Search

With the development of the information industry, the wearable three‐dimensional (3D) near‐eye display that can provide complete visual information has attracted increasing attention. Compared with other existing 3D display technologies, the holographic display is a promising true 3D display technology that can fully record and reproduce the original 3D scenes. The ability to present a continuous parallax and depth perception gives holography technology an unprecedented promise in the next‐generation 3D near‐eye display. However, currently available holographic near‐eye display systems can only provide a limited viewing area (including the field of view and eyebox), greatly restricting its practical application. Focusing on the development requirements of large viewing‐area 3D holographic near‐eye display, the reasons are introduced first why the viewing area of current holographic displays is limited and then the existing solutions from different aspects, including multiplexing‐based methods, steering viewing window methods, aperiodic wavefront modulation methods, and some emerging holographic display technologies are summarized. These various solutions are analyzed respectively, and their representative works are investigated. In addition, the different applications of holography in the near‐eye display system are also discussed. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are compared and perspectives are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromic devices have important applications in building energy conservation, next‐generation displaying, and security encryption, while durable and high‐performance electrochromic materials are highly desirable. Herein, a Zn‐based electrochromic smart window by using 3D ordered macroporous amorphous WO3 (a‐WO3) arrays as cathode is reported. Benefiting from a 3D ordered macroporous structure with a high specific surface area that accelerates the ion diffusion and migration, and the oxygen vacancy modulated a‐WO3 providing abundant zinc ion insertion channels, the as‐fabricated zinc‐based a‐WO3 inverse opal (a‐WO3‐IO) device exhibits excellent electrochromic properties, including large light modulation (83% optical contrast at 700 nm), fast response time (5.3 s for coloring and 3.2 s for bleaching), and robust cycling stability. Moreover, a solid‐state a‐WO3‐IO prototype electrochromic smart window is demonstrated for light modulation, electronic display, and power supply. Furthermore, experimental results and theoretical calculations reveal that 3D macroporous amorphous WO3 with rich oxygen vacancies can enhance the zinc ion absorption and diffusion, leading to the enhancement of electrochromic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in spintronics and quantum computations. In this work, the structural and electronic properties of topological TMDCs candidate ZrTe2 are systematically investigated under high pressure. A pressure‐induced Lifshitz transition is evidenced by the change of charge carrier type as well as the Fermi surface. Superconductivity is observed at around 8.3 GPa without structural phase transition. A typical dome‐shape phase diagram is obtained with the maximum Tc of 5.6 K for ZrTe2. Furthermore, the theoretical calculations suggest the presence of multiple pressure‐induced topological quantum phase transitions, which coexists with emergence of superconductivity. The results demonstrate that ZrTe2 with nontrivial topology of electronic states displays new ground states upon compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM), especially single‐particle analysis, has become a powerful technique for visualizing the structure of biological macromolecules at high resolution. However, data acquisition in cryo‐EM is time consuming because it requires the collection of thousands of images to achieve a high‐quality reconstruction. Real‐time preprocessing and display of the images can greatly enhance the efficiency and quality of data collection. This study presents AutoEMage, a new open‐source software package that automates data transfer, preprocessing and real‐time display in cryo‐EM experiments. AutoEMage also includes a real‐time data monitoring system that alerts users to issues with their data, allowing them to take corrective actions accordingly. The software is equipped with an easy‐to‐use graphical user interface that provides seamless data screening and real‐time feedback on data quality and microscope status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent progress on the liquid crystalline (LC) dispersion of two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (MXenes) has propelled this unique nanomaterial into a realm of high‐performance architectures, such as films and fibers. Additionally, compared to architectures made from typical non‐LC dispersions, those derived from LC MXene possess tunable ion transport routes and enhanced conductivity and physical properties, demonstrating great potential for a wide range of applications, such as electronic displays, smart glasses, and thermal camouflage devices. This review provides an overview of the progress achieved in the production and processing of LC MXenes, including critical discussions on satisfying the required conditions for LC formation. It also highlights how acquiring LC MXenes has broadened the current solution‐based manufacturing paradigm of MXene‐based architectures, resulting in unprecedented performances in their conventional applications (e.g., energy storage and strain sensing) and in their emerging uses (e.g., tribology). Opportunities for innovation and foreseen challenges are also discussed, offering future research directions on how to further benefit from the exciting potential of LC MXenes with the aim of promoting their widespread use in designing and manufacturing advanced materials and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The substantial growth in gamification research has connected gamified learning to enhanced engagement, improved performance, and greater motivation. Similar to gamification, personalized learning analytics dashboards can enhance student engagement. Objectives: This study explores the student experiences and academic achievements using a gamified dashboard in a large, introductory STEM course. Methods: We examined two groups of students enrolled in different sections of a one‐semester‐long physical geology course with a total enrollment of 223 students. The only difference between the groups was that one had access to the dashboard. The data collection included students' assignments, overall performances, and exam scores. Students in both sections completed a Science Literacy Concept Inventory survey at the beginning and end of the term. Additionally, students completed an end‐of‐term survey containing open‐ended questions on their experience and interactions with specific elements. Results: Students shared mostly positive comments about their experience with the dashboard, and the final grade of students with access to the dashboard was 13% higher, on average, compared to their peers in the non‐dashboard section. Conclusion: With low costs and little time invested, gamified dashboards could have a significant impact on student performance in large STEM lecture courses. Lay Description: What is already known about this topic: Leaner dashboards that provide personalized feedback are linked to improved student performance in undergraduate STEM courses. However, students may be reticent to adopt dashboards, especially students in the middle range of the performance distribution, for whom the impact of the dashboard may be most significant.Prior research on gamification in STEM courses suggests that adding gameful elements like progress trackers, badges, and rewards can increase students' engagement in undergraduate coursework.The combination of personalized learning in dashboards and the motivational experience of gamification should boost student engagement, dashboard adoption, and ultimately foster academic achievement. What this paper adds: In this paper, we examine the differences in academic performance between students with and without access to a gamified learning dashboard in an undergraduate Geology course.We observe that students with access to the dashboard (the treatment group), outperform students without access (the control group). The greatest benefit is observed for students who use the dashboard more frequently.Students reported that the progress tracker, the badges, and the rewards all incentivized their use and provided useful feedback about their performance. Students who did not adopt the dashboard expressed a need for more detail about the tool and its purpose. Implications for practice and/or policy: Instructors and instructional designers for large enrollment undergraduate STEM courses should consider the affordances of gamified learner dashboards for increasing engagement and for providing synchronous feedback about learners' strategies in the course.Aligning the dashboard to the content of the curriculum—by ensuring that badges reflect key concepts‐ encouraged participation and helped students identify the utility of the tool. Dashboards should be personalized to individuals and to the course.Adding gameful elements in a low‐cost intervention for increasing adoption and engagement of dashboards in large enrollment introductory courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid use of additive manufacturing (AM) in electronic industry identifies the need of flexible electrically conductive materials suitable for 3D printing. Challenges like buckling of flexible filament and complexity in addition of conductive fillers makes pellet‐based extrusion the most suitable alternative for part printing. In the present work, graphite powder is combined with ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) to print flexible electrically conductive parts. EVA graphite composite with filler loading up to 30% has been investigated for its electrical conductivity and part printability. The composite made was found electrically conductive and suitable for part printing. The parts were printed on a CNC milling machine by using a retrofitted material extrusion tool with nozzle of 0.4 mm diameter and temperature range of 130–140°C. Parts were printed on a detchable heating bed placed on the milling machine setup. Samples of EVA with graphite filler by weight of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% were printed and were checked for electrical conductivity. When the filler content was increased from 10% to 20%, the electrical resistance of the composite was reduced by 62.6%. The presence and uniform dispersion of graphite flakes in the polymer matrix of EVA were guaranteed by the rheological and morphological characterization of the composite. Applications of 3D printable flexible electrically conductive parts lies in numerous domains including biosensors, wearable health monitoring devices, capacitors, field effective transistors, light emitting diodes, solar cells, and electronic displays. Highlights: CNC milling machine‐assisted 3D printing is used for part printing.Graphite powder is combined with EVA pellets.Pellet‐based extrusion is used to print flexible parts.3D printability of parts with resistivity 32.64 Ω‐cm was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver‐zinc (Ag–Zn) batteries are a promising battery system for flexible electronics owing to their high safety, high energy density, and stable output voltage. However, poor cycling performance, low areal capacity, and inferior flexibility limit the practical application of Ag–Zn batteries. Herein, we develop a flexible quasi‐solid‐state Ag–Zn battery system with superior performance by using mild electrolyte and binder‐free electrodes. Copper foam current collector is introduced to impede the growth of Zn dendrite, and the structure of Ag cathode is engineered by electrodeposition and chloridization process to improve the areal capacity. This novel battery demonstrates a remarkable cycle retention of 90% for 200 cycles at 3 mA cm−2. More importantly, this binder‐free battery can afford a high capacity of 3.5 mAh cm−2 at 3 mA cm−2, an outstanding power density of 2.42 mW cm−2, and a maximum energy density of 3.4 mWh cm−2. An energy management circuit is adopted to boost the output voltage of a single battery, which can power electronic ink display and Bluetooth temperature and humidity sensor. The developed battery can even operate under the extreme conditions, such as being bent and sealed in solid ice. This work offers a path for designing electrodes and electrolyte toward high‐performance flexible Ag–Zn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have attracted much attention due to their potential applications in spintronics and quantum computations. In this work, the structural and electronic properties of topological TMDCs candidate ZrTe2 are systematically investigated under high pressure. A pressure‐induced Lifshitz transition is evidenced by the change of charge carrier type as well as the Fermi surface. Superconductivity is observed at around 8.3 GPa without structural phase transition. A typical dome‐shape phase diagram is obtained with the maximum Tc of 5.6 K for ZrTe2. Furthermore, the theoretical calculations suggest the presence of multiple pressure‐induced topological quantum phase transitions, which coexists with emergence of superconductivity. The results demonstrate that ZrTe2 with nontrivial topology of electronic states displays new ground states upon compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many optical systems for displaying digital information on mirrors have been proposed, but information can only be displayed in either mirrored or real space and cannot move back and forth between the two. We have therefore developed a new optical system called mirror-transcending aerial imaging (MiTAi) that freely crosses the boundary between mirrored and real spaces. MiTAi is based on an existing aerial-imaging system consisting of a retroreflector, a beam splitter, and a moving display. MiTAi is designed as a spacesaving design by changing the orientation and position of the moving display as the light source. We implemented a prototype MiTAi to evaluate the luminance of the displayed aerial images and found that the aerial image formed by the prototype is able to move freely between both mirrored and real spaces. Moreover, the luminance of the image is not significantly lower than that formed by the existing aerial-imaging system. MiTAi will enable the creation of a new user experience by integrating smart mirrors and real-space aerial images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Research suggests that head‐mounted displays (HMD) can spark situational interest when they are used to provide science learning experiences that are not possible in traditional classroom settings. However, few studies have investigated the lasting effects of using HMDs in an authentic instructional intervention. Objectives: We investigated the effects of a one‐time experience of a virtual field trip to Greenland in a sample of 105 middle school students. Methods: Students used either a standard 2D video (video condition; N = 50) or an HMD (HMD condition; N = 55) as part of a six‐lesson educational activity on the topic of climate change. Informed by social cognitive career theory (SCCT), we investigated the effects of the different conditions (video vs. HMD) on the outcomes of self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, interest, and science intentions across three time points. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that using the HMD‐based virtual field trip, compared to the video, had a positive immediate effect on self‐efficacy and interest, and total later effects on self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest an average of two and a half weeks after the virtual field trip. The results suggest that HMD‐based virtual field trips can influence self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest more than a video‐based virtual field trip when measured approximately two and a half weeks after the intervention. Lay Description: What is currently known about the subject matter: Social Cognitive Career Theory provides a framework for understanding students' learning.Few studies have examined the effect of head‐mounted displays on science interest in the framework of Social Cognitive Career Theory. What this paper adds: The results suggest that virtual field trips based in head‐mounted display can foster self‐efficacy, outcome expectations, and interest more than video‐based virtual field trips. Implications of the findings for practitioners: Fostering learning through head‐mounted displays may increase students' interest in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic conductive 1T phase molybdenum sulfide (MoS2) has been identified as promising anode for sodium ion (Na+) batteries, but its metastable feature makes it difficult to obtain and its restacking during the charge/discharge processing result in part capacity reversibility. Herein, a synergetic effect of atomic‐interface engineering is employed for constructing 2H‐MoS2 layers assembled on single atomically dispersed Fe−N−C (SA Fe−N−C) anode material that boosts its reversible capacity. The work‐function‐driven‐electron transfer occurs from SA Fe−N−C to 2H‐MoS2 via the Fe−S bonds, which enhances the adsorption of Na+ by 2H‐MoS2, and lays the foundation for the sodiation process. A phase transfer from 2H to 1T/2H MoS2 with the ferromagnetic spin‐polarization of SA Fe−N−C occurs during the sodiation/desodiation process, which significantly enhances the Na+ storage kinetics, and thus the 1T/2H MoS2/SA Fe−N−C display a high electronic conductivity and a fast Na+ diffusion rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Isle of Man Met Office had the arrangement that they had to purchase the equipment to receive the broadcast data from the Met Office. From 1966, in addition to the 0900 and 2100 utc climatological rain totals, rainfall began being reported as a '7' group in SYNOP reports at 0000 and 1200 utc. The 5-inch manual precipitation gauge was replaced by a tipping bucket rainfall recorder close to the base of the anemometer tower in 1995 with a climate data logger but, due to the inferior exposure, readings are no longer considered reliable, although wind and temperature measurements continue. The Island's Meteorological Office at Ronaldsway Airport has developed from a mainly airport service into an important part of the community, providing essential forecasts and warnings of severe weather events. [Extracted from the article]

During COVID‐19, there was increased use of handheld displays in educational settings. There is growing concern that eye health may be affected by prolonged exposure to the light‐emitting diodes used as frontlights or backlights in handheld displays. The potential impact of light exposure from tablet‐sized devices with different display technologies and various spectral outputs was assessed in an in vitro model using human retinal epithelial (ARPE‐19) cells. Cellular response was quantified by measuring reactive oxidative species (ROS) and by analyzing mitochondrial morphology. Control experiments established a baseline ROS response to hazardous blue light exposure and also that red light resulted in no detectable ROS response. Under identical conditions, ROS response increased with time for all devices. However, different device spectra caused ROS to accumulate at different rates. When operating the devices in the same mode (day or night), cells accumulated ROS two to three times more slowly on exposure to frontlit electronic paper displays compared to backlit liquid crystal displays. With increasing ROS accumulation, mitochondrial morphology shifted from elongate interconnected features typically observed under normal conditions to rounded disconnected features associated with oxidative stress response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate tungsten and molybenum bronzes represent an outstanding class of materials displaying textbook examples of charge‐density‐wave (CDW) physics among other fundamental properties. Here we report on the existence of a novel structural branch with the general formula [Ba(PO4)2][WmO3m−3] (m=3, 4 and 5) denominated ′layered monophosphate tungsten bronzes′ (L‐MPTB). It results from thick [Ba(PO4)2]4− spacer layers disrupting the cationic metal‐oxide 2D units and enforcing an overall trigonal structure. Their symmetries are preserved down to 1.8 K and the compounds show metallic behaviour with no clear anomaly as a function of temperature. However, their electronic structure displays the characteristic Fermi surface of previous bronzes derived from 5d W states with hidden nesting properties. By analogy with previous bronzes, such a Fermi surface should result into CDW order. Evidence of CDW order was only indirectly observed in the low‐temperature specific heat, giving an exotic context at the crossover between stable 2D metals and CDW order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared with traditional two‐dimensional displays, three‐dimensional displays can bring users a more realistic visual experience. In recent years, with the development of naked eye 3D technology, users can completely get rid of the shackles of glasses and experience stereoscopic visual effects more freely. The 3D display technology based on the cylindrical lens is a vital technology branch in the field of stereoscopic display. The lens light splitting and eye tracking technology are used to ensure that the image taken into the human eye at any viewing angle has correct parallax, thus giving people a three‐dimensional feeling. BOE has accumulated numerous technologies in the display field, especially in the fields of high‐resolution display and new display. This paper focuses on the space reality display system independently developed by BOE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable displays are a promising technology for developing new styles of deformable display applications. Here we develop two stretchable backplane technologies for future display applications. We first propose a highly stretchable metal‐oxide island thin‐film transistor array with an acrylic adhesive structure. We then construct a stretchable light‐emitting diode array containing stretchable through‐hole interconnects with printed stretchable conductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum Dots (QDs) are widely accepted for use in contemporary displays. However the current application mainly remains limited to enhancing liquid crystal displays (LCD), and recently organic light emitting devices (OLED), by a limited margin. A topical question is what holds QDs from contributing to other display applications and what role can QDs play in the future of display technology? Will we soon see self‐emissive QD displays and if so, how feasible is QD color conversion for microLED displays? What are the limitations and the benefits of both? The article challenges the state‐of‐the‐art QD technology for QD color conversion and the current development timeline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report and discuss the challenges to realize a nanoLED based display from the perspective of materials and processes. Additionally, we report on an active‐matrix nanoLED display using cadmium free Quantum Dots (QDs) patterned by photolithography in the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital Signage can be quickly updated, greatly enhancing functionality compared to traditional paper signs. Worries about climate change, carbon footprint, energy shortages and light pollution means Signage should be low power with low light pollution. In response, E Ink has developed Kaleido reflective ePaper outdoor displays with good color performance. On a spectrum between paper signs and other forms of full color electronic display Kaleido is much closer to paper signs in power use and lighting impact. Operating temperature range is ‐15°C to 65°C, removing the need for expensive, power hungry heating and cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outdoor applications integrating displays have expanded significantly during the past few years, as people want information in real‐time regardless of location or weather conditions. However, outdoor use comes with its own set of challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excellent night‐time visibility of electronic displays can be achieved by incorporation of a retroreflective element to allow efficient return of incident light from car headlamps, IR camera systems etc. However, such displays have a poor daytime appearance since diffuse reflectivity is required to make best use of ambient light. In this paper we present a novel optical configuration for reflective liquid crystal displays, which can achieve both these reflectivity conditions simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a 6Gb/s receiver for 8K displays and beyond. In the proposed receiver, a novel channel coding with 1.96% overhead is presented to guarantee minimum run‐length in the clock embedded interface. It can also reduce bandwidth for effective data transmission compared to 9b/10b coding that requires 11.11% overhead. Furthermore, we present an on‐chip eye margin tester that can measure the internal timing margin of receiver with only 1% area overhead. The prototype ICs are implemented using 0.18‐μm HVCMOS process and evaluated in an 8K 65‐inch panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a new, fast, Wave‐Length of Center‐of‐gravity (WLC) detection method, named "λ‐Capture". The paper presents and explains the principle of this new technology as a wavelength management technique for displays, utilizing a Linear Reflectance Gradient on the wavelength axis (LRG) dichroic mirror. It is then applied to a mini‐LED wafer: sample of actual display elements and demonstrated to have satisfactory performance. Furthermore, the possibility of new applications based on this principle is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of near-eye display technology, optical distortion is often introduced into the design of near-eye optical system to meet people's requirements for high definition and large field of view. However, the larger the field of view, the greater the distortion of the projected image. In order to correct distorted images, this paper proposes an image pre-distortion algorithm based on nonlinear fitting and forward mapping interpolation. The radial basis function fitting algorithm is used to get a more precise mapping relationship between the original image and the pre-distorted image. The compactly supported radial basis function (CSRBF) interpolation algorithm based on forward mapping is used for image gray reconstruction to obtain better correction effect of image distortion. The experimental results show that the fitting error of the radial basis function fitting algorithm can be reduced to less than 1 pixel, reaching sub-pixel level. The pre-distortion algorithm has a good correction effect on the non-rotational symmetry distortion produced by the near-eye optical system, which makes the display image clear and complete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient high dynamic range (HDR) liquid crystal display (LCD) with the excellent performance was developed. The HDR Display technology can enhance the contrast ratio of pictures and reduce power consumption by utilizing adaptive controlled dynamic backlight. Improved methods about simplification of lookup tables (LUT), improvement of accuracy, and maintenance of details and chroma were studied, which make it a promising technique for displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Dashboards can support person‐centered care by helping people partner with their clinicians to coproduce care based on preferences, shared decision‐making, and evidence‐based treatments. We engaged caregivers of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and clinicians in a pilot study to assess their experiences and the utility and impact of an electronic previsit questionnaire and point‐of‐care dashboard to support coproduction of rheumatology care. Methods: We employed a mixed‐methods design to assess users' perceptions of a customized electronic health record rheumatology module at four pediatric rheumatology practices and two adult rheumatology practices. We surveyed a convenience sample of caregivers of children with JIA (n = 113), adults with RA (n = 116), and clinicians (n = 12). We conducted semistructured interviews with 13 caregivers and patients and six care teams. Experiences were evaluated using descriptive statistics and thematic analyses. Results: Caregivers of children with JIA and adults with RA reported the dashboards were useful during discussions (88%) and helped them talk about what mattered most (82%), make health care decisions (83%), and create a treatment plan (77%). Clinicians provided similar feedback. Two‐thirds (67%) of caregivers and adults and 55% of clinicians would recommend the dashboard to peers. System usability scores (77.1 ± 15.6) were above average. Dashboards helped users make sense of health information, communicate more effectively, and make decisions. Improvements to the dashboards and workflows could enhance patient self‐management and clinician efficiency. Conclusion: Visual point‐of‐care dashboards can support caregivers, patients, and clinicians to coproduce rheumatology care. Findings demonstrate a need to spread and scale for broader benefit and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iris presentation attack detection (PAD) is still an unsolved problem mainly due to the various spoof attack strategies and poor generalisation on unseen attackers. In this paper, the merits of both light field (LF) imaging and deep learning (DL) are leveraged to combine 2D texture and 3D geometry features for iris liveness detection. By exploring off‐the‐shelf deep features of planar‐oriented and sequence‐oriented deep neural networks (DNNs) on the rendered focal stack, the proposed framework excavates the differences in 3D geometric structure and 2D spatial texture between bona fide and spoofing irises captured by LF cameras. A group of pre‐trained DL models are adopted as feature extractor and the parameters of SVM classifiers are optimised on a limited number of samples. Moreover, two‐branch feature fusion further strengthens the framework's robustness and reliability against severe motion blur, noise, and other degradation factors. The results of comparative experiments indicate that variants of the proposed framework significantly surpass the PAD methods that take 2D planar images or LF focal stack as input, even recent state‐of‐the‐art (SOTA) methods fined‐tuned on the adopted database. Presentation attacks, including printed papers, printed photos, and electronic displays, can be accurately detected without fine‐tuning a bulky CNN. In addition, ablation studies validate the effectiveness of fusing geometric structure and spatial texture features. The results of multi‐class attack detection experiments also verify the good generalisation ability of the proposed framework on unseen presentation attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual inspection is the traditional method behavior analysts use to interpret functional‐analysis results. Limitations of visual inspection include lack of standardized rules, subjectivity, and inconsistent interrater reliability (Fisch, 1998). To address these limitations, researchers have developed, evaluated, and refined structured criteria to aid interpretation of functional analyses of destructive behavior (Hagopian et al., 1997; Roane et al., 2013; Saini et al., 2018). The current study applied the structured criteria Saini et al. (2018) described to functional analyses of inappropriate mealtime behavior. We assessed its predictive validity and evaluated its efficiency relative to 3 post hoc visual inspection procedures. Validity metrics were lower than those in Saini et al. however, ongoing visual inspection increased the efficiency of functional analyses by more than 30%. We discuss these findings relative to the procedural differences between functional analyses of destructive behavior and inappropriate mealtime behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the test of residual DC voltage was carried out on the test cells with different combinations of liquid crystal (LC), polyimide alignment film (PI) and color resist flat layer (PFA). Combined with the circuit simulation results, the residual DC voltage was comprehensively analyzed, it is its characteristics of "fast accumulation" and "slow release" that lead to the decrease in the reliability of TFT‐LCD display. By analyzing the characteristic parameters of related materials, we have given the optimal combination of materials to reduce the residual DC voltage. As various application scenarios require higher and higher panel performance and their material combinations become more and more complex, the research results in this article will be of great significance for improving the reliability of TFT‐LCD displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochromic effect has been discovered in many materials with a wide range of applications from visible to infrared, such as smart windows, electronic displays, infrared camouflage, and color‐changeable tactile sensor. However, conventional electrochromic materials cannot meet the growing demand for electrochromic performance in terms of optical contrast, response time, durability, color diversity, and flexibility, which slows down developments in this area. This is mainly due to the limited number and variety of electrochromic materials. In strong contrast, nanoarchitectonics of 2D materials with atomically thin thickness, large lateral size, and diversified series can be an effective way to address these issues and improve the electrochromic performances. This review highlights the recent achievements of emerging 2D electrochromic materials, namely covalent organic frameworks, coordination nanosheets, and transition metal carbides/nitrides/carbonitrides (MXenes). The structures, electrochromic performances and their structure–performance relationship, and future challenges of these materials have been systematically explored. This review can pave a new avenue for the promotion of the nanoarchitectonic 2D materials for the up‐scaled practical electrochromic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prototype inorganic material‐based solid‐state electrochromic device (ECD) using an active WO3 layer has been demonstrated followed by testing its potential application in blocking infrared (IR) radiation. A cost‐effective hydrothermal method has been used for fabricating WO3‐based electrodes. Prior to application, the structural and morphological characterization of the WO3 has been done using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. A solid‐state ECD has been fabricated in a sandwiched geometry with a supporting gel electrolyte. The solid‐state inorganic ECD displays a color contrast of more than 40% at 600 nm wavelength while toggling between transparent (OFF state) and blue (ON state) colors under a bias of as low as 2.5 V making it a power‐efficient device. The device is capable of maintaining its absorbance switching for longer than 2400 s without altering its absorbance rate. The device is capable of blocking IR radiation with more than 100% in its ON state as compared to its OFF state. A power‐efficient electrochromic performance has been reported from an inorganic‐alone solid state ECD while displaying its potential as an electronic curtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine whether accommodative microfluctuations (AMFs) are affected by the image resolution of the display type being observed. The effect of refractive error is also examined. Methods: Twenty participants, (10 myopes and 10 emmetropes) observed a target on four different displays: paper, smartphone, e‐reader and visual display unit screen (VDU), whilst their accommodative responses were measured using a continuous recording infrared autorefractor. The accommodative response and AMF measures comprising low frequency components (LFC), high frequency components (HFC) and the root mean square (RMS) of the AMFs were analysed. Results: A significant increase in LFC power was observed for the paper stimulus when compared to the VDU and smartphone conditions. Myopes demonstrated a significantly higher LFC and mean accommodative response compared to emmetropes across the four displays. A significant difference in the mean AR between the displays with the lowest and highest resolution was found. A higher mean AR was found with higher resolution of the image. The HFC and RMS accommodation were not affected by display type. Conclusion: The mean accommodative response and the mean LFC power appear to respond differently depending on the type of display in use. Higher resolution devices showed a reduced lag of accommodation to the accommodative demand; however, this may cause a lead of accommodation in myopes for higher resolution display types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi‐1D silicon nanowires (SiNWs) field effect transistors (FETs) integrated upon large‐area elastomers are advantageous candidates for developing various high‐performance stretchable electronics and displays. In this work, it is demonstrated that an orderly array of slim SiNW channels, with a diameter of <80 nm, can be precisely grown into desired locations via an in‐plane solid‐liquid‐solid (IPSLS) mechanism, and reliably batch‐transferred onto large area polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers. Within an optimized discrete FETs‐on‐islands architecture, the SiNW‐FETs can sustain large stretching strains up to 50% and repetitive testing for more than 1000 cycles (under 20% strain), while achieving a high hole carrier mobility, Ion/Ioff current ratio and subthreshold swing (SS) of ≈70 cm2 V−1 s−1, >105 and 134 ‐ 277 mV decade−1, respectively, working stably in an ambient environment over 270 days without any passivation protection. These results indicate a promising new routine to batch‐manufacture and integrate high‐performance, scalable and stretchable SiNW‐FET electronics that can work stably in harsh and large‐strain environments, which is a key capability for future practical flexible display and wearable electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of large multi‐institutional digital libraries has opened the door to aggregate‐level examinations of the published word. Such large‐scale analysis offers a new way to pursue traditional problems in the humanities and social sciences, using digital methods to ask routine questions of large corpora. However, inquiry into multiple centuries of books is constrained by the burdens of scale, where statistical inference is technically complex and limited by hurdles to access and flexibility. This work examines the role that exploratory data analysis and visualization tools may play in understanding large bibliographic datasets. We present one such tool, HathiTrust+Bookworm, which allows multifaceted exploration of the multimillion work HathiTrust Digital Library, and center it in the broader space of scholarly tools for exploratory data analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advances in display technology, many existing applications rely on psychophysical datasets of human perception gathered using older, sometimes outdated displays. As a result, there exists the underlying assumption that such measurements can be carried over to the new viewing conditions of more modern technology. We have conducted a series of psychophysical experiments to explore contrast sensitivity using a state‐of‐the‐art HDR display, taking into account not only the spatial frequency and luminance of the stimuli but also their surrounding luminance levels. From our data, we have derived a novel surround‐aware contrast sensitivity function (CSF), which predicts human contrast sensitivity more accurately. We additionally provide a practical version that retains the benefits of our full model, while enabling easy backward compatibility and consistently producing good results across many existing applications that make use of CSF models. We show examples of effective HDR video compression using a transfer function derived from our CSF, tone‐mapping and improved accuracy in visual difference prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present an optically transparent multi‐planar 3D display device based on multi‐passive matrixed coded pixelated polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals (PDLC). The PDLC film used in this experiment has high transparency transmission (97.1%) and fast switching time characteristics within 20ms. We provide a method to display different depth‐of‐field images by layering them on a multi‐layer screen, by which it is possible to render near and far views in different planes, thus bringing 3‐dimensional visual information to the observer, ultimately A proof‐of‐concept prototype of a dual‐plane 3D display has been realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data visualization techniques are useful for examining large multidimensional data sets. In this exploratory data analysis (EDA) study, we applied a visualization pattern detection and testing process to deidentified data to discover patterns in whole‐person health for adults 65 and older. Whole‐person health examines a person's environmental, psychosocial, and physical health, as well as their health‐related behaviors; and assesses their strengths, challenges, and needs. Strengths are defined as assets and capabilities in the face of short‐or long‐term stressors. We collected data using a mobile application that delivers a comprehensive whole‐person assessment using a simplified version of a standardized instrument, the Omaha System. The visualization pattern detection process is iterative, includes various techniques, and requires visualization literacy. The data visualization techniques applied in this analysis included bubble charts, parallel coordinates line graphs, box plots, and alluvial flow diagrams. We discovered six patterns within the visualizations. We formulated and tested six hypotheses based on these six patterns, and all six hypotheses were supported. Adults 65 and older had more strengths than challenges and more challenges than needs (p < 0.001). Strengths and challenges were negatively correlated (p < 0.001). Unexpectedly, a subset of adults 65 and older who had many, but not all, strengths had significantly more needs (p = 0.04). The use of standardized terminology with its inherent data interrelationships was key to discovering patterns in whole‐person health. This methodology may be used in future EDA research using new data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible RGB light‐emitting diodes plastic foils for in‐ and outdoor use have been developed by LightnTec for applications, such as digital signage, replacement of printed banners, and digitization of facades and signs. The key parameters are pixel pitches of 16‐50 mm, a luminance of up to 5,000 cd/m2, and a weight of 0.3‐2.7 kg per square meter. These lightweight foils are ultrathin, bendable, tileable, and cut to size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As active‐matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays have rapidly become the primary choice for high performance mobile devices, reducing their power consumption to enable long battery life continues to be a very important challenge. In particular, the power consumption required to drive the display electronic circuits has recently increased significantly due to the industry trends for high resolution, high refresh rates, and high screen aspect ratio. In this paper, we propose a uni‐color pixel column design for the typical Pentile‐type pixel arrangement used for AMOLED displays in order to lower the driving power consumption. Considering a QHD+, 6.x inch‐diagonal smartphone application, the estimated power saving benefits of the proposed architecture are 10% for averaged image contents, and up to 42% for red/blue saturated images in the analog driving power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the commercial success of the three‐particle electrophoretic display E Ink Spectra� 3000, a four‐particle electrophoretic display, Spectra� 3100, was developed and launched as a premier product in 2021. It targets electronic shelf label applications and signage applications by providing vibrant optical states of black, white, red, yellow and dithering capability. Specially engineered black, white, red and yellow particles in the electrophoretic ink respond to different electric fields to show their intrinsic colors on the display. For the best readability under various light conditions, angles and distances, Spectra� 3100 imaging film can reach a typical contrast ratio of 30 while maintaining a maximum driving voltage of 15V. The ink is coated and sealed in a thin film Microcup� structure using an additive and high yield roll‐to‐roll process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New and rapidly‐evolving classes of display devices bridge the gap between us and the immersive experiences of the future. The most intimate of these displays are the Virtual‐ and Augmented‐Reality (VR and AR) ones, because they are capable of presenting synthetic environments that rival those in the real world. This ecosystem of personal and highly‐immersive displays offers new challenges for research in computer graphics, display technologies, and human visual perception. While the extensive advancements in the areas of display and computer graphics technologies traditionally end at the on‐screen "image," there are several untapped opportunities for advances that exploit the interplay between the display characteristics and how our visual system perceives them. In this article, we review recent progress in understanding and modeling the perception of immersive displays, as well as perceptually optimizing display technologies for immersive experiences. We present this review in the form of a taxonomy that maps the various properties of modern displays with the perceptual phenomenon that most closely interacts with them. From this taxonomy, we deduce several unsolved challenges in understanding human perception of displays, as well as perceptually‐optimal characteristics of future displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report and discuss the challenges to realize a nanoLED based display from the perspective of materials and processes. Additionally, we report on an active‐matrix nanoLED display using heavy metal free Quantum Dots (QDs) patterned by photolithography, realized by combining materials and process technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nepheline‐based transparent glass‐ceramics are promising candidates for cover glass applications in electronic displays owing to their superior mechanical properties (than glasses) and ability to be chemically strengthened. However, our poor understanding about the kinetic and thermodynamic drivers controlling their crystallization processes usually results in their opacification and development of large internal stresses. The present work focuses on the development of nepheline‐based nanocrystalline transparent glass‐ceramic designed in the Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2 ternary system nucleated with P2O5. The temporal evolution of the phosphate and nepheline nanocrystal formation has been followed using X‐ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. The incorporation of P2O5 in the glass structure leads to the phase separation resulting in the crystallization of nanocrystalline Na3PO4 as an intermediate phase; thus, acting as a nucleating site for volume crystallization of nepheline. The optimization of nucleation and growth profile in the designed composition results in the formation of a transparent glass‐ceramic with high optical transmittance (91.5 ± 0.1%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conducting remote laboratory‐based courses in electronics is a major challenge primarily because of the hardware requirements. This paper describes a laboratory course on information display technologies specially designed and implemented for remote learning. The course was successfully offered during the COVID‐19 lockdown and has an online instruction component to introduce the concepts, as well as a laboratory part involving hands‐on work. The course covers experiments on fundamental concepts related to perception and color, liquid crystal displays (LCD), light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), and a final project where a mechanical display is designed and built. Course assessment based on an anonymous survey shows the hands‐on work enhanced the student learning and improved course understanding from an average of 2.5/5 measured at the start of the course to 4/5 at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Visually explore the rates of and relationships between overall physical and mental health, sleep disturbances, and depression rates in a single sample of caregivers of persons with dementia, caregivers of persons with other chronic illness, and non‐caregiving adults. Design: Exploratory descriptive study utilizing data visualization methods. Methods: Data were analyzed from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System dataset. Multiple graphs and charts were developed to visualize data between groups. Descriptive statistics analyzed the rates of variables of interest across the three groups. One‐way analysis of variance assessed relationships between variables. Results: Caregivers of persons with dementia and of other chronic illnesses reported poorer health outcomes as compared to non‐caregiving adults. However, caregivers of persons with other chronic illnesses reported the worst outcomes of all groups. Depression and sleep disturbances were prevalent in all three groups. Conclusions: The quality of life of caregivers of persons with dementia and chronic illness is impacted by poorer health outcomes, specifically mental health and sleep. Clinical Relevance: Findings support the need for caregiver‐specific interventions that target overall physical and mental health, depression, and sleep disturbances. However, we also found support for mental health and sleep interventions for all individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to assess public health professionals' use of data, information, and evidence and to understand perceptions and preferences regarding data visualization to inform future design of data visualization tools. Design: We conducted qualitative interviews with public health professionals who use data for decision making as part of community health assessment and program planning from state and local health departments across six states. Results: We identified four themes: 1) collection of data, information, and evidence; 2) management and analysis of data and information to inform decisions; 3) use of data to support public health practice; and 4) preferences for data visualization and how visualization is being used. Public health professionals use data, information, and evidence from various resources for communicating with co‐workers, stakeholders, and the public, and decision making regarding their programs and services. Conclusion: Data visualization tools can help public health professionals improve their understanding and communication, their education of stakeholders, and their decision making using data, information, and evidence. Public health professionals believe in the value of using data, information, and evidence. Opportunities exist in ways to support public health professionals' data use by adopting data visualization tools and by mitigating systematic challenges in public health information systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: EDs have the potential ability to predict patient wait times and to display this to patients and other stakeholders. Little is known about whether consumers and stakeholders would want this information and how wait time predictions might be used. The aim of the present study was to gain perspectives from consumers and health services personnel regarding the concept of emergency wait time visibility. Methods: We conducted a qualitative interview and focus group study in 2019. Participants included emergency medicine patients, families, paramedics, well community members, and hospital/paramedic administrators from multiple EDs and organisations in Victoria, Australia. Transcripts were coded and themes presented. Results: One focus group and 103 semi‐structured interviews were conducted in 2019 including 32 patients, 22 carers/advocates and 21 paramedics in the ED; 20 health service administrators (paramedic and hospital) and 15 community members. Consumers and paramedics face physical and psychological difficulties when wait times are not visible. Consumers believe about a 2‐h wait is tolerable, beyond this most begin to consider alternative strategies for seeking care. Consumers want to see triage to doctor times; paramedics want door‐to‐off stretcher times (for all possible transport destinations); with 47 of 50 consumers and 30 of 31 paramedics potentially using this information. About 28 of 50 consumers would use times to inform facility or provider choice, another 19 of 50 want information once in the waiting room. During prolonged waits, 51 of 52 consumers would continue to seek care. Conclusions: Consumers and paramedics want wait time information visibility. They would use the information in a variety of ways, both pre‐hospital and while waiting for care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sturgeons belong to an early‐branching lineage often used as a proxy of ancestor‐like traits of ray‐finned fishes. However, many features of this lineage, such as the transitory presence and the eventual loss of dentition, exemplify specializations that, in fact, provide important information on lineage‐specific evolutionary dynamics. Results: Here, we introduce a detailed overview of the dentition during the development of the sterlet sturgeon. The dentition is composed of tooth fields at oral, palatal, and anterior pharyngeal regions. Oral fields are single‐rowed, non‐renewed and are shed early. Palatal and pharyngeal fields are multi‐rowed and renewed from the adjacent superficial epithelium without the presence of the successional dental lamina. The early loss of oral fields and subsequent establishment of palatal and pharyngeal fields leads to a translocation of the functional dentition from the front to the rear of the oropharyngeal cavity until the eventual loss of all teeth. Conclusions: Our survey shows the sterlet dentition as a dynamic organ system displaying differential composition at different time points in the lifetime of this fish. These dynamics represent a conspicuous feature of sturgeons, unparalleled among extant vertebrates, and appropriate to scrutinize developmental and evolutionary underpinnings of vertebrate odontogenesis. Key Findings: The dentition is a highly dynamic organ system during the sterlet sturgeon ontogeny.Oral teeth are single‐rowed, non‐renewed and shed early, while palatal and pharyngeal teeth are multi‐rowed, renewed and shed much later.Early loss of oral teeth and persistence of palatal and pharyngeal teeth leads to the anterior‐to‐posterior translocation of the sterlet functional dentition.Developmental dynamics of the dentition reflect the dietary demands of the sterlet ontogenetic stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]