HMW lipid concentrations were lower. Additionally, lignin phenols increased with total suspended solids, while HMW lipids decrease. These contrasts imply an enhanced input of lignin‐rich particles from soil surface layers in the wet season, diluting HMW lipids. Compared with that in other rivers around the world with a higher forest coverage in the catchment, POM in the Black and White Rivers draining grass‐dominated wetlands had a much higher ratio of HMW fatty acids to lignin phenols. Our results represent a benchmark study highlighting compositional characteristics of fluvial POM exported from the Zoige wetland and the divergent behavior of molecular components during fluvial transfer. Such information is vital for assessing future changes in the Zoige wetland, given its high vulnerability to climatic and land use changes. Key Points: Fluvial POM was rich in HMW lipids and poor in lignin phenols relative to soils of the Zoige wetlandLipids, lignin phenols, and GDGTs showed varied behavior in fluvial POM due to differential influences from biotic and abiotic processesHMW FA‐to‐lignin phenol ratios in POM are much higher in rivers of Zoige wetland than in wood‐dominated basins [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar steam generation is a promising strategy for harvesting solar energy for diverse applications such as desalination and wastewater treatment. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of polypyrrole modified sugarcane (PPy‐SC) as efficient photothermal material for solar steam generation. The PPy‐SC possesses various close‐packed open channels in horizontal plane and super hydrophilic wettability which is beneficial for rapid transportation of water molecules. In combination with its abundant porosity (47%), low apparent density (80 mg cm−3), low thermal conductivity (0.042 W m−1 K−1), and broad light absorption (90%). The prepared PPy‐SC exhibits a high evaporation rate of 1.59 kg m−2 h−1 and conversion efficiency of 90.6%, under 1 sun irradiation. In addition, the PPy‐SC also shows good performance in desalination. With the merits of low‐cost, eco‐friendly, simple fabrication process, high solar energy conversion efficiency, the PPy‐SC shows great potential as an efficient photothermal material for solar steam generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The BRAF V600 mutation has been shown to be clinically meaningful in terms of both the prognosis and sensitivity of BRAF inhibitors in patients with metastatic melanoma. Recently, a BRAF V600E mutation-specific antibody, VE1, was generated for the detection of tumors bearing BRAF V600E mutations. To determine the clinical value of immunohistochemical testing, we compared the prevalence of mutant BRAF detected by VE1 with direct sequencing results. Methods Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed melanoma biopsies were analyzed for the BRAF mutation status by immunohistochemistry with the VE1 antibody. Sanger sequencing was applied to verify the immunohistochemical results. Results A total of 73 melanoma cases with tumor samples from primary lymph nodes and metastatic sites were selected for this study. Direct sequencing demonstrated that 18 of 73 cases (24.6%) harbored the BRAF V600 mutation: 17 with V600E and one with V600K. All 18 tumors shown to harbor the BRAF V600E/K mutations were VE1-positive. One additional case was false-positive for VE1. The sensitivity and specificity of VE1 was 100% (18/18) and 98% (54/55), respectively. The overall concordance between the immunohistochemical method and direct sequencing was excellent (98.6%). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that immunohistochemical analysis using VE1 constitutes a highly sensitive test for the detection of BRAF mutations and suggest that this cost-effective method is suitable as a rapid diagnostic approach complementary to molecular testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations exist in patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but few data about mutation patterns with clinical outcomes were reported. Methods Fifty-six formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor samples were obtained surgically from OSCC patients. Direct sequencing of EGFR was carried out using nested polymerase chain reaction. The relationship between EGFR status and clinical courses was analyzed. Results Two (3.56%) missense mutations (G857R; L862Q) in exon 20 were identified. Two types of silent mutation, A859A in exon 21 (1.79%) and Q787Q mutations in exon 20 (30.36%), were also found. No mutation was detected in exons 18 and 19. No significant difference in disease-free survival and locoregional control rate was shown between patients with and without Q787Q mutation. Conclusions We identified a high frequency of Q787Q mutation and a less prevalent active EGFR mutation in OSCC patients in Taiwan where betel nut is commonly chewed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multivariate outcomes measured longitudinally over time are common in medicine, public health, psychology and sociology. The typical (saturated) longitudinal multivariate regression model has a separate set of regression coefficients for each outcome. However, multivariate outcomes are often quite similar and many outcomes can be expected to respond similarly to changes in covariate values. Given a set of outcomes likely to share common covariate effects, we propose the clustered outcome common predictor effect model and offer a two step iterative algorithm to fit the model using available software for univariate longitudinal data. Outcomes that share predictor effects need not be chosen a priori; we propose model selection tools to let the data select outcome clusters. We apply the proposed methods to psychometric data from adolescent children of HIV+ parents. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which discusses the mutation rates of Kirsten ras oncogene homolog gene (KRAS) among patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It mentions that the researchers performed mutation analysis of KRAS and correlated its results with clinicopathological features. It affirms that the authors concluded that the KRAS mutation rate is too low in terms of being considered as an important factor in resisting tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI).

This case report describes a rare and interesting case of a patient with multiple myeloma complicated with light chain (LC) cast nephropathy and focal amyloidosis. The patient presented with acute kidney injury, anaemia and bone lesions. The diagnosis was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy, serum and urine electrophoresis and kidney biopsy. The patient was treated with isazomil, pomalidomide and dexamethasone combination chemotherapy, followed by autologous stem cell transplantation. The patient achieved clinical remission, stable renal function and improved serum lambda free LC levels. This case highlights the challenges and advances in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and environmentally friendly attapulgite‐based aerogel with a three‐dimensional fibrillary network structure was prepared by incorporation of nanometer‐sized natural clay crystals, in this case attapulgite (ATP), into degradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), cotton cellulose nanowhisker, and melamine using only a simple blending method and subsequently a freeze‐drying process. The ATP‐based aerogel exhibits an abundant porosity with an average mesopore size of 8.0 nm in diameter. Compared to fragile and rigid inorganic aerogels, the as‐prepared aerogel shows good flexibility and mechanical strength with a compressive strength of 9.65 × 104 Pa and 10.19 × 104 Pa at 20% and 40% of compressive strain, respectively. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical flame tests show that the resulting aerogel possesses excellent flame retardancy, with an LOI of 59.5%. Microcalorimetry test results show that the total heat release of the aerogel is as low as 5.1 KJ/g. Also, the sample shows a better thermal insulation property, with a thermal conductivity of about 0.045 W m−1 K−1 in air. Taking advantage of a simple and environmentally friendly fabrication, abundant natural clay resources, easy scalability, nearly no pollution emission in the process, and cost‐efficient production, the ATP‐based aerogel has great potential as ideal flame retardant and thermal insulation materials for many applications such as modern building construction or energy‐efficient coatings. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47849. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, [Ir(C10H5F2N2)2(C5H7O2)], has a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry around the Ir(III) atom, retaining the cis-C,C/trans-N,N chelate disposition in two 2,6-di-fluoro-3-(pyridin-2-yl-κN)pyridin-4-yl ligands which are nearly mutually perpendicular [dihedral angle = 82.75 (15)°]. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯F hydrogen-bond inter-actions. The crystal structure is stabilized by π-π stacking inter-actions (centroid-centroid distance = 3.951 Å).

The title compound, [Ir(C(11)H(8)N)(2)(C(17)H(19)O(2))], has an octa-hedral coordination geometry around the Ir(III) atom, retaining the cis-C,C,trans-N,N chelate disposition of the two 2-phenyl-pyridine ligands. The chelate rings are nearly mutually perpendicular [the inter-planar angles range from 85.48 (17) to 89.17 (19)°]. The two 2-(2-pyrid-yl)phenyl ligands are approximately planar, with the plane of the phenyl ring being inclined to that of the pyridine ring by 2.3 (3) and 5.1 (3)° in the two ligands. The inter-planar angle between the phenyl ring in 3-benzoyl-camphor and the IrO(2)C(3) chelate ring is 35.5 (2)°.

In the title compound, {[Cu(II)Cu(I) (2)(C(5)H(3)N(2)O(2))(2)(CN)(2)(H(2)O)(2)]·2H(2)O}(n), the Cu(II) atom lies on an inversion centre and is octa-hedrally coordinated by two N atoms and two O atoms from opposing pyrazine-2-carboxyl-ate (2-pac) ligands and two water O atoms. The Cu(I) atom has a triangular geometry, coordinated by one N atom and one C atom from two bridging cyanide ligands, and another N atom from the 2-pac ligand. The three-dimensional structure features a succession of two-dimensional sheets containing [Cu(CN)](n) chains linked by Cu(2-pac)(2)(H(2)O)(2) groups. The coordinated and free water mol-ecules are involved in an extended three-dimensional hydrogen-bond network with the 2-pac ligands.

In the crystal of the title compound, C(24)H(33)NO(9), inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules.

In the neutral title complex, [Fe(C(6)H(5)N(2)O(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], the coordination geometry aound the Fe(II) atom, which lies on an inversion centre, is distorted octa-hedral comprising two N atoms and two O atoms from two 5-methyl-pyrazine-2-carboxyl-ate ligands, and two water mol-ecules. The crystal structure is stabilized by a network of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, resulting in a two-dimensional supra-molecular structure.