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ABSTRACT A novel heterocyclic thiosemicarbazide ligand, [(Z)‐N‐(2‐oxoindolin‐3‐ylidene)nicotinohydrazide] (H2L), and its Co(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) metal chelates were synthesized and characterized using a variety of analytical methods, including elemental analysis, FT‐IR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, EI‐mass, fluorescence spectroscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, and TGA. The structures and geometries of the complexes were determined using these methods as [Co2(H2L)2Cl2(H2O)4]·2H2O, [Cu(H2L)2Cl2(H2O)2]·2H2O, and [Cd(H2L)2Cl2(H2O)2], all having octahedral geometry. The particulate diameters for [Co2(H2L)2Cl2(H2O)4]·2H2O, [Cu(H2L)2Cl2(H2O)2]·2H2O, and [Cd(H2L)2Cl2(H2O)2] were 192.68, 68.48, and 192.74 nm, respectively using Debye–Scherrer equation and FWHM approach. The corresponding FWHM values were 0.0078, 0.0217, and 0.0075, whereas the crystal strain was calculated as (ε) = 0.0018, 0.0056, and 0.0054, and the dislocation density (δ) as 2.69 × 10−5, 2.13 × 10−4, 2.69 × 10−5 Å−2. Quantum chemical calculations for the ligand and its solid metal complexes were carried out utilizing DFT with the DMOL3 module. Furthermore, the optical sensing response of the free ligand H2L to Co(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) ions was investigated, revealing that the presence of these metal ions enhanced the fluorescence spectra of the ligand. Additionally, the antibacterial effects of these compounds, as well as their cytotoxicity in human cancer cells, were investigated. Compared to its metal complexes, the ligand, H2L exhibits increased antibacterial activity against various bacteria. Tests on HepG‐2 and MCF‐7 cells were conducted to evaluate the compounds' anticancer efficacy against the standard, Doxorubicin. The ligand, H2L, demonstrated greater cytotoxicity against the HepG‐2 cell line than its metal complexes. Docking experiments were conducted to assess the interaction of the ligand and its complexes with HepG‐2 (PDB ID: 2OH4) and MCF‐7 (PDB ID: 3W2S) cells, using the XP glide technique and Schrödinger suite software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a potentially fatal disease that arises from an infection and is characterized by an uncontrolled immune system reaction. Global healthcare systems bear a heavy financial burden from treating sepsis. This study aimed to provide information on the effective properties of silver nanoparticles derived from pomegranate peel extract (P‐AgNP) against sepsis‐induced hepatic injury. P‐AgNPs were spherical with a diameter of ~19 nm. The animals were placed into four groups, each with seven rats. Group 1 functioned as the control group, receiving only saline for 7 days. Group 2 received only P‐AgNPs at a dose of 20 mg/kg. To induce sepsis, groups 3 and 4 were given an intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/mL cecal slurry. Sixty min later, group 4 was given 20 mg/kg of P‐AgNPs daily for 7 days. The concentrations of reduced glutathione, nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase in liver homogenate were measured to determine the oxidative status. In addition, enzyme activities (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase) were measured. Furthermore, we investigated the histological changes, immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor‐κB, and mRNA levels of IL1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, Bax, BCl2, and Casp‐3. P‐AgNPs functioned as regulators in a sepsis model, successfully controlling altered gene expression. Following treatment, P‐AgNPs improved tion and oxidative state, indicating a role in sepsis management. Based on our findings, we conclude that P‐AgNPs have antioxidant activity and may be useful in preventing sepsis‐induced liver inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis. Research Highlights: Pomegranate peel‐derived silver nanoparticles (P‐AgNPs) enhanced liver function and oxidative state in rats with sepsis‐induced hepatic damage.P‐AgNPs reduced oxidative stress and liver inflammation via regulating inflammatory and apoptotic gene expression.P‐AgNPs enhanced liver enzyme activities, histological structure, and immunohistochemistry expression of nuclear factor‐κB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regulators and oncology healthcare providers are increasingly interested in using observational studies of real‐world data (RWD) to complement clinical evidence from randomized controlled trials for informed decision‐making. To generate valid evidence, RWD studies must be carefully designed to avoid systematic biases. The clone‐censor‐weight (CCW) method has been proposed to address immortal time and other time‐related biases. Methods: The objective of this manuscript is to de‐mystify the CCW method for cancer researchers by describing and presenting its core components in an accessible and digestible format, using visualizations and examples from cancer‐relevant studies. The CCW method has been applied in diverse settings, including investigations of the effects of surgery within a certain time after cancer diagnosis, the continuation of annual screening mammography, and chemotherapy duration on survival. Results: The method handles complex data wherein the treatment group to which an individual belongs is unknown at the start of follow‐up. The three steps of the CCW method involve cloning or duplicating the patient population and assigning one clone to each treatment strategy, artificially censoring the clones when their observed data are inconsistent with the assigned strategy and weighting the cloned and censored population to address selection bias created by the artificial censoring. Conclusions: The CCW method is a powerful tool for designing RWD studies in cancer that are free from time‐related biases and successfully, to the extent possible, emulate features of a randomized clinical trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by defective insulin signaling, insulin resistance, and impairment of insulin secretion. Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal‐dependent catabolic cellular pathway involved in the pathogenesis of T2D and its complications. Basal autophagy regulates pancreatic β‐cell function by enhancing insulin release and peripheral insulin sensitivity. Therefore, defective autophagy is associated with impairment of pancreatic β‐cell function and the development of insulin rersistance (IR). However, over‐activated autophagy increases apoptosis of pancreatic β‐cells leading to pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction. Hence, autophagy plays a double‐edged sword role in T2D. Therefore, the use of autophagy modulators including inhibitors and activators may affect the pathogenesis of T2D. Hence, this review aims to clarify the potential role of autophagy inhibitors and activators in T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is developed due to the development of insulin resistance (IR) and pancreatic β cell dysfunction with subsequent hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia‐induced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress enhances inflammatory disorders, leading to further pancreatic β cell dysfunction. These changes trigger autophagy activation, which recycles cytoplasmic components and injured organelles. Autophagy regulates pancreatic β cell functions by different mechanisms. Though the exact role of autophagy in T2DM is not completely elucidated, that could be beneficial or detrimental. Therefore, this review aims to discuss the exact role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic syndrome or syndrome X is a clustering of different components counting insulin resistance (IR), glucose intolerance, visceral obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. It has been shown that IR and dysregulation of insulin signalling play a critical role in the development of metabolic syndrome by initiating the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome through induction of glucolipotoxicity, impairment of glucose disposal and triggering of pro‐inflammatory response. Furthermore, metabolic syndrome unfavourably affects the cognitive function and the development of different neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease (AD) by inducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and brain IR. These changes together with brain IR impair cerebrovascular reactivity leading to cognitive impairment. In addition, metabolic syndrome increases the risk for the development of AD. However, the central mechanisms by which metabolic syndrome amplify AD risk are not completely elucidated. Consequently, this narrative review aims to revise from published articles the association between metabolic syndrome and AD regarding cellular and subcellular pathways. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome is regarded as a potential risk factor for the induction of AD neuropathology by different signalling pathways such as initiation of brain IR, activation of inflammatory signalling pathways and neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) level. MetS development is affected by endocrine hormones such as prolactin (PRL) hormone which induce insulin resistance and central obesity because PRL is implicated in the pathogenesis of MetS. Pituitary PRL controls mammary gland, however extra‐pituitary PRL is highly intricate in the regulation of adipose tissue function. In addition, cAMP activators enhance expression and release of PRL which involved in the control of lipogenesis and energy homeostasis. Consequently, hyperprolactinaemia may be associated with the development of MetS. However, normal physiological level of PRL is essential for insulin sensitivity and regulation of adipose tissue function and energy metabolism. Therefore, PRL has dual effects on the components of MetS. Hence, the present review aims to discuss the modulatory mechanistic role of PRL on MetS regarding its beneficial and detrimental effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever poses a global public health threat, with 2.5 billion people at risk of infection each year. Because the Aedes albopictus is the primary vector of dengue, it is closely monitored and handled. The efficiency of Dengue eradication is strongly dependent on understanding a female mosquito's physiological age. This study addresses key entomological issues about the impact of previtellogenic nutrition on egg production mechanisms. Ovarian development included two distinct periods: previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis. Sugar intake during previtellogenesis influences the size of the blood meal. The major parameter influencing the vitellogenesis process is the presence of a hematophagous feeding event following sugar concentration. Upon subjecting female mosquitoes to sucrose, the ovarian follicles entered the third phase of previtellogenesis. Once females feed on blood following sucrose, ovarian development enters the vitellogenesis, and the oocyte cytoplasm reveals that the yolk granules are organized in one or two rows like a crown, increasing oocyte size. Females fed 15% sucrose before a blood meal, have the largest vitellogenic growth, and follicular size, which is seven times greater than those fed water only. Fecundity increased by 78.7% by adding 7% sucrose to the diet. Mitochondria within oocytes increase, most likely due to their transportation from the nurse cells, where the yolk is synthesized. This study describes in detail the histological alterations detected in the ovaries during the previtellogenesis as well as those associated with yolk formation, suggesting that yolk protein deposition in the oocyte is associated with blood meal, independent of sucrose feeding. Research Highlights: Adult nutrition during previtellogenesis significantly impacts various biological parameters and the physiological age of adults of Aedes albopictus.Female mosquitoes experienced significant growth in vitellogenic development, vectorial capacity, and follicular size after consuming a diet with 15% sucrose before a blood meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fully comprehend each pesticide's behavior and interactions with soil and the environment, a thorough and nuanced analysis of each one is thought necessary. In this study, 10 randomly selected heterogeneous soil samples, each with distinct characteristics, were subjected to sorption trials as well as disintegration tests using biodegradation, hydrolysis, and photolysis. For sorption tests, the batch equilibrium approach was used, which revealed a dependence on the soils' physicochemical characteristics. Bifenthrin's distribution coefficient (Kd) varied from 7.27 to 25.89 μg·ml−1, with R2 values varying from 0.92 to 0.99. Each soil physicochemical characteristic was associated with the various sorptive outcomes, which suggested an exothermic adsorptive reaction based on the negative thermodynamic values. The hydrolysis, soil‐induced biodegradation, and photolysis processes had the shortest half‐lives of bifenthrin, measuring 13.5 days, 12 days, and 121.5 days, respectively. According to these findings, bifenthrin has a moderate amount of binding and stability in soil, which makes partial decomposition of parent and daughter molecules challenging. This research advances our knowledge of bifenthrin's deteriorating processes and aids in the creation of cutting‐edge strategies for ecological restoration using natural processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores novel ligands that potentially offer superior binding and stability compared to the peptidic molecules currently associated with the ribosomal RNA–protein complex. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying protein–RNA interactions and their disruptions, identify potential therapeutic targets, and explore novel compounds capable of modulating these interactions for therapeutic benefit. We conducted molecular docking and dynamics simulations using advanced computational tools such as rDock and REINVENT4 to generate novel compounds. ADMET analysis confirmed the chosen compound's advantageous pharmacokinetic attributes and safety profiles. Among the generated compounds, C21, C23, C56, C120, and C195 were identified as the best candidate molecules for inhibiting protein–RNA interactions. These ligands demonstrated superior binding affinity and stability, outperforming the peptidic molecules bound to the reference protein–RNA–peptide complex structure.The ligand molecules were notable for their ability to settle into low–energy states, indicating a strong potential to outperform the peptide bound in the reference protein–RNA–peptide complex structure. These findings highlight the capability of these ligands to serve as more effective therapeutic agents and as superior alternatives to the current peptidic molecules, with implications for developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting protein–RNA interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CaTiO3 has been extensively investigated as a highly promising optical material mostly for its optoelectronic properties and its function as a host for transition metals doped in the CaTiO3. Electronic and optical properties of CaTi1−xCuxO3 (2‐D and 3‐D) have been thoroughly analyzed using first‐principles calculations based on Density Functional Theory (DFT). The calculations of these properties in both 2‐D and 3‐D configurations have performed by the use of generalized gradient approximation plus Hubbard (GGA + U). The electronic characteristics including the electronic band structure, partial density of states, and total density of states have been meticulously computed for CaTi1−xCuxO3 in both 2‐D and 3‐D. Upon analyzing the obtained results, we investigated that conduction and valence bands overlapped for both 2‐D and 3‐D structures revealing the metallic nature. We observed transitions mainly attributed to Cu‐d, Ti‐d, Ti‐p, and O‐p orbitals in both 2‐D and 3‐D configurations. Discussion delves into the significance of electronic band structure calculations in understanding optical properties. Peaks in the energy loss function are observed at 13 eV in both cases referred to the plasmon energy. Static values of the dielectric functions, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, and refraction are also computed. Our obtained results showed that the CaTi1−xCuxO3 compound in 3‐D form is more apt for optoelectronic devices and UV‐LED applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Schistosomiasis is a major human disease of public health importance. Freshwater snails serving as intermediary hosts and human interaction with surface water tainted by feces or urine are both necessary components of the transmission cycle. Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum are the primary pathogen species. Over 250 million individuals are infected globally, according to the World Health Organization, causing significant morbidity and an estimated loss of 1.9 million disability‐adjusted life years, a number that is probably underestimated. Immunological protection is slowly built up through complex immunological systems, although innate factors also play a role. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals residing in poor rural area. Vaccination is considered as one of the most sustainable options for the control of any pathogen, but schistosomiasis vaccine for humans or animals is not available till now despite the discovery of numerous potentially promising schistosome vaccine antigens. Objective: To provide an overview of the schistosomiasis chemotherapy, chemoprevention, and vaccines history and progress. Design: Review article. Data Sources: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and the World Health Organization database. Conclusion: Favorably praziquantel (PZQ) is a medication with excellent chemopreventive treatment compliance. Due to the extensive usage of PZQ, there is a great deal of debate surrounding the emergence of drug resistance. PZQ is effective against all species of schistosomes, schistosomiasis prevalence has remained largely unaffected, due to reinfection in high transmission areas and growing juvenile worms that were not affected by the drug, even though the need for a schistosomiasis vaccine is even more pressing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Three novel complexes of copper(II), ruthenium(III), and thorium(IV) ions with quinaldine azo dye ligand HL were synthesized in nanoscale. Applying mass spectroscopy, electronic, infrared, 1H NMR, elemental, and thermal investigations, their structures were examined. By using azo nitrogen and hydroxyl oxygen atoms to coordinate as a monobasic bidentate, it was found that the ligand displayed bicapped square antiprism geometry with thorium(IV) metal ion, square pyramidal arrangement in copper(II) complex and octahedral configuration in ruthenium(III) complex. In order to confirm the complexes' geometrical arrangement, theoretical investigations were carried out using DFT/B3LYP/6–311 + G(d,p)/LANLDZ. The dipole moment, geometrical configuration, energetic parameters, and HOMO–LUMO gap of energy have been calculated. The compounds were formed in nanometric forms, as indicated by the mean particle sizes obtained by applying TEM. Based on TEM images for the complexes of copper(II), ruthenium(III), and thorium(IV), their average particle sizes were 11.04, 3.89, and 1.52 nm, respectively. PANC‐1 and A‐549 cells were used in the tests to evaluate the compounds' anticancer activity against the vinblastine reference. The findings confirm the great cytotoxicity effect of the free ligand and its complexes against the investigated cell lines using different doses of the examined compounds. Ru(III) and Cu(II) complexes exhibited cytotoxic effectiveness greater than that of vinblastine. The azo ligand, HL, exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity that is superior to that of the conventional medicines themselves and greater than that of its metal complexes. The most physiologically active compound's ideal conformation was found using molecular docking research, and the manner in which the Ru(III) complex and the enzyme of Panc‐1 link together was determined. It interacts in three different modes with the target receptor (PANC‐1): hydrophobic force, electrostatic force, and H‐bond. In addition to increasing the candidate activity, these interactions can be used to design and predict new, effective compounds. The capacity of the ligand and its complexes to act as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of methyl violet 2B was examined. The ruthenium(III) and thorium(IV) complexes generated the greatest catalytic efficiencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing an anode material that has better performance efficiency than commercial graphite while keeping the features of economic scalability and environmental safety is highly desirable yet challenging. MOFs are a promising addition to the ongoing efforts, however, the relatively poor performance, chemical instability, and large‐scale economic production of efficiency‐proven pristine MOFs restrict their utility in real‐life energy storage applications. Furthermore, hierarchical porosity for lucid mass diffusion, high‐density lithiophilic sites are some of the structural parameters for improving the electrode performance. Herein, we have demonstrated the potential of economically scalable salicylaldehydate 3D‐conjugated‐MOF (Fe−Tp) as a high‐performance anode in Li‐ion batteries: the anode‐specific capacity achieved up to 1447 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 89 % of cyclic stability after 500 cycles at 1.0 A g−1 for pristine MOF. More importantly, incorporating 10 % Fe−Tp doping in commercial graphite (MOFite) significantly enhanced lithium storage, doubling capacity after 400 cycles. It signifies the potential practical utility of Fe−Tp as a performance booster for commercial anode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CHK2 protein regulates the cell division cycle and responds to DNA damage. Additionally, it facilitates the repair of DNA damage and maintains the integrity of its biological processes. Dysregulation of the CHK2 protein is associated with a predisposition to harmful diseases. The current research protocol was designed to identify novel hit molecules as CHK2 inhibitors and disrupt the normal biological function of the CHK2 protein via a fragment‐based drug discovery approach. The protocol involved generating fragments using the MacFrag tool, followed by a chemical similarity search utilizing RDKit to identify fragment molecules analogous to previously established CHK2 inhibitor scaffolds. The bioactive molecules were constructed using the Fragmenstein tool, followed by molecular docking simulations to investigate their binding affinity. In addition, pharmacokinetic properties were analyzed, and a molecular dynamics simulation study was conducted to assess the stability of selected compounds with CHK2 protein. Finally, five novel compounds were identified as excellent CHK2 inhibitors through the FBDD and show good binding interactions at active sites of CHK2 with beneficial ADMET properties. This research work presents novel CHK2 inhibitor molecules that have the potential to be utilized in drug discovery, serving as key leads for future advancements in healthcare industries and sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium is an essential nutrient for various physiological processes and becomes even more vital during pregnancy, contributing to muscle relaxation, bone development, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure regulation. Despite the fact that the dietary sources of magnesium are diversified, it is still challenging to obtain it in sufficient quantities during pregnancy. We have elucidated its interactions and its specific impact on maternal–fetal health in different research publications. Magnesium also interacts synergistically with other micronutrients like calcium, vitamin D, potassium, zinc, iron, and vitamin B6, emphasizing its significance in promoting optimal outcomes for both the mother and the fetus. Inadequate magnesium intake during pregnancy has been linked to complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and low birth weight. Therefore, there should be an emphasis on the importance of maintaining adequate magnesium levels through a balanced diet and supplementation. This research therefore studies the complex mechanisms of micronutrient interactions and their specific impacts on maternal–fetal health to enhance prenatal care practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many plants are efficient anticoccidial agents owing to their content of active chemicals. Drug‐resistant Eimeria species have emerged as a result of excessive drug use. The current work aimed to investigate the oocysticidal activity (Eimeria papillata) of Olea europaea stem extract (OESE) and leaf extract (OELE) in vitro. The results of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis for OELE and OESE showed the presence of 12 and 9 phytochemical compounds, respectively. Also, chemical examination revealed that the plant extracts are rich in phenols, flavonoids and tannins. Additionally, the best radical scavenging activity of OESE and OELE was at a concentration of 100 μg/ml, reaching 92.04 ± 0.02 and 92.4 ± 0.2%, respectively. The in vitro study revealed that concentrations of 200 mg/ml from OESE and OELE caused significant inhibition (100%) of process sporulation for E. papillata oocysts, in contrast to the other commercial products, which displayed varying degrees of suppression sporulation. Our findings showed that OESE and OELE have anticoccidial activity, which motivates further the conduction of in vivo studies in the search for a less expensive and more efficient cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidiosis poses significant hazards to animals, particularly in terms of compromised health, reduced productivity, and economic losses in livestock farming. The conventional treatments for coccidiosis often involve synthetic drugs, contributing to concerns about drug resistance and environmental impact. The pressing need for eco‐friendly alternatives is highlighted in this study, emphasizing the importance of exploring medicinal plants like Cassia alata leaf extracts (CAE) against Eimeria papillata‐induced infection in mice. The CAE exhibited significant phenolic (2.17 ± 0.03 g/100 g) and flavonoid (0.14 ± 0.01 g/100 g) content and demonstrated notable antioxidant activity. In infected mice, the CAE treatment led to a substantial reduction in oocyst output (~6 fold), ameliorating necrotic enteritis and inflammatory changes in the jejunum. Additionally, CAE treatment increased goblet cell numbers (9.3 ± 0.1 / villus) and decreased macrophage infiltration in the intestinal villi. Molecular analyses revealed CAE's positive modulation of MUC2 gene and notably reduced the levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (specifically IL‐1β, IL‐10, and IFN‐γ) when contrasted with the infected cohort. Furthermore, CAE treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide levels (44.03 ± 2.4 μmol/mg), showcasing its anti‐inflammatory properties. The findings of this study not only contribute to the understanding of CAE's therapeutic potential but also underscore the importance of seeking eco‐friendly alternatives in the face of coccidiosis challenges, addressing both the well‐being of animals and the sustainability of agricultural practices. Research Highlights: Cassia alata extract (CAE) exhibited significant phenolic and flavonoid content, displaying notable antioxidant activity.In infected mice, CAE treatment led to a substantial reduction in oocyst output, ameliorating necrotic enteritis and inflammatory changes in the jejunum.CAE treatment increased goblet cell numbers and decreased macrophage infiltration in the intestinal villi, while molecular analyses revealed its positive modulation of the MUC2 gene and notable reduction in pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels.Additionally, CAE treatment significantly reduced nitric oxide levels, showcasing its anti‐inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito‐borne viruses continue to affect billions of people globally, posing a severe health risk and an economic burden. Aedes albopictus (Skuse), a highly invasive mosquito species, has repeatedly invaded and increased its presence, serving as a key vector of dengue virus, yellow fever virus (YFV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), causing frequent outbreaks of related viral diseases. This study investigated the impact of larval diet quantity on larval duration and adult body size. The effect of adult mosquito body size on various aspects of Ae. albopictus was also examined, including blood‐feeding behavior, follicular development, reproductive capacity, egg retention capacity, preoviposition period, and fecundity. These diverse characteristics all have an effect on arboviruses transmission. The changes in body size (small, medium, and large) are obtained by providing different quantities of larval diet (low, average, and high). The results indicate that the quantity of larval diet directly impacts the adult body size while inversely affecting the larval duration. Furthermore, a positive correlation exists between adult body size and wing length, implying that wing length could be a reliable indicator of adult body size and rearing conditions during the developmental stages. Large females exhibited higher numbers of follicles and greater fecundity. Moreover, a significant correlation was observed between follicle number before the first blood meal and total egg number. In contrast, increasing wing length decreased the number of blood meals, egg retention, and the preoviposition period. The tendency of small females to perform multiple feedings was greater than that of large females. Small females exhibited a higher propensity for multiple feeding activities when compared to their larger counterparts. Most medium‐sized females (92.8%) deposited eggs in their ovaries, however, 7.2% retained a few. In contrast, most large females (87.4%) had complete ovary egg‐laying, whereas a minority (12.6%) retained some of their eggs. About 35.2% of small females showed ovarian egg retention, while 64.8% successfully laid all their eggs. After the first blood meal, the oviposition rate was 92% for large females, 88% for medium females, and 76% for small females. About 69.86% of the follicles in large females underwent vitellogenesis. This finding suggests that small females with low energy reserves exhibited incomplete oviposition and multiple blood feedings to increase their reproductive capacity. Research Highlights: Add more information about arbovirus epidemics and their consequences.Aedes albopictus is a global invasive species that transmit dengue virus, CHIKV, YFV, and ZIKV.A negative correlation was observed between body size, egg retention, and multiple blood feedings in Aedes albopictus.Size of the female's body was positively correlated with fecundity, while it was negatively correlated with the preoviposition period.Size‐dependent multiple blood feeding affects vector‐host contact frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogeneans are highly host‐specific parasites infecting marine and freshwater fish. However, little information is available about the parasitic taxa within Heteraxinidae. An integrative study was performed to understand the taxonomic status of an unconfirmed heteraxinid marine species parasitizing the gill region of Acanthopagrus bifasciatus (Sparidae) from the Arabian Gulf (Saudi Arabia). Based on the morphological study, this parasite has all the generic features of the genus Kannaphallus (Heteraxinidae, Mazocraeidea). Distinct criteria that discriminated this species from other taxa of the same genus are the presence of genital spines (26–29), a short sclerotized duct in the male copulatory organ, the number of testes (mean 40, range 30–50), and clamps in the haptoral structure (45–50 in a long row and 19–22 in a short row). DNA of parasite species reported in the present study was amplified and sequenced for the nuclear large subunit of the ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA) gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Results indicate that sequences obtained from both genes are unique and different from related sequences from the genus Kannaphallus. Morphological as well as molecular data indicate that our specimens are from a new species, and the name Kannaphallus acanthopagrusi n. sp. is suggested. This is the first report of a heteraxinid parasitizing marine sparid fish from Saudi Arabia, with unique morphological and molecular features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel azo dye ligand [4‐([2,3‐dimethyl‐5‐oxo‐1‐phenyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl]diazenyl)‐3‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (HL)] and its Co(II), Ni(II), Ru(III), and Zr(IV) metal chelates, were produced and thoroughly described applying modern spectral and analytical approaches. The results showed that HL chelated in tridentate mode, leading to octahedral geometry toward the present metal ions where Co(II), Ni(II), and Zr(IV) complexes exhibit outer sphere hybridization, while the Ru(III) complex exhibits inner sphere hybridization. The calculated particle size values of the complexes reached 41.34, 46.41, 48.67, and 33.37 nm for Co(II), Ni(II), Ru(III), and Zr(IV) chelates, respectively applying the Debye–Scherrer equation on XRD patterns. When compared to its metal complexes, the ligand's antibacterial action against several bacteria demonstrates increased activity. Tests were conducted on A‐549 and PANC‐1 cells to evaluate the compounds' anticancer efficacy against the vinblastine standard. Co(II) nanosized complex exhibited cytotoxicity that was greater than that of the reference medication vinblastine sulfate against A‐549 cell line. It is promising to use the Co(II) complex to create novel anticancer medications. Quantum chemical calculations for ligand and its solid metal complexes were carried out utilizing the DFT of the DMOL3 module. Furthermore, the molecular docking studies were conducted on the A‐549 protein, associated with FGFR1, using the Schrödinger suite. The ligand and the Ru(III) complex exhibit the most potent inhibitory effects on the FGFR1 protein, a receptor tyrosine kinase integral to cellular growth and differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Living donor kidney transplantation is the optimal treatment for end‐stage kidney disease; however, few living donor candidates (LDCs) who begin evaluation actually donate. While some LDCs are deemed medically ineligible, others discontinue for potentially modifiable reasons. Methods: At five transplant centers, we conducted a prospective cohort study measuring LDCs' clinical and psychosocial characteristics, educational preparation, readiness to donate, and social determinants of health. We followed LDCs for 12 months after evaluation to determine whether they donated a kidney, opted to discontinue, had modifiable reasons for discontinuing, were medically ineligible, or had other recipient‐related reasons for discontinuing. Results: Among 2184 LDCs, 18.6% donated, 38.2% opted to or had modifiable reasons for discontinuing, and 43.2% were deemed ineligible due to medical or recipient‐related reasons. Multivariable analyses comparing successful LDCs with those who did not complete donation for modifiable reasons (N = 1241) found that LDCs who discussed donation with the recipient before evaluation (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.54–3.46), had completed high school (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.21–3.35), or were a "close relation" to their recipient (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.33–2.69) were more likely to donate. Conversely, LDCs who reported religion as important (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.38–0.80), were Non‐White (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.49–1.00), or had overall higher anxiety scores (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86–0.99) were less likely to donate. Conclusion: With fewer than a fifth of LDCs donating, developing programs to provide greater emotional support and facilitate open discussions between LDCs and recipients earlier may increase living donation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The response of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to metformin may be a variation because of genetic differences in solute carrier (SLC) transporter proteins and other effect factors, which have an important effect on how metformin is processed in the body and its efficiency for glycaemic control. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the impact of certain genetic variants of the organic cation transporter genes OCT3 (SLC22A3 rs12194182 and rs8187722) and MATE2 (SLC47A2 rs12943590) and their association with glycaemic parameters in patients with T2DM who respond poorly to metformin. Patients and Methods: This cross‐sectional study involved 150 Iraqi cases with T2DM who were prescribed a daily dose of (1000 mg/day) metformin for a minimum of 3 months. Various parameters included are as follows: demographic data, glycaemic parameters and three SNPs: rs12943590 variant of SLC47A2, rs12194182 and rs8187722 variant of SLC22A3 using the standard PCR‐sequencing technique. Results: Thirty‐nine patients (26.17%) were responders, whereas 111 patients (73.82%) could not respond to metformin treatment. Upon analysing the genotypes of the rs12943590 variants of SLC47A2, rs12194182 and rs8187722 SNPs of SLC22A3, the present findings revealed a nonsignificant association of genetic variations in all SNPs with metformin response. SLC47A2 (rs12943590) showed nonsignificant associations of the GG, AA and AG genotyping; SLC22A3 (rs12194182) showed nonsignificant associations of the TT, TC and CC genotyping; and SLC22A3 (rs8187722) showed nonsignificant associations of the AA, CC and AC genotyping between two groups. Conclusion: Variations in genes SLC22A3 and SLC47A2 did not have a significant role in the response of patients with T2DM to metformin (1000 mg/day). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) are group of diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by progressive neurodegenerations and cognitive impairment. Findings from different studies highlighted the beneficial and detrimental effects of serum uric acid on the development and progression of NDs. Therefore, this mini‐review aims to discuss the beneficial and detrimental effects of uric on NDs. The neuroprotective effect of uric acid is mainly related to the antioxidant effect of uric acid which alleviates oxidative stress‐induced neurodegeneration in AD and PD. However, long‐term effect of hyperuricemia prompts for the development and progression of cognitive impairment. Hyperuricemia is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, and gout increases dementia risk. In addition, hyperuricemia can cause cerebral vascular injury which is a risk factor for vascular dementia and cognitive impairment. Taken together, the relationship between uric acid and NDs risk remains conflicting. Hence, preclinical and clinical studies are indicated in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a serious disease characterized by an inappropriate host response to infection, resulting in widespread inflammation and systemic organ failure. The aim of this research is to investigate the possibility of pomegranate peel‐derived silver nanoparticles (PGNP) as a potential alternative therapy for sepsis. Characterization using transmission electron microscopy revealed 10–30 nm spherical nanoparticles. In a rat model of sepsis, PGNP treatment improved spleen health, histology, and immune response as compared with septic rats. In rats treated with PGNP during sepsis, significant alterations in oxidative stress markers (p <.01) were observed. These included elevated levels of glutathione (0.63 ± 0.08 mmol/mg protein), reduced concentrations of nitric oxide (8.7 ± 0.8 μ mol/mg protein) and malondialdehyde (2.2 ± 0.3 nmol/mg protein), as well as increased activity of superoxide dismutase (159 ± 33 U/mg protein). Following PGNP administration, gene expression analysis revealed a decrease in spleen IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α, highlighting its anti‐inflammatory potential. Furthermore, PGNP effectively controlled apoptosis‐related genes (Bax, Bcl‐2, and Casp3), indicating its role in cellular survival pathways. This study sheds light on the immunological regulation of the spleen during sepsis using PGNP, demonstrating its potential as a new effective treatment approach. The study emphasizes the necessity of continuing to investigate and develop alternative medicines, particularly in light of antibiotic resistance and the global impact of sepsis. Research Highlights: The study explored the potential medicinal benefits of pomegranate peel‐derived silver nanoparticles (PGNP) in the treatment of sepsis.PGNP suppressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the immune response.The study recommends PGNP as a viable substitute treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium salt of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐([2‐isonicotinoylhydrazineylidene]methyl)benzenesulfonate ligand (NaH2IH) was prepared, as an example of water‐soluble Schiff base ligands, by the condensation of isonicotinohydrazide with the sodium salt of 3‐formyl‐4‐ hydroxybenzenesulfonate. The chemical structure of the novel water‐soluble ligand and its complexes have been elucidated by analyzing the results of different spectroscopic and magnetic measurements. These structures were supported by the computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) technique. The ligand acts as mono‐negative bi‐dentate (ON) in [Cd(HIH)(H2O)Cl]2 complex, and as a tri‐negative tetra‐dentate (OONO) ligand in [Ce(IH)(H2O)2]2. In the [Cu(NaHIH)Cl]2.2H2O complex, NaH2IH behaves as mono‐negative tri‐dentate (ONN). Another mode of complexation displayed in [Ni(NaHIH)(H2O)Cl].2H2O dimer, whereas NaH2IH acts as a mono‐basic ON bi‐dentate. Based on the spectral data, one can assume a four‐coordinated tetrahedral geometry in case of all isolated complexes except Ce(III) one which has an octahedral geometry. The molecular structures and chemical geometries of the metal complexes were optimized and conformed using computational studies using DFT method. The outcomes of antioxidant activities reveal that the investigated compounds have good radical scavenging activity against ABTS and DPPH• radicals. The DNA binding ability of NaH2IH and its complexes has been examined by agarose gel electrophoresis methods. Wound healing was performed to test the antimetastatic activity of [Cd(HIH)(H2O)Cl]2 complex against MDA‐MB‐231 cancer cell line. Antimicrobial behavior of the compounds under study has been assessed against selected microorganism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many practical communication environments, traditional feature extraction methods in spectrum sensing fail to fully exploit the information of primary users. Additionally, conventional machine learning methods have weak learning capabilities, making it difficult to maintain efficient and stable spectrum sensing performance in complex noise environments. Furthermore, non‐Gaussian noise can significantly affect the detection performance of spectrum sensing. To address these issues, this paper first proposes a feature extraction method based on Hierarchical Fuzzy Dispersion Entropy (HFDE) to better extract high‐frequency and low‐frequency information from signal samples, providing more comprehensive features for subsequent models to optimize feature extraction effectiveness. Then, a parallel model combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) with Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) is constructed to enhance learning ability. While CNN extracts local features, GRU processes temporal relationships, and the features output by both are concatenated to achieve effective feature learning and temporal modeling of primary user signal data represented by HFDE. Finally, using the feature vectors output by the CNN‐GRU model, detection statistics and detection thresholds for spectrum sensing are constructed for online detection. Simulation results validate the effectiveness and robustness of this method in spectrum sensing under non‐Gaussian noise. In the presence of significant non‐Gaussian noise intensity and a signal‐to‐noise ratio of −14 dB, the detection probability can reach 97.1%. Additionally, for the detection of unknown signals, the model can still maintain a detection probability of over 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to obtain accurate analytical results without sample pre‐treatment or derivatization is a key element for an eco‐friendly method of analysis. In this work, green electro analytical method was developed and evaluated for the selective determination of the anti‐cholinergic drug Procyclidine Hydrochloride in both pure and dosage forms as well as in dissolution medium without sample pre‐treatment. Firstly, screening of four ionophore‐doped polyvinyl chloride‐based membranes were conducted to detect the one with highest affinity towards the studied drug. Accordingly, calix[4]arene‐doped membrane exhibited the optimum results. Then optimization was carried out by designing screen‐printed and glassy carbon solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes with multiwall carbon nanotube and graphene nanocomposite as ion to electron transducers. The fabricated screen‐printed sensor with graphene nanocomposite was characterized according to IUPAC recommendations. It acquired the fastest and most stable response, along with thermal stability up to 30 °C. It also displayed a slope of 43.9±0.2 mV/decade in a pH range of 2–5. The proposed sensor successfully obtained a linear range of 1×10−5–1×10−2 M and the theoretical limit of detection was 6.3×10−6 M. Finally, it was used in applications such as in‐line dissolution monitoring and quantification of procyclidine in its dosage form without prior sample pre‐treatment or derivatization steps. Furthermore, the graphene nanocomposite transducer has been imaged by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kynurenine pathway (KP) which is involved in the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) from tryptophan (Trp) is intricate in the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Inflammatory reactions in response to cardiometabolic disorders can induce the development of IR through the augmentation of KP. However, kynurenine (KYN), a precursor of kynurenic acid (KA) is increased following physical exercise and involved in the reduction of IR. Consequently, KP metabolites KA and KYN have anti‐diabetogenic effects while other metabolites have diabetogenic effects. KP modulators, either inhibitors or activators, affect glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity in T2D in a bidirectional way, either protective or detrimental, that is not related to the KP effect. However, metformin through inhibition of inflammatory signaling pathways can reduce the activation of KP in T2D. These findings indicated a strong controversy regarding the role of KP in T2D. Therefore, the objectives of this mini review were to clarify how KP induces the development of IR and T2D. In addition, this review aimed to find the mechanistic role of antidiabetic drug metformin on the KP, and how KP modulators affect the pathogenesis of T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of chromium in renal tissues promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress, genomic and cellular harm, and ultimately necrotic and apoptotic cell death induced by free radicals. Hence, the utilization of antioxidant phytochemicals becomes crucial for cellular defense against oxidative damage. This study endeavors to explore the potential protective effects of an aqueous avocado seed extract (ASE) on rabbit kidneys exposed to chromium‐induced damage. Fifteen adult rabbits were distributed into three groups: Group 1 was kept as the control. The second and third groups received a daily dose of K2Cr2O7 (5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 2 weeks. While the third group was given an oral dose of ASE (400 mg/kg). In rabbits administered with Cr (VI), kidney homogenates showed a marked increase in Malondialdehyde (MDA) (69.3 ± 4.1 nmol/g) along with a decrease in glutathione (59 ± 5.8 nmol/mg) content and the activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.5 ± 0.05 U/mg protein), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (16.7 ± 1.1 μmol/mg protein), and catalase (CAT) (73.8 ± 3.9 U/g protein) compared to the levels in control group. Also, the gene expression data for the enzymes SOD, GPx, and CAT dropped dramatically in kidney tissue following Cr (VI) injection. Additionally, Bowman's capsule and glomerulus showed degenerative alterations in the kidney's histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ASE treatment when administered along with Cr (VI) enhanced the activity and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes and improved histopathological conditions. The findings of this study unequivocally show that avocado seed extract, which is rich in phenolic derivatives, is a potent nephroprotective agent that inhibits nephrotoxicity induced by Cr (VI) in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In epilepsy, early diagnosis, accurate determination of epilepsy type, proper selection of antiseizure medication, and monitoring are all essential. However, despite recent therapeutic advances and conceptual reconsiderations in the classification and management of epilepsy, serious gaps are still encountered in day‐to‐day practice in Egypt as well as several other resource‐limited countries. Premature mortality, poor quality of life, socio‐economic burden, cognitive problems, poor treatment outcomes, and comorbidities are major challenges that require urgent actions to be implemented at all levels. In recognition of this, a group of Egyptian epilepsy experts met through a series of consecutive meetings to specify the main concepts concerning the diagnosis and management of epilepsy, with the ultimate goal of establishing a nationwide Egyptian consensus. Methods: The consensus was developed through a modified Delphi methodology. A thorough review of the most recent relevant literature and international guidelines was performed to evaluate their applicability to the Egyptian situation. Afterward, several remote and live rounds were scheduled to reach a final agreement for all listed statements. Results: Of 278 statements reviewed in the first round, 256 achieved ≥80% agreement. Live discussion and refinement of the 22 statements that did not reach consensus during the first round took place, followed by final live voting then consensus was achieved for all remaining statements. Significance: With the implementation of these unified recommendations, we believe this will bring about substantial improvements in both the quality of care and treatment outcomes for persons with epilepsy in Egypt. Plain Language Summary: This work represents the efforts of a group of medical experts to reach an agreement on the best medical practice related to people with epilepsy based on previously published recommendations while taking into consideration applicable options in resource‐limited countries. The publication of this document is expected to minimize many malpractice issues and pave the way for better healthcare services on both individual and governmental levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti‐Spike IgG antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2, which are elicited by vaccination and infection, are correlates of protection against infection with pre‐Omicron variants. Whether this association can be generalized to infections with Omicron variants is unclear. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with 8457 blood donors in Tyrol, Austria, analyzing 15,340 anti‐Spike IgG antibody measurements from March 2021 to December 2022 assessed by Abbott SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG II chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Using a Bayesian joint model, we estimated antibody trajectories and adjusted hazard ratios for incident SARS‐CoV‐2 infection ascertained by self‐report or seroconversion of anti‐Nucleocapsid antibodies. At the time of their earliest available anti‐Spike IgG antibody measurement (median November 23, 2021), participants had a median age of 46.0 years (IQR 32.8–55.2), with 45.3% being female, 41.3% having a prior SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and 75.5% having received at least one dose of a COVID‐19 vaccine. Among 6159 participants with endpoint data, 3700 incident SARS‐CoV‐2 infections with predominantly Omicron sublineages were recorded over a median of 8.8 months (IQR 5.7–12.4). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted hazard ratio for SARS‐CoV‐2 associated with having twice the anti‐Spike IgG antibody titer was 0.875 (95% credible interval 0.868–0.881) overall, 0.842 (0.827–0.856) during 2021, and 0.884 (0.877–0.891) during 2022 (all p < 0.001). The associations were similar in females and males (Pinteraction = 0.673) and across age (Pinteraction = 0.590). Higher anti‐Spike IgG antibody titers were associated with reduced risk of incident SARS‐CoV‐2 infection across the entire observation period. While the magnitude of association was slightly weakened in the Omicron era, anti‐Spike IgG antibody continues to be a suitable correlate of protection against newer SARS‐CoV‐2 variants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spermidine is a natural biologically active substance that has widespread influences on the body. Objective: This study aims to enhance our understanding of the potential effect of spermidine on long non‐coding RNA MALAT1 and explore the underlying mechanism in the rotenone‐induced rat model of Parkinson's disease. Methods: Rats were sacrificed after locomotor behavioral testing. Striatal tissues were used to assess the expression of MALAT1, oxidative stress markers, and autophagy markers. Results: Our study found that treatment with spermidine for 2 weeks during the induction of the model significantly improved behavioral assessment, dopamine levels, and attenuated the histopathological changes that occurred in PD in comparison to the non‐treated group. Conclusion: Our preliminary study supports the protective effect of spermidine on the activation of autophagy and its antioxidant properties. Part of the antioxidant activity is due to the inhibition of MALAT1. However, MALAT1 does not correlate with the spermidine‐induced autophagy pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atherosclerosis (AS) is a progressive disease that interferes with blood flow, leading to cardiovascular complications such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and vascular ischemia. The progression of AS is correlated with inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Various signaling pathways, like nuclear erythroid‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kruppel‐like factor 2 (KLF2), are involved in the pathogenesis of AS. Nrf2 and KLF2 have anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Thus, activation of these pathways may reduce the development of AS. Metformin, an insulin‐sensitizing drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), increases the expression of Nrf2 and KLF2. AS is a common long‐term macrovascular complication of T2DM. Thus, metformin, through its pleiotropic anti‐inflammatory effect, may attenuate the development and progression of AS. Aims: Therefore, this review aims to investigate the possible role of metformin in AS concerning its effect on Nrf2 and KLF2 and inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, metformin can reduce cardiovascular morbidities and mortalities compared to other antidiabetic agents, even with similar blood glucose control by the Nrf2/KLF2 pathway activation. Conclusion: In conclusion, metformin is an effective therapeutic strategy against the development and progression of AS, mainly through activation of the KLF2/Nrf2 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a mood disorder that may increase risk for the development of insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), and vice versa. However, the mechanistic pathway linking depression and T2D is not fully elucidated. The aim of this narrative review, therefore, was to discuss the possible link between depression and T2D. The coexistence of T2D and depression is twice as great compared to the occurrence of either condition independently. Hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia promote the incidence of depression by enhancing inflammation and reducing brain serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine [5HT]). Dysregulation of insulin signalling in T2D impairs brain 5HT signalling, leading to the development of depression. Furthermore, depression is associated with the development of hyperglycaemia and poor glycaemic control. Psychological stress and depression promote the development of T2D. In conclusion, T2D could be a potential risk factor for the development of depression through the induction of inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress that affect brain neurotransmission. In addition, chronic stress in depression may induce the development of T2D through dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increase circulating cortisol levels, which triggers IR and T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanisation alters biodiversity patterns and threatens to disrupt mutualistic interactions. Aside from pollination, however, little is known about how mutualisms change in cities. Our study aimed to assess how urbanisation affects the protective mutualism between ants and aphids, investigating potential behavioural changes in mutualistic ants and their implications for aphids in urban environments. To do so, we studied the protective mutualism between the pink tansy aphid (Metopeurum fuscoviride) and the black garden ant (Lasius niger) along an urbanisation gradient in Berlin, Germany. In nine locations along this gradient, we measured aphid colony dynamics and proxies for parasitism, quantified the investment of ants in tending aphids and conducted behavioural assays to test the aggressiveness of ant responses to a simulated attack on the aphids. We found that aphid colonies flourished and were equally tended by ants across the urbanisation gradient, with a consistent positive density dependence between aphid and ant numbers. However, ants from more urbanised sites responded more aggressively to the simulated attack. Our findings suggest that this protective mutualism is not only maintained in the city, but that ants might even rely more on it and defend it more aggressively, as other food resources may become scarce and more unpredictable with urbanisation. We thereby provide unique insights into this type of mutualism in the city, further diversifying the growing body of work on mutualisms across urbanisation gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is unclear whether kidney/pancreas (KP) transplantation will prevent the progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) and end‐stage renal disease. We sought to determine the pre‐ and posttransplant prevalence of symptomatic PAD and changes in carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) in KP recipients. Methods: In this single center study, outcomes were compared between KP recipients with and without a history of PAD. A subset of recipients underwent pre‐ and posttransplant IMT measurements. Results: Among the study group (N = 107), 18 (17%) recipients admitted to a pretransplant history of symptomatic PAD, comprised 11 foot infections and 7 amputations (5 minor and 2 major). Baseline characteristics of age, gender, race, years of diabetes, dialysis history, smoking history, years of hypertension, and history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were equivalent between PAD and non‐PAD cohorts. At a median follow‐up of 60 months (IQR: 28, 110), 16 (15%) KP recipients had suffered a PAD event. In multivariate analysis, a pretransplant history of PAD (hazard ratio [HR] 9.66, p < 0.001) and CAD (HR 3.33, p = 0.04) were independent predictors of posttransplant PAD events. Among a subset of 20 recipients (3 with PAD), mean IMT measurements pretransplant and at a median of 24 (range 18–24) months posttransplant, showed no evidence of disease progression. Conclusion: Based on IMT measurements and clinical results, KP transplantation stabilized PAD in most patients, but did not alter outcomes of symptomatic PAD recipients. A pretransplant history of PAD and CAD was an independent predictor of posttransplant PAD events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidiosis is a protozoan parasitic disease caused by Eimeria species and affects wild and domestic animals. Coccidiostats are currently available to control this disease, although drug resistance has been confirmed for all of them. As a result, there is an urgent need to identify eco‐friendly agents to control and treat this disease. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative role of the Krameria lappacea roots extract (KLRE) on the outcome of coccidiosis induced by Eimeria papillata. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into seven groups (5 mice/group), as follows: Group 1: noninfected‐nontreated (control group), Group 2: noninfected‐treated group with KLRE (200 mg/kg), Group 3: infected‐nontreated group, Group 4: infected‐treated group with KLRE (50 mg/kg), Group 5: infected‐treated group with KLRE (100 mg/kg), Group 6: infected‐treated group with KLRE (200 mg/kg), and Group 7: infected‐treated group with amprolium (120 mg/kg). Groups (3–7) were inoculated orally with 1 × 103 sporulated E. papillata oocysts. One hour after infection, groups (4–6) were daily treated for 5 days with KLRE and amprolium. On day 5 postinfection, oocyst output was determined, and mice were euthanized for the collection of jejuna then preparation of histological sections and jejunal homogenate was used for the determination of biochemical and oxidative damage markers. The coccidial infection induced weight loss of mice by 3.971%, which improved after KLRE to −1.512%. After KLRE treatment, the rate of feed intake was improved to be 52.21 ± 2.30 than those in infected group (40.47 ± 2.25). Oocyst output was significantly reduced in mice treated with KLRE (1.308 × 106 oocysts/g.feces) compared with those in the infected group (5.387 × 106 oocysts/g.feces). E. papillata infection induced marked histological alterations within jejunum tissue. After treatment, KLRE was able to impair the development of parasite stages (meronts, gamonts, and developing oocysts) in the jejunum through a significant reduction of number and size in comparison with the infected group. Infection with E. papillata induced a disturbance in the nutrient absorption in the jejunal mice tissue, which improved after the treatment with KLRE and amprolium. Also, KLRE counteracted significantly the E. papillata‐induced loss of reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity. Our findings indicate that KLRE could be used as an alternative to the available coccidiostats currently available. Research Highlights: Krameria lappacea exhibit significant anticoccidial and antioxidant activities induced by E. papillata infection.Krameria lappacea exhibit significant improvement in the pathological alterations of the jejunal tissue induced by E. papillata infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cd (II), Mn (II), Zn (II), Cr (III), and Fe (III) complexes of a carbohydrazone ligand H4EBC, prepared by the reaction of ethyl acetate and carbohydrazide, have been prepared and fully characterized. The ligand H4EBC acted as a bidentate carbohydrazone with Cd (II) and coordinated through the nitrogen of both (‐NH) and (C=N)azomethine groups, while with Mn (II) and Zn (II), it acted as a neutral NN bidentate ligand. In complexes with Fe (III) and Cr (III), H4EBC acts a bi‐negative tetra‐dentate, coordinating through the oxygen atoms of both enolized (C=O)ester groups and the nitrogen of both (C=N)azomethine groups. To illustrate the proposed geometries and chemical reactivity of the compounds, we employed DFT calculations. Additionally, thermal studies provided insights into the stability of the isolated compounds. Interestingly, the prepared complexes demonstrated emission broad bands at various wavelengths, indicating ligand to metal charge transfer. Based on the inhibition of DNA destruction, the complexes can be ranked in the following order: [Cd(H4EBC)Cl2].2H2O] (1) > H4EBC > [Mn(H4EBC)Cl2)].(H2O)2] (2) > [Zn(H4EBC)Cl2].2H2O] (3) > [Fe(H2EBC)Cl(H2O)].H2O (5) > [Cr(H2EBC)Cl (H2O)].H2O (4). Regarding erythrocyte hemolysis, the order of effectiveness can be arranged as follows: (2) > (1) > H4EBC > (5) > (3) > (4). We further investigated the compounds for their potential in antitumor activity against two cell lines and antimicrobial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases of the brain. Of note, brain renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) is intricate in the PD neuropathology through modulation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Therefore, modulation of brain RAS by angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) may be effective in reducing the risk and PD neuropathology. It has been shown that all components including the peptides and enzymes of the RAS are present in the different brain areas. Brain RAS plays a critical role in the regulation of memory and cognitive function, and in the controlling of central blood pressure. However, exaggerated brain RAS is implicated in the pathogenesis of different neurodegenerative diseases including PD. Two well‐known pathways of brain RAS are recognized including; the classical pathway which is mainly mediated by AngII/AT1R has detrimental effects. Conversely, the non‐classical pathway which is mostly mediated by ACE2/Ang1‐7/MASR and AngII/AT2R has beneficial effects against PD neuropathology. Exaggerated brain RAS affects the viability of dopaminergic neurons. However, the fundamental mechanism of brain RAS in PD neuropathology was not fully elucidated. Consequently, the purpose of this review is to disclose the mechanistic role of RAS in in the pathogenesis of PD. In addition, we try to revise how the ACEIs and ARBs can be developed for therapeutics in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a protein expressed in postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Cdk5 is activated by p35 and p39 which are neuron regulatory subunits. Cdk5/p35 complex is activated by calpain protease to form Cdk5/p35 which has a neuroprotective effect by regulating the synaptic plasticity and memory functions. However, exaggerated Cdk5 is implicated in different types of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson disease (PD). Therefore, modulation of Cdk5 signalling may mitigate PD neuropathology. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to discuss the critical role of Cdk5 in the pathogenesis of PD, and how Cdk5 inhibitors are effectual in the management of PD. In conclusion, overactivated Cdk5 is involved the development of neurodegeneration, and Cdk5/calpain inhibitors such as statins, metformin, fenofibrates and rosiglitazone can attenuate the progression of PD neuropathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and is manifested by motor and non‐motor symptoms because of degenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. PD neuropathology is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and apoptosis. Thus, the modulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage and apoptosis by growth factors could be a novel boulevard in the management of PD. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase type B (TrkB) are chiefly involved in PD neuropathology. BDNF promotes the survival of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and enhances the functional activity of striatal neurons. Deficiency of the TrkB receptor triggers degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and accumulation of α‐Syn in the substantia nigra. As well, BDNF/TrkB signalling is reduced in the early phase of PD neuropathology. Targeting of BDNF/TrkB signalling by specific activators may attenuate PD neuropathology. Thus, this review aimed to discuss the potential role of BDNF/TrkB activators against PD. In conclusion, BDNF/TrkB signalling is decreased in PD and linked with disease severity and long‐term complications. Activation of BDNF/TrkB by specific activators may attenuate PD neuropathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coccidiosis is an intestinal protozoan disease that affects the poultry industry worldwide. The severity of this disease varies depending on the identity of the infectious agents. Therefore, this study was carried out to identify the Eimeria species that affect broiler chickens, Gallus gallus domesticus, through morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Twenty‐five faecal samples were collected from the broiler chickens in a commercial poultry farm in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Using the floatation technique, faeces were examined microscopically for the Eimeria occurrence. Identification of Eimeria species was performed based on morphological criteria and molecular tools (DNA amplification for the partial small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), internal transcribed spacer (ITS)‐1, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) genes. In this study, 32% (8 out of 25) of collected samples were found to be positive for coccidiosis. After sporulation in potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), the sporulated oocysts were observed as ovoid and measured 18.37–23.19 µm (19.87) long and 15.07–18.67 µm (16.46) wide, with the anterior location of a polar granule and absence of micropyle. These Eimeria oocysts were assumed to size and shape characteristics of Eimeria acervulina. Molecular analysis was conducted on the sequences of the polymerase chain reaction products from the three genes studied (18S rRNA, ITS‐1, and COI). At the three genes, results showed that the resultant sequences clustered with E. acervulina from different regions confirming morphological description. This study highlighted the importance of molecular techniques to detect avian Eimeria species more than the traditional morphology‐based tool to optimise the appropriate anticoccidial strategies for long‐term control in the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aedes albopictus is a vector of numerous viruses in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including encephalitis and dengue fever. Although the identification keys depend exclusively on the characteristics of the fourth larval instar, the studies were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the morphology of Ae. albopictus are still insufficient, and more research is required. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present a comprehensive description of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes based on the morphological features of their fourth‐instar larvae to distinguish them from other mosquito species. Antennae, feeding mouth brushes, mandibles, maxillae, labia, comb scales, anal papillae, siphon, respiratory spiracles, and pecten teeth were among the morphological features specifically described using SEM. The sensilla trichoidea and the sensilla basiconica are the sensory spicules found on the antennal integument. The labrum is a tessellated membrane with two movable brushes on the sides and one middle brush. The mandibles have four sellar setae on the anterolateral side, and the maxillae, which have a thumb‐like structure and a palp located laterally and about four‐fifths of the way from the maxillary brush base to the maxillary notch, are the articulating appendages. On the apex of the palp, there are five sensilla. The eighth abdominal segment is a tiny pentagonal structure with 12 comb scales laterally and a respiratory siphon dorsally. The siphon has two rows of pectin teeth, with 12 teeth per row. Four pairs of siphonal tufts and five perispiracular lobes surround the respiratory spiracles. The anal segment has four anal papillae, a ventral brush, a dorsal brush, and an incomplete saddle. The findings demonstrate that the fourth‐instar larvae of Ae. albopictus have distinctive morphological features, which are crucial for understanding their key characteristics and identifying them, preventing inaccurate identification, and facilitating the control of diseases transmitted by the mosquito vector. Research Highlights: A detailed description of various taxonomical interest structures for the fourth‐instar larvae of Aedes albopictus is included in this study.Scanning electron microscopy is considered a helpful technique for identifying Ae. albopictus larvae in their fourth instar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver cirrhosis is a silent disease in humans and is experimentally induced by many drugs and toxins as thioacetamide (TAA) in particular, which is the typical model for experimental induction of hepatic fibrosis. Thus, the objective of the present study was to elucidate the possible protective effects of lactéol® forte (LF) and quercetin dihydrate (QD) against TAA‐induced hepatic damage in male albino rats. Induction of hepatotoxicity was performed by TAA injection (200 mg/kg I/P, twice/ week) in rats. LF (1 × 109 CFU/rat 5 times/week) and QD (50 mg/kg 5 times/week) treated groups were administered concurrently with TAA injection (200 mg/kg I/P, twice/ week). The experimental treatments were conducted for 12 weeks. Hepatotoxicity was evaluated biochemically by measuring alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) in the serum and histopathologically with the scoring of histopathological changes besides histochemical assessment of collagen by Masson's trichrome and immunohistochemical analysis for α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), Ki67 and caspase‐3 expression in liver sections. Our results indicated that LF and QD attenuated some biochemical changes and histochemical markers in TAA‐mediated hepatotoxicity in rats by amelioration of biochemical markers and collagen, α‐SMA, Ki67 and caspase3 Immunoexpression. Additionally, LF and QD supplementation downregulated the proliferative, necrotic, fibroblastic changes, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions, hyaline globules and Mallory‐like bodies that were detected histopathologically in the TAA group. In conclusion, LF showed better hepatic protection than QD against TAA‐induced hepatotoxicity in rats by inhibiting inflammatory reactions with the improvement of some serum hepatic transaminases, histopathological picture and immunohistochemical markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground‐based stations are one of many observing systems contributing to the generation of data to evaluate climate trends and variations locally and globally. Networks of stations are made of various numbers of observing sites, equipped with different typologies and varieties of instruments, differently managed and maintained. Among such networks a limited number of stations are required as a reference, to provide top quality traceable measurements and as the top level of a tiered approach; it is these stations which are here designated as Climatological Reference Stations (CRS). At present, there is no agreed definition of the key instrumental and technical features of a CRS, nor are there defined reference measurement procedures. This leads to the situation of a multitude of approaches among different National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs), research institutes and other agencies that reduces the comparability of results in space and in time. The lack of CRSs, moreover, is a major contributor to the huge efforts required to harmonize data and detect biases locally, regionally and globally, as in their absence there is a need to fall back on other stations which are more likely to have such biases. This article reports on the outcomes of the work of a group of experts, nominated by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Climatology (CCI), tasked to promote a standardized and agreed concept about the definitions, specifications and technical characteristics of climate reference data and stations for ground‐based networks, with the addition of a practical example of climatological reference station installed in the framework of an European funded project, with the purpose of comparing and confirming the prescribed characteristics and guidance, with respect to practical field use and available instrumentation. The adoption of a unique definition and prescription on the technical setup, measurement procedures and uncertainty evaluation will substantially progress towards a common approach in detecting climate trends. This will improve data comparability in space and time and allow a more robust understanding of climate evolution locally and globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a mood disorder characterized by abnormal thoughts. The pathophysiology of depression is related to the deficiency of serotonin (5HT), which is derived from tryptophan (Trp). Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Notably, the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the pathogenesis of depression, and different findings revealed that angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) may be effective in depression. However, the underlying mechanism for the role of dysregulated brain RAS‐induced depression remains speculative. Therefore, this review aimed to revise the conceivable role of ACEIs and ARBs and how these agents ameliorate the pathophysiology of depression. Dysregulation of brain RAS triggers the development and progression of depression through the reduction of brain 5HT and expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the induction of mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, inhibition of central classical RAS by ARBS and ACEIs and activation of non‐classical RAS prevent the development of depression by regulating 5HT, BDNF, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retina consists of various cell types arranged in eight cell layers and two membranes that originate from the neuroectodermal cells. In this study, the timing of differentiation and distribution of the cellular components and the layers of the rabbit retina are investigated using light and electron microscopy and immunohistochemical techniques. There were 32 rabbit embryos and 12 rabbits used. The rabbit retina begins its prenatal development on the 10th day of gestation in the form of optic cup. The process of neuro‐ and gliogenesis occurs in several stages: In the first stage, the ganglionic cells are differentiated at the 15th day. The second stage includes the differentiation of Muller, amacrine, and cone cells on the 23rd day. The differentiation of bipolar, horizontal, and rod cells and formation of the inner segments of the photoreceptors consider the late stage that occurs by the 27th and 30th day of gestation. On the first week of age postnatally, the outer segments of the photoreceptors are developed. S100 protein is expressed by the Muller cells and its processes that traverse the retina from the outer to the inner limiting membranes. Calretinin is intensely labeled within the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells. Ganglionic cells exhibited moderate immunoreactivity for calretinin confined to their cytoplasm and dendrites. In conclusion, all stages of neuro‐ and gliogenesis of the rabbit retina occur during the embryonic period. Then, the retina continues its development postnatally by formation of the photoreceptor outer segments and all layers of the retina become established. Research Highlights: The aim of this study is to investigate the morphogenesis of the rabbit retina during pre‐ and postnatal life.The primordia of the retina could be observed in the form of the optic cup. The ganglionic cells are the first cells to differentiate, while the photoreceptor cells are the last.S100 protein is expressed by the Muller cells and its processes. Calretinin is intensely labeled in the amacrine and displaced amacrine cells and moderately expressed in the cytoplasm and dendrites of ganglionic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several morphogenetic sequences occur during esophageal development and birth defects occur due to defects in foregut morphogenesis. This work aimed to record the cellular events in the morphogenesis of rabbits' esophageal epithelium. On the 16th day of gestation, the esophageal epithelium varied from stratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous type. The surface epithelium presented mucous cells with mucigen granules of various sizes occupying their supranuclear cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was evident in all layers of the esophageal epithelium at this age. On the 18th gestational day, some light cells could be detected in the middle portion of the epithelium, while others occupied the whole epithelial length. On the 21st day, mucous cells are more frequently observed at the apical esophageal part as well as at the surface epithelium. Numerous elongated dark cells could be distinguished embedded between the basal cells. On the 24th gestational day the number of the mucous cells reached its peak. Reaching the 30th gestational day, several lamellar bodies, a keratinized layer and mitotic divisions could be demonstrated, and the number of both mucous and dark cells was greatly decreased. Collectively, detection of surface mucous and dark cells together with the non‐cornified surface in some regions of the rabbit esophageal epithelium at the end of gestation ensure a postnatal development to reach the adult epithelium essential to sustain the passage of the harsh raw food. Future immunohistochemical studies are recommended to investigate the components of secretions in mucous cells and functional studies to highlight the dark cells significance. Research Highlights: Esophageal epithelium of fetal rabbit was analyzed by light and transmission microscopy.Surface epithelium presented mucous cells with mucigen granules of various sizes. They reached their maximum number on 24th day then decreased.On the 16th day, cytoplasmic vacuolation was evident in all epithelial layers.On the 21st day, numerous elongated dark cells could be distinguished embedded between the basal cells.Before birth, several lamellar bodies, a keratinized layer and mitotic divisions could be demonstrated, and the number of both mucous and dark cells was greatly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A water‐soluble hydrazone ligand bearing 2‐nicotinoylhydrazineylidene moiety, sodium 4‐hydroxy‐3‐([2‐nicotinoylhydrazineylidene]methyl) benzenesulfonate (NaH2NH), and its complexes with Co(II), Fe(III), and Mn(II) have been synthesized and characterized. The structure of the ligand and its complexes were analyzed using various spectroscopic techniques such as FT‐IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, EI‐mass, powder X‐ray diffraction, UV–visible spectra, and magnetic measurements. The infrared spectra indicated that the ligand behaves as a negatively charged bidentate ligand (ON) through the deprotonation of the enolic (OH) group and the azomethine (C=N) group in the [Co (NaHNH)2(H2O)4Cl2].3H2O complex. In the [Fe (NaNH)2(H2O)Cl].2H2O complex, the ligand behaves as bi‐negative tetradentate (O2N2) through the protonation of the enolic oxygen and the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group in two nicotinic hydrazone molecules. Another coordination type was observed for [Mn (NaNH)(H2O)3] complex in which NaH2NH acts as bi‐negative tridentate ONO through the nitrogen atom of the azomethine group, the protonated of enolic and phenolic groups. The fluorescence spectrum of the NaH2NH was found to be quenched upon addition of these Co(II) and Mn(II) ions. The antimicrobial results indicated that the Mn(II) complex exhibited the highest antibacterial potency against all targeted organisms. The results of antioxidants demonstrated that the complexes exhibited higher activity compared to the free ligand, indicating an enhancement of antioxidant activity through complexation. The tested substances established strong nuclease‐like activity at a high concentration of 7.5 mM, leading to the complete degradation of DNA as observed in agarose gel electrophoresis. This suggests that these compounds have the potential to serve as antitumor agents in vivo by inhibiting DNA replication in cancer cells and preventing tumor growth. The interaction of the isolated compounds with 1c14 and 6vj3 targets was discussed using molecular docking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]