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B Introduction: b "Double Expressor Lymphomas" (DEL) refer to high-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that are positive for MYC and BCL2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We recently demonstrated using single-cell resolved analysis that the extent of cells with a unique co-expression pattern of high MYC and BCL2 but lacking BCL6 (M+2+6-) drives prognosis in DLBCL. A sub-population of cells expressing MYC and BCL2 without BCL6 refines the definition of double expressor lymphoma (DEL). [Extracted from the article]

Engineered silver nanoparticles ( Ag ENP) enter the environment and lead to concerns about their environmental effects. Clay-sized particles are assumed to govern the environmental mobility and bioavailability of ENP, although little is known about their interaction with pedogenic minerals. The interactions of sterically ( AgNM-300k, OECD standard) and electrosterically ( AgCN30) stabilized Ag ENP with iron and clay minerals were investigated at a range of pH values from 4 to 7. The Ag ENP were separated from mineral suspensions by filtration at <7 and <0.45 µm and by ultracentrifugation at <0.003 µm. The colloidal stable Ag ENP were analysed by dynamic light scattering ( DLS). The retention of AgNM-300k ( pH adjusted to 6, Ag content ≈ 8 mg l−1) was greater than 85% for all minerals except silica and showed the tendency to increase in the following order: ferrihydrite, smectite, illite, kaolinite, goethite and allophane. The retention of AgCN30 ( Ag content ≈ 8 mg l−1) was less than for AgNM-300k, except for silica at pH 6, and showed the tendency to increase in the following order: goethite, smectite, allophane, kaolinite, illite and silica. The zeta potential in the fraction <0.45 µm was not sufficient to explain the difference in stability of colloidal Ag ENP in the Ag ENP-mineral suspensions. However, the retention increased for Ag ENP with decreasing pH, most probably because of homo- and hetero-aggregation, but it was not necessarily related to dissolution of the Ag ENP. In general, iron and clay minerals showed clearly the potential to retain Ag ENP under relevant environmental conditions even though the retention was incomplete. Highlights Interaction of different Ag ENP with soil minerals was tested in short-term batch experiments., Ag ENP showed hetero-aggregation with minerals, but the retention was incomplete., Hetero-aggregation between minerals and Ag ENP was favoured by acidic conditions ( pH ≤ 5)., Iron and clay minerals showed the potential to retain Ag ENP in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing application of silver ( Ag)-engineered nanoparticles ( ENP) will enhance their release to the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Hence, the retention potential of the sterically stabilized Ag ENP ( AgNM-300k, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD)) standard material was tested in a sandy Cambisol and in a clay- and silt-rich Luvisol. In addition, the remobilization potential of the same soils spiked with AgNM-300k was investigated in columns after 3 and 92 days of incubation. The AgNM-300k dispersion and the soil solutions were examined with dynamic light scattering ( DLS). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ( ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ( ICP-MS) were used to analyse soils and soil solutions subjected to different digestion and extraction techniques ( aqua regia, nitric acid ( HNO3) and EDTA (ethylenediamninetetraacetate)). The 24-hour batch test showed a 10-fold greater retention coefficient for AgNM-300k in the silt- and clay-rich Luvisol than in the sandy Cambisol. In addition, all applied extraction techniques indicate a greater potential for mobility of Ag ENP for the sandy Cambisol. However, a small release from the column of AgHNO3 (measured Ag content in the fraction < 0.45 µm after HNO3 digestion) was observed after 3 as well as after 92 days of incubation for both soils. The largest amount of Ag was released from the Cambisol during the first percolation step (water:soil ratio = 1 l kg−1) after the soil was incubated for 3 days. This AgHNO3 release corresponded to approximately 1% of the total amount of Ag in the soil column. The correlation obtained between released AgHNO3 and AlHNO3 suggests that even the Ag released at small concentrations is associated with soil colloids. Thus, hetero-aggregation is a potentially important process controlling retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

27 children with early onset (less than 4 years) diabetes (EOD), 24 with late onset (greater than 4.0 years) diabetes (LOD), and 30 sibling controls were compared in their performance on tests of intellectual functioning and school achievement. The results indicated that children with EOD, particularly girls, scored lower than the other groups of diabetic children and siblings on tests of visuospatial but not verbal ability. Many of the children with EOD were also having difficulty at school, and a number were currently receiving special education. Diabetic children with earlier onset had more hypoglycemic convulsions than those with later onset. Regression analyses revealed that duration of illness, age of onset, and hypoglycemic convulsions significantly predicted spatial ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UVC‐LEDs have drawn attention recently because of their benefits to sterilization, decontamination, etc. Since the internal quantum efficiency and light extraction efficiency (LEE) of UVC‐LEDs are low, their external quantum efficiency remains unsatisfied. To enhance the LEE, this study proposes an integration design with the features of substrate‐thickness optimization, substrate shaping, diffuse‐reflective coating, an index‐matching layer, and taper‐base optimization. In addition to optical modeling via ray tracing, thermal modeling is conducted to evaluate both the optical and thermal performances of each feature. The simulation results show that, by means of the combination of these features, the LEE of the chip can be raised from 18.5% to more than 40%, and the average temperature of the device can be lowered by 2.2°C via the design of the diffuse‐reflective coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

- Twenty-seven children with early onset (≤3 years) diabetes (EOD), 24 with late onset (≥4 years) diabetes (LOD) and 30 sibling controls were compared on measures of psychosocial adjustment. These included parent rating scales of behaviour problems and temperament; direct measures of self-esteem, body image and school achievement; and indices of diabetic control. Results indicated that LOD boys showed increased incidence of behaviour problems, 83% of whom could be assigned a diagnostic classification and more distortions of body image. The results were not related to any indices of diabetic control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (E/T/I) has provided life‐changing pharmacotherapy for many people with cystic fibrosis (CF), but conflicting literature exists regarding the effect on mental health. While some reports suggest E/T/I may induce adverse psychiatric symptoms, others report improvements in mental health symptoms. To add to this growing body of knowledge, we retrospectively analyzed depression and anxiety symptoms before and after E/T/I initiation in adults with CF at a single large US CF center. Method: Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7) scores recorded in a database were studied. Patients with scores collected before and after E/T/I initiation were included. Regression analyses described associations between score changes and age, race, ethnicity, sex, CFTR variant, and prior depression and/or anxiety diagnoses. Secondary analyses examined possible confounding effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Results: There was no change in mean GAD‐7 (0.5 ± 5.3, p = 0.41) or PHQ‐9 (−0.02 ± 6.0, p = 0.97) scores following initiation of E/T/I (N = 86). A trend between a prior diagnosis of depression and worsening in PHQ‐9 post‐E/T/I was observed (OR 3.58; p = 0.054). Conclusions: Treatment with E/T/I does not lead to changes in depression or anxiety symptoms at the population level in this single center cohort study. A prior diagnosis of depression trended towards an increased odds of worsening PHQ‐9 scores after E/T/I initiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising technology for renewable energy generation. However, the successful integration of perovskite solar cells with energy storage devices to establish high‐efficiency and long‐term stable photorechargeable systems remains a persistent challenge. Issues such as electrical mismatch and restricted integration levels contribute to elevated internal resistance, leading to suboptimal overall efficiency (ηoverall) within photorechargeable systems. Additionally, the compatibility of perovskite solar cells with electrolytes from energy storage devices poses another significant concern regarding their stability. To address these limitations, we demonstrate a highly integrated photorechargeable system that combines perovskite solar cells with a solid‐state zinc‐ion hybrid capacitor using a streamlined process. Our study employs a novel ultraviolet‐cured ionogel electrolyte to prevent moisture‐induced degradation of the perovskite layer in integrated photorechargeable system, enabling perovskite solar cells to achieve maximum power conversion efficiencies and facilitating the monolithic design of the system with minimal energy loss. By precisely matching voltages between the two modules and leveraging the superior energy storage efficiency, our integrated photorechargeable system achieves a remarkable ηoverall of 10.01% while maintaining excellent cycling stability. This innovative design and the comprehensive investigations of the dynamic photocharging process in monolithic systems, not only offer a reliable and enduring power source but also provide guidelines for future development of self‐power off‐grid electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental substance misuse is a pervasive risk factor for a range of detrimental outcomes for children across the life course. While a variety of interventions have been developed for this population, the existing evidence‐base requires consolidation and consideration of the comparative effectiveness of different interventions to facilitate evidence‐informed decisions between different intervention approaches. Objectives: This review aimed to use network meta‐analysis to synthesise the comparative effectiveness of psychosocial, legal, and pharmacological interventions for improving outcomes for children with substance misusing parents. Network meta‐analysis was not possible; however, we synthesised the effects of a broad range of interventions on child psychosocial outcomes. Another aim was to examine potential moderators of the effects, yet this was also not possible due to data limitations. A secondary objective was to qualitatively synthesise economic, treatment completion, and treatment acceptability information for included studies. Search Methods: Searches were performed in November 2020 and again in April 2021. Encompassing multiple disciplines, we searched 34 databases, 58 grey literature repositories, and 10 trial registers. Supplementary hand searches were conducted on 11 journals, along with harvesting the references of all included studies and existing reviews, and forward citation searching each report of all included studies. Study authors were contacted to obtain missing data. Selection Criteria: Eligible studies included randomised and quasi‐experimental evaluations of psychosocial, pharmacological, and/or legal interventions using either a placebo, no treatment, waitlist control, treatment‐as‐usual, or alternative treatment as a comparison condition. Study participants needed to be comprised of families with children under the age of 18 with one or more currently substance‐misusing parents (or caregivers). Studies were required to evaluate the eligible intervention using a child‐focused psychosocial outcome. If reported in eligible studies, the following secondary outcomes were also synthesised in the review: cost‐effectiveness, treatment completion, length of time in treatment and acceptability of treatment (e.g. participant perspectives of the intervention). There were no restrictions placed on publication status or geographic location, however only research written in English was included. Data Collection and Analysis: Standard methodological procedures were followed across all stages of the review, as guided by the published protocol for the review (Eggins et al. 2020). Due to the inability to conduct network meta‐analyses, random effects pairwise meta‐analyses with inverse variance were used to synthesise effects when two or more studies with conceptually similar interventions and outcomes were available. Results of the meta‐analyses are displayed in forest plots, and separate analyses are provided for conceptually distinct outcomes and time‐points of measurement. Sensitivity analyses are used to explore possible sources of heterogeneity in the absence of sufficient studies to conduct subgroup analyses. Main Results: 99 studies (reported in 231 documents) met review inclusion criteria, encompassing 22,213 participants. Most studies were conducted in the United States (k = 76), almost half were randomised controlled trials (k = 46), and the most common comparator was treatment‐as‐usual (k = 50). Interventions were evaluated using a large range of child psychosocial outcomes which broadly fell under: (a) child welfare; (b) child development; (c) child emotional and behavioural; and (d) educational domains. Intervention models were rarely only legal or pharmacological in nature, with most studies evaluating integrated psychosocial treatments with either pharmacology, coordinated health care, case‐management, and/or judicial or child welfare oversight and coordination. Thirty‐six meta‐analyses and 227 single effect sizes were used to appraise the effectiveness of included interventions, based on 68 studies with sufficient data for effect size calculation. The size and direction of the effects varied across interventions, type of outcomes, and time‐point of measurement. Twenty‐seven meta‐analyses and 186 single effect sizes suggested null effects. Only five single effect size estimates based on three studies indicated negative effects including: higher depressive and somatisation symptoms (parent‐report), hopelessness (child‐report), educational achievement difficulties (parent‐report), and substantiated child protection reports for those engaged with interventions versus treatment‐as‐usual or no treatment. Nine meta‐analyses and 36 single study effect estimates suggest that psychosocial, pharmacological and/or legal interventions have a positive effect on a range of specific child welfare, developmental, and emotional/behavioural outcomes for children. The risk of bias varied across domains and studies, which further lowers confidence in the results. Based on a subset of included studies, treatment completion tends to vary, yet cost‐benefits can be achieved when intervening with children whose parents misuse substances. Authors' Conclusions: Despite a large body of evaluation evidence, disparate outcomes, and missing data precluded analyses to formally examine the comparative effectiveness of psychosocial, legal, and pharmacological interventions for improving outcomes for children with substance misusing parents. The large amount of unreported (missing) data meant that many effect estimates were underpowered due to single studies and small sample sizes. The review findings suggest that interventions for families affected by parental substance misuse can be effective when they holistically address multiple domains such as parent wellbeing/mental health, parenting, children's wellbeing, and/or other factors impacting family wellbeing (e.g. housing). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing need to address waste generated from Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printing activities. This study explores the mechanical recycling of waste polylactic acid (PLA) accumulated from failed 3D printing operations and PLA biocomposite filaments containing nanocellulose fibres. FFF 3D printable filaments were produced via melt mixing and extrusion of virgin PLA containing varying amounts of waste PLA. The chemical, thermal and thermomechanical characterisation of each specimen was evaluated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), simultaneous thermal analysis (SDT), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and uniaxial tensile analysis (UTA). A desktop FFF 3D printer was used to fabricate UTA and DMA test specimens. The thermal stability of the filament specimens containing waste derived from the failed 3D prints were comparable with that of the commercial filaments. However, a 11% decrease in the onset of thermal degradation is observed for the filament containing waste biocomposites. The specimens containing waste PLA exhibited higher crystallinity and storage modulus. UTA results revealed similar tensile strength and % elongation, except for the specimen containing 50% waste PLA which exhibited a 29% decrease in tensile strength. This work successfully demonstrates mechanical recycling as a viable waste management strategy for waste materials generated during FFF 3D printing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Bilateral hippocampal abnormality is frequent in mesial temporal lobe sclerosis and might affect outcome in epilepsy surgery. The objective of this study was to compare the lateralization of interictal and ictal scalp EEG with MRI T2 relaxometry., Material and Methods: Forty-nine consecutive patients with intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) were studied with scalp EEG/video monitoring and MRI T2 relaxometry., Results: Bilateral prolongation of hippocampal T2 time was significantly associated with following bitemporal scalp EEG changes: (i) in ictal EEG left and right temporal EEG seizure onsets in different seizures, or, after regionalized EEG onset, evolution of an independent ictal EEG over the contralateral temporal lobe (left and right temporal asynchronous frequencies or lateralization switch; P = 0.002); (ii) in interictal EEG both left and right temporal interictal slowing (P = 0.007). Bitemporal T2 changes were not, however, associated with bitemporal interictal epileptiform discharges (IED). Lateralization of bilateral asymmetric or unilateral abnormal T2 findings were associated with initial regionalization of the ictal EEG in all but one patient (P < 0.005), with lateralization of IED in all patients (P < 0.005), and with scalp EEG slowing in 28 (82,4%) of 34 patients (P = 0.007)., Conclusion: Our data suggest that EEG seizure propagation is more closely related to hippocampal T2 abnormalities than IED. Interictal and ictal scalp EEG, including the recognition of ictal propagation patterns, and MRI T2 relaxometry can help to identify patients with bitemporal damage in MTLE. Further studies are needed to estimate the impact of bilateral EEG and MRI abnormal findings on the surgical outcome.

Background: In isolated nerves, tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks nerve conduction longer than bupivacaine. In vivo, however, both substances block nerve conduction to an equal duration, presumably because the hydrophilic TTX binds only weakly to the perineural tissue. High molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) prolongs the action of local anaesthetics several-fold. We tested whether admixture of HA enhances the binding of TTX to the perineural tissue and thus induces an ultra-long conduction block after a single application., Methods: In 12 anaesthetized rabbits, the minimal blocking concentrations of TTX, TTX and HA (TTX/HA) and bupivacaine with HA (bupivacaine/HA) were determined by blocking the natural spike activity of the aortic nerve. In 18 other animals, equipotent concentrations of either TTX, TTX/HA or TTX/bupivacaine/HA were applied topically to the aortic nerve. After disappearance of the spike activity, the wound was closed to simulate the clinical situation of a single shot nerve block. The time until recovery of spike activity was determined. The nerves were examined for signs of neurotoxicity 24 h after the application of the drugs. Data are presented as means +/- SD and compared by ANOVA and Student's t-test for unpaired data., Results: The conduction block by TTX/bupivacaine/HA (10.1 +/- 1.9 h) or TTX/HA (9.3 +/- 1.0 h) was significantly longer than that of plain TTX (7.9 +/- 1.0 h). Neurotoxicity was not observed., Conclusions: Both HA and HA/bupivacaine prolong the TTX-induced conduction blockade of the aortic nerve of rabbits in vivo. No signs of neurotoxicity were observed.

Background: It is frequently observed that overloading the foot can impair bone and soft tissue healing and can lead to harmful sequelae (i.e. ulcers, stress reactions) in context of pre-existing tissue disabilities. In terms of offloading, hindfoot relief devices are commonly applied as a non-operative treatment as well as after various surgical procedures for hindfoot disorders. Despite their common use, there is a paucity of data comparing different orthotic devices with respect to changes in plantar pressure distributions. The aim of this study was to investigate plantar loadings in hindfoot relief devices of different designs.Methods: Twenty-five healthy participants (13 women, 12 men; (mean ± SD) age 37 ± 14 years; BMI 23 ± 4 kg/m2) were recruited. Plantar pressure distributions were collected using i.) a neutral shoe, ii.) a hindfoot relief shoe (HRS) and iii.) a hindfoot relief orthosis (HRO). Peak pressure values were measured via dynamic pedobarography during walking and were analysed from four different plantar regions: the hindfoot, midfoot, metatarsal I-V and forefoot. As a reference standard, the normal walk using neutral shoes served as the condition for full weight-bearing.Results: Concerning the hindfoot, using the HRS as well as the HRO resulted in significant decreases in plantar pressures compared to baseline values that were obtained with the neutral shoe (− 52% for the HRS and − 52% for the HRO, p < 0.001). Significant increases in peak pressures were found in the midfoot region for both devices (HRS: 32%, p = 0.002; HRO: 47%, p < 0.001). For the metatarsal region, peak pressures were found to decrease significantly (HRS: − 52%, p < 0.001; HRO: -17%, p = 0.034). With respect to the forefoot, a significant reduction in peak pressures using the HRS (− 41%, p < 0.001) was detected, whereas the HRO did not lead to significant changes (− 4%, p = 0.691).Conclusions: Both the HRO and HRS significantly reduced plantar hindfoot pressure, corresponding to a relative decrease of nearly 50% of the baseline. Nevertheless, the adjacent midfoot zone displayed a significant increase in plantar pressure values for both devices. Supported by these findings, physicians should cautiously consider a substantial increase in midfoot loading, especially in patients affected by additional midfoot injuries or accompanying impairments of tissue healing.Level of evidence: IV, Case series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the association between left epileptiform activity and language laterality indices (LI) in patients with right mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Methods: Twenty‐two patients with right MTS and 22 healthy subjects underwent fMRI scanning while performing a language task. LI was calculated in multiple regions of interest (ROI). Data on the presence of left epileptiform abnormalities were obtained during prolonged video‐EEG monitoring. Results: After correction for multiple comparisons, LI was reduced in the middle temporal gyrus in the left interictal epileptiform discharges (IED+) group, compared with the left IED− group (p < 0.05). Significance: Using a responsive reading naming fMRI paradigm, right MTS patients who presented left temporal interictal epileptiform abnormalities on video‐EEG showed decreased LI in the middle temporal gyrus, indicating decreased left middle temporal gyrus activation, increased right middle temporal gyrus activation or a combination of both, demonstrative of language network reorganization, specially in the MTG, in this patient population. Plain Language Summary: This research studied 22 patients with right mesial temporal sclerosis (a specific type of epilepsy) comparing them to 22 healthy individuals. Participants were asked to perform a language task while undergoing a special brain imaging technique (fMRI). The findings showed that patients with epilepsy displayed a change in the area of the brain typically responsible for language processing. This suggests that their brains may have adapted due to their condition, altering the way language is processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between scalp‐EEG and stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) seizure‐onset patterns (SOP) in patients with MRI‐negative drug‐resistant focal epilepsy. Methods: We analyzed retrospectively 41 patients without visible lesion on brain MRI who underwent video‐EEG followed by SEEG. We defined five types of SOPs on scalp‐EEG and eight types on SEEG. We examined how various clinical variables affected scalp‐EEG SOPs. Results: The most prevalent scalp SOPs were rhythmic sinusoidal activity (56.8%), repetitive epileptiform discharges (22.7%), and paroxysmal fast activity (15.9%). The presence of paroxysmal fast activity on scalp‐EEG was always seen without delay from clinical onset and correlated with the presence of low‐voltage fast activity in SEEG (sensitivity = 22.6%, specificity = 100%). The main factor explaining the discrepancy between the scalp and SEEG SOPs was the delay between clinical and scalp‐EEG onset. There was a correlation between the scalp and SEEG SOPs when the scalp onset was simultaneous with the clinical onset (p = 0.026). A significant delay between clinical and scalp discharge onset was observed in 25% of patients and featured always with a rhythmic sinusoidal activity on scalp, corresponding to similar morphology of the discharge on SEEG. The presence of repetitive epileptiform discharges on scalp was associated with an underlying focal cortical dysplasia (sensitivity = 30%, specificity = 90%). There was no significant association between the scalp SOP and the epileptogenic zone location (deep or superficial), or surgical outcome. Significance: In patients with MRI‐negative focal epilepsy, scalp SOP could suggest the SEEG SOP and some etiology (focal cortical dysplasia) but has no correlation with surgical prognosis. Scalp SOP correlates with the SEEG SOP in cases of simultaneous EEG and clinical onset; otherwise, scalp SOP reflects the propagation of the SEEG discharge. Plain Language Summary: We looked at the correspondence between the electrical activity recorded during the start of focal seizure using scalp and intracerebral electrodes in patients with no visible lesion on MRI. If there is a fast activity on scalp, it reflects similar activity inside the brain. We found a good correspondence between scalp and intracerebral electrical activity for cases without significant delay between clinical and scalp electrical onset (seen in 75% of the cases we studied). Visualizing repetitive epileptic activity on scalp could suggest a particular cause of the epilepsy: a subtype of brain malformation called focal cortical dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is projected to be the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and is closely linked to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Currently, no pharmacological treatments are available to treat NAFLD, and lifestyle modification, including dietary interventions, is the only remedy. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine whether supplementation with medium‐chain triglycerides (MCTs), containing a mixture of C8 and C10 (60/40), attenuates NAFLD in obese and insulin‐resistant mice. To achieve that, we fed C57BL/6 male mice a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to induce obesity and hepatic steatosis, after which obese mice were assigned randomly either to remain on the HFD or to transition to an HFD supplemented with MCTs (HFD + MCTs) or a low‐fat diet (LFD) for 6 weeks as another dietary intervention model. Another group of mice was kept on an LFD throughout the study and used as a lean control group. Obese mice that transitioned to HFD + MCTs exhibited improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and the latter improvement was independent of changes in adiposity when compared with HFD‐fed mice. Additionally, supplementation with MCTs significantly reduced hepatic steatosis, improved liver enzymes and decreased hepatic expression of inflammation‐related genes to levels similar to those observed in obese mice transitioned to an LFD. Importantly, HFD + MCTs markedly lowered hepatic ceramide and diacylglycerol content and prevented protein kinase C‐ε translocation to the plasma membrane. Our study demonstrated that supplementation with MCTs formulated mainly from C8 and C10 effectively ameliorated NAFLD in obese mice. What is the central question of this study?Medium‐chain triglycerides (MCTs) originate from coconut oil. Variations in the types of MCT molecules and their ratios influence their hepatoprotective properties. We aimed to investigate the effects of supplementation with MCTs, consisting primarily of C8 and C10, and not C12 that is abundant in coconut oil, on hepatic steatosis.What is the main finding and its importance?Supplementation with MCTs reduced hepatic steatosis and inflammation while improving liver enzyme levels in obese mice. Moreover, supplementation with MCTs lowered hepatic lipotoxicity and enhanced glucose homeostasis independent of adiposity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To support EFSA in the preparatory work for the assessment of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for iron, a tailored 'high level' protocol was developed. Six systematic reviews (SR) and eight narrative reviews (NR) were conducted to gather contextual evidence relevant to the interpretation of the main body of evidence (BoE). In the SR on iron intake and s‐ferritin, the evidence appraisal of 35 studies revealed an overall low to moderate RoB. Studies proposed thresholds ranging between 110 and 400 μg/L for serum ferritin (sF) concentrations to indicate iron overload, but the varying results indicate insufficient evidence for causal associations. In the SR on GI side effects, 58 eligible studies revealed inconsistent results for diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting. The occurrence and severity of GI symptoms may depend on factors such as concentration of iron, type of supplement, co‐supplied preparations, and timing. The SR on high iron intake and growth in infants comprised 31 eligible studies. Data from 16 eligible studies revealed that iron supplementation does not affect either longitudinal growth or weight gain. For the SR on high iron intake and pregnancy outcomes, the evidence appraisal included 18 studies. No adverse effects of iron supplementation of the mother on birth weight of the infant was revealed. Two SR were conducted to identify evidence for a dose‐response relationship between high iron intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and of gestational diabetes (GDM). A total of 4685 records from primarily observational studies were identified. The RoB of 14 eligible studies related to the T2D risk was low. The available BoE showed no increased risk of T2D with increased intake of dietary or supplementary intake of iron. The available data suggests no increased risk of GDM with high iron intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anaemia of chronic disease (ACD) is the second most common type of anaemia and lacks an effective treatment. Patients with anaemia are reported to have altered gut microbial profiles, which may affect erythropoiesis. Here, we investigated the gut microbial features of patients with ACD and determined whether regulating gut microbiota using washed microbiota transplantation (WMT) was effective in treating ACD. Methods: We compared the gut microbiota profile of patients with ACD and healthy controls, evaluated the efficacy of WMT on haematological parameters in the patients, and analysed the alterations in gut microbiota after WMT treatment. Results: Patients with ACD had lower gut microbial richness, and differences in microbial composition and function, relative to healthy controls. Additionally, the relative abundances of two butyrate‐producing genera Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and Butyricicoccus, were positively correlated with the haemoglobin (HGB) level and lower in patients with ACD than controls. WMT significantly increased HGB levels in patients with ACD. After the first, second and third WMT rounds, normal HGB levels were restored in 27.02%, 27.78% and 36.37% (all p <.05) of patients with ACD, respectively. Moreover, WMT significantly increased the abundance of butyrate‐producing genera and downregulated gut microbial functions that were upregulated in patients with ACD. Conclusions: Patients with ACD exhibited differences in gut microbial composition and function relative to healthy controls. WMT is an effective treatment for ACD that reshapes gut microbial composition, restores butyrate‐producing bacteria and regulates the functions of gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid organic‐inorganic molecules have recently received great interest due to their unique properties, which give access to their implementation in biological and material sciences. Herein, a new synthetic approach for the direct‐linkage of the purely inorganic dodecaborate cluster to organic building blocks through B−C bond is established, using boronic acids as functional groups on the organic moiety, reacting under Suzuki–Miyaura coupling conditions with iodo‐undecahydridododecaborate. The choices of ligand (DavePhos) and solvent (N‐methylpyrrolidone for electron‐poor, CD3CN for electron‐rich groups) are essential for the successful coupling. Ultimately, the newly described methodology is found to be functional‐group tolerant covering a wide spectrum of substrates including electron‐poor arenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: There is an increasing demand of alternatives to improve the nutritional and quality profiles of gluten‐free bread and to profit nutrients from vegetable by‐products. The effect of food ingredients based on soy by‐products containing Lacticaseibacillus casei (ATCC 393™), and iron sulphate salt addition on the physical, textural and nutritional properties of a gluten‐free bread formulation was studied. The system containing both, the food ingredient and the iron salt, showed the lowest pH (5.62 ± 0.01) and the highest specific volume (SV) (2.3 ± 0.2) cm3 g−1. In addition, a darker crumb (L* = 66.2 ± 0.6), higher aerated crumb area (110 ± 6) mm2 and iron bioaccessibility (85 ± 5) % were obtained compared with systems without this addition, while no effect was observed on the texture nor moisture. The acid lactic fermentation along with iron salt addition, improved SV, crumb colour and aeration as well as a nutritional profile of gluten‐free bread. These results improve gluten‐free bread quality and add value to soy by‐products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic resin widely used in various industrial applications. However, the flammability of PP is a severe drawback that lowers operational safety. This study demonstrates the development of flame‐retardant PP. The co‐adding with various solid acids and a hindered N‐alkoxy amine (NOR116 – Flamestab® NOR 116 FF) affects the combustion behavior of PP in a vertical flame test. The co‐adding of silica alumina (SA) and NOR116 with PP promoted the melt drip, suppressed upward combustion heat, and shorter the combustion time. The decomposition products of NOR116 induced the cleavage of the main chain of PP, and it quenched the radicals on the surface of the SA particles because SA has abundant acidic sites and large pores, facilitating the adsorption of a substantial quantity of NOR116. The molecular weight of PP was controlled to 103 ~ 104 before the combustion to achieve an increase in the melt flow ability and suppress the upward combustion. Furthermore, a small amount of a halogen‐based flame retardant was incorporated into the PP/SA/NOR116 sample, and the specimens could instantly self‐extinguish on the gas phase by radical trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crystalline Zr‐fum‐MOF (MOF‐801) thin films of high quality are prepared on glass and silicon substrates by direct growth under solvothermal conditions. The synthesis is described in detail and the influence of different synthesis parameters such as temperature, precursor concentration, and the substrate type on the quality of the coatings is illustrated. Zr‐fum‐MOF thin films are characterized in terms of crystallinity, porosity, and homogeneity. Dense films of optical quality are obtained. The sorption behavior of the thin films is studied with various adsorptives. It can be easily monitored by measuring the transmission of the films in gas flows of different compositions. This simple transmission measurement at only one wavelength allows a very fast evaluation of the adsorption properties of thin films as compared to traditional sorption methods. The sorption behavior of the thin films is compared with the sorption properties of Zr‐fum‐MOF powder samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new model designed to simulate the process of energetic particle precipitation, a vital coupling mechanism from Earth's magnetosphere to its atmosphere. The atmospheric response, namely excess ionization in the upper and middle atmosphere, together with bremsstrahlung X‐ray production, is calculated with kinetic particle simulations using the Geant4 Monte Carlo framework. Mono‐energy and mono‐pitch angle electron beams are simulated and combined using a Green's function approach to represent realistic electron spectra and pitch angle distributions. Results from this model include more accurate ionization profiles than previous analytical models, deeper photon penetration into the atmosphere than previous Monte Carlo model predictions, and predictions of backscatter fractions of loss cone electrons up to 40%. The model results are verified by comparison with previous precipitation modeling results, and validated using balloon X‐ray measurements from the Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses mission and backscattered electron energy and pitch angle measurements from the Electron Loss and Fields Investigation with a Spatio‐Temporal Ambiguity‐Resolving CubeSat mission. The model results and solution techniques are developed into a Python package for public use. Plain Language Summary: The upper atmosphere and near‐Earth space interact with each other through the transport of charged particle (e.g., electrons) from space into the atmosphere in a process called energetic particle precipitation. This process disturbs the atmosphere and causes X‐rays to be generated, among other direct and indirect effects to the atmosphere, including ozone destruction. This work describes a physics‐based model that simulates this process across realistic input values for energy and electron velocity direction. Results of this work include an estimate of the number of excess ion‐electron pairs generated in the atmosphere from precipitation, how many electrons are lost to the atmosphere versus those that rebound and return to space, and the energy and amount of X‐rays generated by precipitation. The model outputs are checked using balloon‐based measurements of X‐rays in the middle atmosphere and by a low Earth orbiting satellite that spins to measure electrons heading toward and away from Earth. Key Points: A Geant4‐based model has been developed to simulate radiation belt energetic particle precipitation (EPP)Mono‐energy and mono‐pitch angle beams are simulated to be combined using inversion methods to represent EPP quantities of interestModel results and inversion methods are validated using remote and in‐situ measurements that compare favorably to modeled observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the electron dynamics and generation of whistler‐mode waves inside a short large‐amplitude magnetic structure (SLAMS) based on Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellite observations and test particle simulations. The buildup of energetic reflected ions caused by the SLAMS's intense magnetic fields favors the resonance condition of solar wind ions of ion‐ion non‐resonant mode. This might further steepen the SLAMS, leading to the Betatron acceleration of electrons and generating the whistler‐mode waves locally ahead of the peak of the magnetic field. In regions behind the peaked magnetic field, electrons are decelerated by the convection electric field during gradient drift and the whistler‐mode waves are rapidly decayed. Our study provides new insights into electron acceleration and the generation of whistler‐mode waves near the quasi‐parallel shock. Plain Language Summary: On the quasi‐parallel side of the bow shock, ultra‐low frequency waves and nonlinear structures such as shocklet and short large‐amplitude magnetic structure (SLAMS) are commonly observed, which are powered by energetic reflected ions and form in different stages during steepening. Solar wind ions are heated significantly inside these nonlinear structures. However, what role electrons played inside these structures is full of mystery. Recent numerical simulations reveal that electron dynamics and whistler‐mode waves inside these structures are responsible for triggering bow shock reconnection on the quasi‐parallel side. In this paper, we focus on electron distributions and acceleration inside SLAMS. Electrons are accelerated/decelerated in regions prior to/after the peaked magnetic field, exciting/decaying whistler‐mode waves locally which well‐regulated the electron distribution. Our work reveals the electron dynamics inside the SLAMS and provides new insights into plasma heating and acceleration near the quasi‐parallel shock. Key Points: Whistler‐mode waves are locally generated through the first‐order resonance of the electrons inside the short large‐amplitude magnetic structure (SLAMS)SLAMS steepening primarily impacts electron acceleration and whistler‐mode wave generationElectron deceleration by the v × B electric field during gradient drift leads to whistler‐mode wave decay at the trailing edge of SLAMS [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent academic literature has suggested that design thinking training has a positive impact on dynamic managerial capabilities that are vital for firm performance. However, it is yet not clear how these effects are realized. We suggest that the positive impact of design thinking training on dynamic managerial capabilities can be attributed to changes in two aspects of managerial cognition: creative problem solving as a mental process and creative self‐efficacy as a psychological belief. We test our hypotheses in a quasi‐experimental pretest–posttest field study in the aviation industry among 100 mid‐ and lower‐level managers and a 5‐month time lag. The intervention is a 2‐day design thinking training based on experiential learning. We find that design thinking training realizes its effects on dynamic managerial capabilities rather indirectly through creative problem solving and creative self‐efficacy. Our study provides a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between design thinking and dynamic managerial capabilities and showcases the role changes in managerial cognition play in the dynamic capability development of mid‐ and lower‐level managers. Furthermore, it contributes to the scarce empirical research on the effects of design thinking on individual‐level effects. For practitioners, our research shows how organizations can benefit from design thinking training by boosting their managers abilities to spot and take advantage of new business opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Mechanoredox chemistry that uses highly polarized piezoelectric materials as mechanoredox catalysts to promote redox reactions has emerged recently. It provides an alternative approach alongside the existing polymerization methods. Despite recent accomplishments, determining the quantitative relationship between the structure of ZnO and its catalytic performance for polymerization is still challenging. Herein, we prepared various ZnO crystals with different polar facets ratios to achieve efficient mechanically induced reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (mechano‐RAFT). ZnO prepared from Zn(NO3)2 showed a high polar facet ratio of 1.66 and offered the highest catalytic activity among all ZnO samples. A near‐quantitative initiator efficiency of 99.5% and narrow molecular weight distribution were achieved for the polymerization of n‐butyl acrylate. Furthermore, the high chain‐end fidelity and chain extension capability were also evidenced by MALDI‐TOF MS and GPC analysis. This work highlighted the significant contribution of polar facets in ZnO to its catalytic activity and will guide the design of mechanoredox catalysis with superior catalytic performance in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Athletes are injured frequently and often take analgesic medication. Moreover, athletes commonly use non‐prescription topical and oral medications with little guidance. Despite wide use, relatively few studies exist on the efficacy of pain medication in injured athletes compared to a placebo. Objective: To determine efficacy of topical or oral medications in pain reduction compared to a placebo in injured athletes. Study Design: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Methods: We conducted an electronic search using Medline/Pubmed, Web of Science, Ovid, and SportDiscus for all literature relating to topical or oral medications in athletes for pain management post‐injury. Two reviewers screened the studies and measured their quality. To determine efficacy, we calculated the Hedges' g value. We created forest plots with 95% CI to graphically summarize the meta‐analyses. Results: There was a significant pooled effect size reflecting a reduction in pain outcomes for the topical treatment versus placebo (g = −0.64; 95% CI [−0.89, −0.39]; p < 0.001). There was not a significant reduction in pain outcomes for the oral treatment versus placebo (g = −0.26; 95% CI [−0.60, 0.17]; p = 0.272). Conclusion: Topical medications were significantly better at reducing pain compared to oral medications versus a placebo in injured athletes. These results are different when compared to other studies that used experimentally induced pain versus musculoskeletal injuries. The results from our study suggest that athletes should use topical medications for pain reduction, as it is more effective, and there are less reported adverse effects compared to oral medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm dense matter—an exotic, highly compressed state on the border between solid and plasma phases is of high current interest, in particular for compact astrophysical objects, high‐pressure laboratory systems, and inertial confinement fusion. For many applications, the interaction of quantum plasmas with energetic particles is crucial. Moreover, often the system is driven far out of equilibrium. In that case, there is high interest in time‐dependent simulations to understand the physics, in particular, during thermalization. Recently a novel many‐particle technique, the G1–G2 scheme was presented with reference to the study by Schlünzen et al. (2020) which allows for first‐principle simulations of the time evolution of interacting quantum systems. Here we apply this scheme to a spatially uniform dense quantum plasma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A low level of treatment adherence is one of the challenges facing the UK's healthcare system. An estimated 30% to 50% of patients with chronic diseases fail to adhere to prescribed medical interventions. While medical technology provides an opportunity to overcome existing challenges, poor adherence blurs this opportunity by reducing the intervention's positive impact. The spread of the Covid pandemic dramatically increased the pressure on healthcare systems and highlighted the urgency to address the low adherence problem. Various studies have investigated the underlying factors behind low adherence. However, two main gaps were identified: 1) lack of adherence frameworks that consider self‐administered treatment technology, and 2) lack of a practical mechanism to help companies consider adherence factors during the design and development of the technology. This paper introduces the development of an Adherence Framework for self‐administered treatment technology and a design‐focused adherence canvas used as a practical resource for companies to consider during the design process. Adherence factor data from literature and case studies were triangulated to an eDelphi study used to develop the adherence framework. The presented adherence canvas and Adherence Framework allow companies to consider adherence during the design of self‐administered treatment technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]