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In this paper, a novel low‐cost, double‐node upset (DNU) tolerant latch aiming at nourishing the lack of these devices in the state of the art was presented, especially featuring high reliability while maintaining a low‐cost profile. The proposed latch is based on a low‐cost single event double‐node upset tolerant latch and also provides self‐recoverability against double‐node‐upsets. The latch uses clock‐controlled DICE (Dual‐interlocked storage cell) cell and CE(C‐Elements) cell to tolerate double‐node‐upsets fully. The Simulation waveforms and analysis results show that the proposed latch can maintain the correct output in any case of DNU. In addition, under the premise of high radiation tolerance, the minimum improvement of the area‐power‐delay product (APDP) of the proposed low‐power double‐node‐upsets hardened latch (LPDHL) is 16.60%, compared with the latest DNU tolerant latch on the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although possessing well‐defined nanostructures and excellent multi‐electron redox properties, polyoxometalate clusters have poor intrinsic electrical conductivity and are prone to aggregation due to large surface energy, which makes them difficult to be fully utilized when applying as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. In this paper, monodisperse K7MnV13O38 (MnV13) clusters are achieved by rationally utilizing nano‐sized high conductive carbon dots (CDs) as stabilizers. Benefiting from the fully exposed redox sites of MnV13 clusters (high utilization rate) and sufficient interfaces with carbon dots (extra interfacial energy storage), the optimized MnV13/10CDs anode delivers a high discharge capacity up to 1348 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and exhibits superb rate/cycling capabilities. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verify that ionic archway channels are formed between MnV13 and CDs, eliminating the bandgap and greatly improving the electron/ion conductivity of MnV13 and CDs. This paper paves a brand‐new way for synthesis of monodisperse clusters and maximization of extra interfacial energy storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical computing has garnered significant interest as a supplement to traditional electronic computing, which often grapples with issues like high power consumption, security vulnerabilities, and susceptibility to extreme environmental conditions such as intense heat and radiation. Yet, most research in mechanical computing has been limited to the ad hoc design of simple logic gates and has not fully achieved the implementation of simple arithmetic computation within an electricity‐free framework. Additionally, progress in environmentally adaptive computing, crucial for decentralized intelligence, has also been slow. New ground is broken with the development of a mechanical transistor that synergizes a Kirigami thermomechanical sensor and a bistable actuator, enabling in‐memory computing for combinational and sequential logic. The design stands out by employing modular construction, symmetry breaking, and nonlinear materials, crafting logic gates, and memory units that respond to environmental stimuli through thermal delay. These transistors integrate design and material intelligence to establish nonvolatile memories, essential for logic‐in‐memory, and align thermal transport with mechanical deformation for environmental responsiveness. The mechanical transistor heralds a new age in mechanical computing, proving to be as versatile and vital as the electronic transistor has been in the era of modern computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To reduce the impact of the single‐event transient (SET) effect on the high‐precision comparator, based on the common high‐gain pre‐amplification stage structure of the comparator, a new radiation hardened by design (RHBD) method, namely, the sensitive node transient detection feedback latch (SNTDFL) technique, is proposed. The hardening technique avoids comparator erroneous output by detecting the sensitive nodes of the high‐gain pre‐amplification stage. The detection circuit receives the response generated by the high energy particle impacts and feeds the high level back to the sensitive nodes to latch the current comparator state. In this paper, a novel high‐precision SET hardened voltage comparator based on this technique is developed. Through detailed circuit principle and simulation analysis, the functional characteristics and the hardening performance of the high‐precision hardened comparator are verified. Compared with the unhardened and the TMR technique hardened comparator, the SNTDFL technique hardened comparator effectively avoids the erroneous output caused by the SET effect with less overhead and still has excellent functional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a global variable‐resolution modeling framework of atmospheric dust and its radiative feedback is established and evaluated. In this model, atmospheric dust is simulated simultaneously with meteorological fields, and dust‐radiation interactions are included. Five configurations of global mesh with refinement at different resolutions and over different regions are used to explore the impacts of regional refinement on modeling dust lifecycle at regional and global scales. The model reasonably produces the overall magnitudes and spatial variabilities of global dust metrics such as surface mass concentration, deposition, aerosol optical depth, and radiative forcing compared to observations and previous modeling results. Two global variable‐resolution simulations with mesh refinement over major deserts of North Africa (V16 km‐NA) and East Asia (V16 km‐EA) simulate less dust emissions and smaller dry deposition rates inside the refined regions due to the weakened near‐surface wind speed caused by better resolved topographic complexity at higher resolution. The dust mass loadings over North Africa are close to each other between V16 km‐NA and the quasi‐uniform resolution (∼120 km) (U120 km), while over East Asia, V16 km‐EA simulates higher dust mass loading. Over the non‐refined areas with the same resolution, the difference between global variable‐resolution and uniform‐resolution experiments also exists, which is partly related to their difference in dynamic time‐step and the coefficient for horizontal diffusion. Refinement at convection‐permitting resolution around the Tibetan Plateau (TP) simulates less dust due to its more efficient wet scavenging from resolved convective precipitation around the TP against coarse resolution. Plain Language Summary: Mineral dust plays an important role in Earth's climate system. Numerical simulation of dust and its impacts on a regional scale still has large uncertainties, partly due to the relatively coarse horizontal resolution. Limited‐area simulation at relatively high resolution can generally better characterize dust and its impacts on a regional scale; however, lateral boundary conditions may introduce some numerical issues and constrain regional feedback, such as dust‐cloud and dust‐radiation interactions, to large‐scale circulation. In this study, a novel modeling framework of atmospheric dust and its climatic feedbacks with the capability of global variable‐resolution simulation is established and evaluated. The model produces reasonable global spatial distributions of dust compared to observations and previous studies. The difference between the simulations at global quasi‐uniform resolution and global variable resolution with regional refinement over East Asia and North Africa is significant, particularly with refinement at convection‐permitting resolution. This model may be used in the future to provide new insights into the impacts of dust on regional and global climate systems. Key Points: A modeling framework of atmospheric dust with the capability of global variable‐resolution simulation is introduced and evaluatedExperiments with regional refinement produce less dust emissions and mass loading and smaller dry deposition due to weaker surface windRefinement at convection‐permitting resolution simulates stronger wet scavenging and less dust mass compared to coarse resolution [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of advanced materials and manufacturing technologies, flow sensors have made significant progress in the field of mechanical engineering, which could cater to the development trend of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the ongoing Fourth Industrial Revolution. However, traditional power supply modes such as lithium batteries require regular recharging or replacement, which greatly causes too much inconvenience and maintenance consumption, and may also pose potential risks to the marine environment. The triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), based on the coupling effect of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, have been demonstrated to convert mechanical movements of the fluid into electrical signals with various features such as flexibility, conformability, and user‐friendliness. This review systematically summarizes for the first time the fundamental working mechanism, rational structural design, and analysis of practical application scenarios of triboelectric flow sensor as an emerging technology for flow monitoring of the Industrial IoT. According to the different fluid objects monitored, the latest representative achievements of triboelectric flow sensors can be divided into gas flow sensors, liquid flow sensors, and two‐phase flow sensors. Finally, the current challenges and future development directions of triboelectric flow sensors are examined, which can promote the further development of the field of the flow sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, a highly stable and low‐cost 12T (HSLC12T) radiation hardened static‐random‐access‐memories (SRAM) cell is proposed in 55 nm CMOS technology. Based on polarity reversal design and read/write separation structure, the proposed HSLC12T cell can recover from any single event upsets (SEUs) induced at all its sensitive nodes and even single event double‐node‐upsets (SEDNUs) induced at its internal storage node pair Q‐QN, while also having the maximum read static noise margin (RSNM) and lower static hold power, as well as excellent write speed and write‐ability. Though the HSLC12T cell exhibits a larger read delay, it has the best overall performance of all other cells. This is proven by having the highest electrical quality metric (EQM) value, thus making the proposed HSLC12T cell a better choice for aerospace applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on project scheduling optimization is trending toward many‐objective optimization, in which the number of objectives exceeds three. However, existing studies usually only consider the necessary logical constraints, ignoring descriptions of practical scenarios and corresponding complex constraints, which limit the designed algorithms in problems with such scenarios and constraints. This study focuses on the many‐objective repetitive project scheduling problem considering practical scenarios with complex constraints (MRPSP‐PSCC). Various constraints are described under flexible matching/mapping between multi‐crew, multi‐mode, and multi‐section scenarios. A many‐objective project scheduling model is proposed for synchronous optimization of time, cost, quality, resource usage, and interruption time. The multiphase balance of diversity and convergence nondominated sorting genetic algorithm III (B‐NSGA‐III) with unique advantages for continuous many‐objective optimization problems is transformed for discrete many‐objective optimization. A series of unique designs is employed in the algorithm, including three‐layer coding rules, constraint handling, and local search, to improve the problem‐solving efficiency of the algorithm. The effectiveness and superiority of the model and algorithm for MRPSP‐PSCC were verified through a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification mechanism of lanthanum on alumina inclusions in a nonoriented electrical steel at 1600 °C is investigated using laboratory experiments. Inclusions are analyzed using an automatic scanning electron microscope equipped with energy‐dispersive spectrum at 1, 5, 10, and 30 min after lanthanum treatment. The contents of total oxygen (TO), total sulfur (TS), and total lanthanum (TLa) in steel are analyzed. Results show that Al2O3 inclusions are modified by lanthanum in two ways. One is that the dissolved lanthanum directly reduces the aluminum in Al2O3 inclusions and forms LaAl11O18 or LaAlO3 ones. The other is that a new La2O2S or LaSx shell is preferentially generated at the outside of Al2O3 and forms multiphase inclusions. With time increasing, the La2O2S or LaSx shell gradually reacts with the Al2O3 core and generates stable lanthanum‐containing inclusions. At the initial stage of lanthanum treatment, many transient inclusions including LaSx, La2O2S, and La–P(–As) are formed due to the high concentration of lanthanum, while gradually redissolving with time increasing. With the increase in TLa content in steel, the formation sequence of stable inclusions is Al2O3 → LaAl11O18 → LaAlO3 → La2O2S → LaSx, which is consistent with thermodynamic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that Saharan dust can be transported thousands of miles, affecting regional climates, environments, and ecosystems. However, research on the long‐range transport of Saharan dust in Asia remains limited. We systematically investigated the long‐range transportation of Saharan dust over East Asia from 2007 to 2020 using WRF‐Chem model simulations, space‐borne CALIPSO lidar observations, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, as well as HYSPLIT trajectory analysis. The results show that one quarter (24.3 ± 6.2%) of dust events in East Asia during 2007–2020 originated from the Sahara Desert. Moreover, long‐range transported Saharan dust over East Asia was usually distributed in the upper troposphere. The average total amount of transported Saharan dust over East Asia between 2010 and 2015 was estimated at 33.05 ± 9.78 Tg/yr. Additionally, Saharan dust could be transported eastward all year and contributed about 35.8% of dust loading in the upper troposphere in Northern China in spring, which is almost the same amount of dust aerosols lifted up from East Asian dust sources. This study provides new sights on the important role of Saharan dust over East Asia, and elucidates the influence of long‐range transported dust on regional climate and the water cycle. Key Points: About one fourth of dust cases in East Asia from 2007 to 2020 originated from the Sahara DesertLong‐range transported Saharan dust over East Asia was usually distributed in the upper troposphere where is >5 km above sea levelOver East Asia, Saharan dust contributes 35.8% of total dust concentration in the upper troposphere in spring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two 5‐year (2010–2014) quasi‐global simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry have been analyzed to quantify the impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on aerosols in the western United States (U.S.). We find that AR days have reduced trans‐Pacific as well as U.S. aerosol mass because of enhanced rainfall and hence, wet removal of aerosols, compared to non‐AR days. ARs reduce trans‐Pacific aerosol mass through the cyclonic circulation that shifts the aerosol transport pathway southward and brings cleaner air from the north. However, ARs have larger impact on aerosols that originate over the U.S., which are concentrated closer to the surface compared to trans‐Pacific aerosols that are distributed more uniformly with altitude. While dust and sulfates dominate the mass for both trans‐Pacific and U.S. aerosols, ARs reduce dust composition fractions of trans‐Pacific aerosols but the AR impacts on composition fractions of U.S. aerosols are more variable. Plain Language Summary: Aerosols can be transported by strong westerlies across the North Pacific and reach North America all year around. These transported aerosol particles have been found to interact with the North Pacific atmospheric rivers (ARs). Generally, the aerosol particles from long‐range transport can influence ice nucleation in mid‐level orographic clouds and precipitation forming processes. On the other hand, trans‐Pacific transported aerosols may also be significantly influenced by the synoptic conditions during the AR days. However, the impacts of atmospheric rivers on trans‐Pacific aerosols over the western United States (U.S.) are not well understood. This study illustrates the aerosol distributions during the AR events and shows that ARs can reduce the trans‐Pacific and U.S. aerosols through the enhanced rainfall. Also, ARs can reduce trans‐Pacific aerosol mass through cyclonic circulation. Further, the impacts of ARs on the contribution of trans‐Pacific aerosol over the west coast of North America is positive, which is dominated by dust, followed by sulfate. However, the impacts of ARs on aerosol component fractions from the U.S. are more complicated. These results can give us some new insight into the impacts of ARs on the long‐range transported aerosols. Key Points: The impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on aerosols in western United States (U.S.) are quantified using two 5‐year quasi‐global Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry simulationsARs reduce trans‐Pacific aerosols through precipitation and cyclonic circulation and have larger reduction on dust composition fractionsARs reduce U.S. aerosols because of the enhanced precipitation, but the impacts on composition fractions are more variable [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac regeneration occurs primarily through proliferation of existing cardiomyocytes, but also involves complex interactions between distinct cardiac cell types including non‐cardiomyocytes (non‐CMs). However, the subpopulations, distinguishing molecular features, cellular functions, and intercellular interactions of non‐CMs in heart regeneration remain largely unexplored. Using the LIGER algorithm, we assemble an atlas of cell states from 61,977 individual non‐CM scRNA‐seq profiles isolated at multiple time points during regeneration. This analysis reveals extensive non‐CM cell diversity, including multiple macrophage (MC), fibroblast (FB), and endothelial cell (EC) subpopulations with unique spatiotemporal distributions, and suggests an important role for MC in inducing the activated FB and EC subpopulations. Indeed, pharmacological perturbation of MC function compromises the induction of the unique FB and EC subpopulations. Furthermore, we developed computational algorithm Topologizer to map the topological relationships and dynamic transitions between functional states. We uncover dynamic transitions between MC functional states and identify factors involved in mRNA processing and transcriptional regulation associated with the transition. Together, our single‐cell transcriptomic analysis of non‐CMs during cardiac regeneration provides a blueprint for interrogating the molecular and cellular basis of this process. Synopsis: Using single cell technology, this study delineates the cellular and transcriptomic dynamics of major non‐myocyte populations during cardiac regeneration and demonstrates a critical role of functional coordination of non‐myocytes in adult zebrafish heart regeneration. Multiple novel subpopulations for major non‐myocyte cell types are identified that exhibit distinct tempo‐spatial dynamics during cardiac regeneration.Highly cooperative interactions of non‐myocyte subtypes through cell‐cell signaling are observed. The data indicate an important role for macrophages in inducing the activated fibroblast and endocardial endothelial cell subpopulations.Development of the new computational algorithm Topologizer reveals the topological relationship of the cellular manifolds. Dynamic transitions between macrophage functional states and factors involved in mRNA processing and transcriptional regulation associated with the transition are uncovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Effective and accurate adjustment of negative permittivity behavior is worthy of further investigation. Herein, pyrolytic carbon‐glass fiber felt/epoxy resin (PyC‐GFF/ER) metacomposites with tunable negative permittivity were prepared using an impregnation‐calcination method. The permittivity, electrical conductivity, and electromagnetic shielding performance of the polymer metacomposites were investigated. Due to the inherent three‐dimensional structural network of GFF, the PyC adhering to the surface of glass fiber easily formed a conductive network in the composites. As the PyC content increased in the ER composites, the conductivity mechanism changed from hopping conduction to metal‐like conduction. The ER composites with high PyC contents showed negative permittivity behavior and the epsilon‐near‐zero response owing to the low frequency plasma state of free electrons in the PyC‐conduction network. By controlling the PyC content, the negative permittivity behavior of ER composites could be effectively tuned. With the increase in PyC content, the values of negative permittivity increased, and the epsilon‐near‐zero frequency shifted to a higher frequency. Moreover, the ER composites with high PyC contents showed excellent electromagnetic shielding properties (29.4 dB) at X‐band. This work not only provided a feasible method to realize the tunable negative permittivity of polymer metacomposites, but also promoted its application in the microwave field. The pyrolytic carbon‐glass fiber felt/epoxy resin composites were fabricated. The negative permittivity was first reported in the PyC‐GFF/ER composites. Tunable negative permittivity could be well explained by Drude model. The polymer composites had excellent electromagnetic shielding property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study explored treatment experiences and social support among individuals with eating disorders (EDs) in mainland China. Method: Subscribers of a Chinese online social media platform (WeChat) focused on EDs were invited to complete a screening questionnaire that included the Eating Disorder Diagnostic Scale for the DSM‐5. Of the 116 questionnaire responses, 31 met inclusion criteria for follow‐up interviews. Individuals who never sought treatment were not eligible for follow‐up interviews, but provided brief explanations about why they did not seek treatment. All eligible participants (n = 31) completed a semi‐structured interview about their experiences with ED treatment and social support. Qualitative data from the interviews and survey responses regarding not seeking treatment were subjected to inductive data‐driven thematic analysis with deductive coding to illuminate treatment and social support experiences or reasons for not seeking treatment. Results: Themes emerged from interviews revealed positive inpatient treatment experiences for anorexia nervosa, but negative outpatient treatment experiences, unaffordable care, and ineffective psychopharmacological treatments. Parents, friends, and partners were sources of social support, but participants largely felt misunderstood or blamed by these same entities. Shame, not recognizing ED as an illness, and financial constraints were listed as the primary reasons for not seeking treatment. Discussion: The importance of hearing patients' perspectives, improving ED literacy in China, increasing knowledge of culturally specific manifestations of EDs, and developing culturally responsive services and dissemination of treatment resources are emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particle concentration and the mass flow rate are the most important parameters describing the gas–solid two‐phase flow. Herein, a novel method based on triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed for measuring a particle concentration and the mass flow rate in a gas–solid two‐phase pipe flow. The as‐fabricated gas–solid two‐phase flow triboelectric nanogenerator (GS‐TENG) consists of one acrylic base plate, one copper electrode, and one stripe of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane. Different materials can be detected by the GS‐TENG, including organic material, such as flour, and inorganic materials, such as copper and soil. PTFE surface morphology is modified to improve the output performance of the GS‐TENG in the experiments in order to detect the output electrical signal more efficiently. The peak output current generated by the gas–solid two‐phase flow in the GS‐TENG shows a mostly linear relationship with the concentration and mass flow rate. In addition, the transferred charge in the process of the flow also shows a highly linear relationship with the concentration and the mass flow rate, which is consistent with the theoretical derivation for the single electrode TENG. The experimental results demonstrate that the measurement error of the GS‐TENG is less than 2%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A robust overset assembly method allowing for multiple overlapping bodies is presented. This method extends the overset assembly method to deal with the interference between objects and prevents the failure of the search for donor cells due to the complex shape of the models. The donor cells are searched before identifying the boundary of the chimera interpolation. By selecting interpolation cells only in areas with donor cells, the final overset interpolation boundary cells can always find their donor cells, which prevents orphan points and achieves excellent robustness. First, the implementation of the proposed assembly method is described in detail. Subsequently, the usability and efficiency of the method are verified using several cases. Finally, the integration strategy of the computational fluid dynamics solver based on overset interpolation with the modification of the boundary type is described and verified using practical cases with overlapping bodies. The results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed overset grid assembly method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Reports of disordered eating are increasing in mainland China; however, little is known regarding Chinese psychotherapists' conceptualizations of disordered eating symptomatology. This study explores Chinese psychotherapists' conceptualizations of binge eating (BE)/vomiting symptoms and treatment considerations. Method: In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with mainland Chinese psychotherapists (N = 41) in Mandarin. Participants were given a hypothetical case and provided their conceptualization of the patient's BE/vomiting etiology and treatment recommendations. Etiological conceptualizations were coded using directed content analysis, and treatment recommendations were grouped by intervention strategy. Results: Participants described psychosocial risk factors for BE/vomiting including intrapersonal characteristics and the childhood family environment, but rarely discussed genetic and neurobiological factors. Few participants reported that they would prioritize the BE/vomiting symptoms in treatment and their specific treatment recommendations varied widely. Discussion: Most research on BE/vomiting behaviors in the literature is based on Western samples with little attention to mainland Chinese populations. Participants in this study provided conceptualizations of risk factors and treatment recommendations that could generally find evidence in the existing Western literature, even if some theories are no longer supported by updated Western research and the participants focused primarily on psychosocial risks as opposed to genetic/neurobiological factors. It will be important for future research to ascertain mainland Chinese therapists' understanding of these additional types of risk. These findings also suggest a disconnect between clinical findings on neurobiological risks and Chinese therapists' knowledge and/or perceived clinical utility of these risks. Implications for treatment and research dissemination to diverse global communities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cancer treatment, the unsatisfactory solid‐tumor penetration of nanomaterials limits their therapeutic efficacy. We employed an in vivo self‐assembly strategy and designed polymer–peptide conjugates (PPCs) that underwent an acid‐induced hydrophobicity increase with a narrow pH‐response range (from 7.4 to 6.5). In situ self‐assembly in the tumor microenvironment at appropriate molecular concentrations (around the IC50 values of PPCs) enabled drug delivery deeper into the tumor. A cytotoxic peptide KLAK, decorated with the pH‐sensitive moiety cis‐aconitic anhydride (CAA), and a cell‐penetrating peptide TAT were conjugated onto poly(β‐thioester) backbones to produce PT‐K‐CAA, which can penetrate deeply into solid tumors owing to its small size as a single chain. During penetration in vivo, CAA responds to the weak acid, leading to the self‐assembly of PPCs and the recovery of therapeutic activity. Therefore, a deep‐penetration ability for enhanced cancer therapy is provided by this in vivo assembly strategy. Reaching new depths: Polymer–peptide conjugates (PPCs) designed to undergo an acid‐induced increase in hydrophobicity with a narrow pH‐response range (from pH 7.4 to 6.5) underwent in vivo self‐assembly in the tumor microenvironment (see picture). The PPCs in single‐chain form can penetrate deeply into the tumor and self‐assemble into nanoaggregates at molecular concentrations around the IC50 values of the PPCs for enhanced cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT A new cationic gemini surfactant (C25-6-C25), which had a special structure consisting of ultra-long hydrophobic chains and amide groups, was synthesized using a main feedstock source obtained from rapeseed for thickening purposes. The 12 mmol L−1 C25-6-C25 fluid containing 0.19 mol L−1 potassium chloride (KCl) exhibited highly elastic properties at the angular frequency of 0.04-10 rad s−1. Its viscosity could be maintained at 55 mPa s for 1.5 h under a shear rate of 170 s−1 at 110 °C and it also showed a good proppant-suspending property. C25-6-C25/KCl fluid exhibited high viscoelasticity and good performance, which were attributed to intermolecular forces, hydrogen bonding, and the shielding effect of electrostatic repulsion by KCl. Thus, C25-6-C25 is a very promising candidate for fracturing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44602. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and efficient approach to access 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3- a]pyridines and related heterocycles has been accomplished through condensation of readily available aryl hydrazines with corresponding aldehydes followed by iodine-mediated oxidative cyclization. This transition-metal-free synthetic process is broadly applicable to a variety of aromatic, aliphatic, and α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, and can be conveniently conducted on the gram scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of total ammonia N concentration and pH on N metabolism of Ceratophyllum demersum and to evaluate stress as a result of inorganic N enrichment in the water column on submerged macrophytes. Carefully controlled pH values distinguished between the effects of un-ionized NH3 and ionized NH4 þ. The results showed that the most obvious consequence of ammonia addition was an overall increase in ammonia content and decrease in nitrate content in all tissues of fertilized plants. The activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase were inhibited by long-term ammonia addition. At the same time, ammonia addition significantly decreased soluble protein content and increased free amino acid content in all treatments. Another clear effect of ammonia addition was a decrease in carbon reserves. Therefore, the authors concluded that increased ammonia availability could affect plant survival and lead to a decline in C. demersum proliferation through a decrease in their carbon reserves. This interaction betweenNand Cmetabolism helps to explain changes in benthic vegetation as a result of steadily increasing coastal water eutrophication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, carefully controlled pH ranges (7 and 9) were used to distinguish between the effects of un-ionized NH3 and the NH4+ ion. The objective was to find the effect of different total ammonia nitrogen concentrations and pH values on the carbon metabolism of Ceratophyllum demersum. The authors investigated the effects of ammonia on the nonstructural carbohydrate content in shoots of C. demersum. Ammonia treatment decreased the contents of nonstructural carbohydrate, soluble sugar, sucrose, fructose, and starch in leaves. Meanwhile, increasing the pH value exacerbated the decline of the C. demersum nonstructural carbohydrate content. In addition, the activity of invertase was increased during the experiment. These results suggest that ammonia severely inhibits plant growth by disturbing nonstructural carbohydrate content. It has been suggested that ammonia has toxic effects on C. demersum and that the higher the pH in water, the more obvious the physiological responses that C. demersum exhibits. The results of the present study can provide some reference for studying the living conditions of submersed macrophytes under the stress of NH3. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:843-849. © 2014 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comprehensively perfects the sensitive node transient detection feedback latch (SNTDFL) technique, subsequently conceptualizes an ideal hardening structure for the pre‐amplification stage, and proposes a radiation hardened by design (RHBD) strategy to cope with the severe single‐event transient (SET) effects of high‐precision voltage comparators in a space radiation environment. Analysis and verification results show that the hardening strategy exhibits excellent SET hardening performance, which can not only detect extremely small transient voltage disturbances at sensitive nodes but also effectively resist transient current pulses of various intensities generated by SETs. Compared with an unhardened high‐precision comparator, the proposed one, hardened with a hybrid strategy of SNTDFL and triple modular redundancy (TMR) techniques, can greatly preserve the original electrical properties and remarkably improve the tolerance of SET with little overhead. In addition, the proposed high‐precision comparator significantly reduces static power consumption compared with the one hardened with the TMR technique alone and has a smaller area overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile and efficient approach to 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines and related heterocycles is accomplished through condensation of readily available aryl hydrazines with aldehydes followed by iodine-mediated oxidative cyclization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CS (chitosan) has emerged as a promising non-viral vector for gene delivery because of its ability to form complexes with pDNA (plasmid DNA) and enhance its transport across cellular membranes through endocytosis. Complexes of CS and pDNA may improve transfection efficiency; however, they are not capable of sustained DNA release and prolonging gene transfer. In order to achieve prolonged delivery of CS-DNA complexes, we prepared CS NP (nanoparticle) and CS-DNA complexes. alpha-Methoxy-omega-succinimidylpoly(ethylene glycol) was then conjugated to the surface of CS-DNA complexes using an active ester scheme; finally, the potential of PEGylation [poly(ethylene glycol)ylation] of CS NP as a non-viral gene-delivery vector to transfer exogenous genes in vitro and in vivo were examined. Electrophoretic analysis suggested that CS NPs could protect the DNA from nuclease degradation. The pDNA carried by CS NPs could enter and be expressed in HepG2 cells. However, the transfection efficiency was very low and the highest dose of DNA transferred was 1.6 microg. The transfection activities of CS-DNA-PEG were preserved and a higher dose (2.4 microg) of pDNA was transferred. This indicated that the transfection efficiency of the PEGylated complexes had been improved. In vivo experiments also showed that CS-DNA-PEG complexes mediated higher gene expression in tissues than did CS-DNA complexes, and that gene expression in tumours induced by CS-DNA-PEG complexes was the highest of all. These results suggested that PEGylation of CS-DNA complexes improves non-viral gene delivery in vitro or in vivo and has the potential to deliver therapeutic genes directly into hepatoma tissues.