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This article discusses the nomenclature of two plant names, Polpoda capensis and Camphorosma paleacea, within the family Molluginaceae. The authors examine the original descriptions and illustrations of these names and designate lectotypes for each. They conclude that Polpoda capensis and Camphorosma paleacea are heterotypic synonyms, with Polpoda capensis being the more commonly recognized name. The authors propose conserving the name Polpoda capensis to maintain nomenclatural stability. The article acknowledges the assistance of curators and experts in the field. [Extracted from the article]

Fluid flow over an initially flat granular bed leads to the formation of a surface‐wave instability. The sediment bed profile coarsens and increases in amplitude and wavelength as disturbances develop from ripples into dunes. We perform experiments and numerical simulations to quantify both the temporal evolution of bed properties and the relationship between the initial growth rate and the friction velocity u∗. Experimentally, we study underwater bedforms originating from a thin horizontal particle layer in a narrow and counter‐rotating annular flume. We investigate the role of flow speed, flow depth and initial bed thickness on dune evolution. Bedforms evolve from small, irregular disturbances on the bed surface to rapidly growing connected terraces (2D equivalent of transverse dunes) before splitting into discrete dunes. Throughout much of this process, growth is controlled by dune collisions which are observed to result in either coalescence or ejection (mass exchange). We quantify the coarsening process by tracking the temporal evolution of the bed amplitude and wavelength. Additionally, we perform Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of the fluid flow inside the flume to relate the experimental conditions to u∗. By combining the experimental observations with the LES results, we find that the initial dune growth rate scales approximately as u∗5 ${u}_{\ast }^{5}$. These results can motivate models of finite‐amplitude dune growth from thin sediment layers that are important in both natural and industrial settings. Plain Language Summary: If the flow of water over a flat bed of sand is sufficiently fast, then grains of sand can be picked up, transported and deposited to form sand dunes. Initially, many small dunes form but, as the flow continues, they grow and merge to become a smaller number of larger dunes. We have performed experiments investigating the formation and growth of underwater dunes from an initially flat bed of sediment. In particular, we vary the speed of the flow, the depth of the water and the thickness of the sediment bed. We observe that the dunes initially grow rapidly, before reaching an almost‐constant height that increases with the sediment thickness. In order to relate the initial dune growth rate to the driving flow, we have also performed numerical simulations of the water flow in the experiment. This enables us to better‐constrain the shear stress on the sediment bed, which is quantified through the friction velocity u∗. By combining the experimental and numerical results, we show that the initial dune growth rate is approximately proportional to u∗5 ${u}_{\ast }^{5}$. These results can form a starting point for models describing the growth of underwater dunes. Key Points: Experiments show 2D dune pattern coarsening from a thin sediment bed through dune‐dune interactionsBedform amplitude and wavelength display exponentially saturated growthCombining experiments with Large Eddy Simulations finds a power‐law relation between the friction velocity and the initial growth rate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Familial linked Alzheimer's Disease (AD) accounts for a small percentage of current cases, with the remaining caused by unknown etiologies. Independent of causation, AD is defined by three common characteristics: inflammation, extracellular b‐amyloid aggregation and intracellular Tau accumulation. Human herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1), a neurotropic virus found in ∼50% of the population, was recently linked to AD progression in clinical samples and animal models. HSV‐1 infections induce inflammation and APP cleavage producing Ab42, but a role for viral‐mediated Tau accumulation has not been defined. In healthy brains, alternative splicing of MAPT, the gene encoding Tau, results in equimolar ratios of 3R and 4R isoforms of Tau protein. However, in AD tissues, unequal ratios of either 3R or 4R results in Tau microtubule disassociation, hyperphosphorylation and aggregation. Host factors that regulate MAPT alternative splicing include SRPK1. Interestingly, HSV‐1 encodes a protein, ICP27, that impedes the SRPK1 functions. Thus, we hypothesized that HSV‐1 infections alter MAPT neuronal splicing resulting in altered 3R/4R Tau ratios in an ICP27 dependent fashion. Method: We used infection with WT and mutant HSV‐1 and ectopic ICP27 expression to monitor MAPT splicing in iPSC‐derived 3D cortical organoids and 2D neuronal models. Results: We observed that 3D cortical organoids infected with HSV‐1 accumulate phospho‐Tau and increase MAPT 4R mRNA splicing. HSV‐1 infection of neuronal SHSY‐5Y cells, results in a significant increase in 4R isoform relative to 3R, which we did not observe when we infected these cells a virus that lacks ICP27 expression, suggesting that this viral protein is necessary for the altered splicing. Further, using lentiviruses that express either wild‐type ICP27 or a mutant ICP27 that lacks the SRPK1 interaction domain, we observed increased 4R splicing only with the wild‐type protein, revealing that ICP27 is sufficient for modulating Tau isoforms and that the SRPK1 domain is required. Finally, we found that levels of 4R splicing was increased within infected astrocytes, thus underscoring the impact HSV‐1 imparts on cells of both neuronal and non‐neuronal origin. Conclusion: In sum, our findings reveal the remaining critical third link in how neurotropic human herpesviruses can impact and influence AD progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular risk factors have been linked with dementia risk in aging adults. However, mechanisms underlying heart‐brain hemodynamic coupling and effects on the brain remain unclear. 4D flow MRI is uniquely poised to systematically evaluate complex hemodynamics along the heart‐brain pathway. Owing to advancements yielding shorter scan times, 4D flow MRI can be acquired in approximately 7 minutes (heart) and 10 minutes (brain). This supports practical add‐on of 4D flow MRI to neuroimaging scans for comprehensive heart‐brain MRI evaluation in under an hour. We aimed to build a heart‐brain MRI acquisition and analysis framework to study relationships between hemodynamics and brain structure with age. Method: 17 healthy participants (age = 53.5±16.3[24‐76] years) underwent heart‐brain MRI at 3T (MAGNETOM Prisma, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany), including a free‐breathing whole‐chest 4D flow MRI research sequence, intracranial dual‐venc 4D flow MRI research sequence, and T1‐ and T2‐weighted structural neuroimaging. Participants were cognitively healthy and screened for history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular problems that may influence blood flow. 4D flow MRI was used to evaluate blood flow velocities in the aorta and Circle of Willis (Figure 1: left). Mean velocity was determined on a voxel‐wise basis over the entire cardiac cycle. Volumetric and cortical thickness analysis was performed with FreeSurfer (v7.3; Figure 1: right). Left and right hippocampal and amygdala volumes were averaged and corrected for intracranial head size. We examined relationships between hemodynamics, volume and thickness measures, and age using Pearson correlations and multiple regression. Result: Mean aortic velocity was associated with age (r = ‐0.59, p = 0.012), hippocampal volume (r = 0.68, p = 0.003), amygdala volume (r = 0.59, p = 0.012), and inferior temporal thickness (r = 0.49, p = 0.044). Figure 2. Mean velocity in the Circle of Willis (r = ‐0.49, p = 0.048), amygdala volume (r = ‐0.66, p = 0.004) and inferior temporal thickness (r = ‐0.60, p = 0.010) were also associated with age. Using multiple regression, mean aortic velocity was associated with hippocampal volume (p = 0.018) adjusting for age. Conclusion: This study demonstrates capture of comprehensive heart and brain data in a single imaging exam for assessment of age‐related relationships in hemodynamics and brain structure. Heart‐brain MRI is a promising tool for evaluation of hemodynamic coupling along the entire heart‐brain pathway. Grant support: NIH NIA P30AG059988, P30AG072977, K01AG080070; NINDS R21NS122511 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Anti‐IL‐17A IgG/κ monoclonal antibody CJM112 binds both IL‐17A and IL‐17AF. The purpose of this First‐in‐Human study was to assess CJM112 effects on safety and efficacy in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Methods: This study had two parts: single ascending doses of 5–450 mg subcutaneous (s.c.) CJM112 (SAD) and multi‐dose parallel groups of CJM112 15 mg, 50 mg and 150 mg s.c. low frequency or high frequency (MD). SAD/MD were double‐blind, randomized and placebo‐controlled; MD also included a secukinumab 150 mg s.c. arm as an active comparator. Patients 18–65 years with moderate to severe psoriasis were included in this study. The efficacy outcome was the change in Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) from baseline to Week 4 in the SAD part of the study, and from baseline to Week 12 in the MD part. Results: 96 patients were enrolled in this study (SAD, n = 42; MD, n = 54). In SAD, CJM112 doses from 15 mg and above demonstrated higher PASI responses compared with placebo at Week 12. CJM112 450 mg did not add further efficacy, but efficacy duration was prolonged compared with CJM112 150 mg. CJM112 MD resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in PASI over time to Week 12. CJM112 150 mg high frequency did not exceed the effect of CJM112 150 mg low frequency and had similar efficacy to secukinumab 150 mg. The safety profile of CJM112 was as expected for an antibody targeting IL‐17A/IL‐17AF. Conclusions: CJM112 had clinical efficacy in moderate to severe psoriasis and was generally safe and well tolerated in the doses tested. Additional neutralization of IL‐17AF did not translate to increased clinical efficacy compared with secukinumab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (AAPI) are one of the fastest‐growing populations in the United States, yet these communities comprise less than one percent of participants in NIH's Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease related dementias (AD/ADRD) clinical research. This underrepresentation is due to numerous barriers well‐documented in the literature, with a key deterrent being a lack of culturally and linguistically appropriate outreach materials. This abstract presents findings from focus groups conducted by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) to identify culturally and linguistically appropriate message concepts that raise awareness, address barriers and motivate Asian American and Pacific Islanders to consider participation in AD/ADRD research studies. Method: Eighteen virtual focus groups (N = 103 individuals) were conducted with Chinese Americans, Filipino Americans, and Indian Americans who are at‐risk for AD/ADRD or are caregivers to people living with dementia. Focus groups were conducted in Chinese, Hindi, Tagalog and English. The sessions tested multiple audience‐tailored message concepts designed to increase interest and encourage participation in AD/ADRD clinical research. These discussions also examined participants' preferred language, terminology and communication approaches. Result: Overall, message concepts that 1) emphasized the value of caring for family members; 2) offered a sense of hope; 3) communicated a clear call to action; and 4) provided opportunities to learn more information about clinical research resonated across all groups. Between participant audiences, there were some important differences, including around terminology preferences. For example, Chinese‐American participants expressed concern about the term "caregiver" as it implied that taking care of a loved one was a burden or a professional job, rather than a familial responsibility. Concept visuals will be presented. Conclusion: This research conducted by NIA improves our understanding of messaging concepts that do and do not resonate with AAPI, providing valuable insight into themes that should be leveraged to effectively promote awareness about AD/ADRD clinical research with these communities. The finding from this study were used to develop, finalize and make available to the research community a suite of culturally and linguistically appropriate materials to increase awareness and interest in AD/ADRD clinical research among AAPI communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional wisdom in dental and medical education is that dental and medical students experience "ethical erosion" over the duration of dental and medical school. There is some evidence for this claim, but in the case of dental education the evidence consists entirely of survey research, which does not measure behavior. The aim of this study was to measure the altruistic behavior of dental students in order to fill the significant gap in knowledge of how students are disposed to behave, rather than how they are disposed to think. To test the altruistic behavior of dental students, the authors conducted a field experiment using the Ultimatum Game, a two-player game used in economics to observe social behavior. In the game, the "proposer" is given a pot of resources, typically money, to split with the "responder." The proposer proposes a split of the pot to the responder. If the responder accepts the proposed split, both participants keep the amounts offered. If the proposal is rejected, then neither participant receives anything. In this study, the students played the proposer, and the responder was a fictional individual although the students believed they were playing the computerized game with a real person. In fall 2015, dental students from each of the four years at one university played the game. All 160 students were invited to participate, and 136 did so, for a response rate of 85%. The results showed that the students exhibited greater levels of altruism than the general population typically does. The students' altruism was at its highest in year four and was associated with the socioeconomic status of responder. This result raises the possibility that if a decreasing ability to behave altruistically is observed during dental school, it may not be due to a general disposition of students, but rather some factor specific to the educational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticide pollution of surface water is a major concern in many agricultural catchments The development of rapid and accurate methods for determining pesticide concentrations in water samples is, therefore, important. Here we describe a method for the simultaneous analysis of six pesticides (metaldehyde, quinmerac, carbetamide, metazachlor, propyzamide and pendimethalin) in natural waters by direct aqueous injection with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method validation showed good linearity from 0.2 to 50.0 µg/L with correlation coefficients between 0.995 and 0.999. Method accuracy ranged from 84 to 100% and precision Relative standard deviation (RSD) from 4 to 15%. The limits of detection for the targeted pesticides ranged from 0.03 to 0.36 µg/L. No significant matrix effects on quantification were observed ( t-test). The method was tested on water samples from a small arable catchment in eastern England. Peak concentrations for the determinands ranged from 1 to 10 µg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited participation of Black/African American (B/AA), Hispanic/Latino (H/L), and Asian American & Pacific Islander (AAPI) communities in AD/ADRD clinical trials (CT) is partly due to few researchers offering trial opportunities and inadequate CT information that is culturally relevant. We present the results of three National Institute on Aging (NIA) national surveys conducted with B/AA, H/L, and AAPI samples to assess the impact of culturally tailored outreach materials for each group, respectively, on individuals' likelihood to consider participating in CTs. Method: Online panel surveys were conducted with B/AA (N = 616; 2019), H/L (N = 545; 2020), and AAPI (N = 756; 2021) individuals who: 1) had a family history AD/ADRD, 2) were caring for an individual with AD/ADRD, or 3) reported no family history of AD/ADRD. The surveys assessed if viewing creative concepts (four print/photo ads developed specifically with and for each population using focus groups) positively impacted participants' likelihood to consider participating in an AD/ADRD CTs. Result: After reviewing their respective ads, B/AA and H/L at‐risk, caregiver, and healthy audiences, and AAPI at‐risk individuals, all significantly increased their reported pre‐posttest "likelihood to consider a CT". AAPI caregivers started with and maintained a high level of interest but did not change their likelihood to consider a CT. Across all groups, there was a median 12.5% increase of individuals reporting "very" or "extremely interested" in AD/ADRD CTs. Persons with family history had greater increases among B/AA and AAPI, while caregivers did among H/L. Motivating CT messages for all groups were: help/hope for their future generations (family/community) the potential to prevent/treat the disease. B/AA respondents also were motivated to find treatments that could work for all races. Conclusion: The findings highlight that culturally appropriate outreach materials, developed with and for specific groups, can generate significant interest in participation of AD/ADRD clinical trials after viewing only four ads. Though common themes emerged, focus groups and surveys indicated specific yet critical nuances differentiating message preferences across B/AA, H/L, and AAPI groups. This is the only known research to systematically explore AD/ADRD CT communication needs within and across traditionally underserved populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The National Institute on Aging (NIA) is working to increase access of its AD/ADRD clinical trials (CT) into community health care settings. Concerns exist in the field regarding the feasibility of conducting AD/ADRD CTs outside of academic settings given the testing required within CT protocols. We evaluated recently awarded NIA CTs to document their types and frequency of diagnostic tests required. Findings provide NIA the opportunity to understand the potential test burden on sites and consented participants. Method: We conducted a systematic content analysis of recently funded NIA AD/ADRD CTs involving human subjects to assess the commitment required of participants and the number and type of tests required across protocols (start dates: 2/1/20 – 9/30/2021 (N = 115)). Documented tests included: imaging, biospecimen, genetic, sleep, cognitive, and mental health. Findings were analyzed by the CTs' standardized Common Alzheimer's and Related Dementias Research Ontology (CADRO) category. Result: Most CTs (65%) were CADRO C (Translational Research/Clinical Interventions) or E (Dementia Care/Disease Impact; 25%); CADRO E had substantially fewer tests required of participants. Most trials (75%) asked consented participants for less than a year commitment (median = 185 days). Top tests required were cognitive (78% of trials); mental health/well‐being (57%); brain imaging (46%; e.g., MRI, PET, MRS), and blood collection (37%). Fewer CTs required lumbar spinal tap (12%). Initial analyses indicate that potentially 75 unique cognitive tests were documented across the 90 CTs assessing cognition, and that participants were asked to complete a median 8.5 cognitive tests per trial (range: 1 to 71 tests). Conclusion: This review lays the foundation for understanding the complexity of recently funded NIA AD/ADRD clinical trials. Understanding the required tests will inform the discussion with community health practitioners to identify what and how many tests are feasible, and how such input can be incorporated into the design of future trials in a way that can enhance opportunities and research participation by interested communities, particularly those serving traditionally underserved populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pesticides stored at or close to the soil surface after field application can be mobilized and transported off the field when surface runoff occurs. The objective of our study was to quantify the potential pesticide losses in surface runoff from a conventionally managed agricultural field in a Swedish climate. This was achieved by measuring surface runoff volumes and concentrations in runoff of six spring-applied pesticides and autumn-applied glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Measurements were performed for 3 yr both during the growing seasons and during intervening winter snowmelt periods on a clay loam field close to Uppsala. During growing seasons, surface runoff was generated on only five occasions during one 25-d period in 2012 when the infiltration capacity of the soil may have been reduced by structural degradation due to large cumulative rainfall amounts after harrowing. Concentrations in surface runoff exceeded Swedish water quality standards in all samples during this growing season for diflufenican and pirimicarb. Surface runoff was generated during three snowmelt periods during the winter of 2012-2013. All of the applied pesticides were found in snowmelt samples despite incorporation of residues by autumn plowing, degradation, and leaching into the soil profile during the period between spraying and sampling. Concentrations of glyphosate ranged from 0.12 to 7.4 µg L-1, and concentrations of AMPA ranged from 0 to 2.7 µg L-1. Our results indicate that temporal changes in hydraulic properties during the growing season and when the soil freezes during winter affect pesticide losses through surface runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nomenclatural history of the genus Pteranthus (Caryophyllaceae) is reviewed. Original material of Camphorosma pteranthus and Pteranthus dichotomus came from a single gathering made by Forsskal in the desert outside Cairo, Egypt, in March 1762. The original material of C. pteranthus was grown from seed collected with the herbarium material of 77 dichotomus. Pteranthus dichotomus is therefore considered a replacement name for C. pteranthus and lectotypified with the same specimen, no. 165.5 LINN (right-hand plant). A supporting epitype is chosen from flowering herbarium material of the same gathering held at C (as florets are required to distinguish between varieties). The name P. trigynus is lectotypified by a specimen preserved at MA and the varietal status of P. dichotomus var. trigynus is confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of the sacred lotus, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner (≡ Nymphaea nelumbo L.; Nelumbonaceae), is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural type is based on an assessment of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the protologue. The name is lectotypified using a specimen from Paul Hermann's herbarium at BM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to recent molecular and morphological studies, the apparently homogeneous Carex pendula has been shown to include two different species. One species is distributed across western Europe and the Mediterranean, whereas the other ranges from central and eastern Europe to the Caucasus and northern Iran. Three different names have been considered synonyms of C. pendula: C. agastachys, C. maxima, and C. mutabilis. Here C. pendula is shown to apply to the western taxon, and C. agastachys to be the oldest name for the eastern taxon. An epitype is designated for C. pendula given the insufficient level of detail provided by the previously designated neotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of the name Zostera oceanica L. (≡ Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile) (Posidoniaceae) is discussed. Original material conserved in UPS-BURSER is designated as the lectotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Original material of Senecio lanatus L. and Senecio populifolius L, two names that are not in current use, has been located. It is concluded that, in both cases, this material is identifiable as the South African species currently known as Senecio verbascifolius Burm.f, a name that postdates the two Linnaean names. Lectotypes for the three names are selected and it is concluded that nomenclatura) stability would be best served by proposing the rejection of the two Linnaean names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

James Cuninghame (ca. 1665-1709) was the first person to explore, collect and send back to the West significant numbers of Chinese plants and animals. During his first voyage to the Far East, this distinguished Scottish surgeon and naturalist stopped at the island of La Palma (Canary Islands). Although we do not know the exact dates of his arrival and departure, it is clear that Cuninghame was on the island during January and February 1698. During his stay, Cuninghame collected plant specimens which are now preserved in three volumes of the Sloane Herbarium (BM-SL). A five-folio manuscript (deposited in the Sloane Manuscript collection of the British Library) listing 62 plant entries also survives, together with fragmentary lists of names prepared by James Petiver (ca. 1658-1718), the main recipient of Cuninghame's Canarian collection. These specimens comprise the earliest documented herbarium collection made in the Canary Islands and are one of the most important pre-Linnaean sources for the Macaronesian flora. A study of these specimens and documents shows that Cuninghame collected/recorded material of 154 taxa including one lichen, nine bryophytes, 15 ferns, two gymnosperms, and 127 flowering plants. We were able to identify all but 16 of the herbarium specimens and one of Cuninghame's manuscript names below the rank of genus, and all but three of the specimens below family level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This article aims to identify quality control (QC) best practice, to review published QC audits in order to identify how closely good practice is followed, and to carry out a market survey of the software features that support QC offered by urodynamics machines available in the UK. Methods and Results All UK distributors of urodynamic systems were contacted and asked to provide information on the software features relating to data quality of the products they supply. The results of the market survey show that the features offered by manufacturers differ greatly. Automated features, which can be turned off in most cases, include: cough recognition, detrusor contraction detection, and high pressure alerts. There are currently no systems that assess data quality based on published guidelines. A literature review of current QC guidelines for urodynamics was carried out; QC audits were included in the literature review to see how closely guidelines were being followed. This review highlights the fact that basic QC is not being carried out effectively by urodynamicists. Conclusion Based on the software features currently available and the results of the literature review there is both the need and capacity for a greater degree of automation in relation to urodynamic data quality and accuracy assessment. Some progress has been made in this area and certain manufacturers have already developed automated cough detection. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1557-1564, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under elevated atmospheric CO concentrations, soil carbon (C) inputs are typically enhanced, suggesting larger soil C sequestration potential. However, soil C losses also increase and progressive nitrogen (N) limitation to plant growth may reduce the CO effect on soil C inputs with time. We compiled a data set from 131 manipulation experiments, and used meta-analysis to test the hypotheses that: (1) elevated atmospheric CO stimulates soil C inputs more than C losses, resulting in increasing soil C stocks; and (2) that these responses are modulated by N. Our results confirm that elevated CO induces a C allocation shift towards below-ground biomass compartments. However, the increased soil C inputs were offset by increased heterotrophic respiration (Rh), such that soil C content was not affected by elevated CO. Soil N concentration strongly interacted with CO fumigation: the effect of elevated CO on fine root biomass and -production and on microbial activity increased with increasing soil N concentration, while the effect on soil C content decreased with increasing soil N concentration. These results suggest that both plant growth and microbial activity responses to elevated CO are modulated by N availability, and that it is essential to account for soil N concentration in C cycling analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification often Linnaean names of taxa belonging to the Valerianaceae is discussed. Lectotypes are designated from the Linnaean herbarium at LINN ( Valeriana dioica, V locusta var. discoidea, V phu, V tripteris), the Burser Herbarium at UPS (V montana, V tuberosa), and from the Clifford Herbarium at BM (fri rubra). An illustration in a pre-Linnaean work is designated as the lectotype of both V locusta var. mutica and V locusta var. pumila. Valeriana ,nixta, often treated as ambiguous, is discussed and will be proposed for formal rejection. Each type choice made here maintains the present usage of the corresponding Linnaean name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Macaronesian Islands comprise the Atlantic archipelagos of Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canaries and Cape Verde. These islands were a major focus for plant exploration during the 17th and 18th centuries. Sir Hans Sloane (1660-1753), one of the most important patrons and sponsors of natural sciences and botanical research, visited Madeira on his way to Jamaica in 1687. Although he stayed in Madeira for only three days, he collected plant specimens of 38 taxa (including one brown alga) and made important observations concerning the flora and fauna of Madeira from near Funchal. Sixty-six polynomial names of plants from the island are recorded in Sloane's published work along with 18 copperplate engravings, ostensibly from Madeira, although our study shows that only thirteen of them are of taxa occurring on the island. Fourteen of the sixty-six polynomials reported by Sloane relate to Macaronesian endemic taxa, six of them restricted to Madeira. Our study shows that nine of the fifteen polynomials that he putatively recorded for Madeira and/or the Antilles or for which he was unsure of their origin are from the West Indies and do not occur on this Macaronesian island. Two of the taxa that are listed for Madeira and the Caribbean Islands were likely to be present in both insular systems. Although there is evidence of earlier botanical explorations in Macaronesia, the herbarium collections made by Sloane in Madeira represent the earliest documented plant hunting expedition to Macaronesia, and Sir Hans Sloane can be considered as one of the pioneers of botanical exploration in these Atlantic Islands. Sloane's records provide an early floristic study of a diverse island flora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of eleven Linnaean names of taxa belonging to the current circumscription of Liliacece is discussed. Lectotypes are designated from the Linnaean herbarium at LINN (Lilium buIbiferum, L. candidum, L. martagon), the Burser herbarium at UPS (Bulbocodium serotinum, Fritillaria pyrenaica, Lilium bulbiferum), the Van Royen Herbarium at L (Fritillaria persica, Lilium chalcedonicum, Uvularia amplexifolia), the Clifford Herbarium at BM (Lilium pomponium) and from the Sloane herbarium in BM-SL (Bulbocodium autumnale). A specimen in BM is designated as the neotype of Lilium camschatcense. Each type choice maintains the present usage of the corresponding Linnaean name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectotypifications are proposed for the names of the following 36 temperate North American species proposed by Carl Linnaeus: A ilium canadense, Amaranthus lividus, Aristolochia arborescens, Asarum canadense, Aster tenuifolius, Baccharisfoetida, Bartsia pallida, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Croton argenteus, Erigeron carolinianus, Gentiana vulusa, Hedysarum viridiflorum, Hedysarum volubile, Hippophaë canadensis, Iris versicolor, Lonicera dioica, Lonicera symphoricarpos, Lupinus perennis, Lysimachia ciliata, Lythrum petiolatum, Myrica aspleniifolia, Oenothera sinuala, Onoclea sensibilis, Polypodium bulbiferum, Rudheckia laciniata, Rudbeckia triloba, Ruellia strepens, Rumex verticillatus, Sideroxylon decandrum, Sideroxylon iycio ides, Smilax lanceolata, Solidago lateriflora, Tabernaemontana amsonia, Tragia urens, Triosteum angustifolium and Verbena carolina. In addition, neotypes are established for six Linnaean names that lack original material: Agave virginica, Biechnum virginicum, Juglans cinerea, Magnolia virgin iana var. grisea, Menispermum carolinum and Teucrium virginicum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of the name Ficus pumila var. pumila (Moraceae) is discussed. The designation of the corresponding type is based on the consultation of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the protologue. An illustration from Kaempfer is designated as the lectotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the carbon (C) in terrestrial ecosystems is stored in the mineral soil layers. Thus, the response of the mineral soil to potential increases in temperature is crucial for the prediction of the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems. Samples from three mineral soil layers were collected from eight mature forest sites in the European network CARBOEUROFLUX and were incubated at four temperatures (4, 10, 20 and 30°C) for c. 270 days. Carbon mineralization rates were related to soil and site characteristics. Soil water holding capacity, C content, nitrogen (N) content and organic matter all decreased with soil depth at all sites, with significantly larger amounts of organic matter, C and N in the top 0–5 cm of mineral soil than in the deeper layers. The conifer forest soils had significantly lower pH, higher C/N ratios and carbon contents in the top 5 cm than the broadleaf forest soils. Carbon mineralization rates decreased with soil depth and time at all sites but increased with temperature, with the highest rates measured at 30°C for all sites. Between 50 and 70% of the total C respired after 270 days of incubation came from the top 5 cm. The percentage C loss was small in all cases, ranging from 1 to 10%. A two-compartment model was fitted to all data to derive the labile/active and slow/recalcitrant fractions, as well as their decomposition constants. Although the labile fraction was small in all cases, we found significantly larger amounts of labile C in the broadleaf forest soils than in the conifer forest soils. No statistically significant differences were found in the temperature sensitivity parameter Q10 among sites, soil layers or between conifer and broadleaf soils. The average Q10 for all soils was 2.98 (± 0.10). We found that despite large differences among sites, C mineralization can be successfully predicted as a combined function of site leaf area index, mean annual temperature and content of labile carbon in the soil ( R2 = 0.93). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which investigated the effects of root zone composition, non-ionic surfactant treatment and the utilization of fungicide iprodion or combined azoxystrobin and propiconazole on soil water repellency, distribution of soil water content, fungicide leaching and turf quality. The study was conducted on a three-year-old experimental green seeded with creeping bentgrass site in Landvik, Norway. Water drop penetration time (WDPT) test and tension infiltrometers were utilized to measure soil water repellency. The study found that surfactant treatment resulted in lower WDPT, higher water infiltration rates and decreased spatial variation in soil water contents.

Coagulant choice is driven by a number of factors, including removal performance, chemical supply, and chemical cost. In most cases, the properties of the flocs that form downstream are given little consideration. This article presents floc structural data obtained during the coagulation of a water source rich in natural organic matter (NOM) under optimum conditions for a range of coagulant systems. The evaluation of floc structure includes traditional coagulants such as ferric sulfate and alum. In addition, given the recent emphasis on improving NOM removal, flocs formed from more novel treatment options such as polymers and ion exchange resin pretreatment were investigated. The authors offer a rigorous comparison of NOM flocs formed from different coagulants by measuring key structural parameters. This article will provide water managers with important information for deciding which coagulant should be used during the treatment of waters containing high concentrations of NOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectotypes and neotypes are designated for 17 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier type statements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The types of seven names of Carex species described by Hudson in the first and second editions of Flora anglica are designated here. Four lectotypes are chosen; two are plates, from Morison and Plukenet, a third is from original material conserved at BM-SL (all of them fixed by epitypes) and a fourth is from original material conserved at K. For the remaining three names, we have designed neotypes, selecting among appropriate material from the same regions and habitats indicated by Hudson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All the seven accepted names for species of the Jacobaea maritima group are discussed and typified. Lectotypes are selected for Cineraria bicolor Willd. from the Willdenow Herbarium (B); C. gibbosa Guss. and C. nebrodensis Guss. from the Gussone Herbarium (NAP); Othonna maritima L. from the Clifford Herbarium (BM); Senecio gnaphalodes Sieber from the Brno Herbarium (BRNM) and S. taygeteus Boiss & Heldr. from the Boissier Herbarium (G). A neotype, conserved in the Herbarium of the University of Calabria (CLU), is proposed for Cineraria ambigua Biv. Four needed combinations under Jacobaea Mill. are here proposed for the first time: I. maritima subsp. bicolor (WilId.) Peruzzi & al., J. maritima subsp. gibbosa (Guss.) Peruzzi & al., Jacobaea ambigua subsp. nebrodensis (Guss.) Peruzzi & al. and I ambigua subsp. taygetea (Boiss. & Heldr.) Peruzzi & al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess dentists' knowledge about fluorides as well as their prescription practices. The study population consists of all general and pediatric dentists in Houston, and the sample consists of 360 general and forty-one pediatric dentists. Data were collected with a self-administered mail questionnaire, which consisted of thirteen open-ended and twenty-nine precoded items. After three mailings, the effective response rate was 46.4 percent. Respondents had been in practice oil an average of 18.9 ±6.6 years; the majority were male. More than 75 percent of respondents believed fluoride level in drinking water is an important determinant of fluoride supplement prescription, and 29 percent fell the same about a patient's weight. The correct ages at which to begin (six months) and to discontinue (sixteen years) the fluoride supplements to children were identified by 14.7 and 14.9 percent of the respondents, respectively. Only 6.7 percent of those prescribing fluoride supplements routinely tested the fluoride level in the patient's drinking water. Even though pediatric and general dentists differed in certain items, the two groups did not differ significantly in prescribing fluorides (OR-2.4, 95% CI=0.94, 6.27). Deficiencies and ambiguity in respondents' fluorides knowledge as well as prescription practices indicated a need for educational interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a part of a research study on the systematics of the genus Helichrysum in the Mediterranean and Irano-turanian area, 53 new typifications of names in Gnaphalium and Helichrysum belonging to taxa in Helichrysum sect. Stoechadina, H. sect. Helichrysum and H. sect. Virginea are presented, along with some additional comments on the nomenclature of the names involved and on the taxonomy of the taxa to which they apply. Twenty-three previously published typifications of names of taxa belonging to these sections are also listed and, in some cases, commented upon. The accepted taxa of Helichrysum for which we propose typification of accepted names or synonyms, or upon which we make comments, are, alphabetically: H. angustifolium (Lam.) DC., H. arenarium (L.) Moench, H. arenarium subsp. aucheri (Boiss.) P. H. Davis & Kupicha, H. armenium DC., H. crassifolium (L.) D. Don, H. doerfleri Rech. f., H. errerae Tineo, H. graveolens (M. Bieb.) Sweet, H. italicum (Roth) G. Don, H. italicum subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman, H. orientale (L.) Gaertn., H. pallasii (Spreng.) Ledeb., H. pamphylicum P. H. Davis & Kupicha, H. picardii Boiss., H. plicatum DC., H. pygmaeum Post, H. rupestre DC., H. sanguineum (L.) Kostel., H. sibthorpii Rouy, H. stoechas (L.) Moench, H. taenari Rothm and H. virgineum DC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The typification of two Linnaean names (Asphodelus luteus, Cynomorium coccineum), applicable to species described from Sicily, is discussed. A specimen from L (Herb. Van Royen) and an illustration by Micheli are designated as lectotypes. For Cynomorium coccineum, an interpretative epitype is also designated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relationship between carbon mineralization ( Cmin), moisture and temperature in a Mediterranean forest soil under controlled and field conditions. We studied the following. 1 The temperature sensitivity at three soil depths: soil samples were incubated at 4, 10, 20 and 30°C at optimal water content of 60% of water holding capacity (WHC). Values of Cmin of the top layer were more than 12 times faster than those measured in deeper layers. We found a temperature sensitivity factor ( Q10) of 3.3, 2.7 and 2.2 for the 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers, respectively. 2 The relationship between Cmin, moisture and temperature (top layer). The sensitivity of Cmin to fluctuating moisture depended on temperature. However, the Q10 was not significantly affected by soil moisture. We fitted a multiple polynomial model that predicted Cmin as a multiplicative function of temperature and moisture ( R2 > 0.99). 3 The response of Cmin of soil to rewetting after 1 and 24 hours. In all cases, the response was rapid. The soil incubated at 60% WHC or less responded positively to a sudden increase in water content, with the largest increase in the 20% WHC treatment. The model predicted Cmin in the field well when rewetting effects were taken into account ( R2 > 0.81). These results indicate that sudden changes in soil moisture can lead to increased carbon mineralization during the dry summer. It is necessary to include such responses in models as they may represent a substantial loss of carbon in the overall carbon balance of Mediterranean ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports that the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer in arable soil is a subject of concern and dispute. Cadmium solubility and sorption in an arable clay loam soil that had received sewage sludge for 41 years was compared to an unsludged control in various batch studies. However, as sewage sludge is a conglomerate of societal wastes, increased concentrations of toxic substances, including trace metals, are generally found in sludge-amended soils. The experimental field from which the soil samples were collected is situated at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences in Ultuna, Sweden.

The article attempts to identify the main sources of variation in pesticide losses at field and catchment scales using the dual permeability macropore flow model MACRO. Stochastic simulations of the leaching of the herbicide 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) were compared with seven years of measured concentrations in a stream draining a small agricultural catchment and one year of measured concentrations at the outlet of a field located within the catchment. MACRO was parameterized from measured probability distributions accounting for spatial variability of soil properties and local pedotransfer functions derived from information gathered in field- and catchment-scale soil surveys. At the field scale, a single deterministic simulation using the means of the input distributions was also performed. The deterministic run failed to reproduce the summer outflows when most leaching occurred, and greatly underestimated pesticide leaching. In contrast, the stochastic simulations successfully predicted the hydrologic response of the field and catchment and there was a good resemblance between the simulations and measured MCPA concentrations at the field outlet.

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 10 specialists for 27 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Ranunculaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the development of dual permeability models to account for the effects of macropore flow on contaminant transport. Evaluation of data requirements for parameter identification in predictive modeling; Comparison of two different approaches; Improvement of the conditioning of macropore flow parameters.

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 20 specialists for 45 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Caryophyllaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lectotypes, neotypes and epitypes are designated by 14 specialists for 42 previously untypified Linnaean plant names belonging to the family Boraginaceae. These newly proposed types support the current usage of the names concerned. Earlier but ineffective or supersedable type statements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the names described by Linnaeus in the genus Callitriche and their typification. Confusion in the nomenclature of Callitrichea; Typification of the Linnaean names; Synonyms of the Linnaean species.

Examines the effects of nitrogen and drainage on the dynamics of potassium (K) leaching on a hillslope grassland soil in England. Indication of higher K losses and K concentrations in the leachates; Capability of drainage to reduce K losses; Association between the pattern of change in K concentration in the leachates and preferential flow at the beginning of the drainage season.

Examines the efficacy of a Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis in the long-term consequences of sludge applications to arable land. Effect of sludge adsorption characteristics on trace metal solubility and bioavailability; Ration of sludge adsorption capacity; Improvement on the understanding of the long-term effects of soil amendments.

Investigates the use of inverse techniques to estimate parameters controlling macropore flow and pesticide fate in the dual-permeability model. Factor for determining pesticide fate; Predictions of water movement, tracer and pesticide transport; Effects of soil moisture on degradation and the timing of water outflows.

Abstract Seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis were grown at five different rates of nitrogen supply. Once steady-state growth rates were established, a detailed set of CO2 and water vapour exchange measurements were made to investigate the effects of leaf nitrogen content (N ), as determined by nitrogen supply rate, on leaf structural, photosynthetic, respiratory and stomatal properties. Gas exchange data were used to parametrize the Farquhar–von Caemmerer photosynthesis model. Leaf mass per area (LMA) was negatively correlated to N . A positive correlation was observed between both day (R d ) and night respiration (R n ) and N when they were expressed on a leaf mass basis, but no correlation was found on a leaf area basis. An R d /R n ratio of 0·59 indicated a significant inhibition of dark respiration by light. The maximum net CO2 assimilation rate at ambient CO2 concentration (A max ), the maximum rate of potential electron transport (J max ) and the maximum rate of carboxylation (V cmax ) significantly increased with N , particularly when expressed on a mass basis. Although the maximum stomatal conductance to CO2 (g scmax ) was positively correlated with A max , there was no relationship between g scmax and N . Leaf N content influenced the allocation of nitrogen to photosynthetic processes, resulting in a decrease of the J max /V cmax ratio with increasing N . It was concluded that leaf nitrogen concentration is a major determinant of photosynthetic capacity in Eucalyptus grandis seedlings and, to a lesser extent, of leaf respiration and nitrogen partitioning among photosynthetic processes, but not of stomatal conductance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The observation of acclimation in leaf photosynthetic capacity to differences in growth irradiance has been widely used as support for a hypothesis that enables a simplification of some soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) photosynthesis models. The acclimation hypothesis requires that relative leaf nitrogen concentration declines with relative irradiance from the top of a canopy to the bottom, in 1 : 1 proportion. In combination with a light transmission model it enables a simple estimate of the vertical profile in leaf nitrogen concentration (which is assumed to determine maximum carboxylation capacity), and in combination with estimates of the fraction of absorbed radiation it also leads to simple ‘big-leaf’ analytical solutions for canopy photosynthesis. We tested how forests deviate from this condition in five tree canopies, including four broadleaf stands, and one needle-leaf stand: a mixed-species tropical rain forest, oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl), birch (Betula pendula Roth), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr). Each canopy was studied when fully developed (mid-to-late summer for temperate stands). Irradiance (Q , µ mol m-2 s-1 ) was measured for 20 d using quantum sensors placed throughout the vertical canopy profile. Measurements were made to obtain parameters from leaves adjacent to the radiation sensors: maximum carboxylation and electron transfer capacity (V a , J a , µ mol m-2 s-1 ), day respiration (R da , µ mol m-2 s-1 ), leaf nitrogen concentration (N m , mg g-1 ) and leaf mass per unit area (L a , g m-2 ). Relative to upper-canopy values, V a declined linearly in 1 : 1 proportion with N a . Relative V a also declined linearly with relative Q , but with a significant intercept at... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]